-2024届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解说明文中科研实验类文章解题技巧课件(共19张PPT)
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| 名称 | -2024届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解说明文中科研实验类文章解题技巧课件(共19张PPT) |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-03-12 19:40:29 | ||
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(共19张PPT)
以2023年新高考一卷D篇为例
说明文中科研实验类文章解题技巧
Brainstorming
lab\laboratory
experiment
exist
solid
liquid
gas
heat
metal
expand
contract
iron
substance
mixture
surface
air
earth
steel
glass
object
aim
result
method
conclusion
finding
reaction
oxygen
scientific
rust
nail
test tube
holder
oil
steam
dissolve
form
add
say the Chinese meaning of the following words
What kind of passage can you find these words from
Let’s learn more words related to expository passage about scientific research.
researcher
specific
scientist
discover
examine
lead
research
record
system
send a message
member
complex
respect
previous research
show,suggest;indicate;signify;find
appear
check;inspect
present
study
evolution
meaning
information
convey
design
conduct
carry out
figure out
evidence
reliable
influence
说明文
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。该文体通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或者对抽象事物进行阐述，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或者对事物的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识，从而获得有关知识。
说明文的结构
总分式：总分/分总/总分总
递进式：由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质
并列式：文章各部分内容没有主次之分
对照式：通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同
阅读策略
1. 细读重点
2.有选择地略读或者跳读
例如：繁琐的例证；并列多项列举；无关大局的生僻词汇；较长的人名、地名
The steps of reading the passage
1. Read the first paragraph to get the theme of the passage
2.Read the first or last sentence of each paragraph to know the main idea
3. Read the questions, circle key words and locate the key information
4. Read key information to get the answer.
以2023年新高考一卷D篇为例
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
The theme: the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate
大量独立估计的平均值可能非常准确
Para. 1
Read the first or last sentence
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
阐述结论
Para. 2
Read the first or last sentence
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
一个新的现象
Para. 3
Read the first or last sentence
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
进一步研究
Para. 4
Read the first or last sentence
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
对研究的评价
Para. 5
Read the questions
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
效果的潜在逻辑
估计方法
Galton实验的设计
人们的错误的原因
32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。同学们容易选错C the causes of people’s errors,因为学生对第二段理解不清楚，不能明白capitalize on的意思，以及第二段第一句的大致意思，所以就选了经常出现errors这个词的C项。
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
第二句
定位第三段
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
再根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，当把人群进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，他们比独立的个体能得出更为准确的预测。也就是说，即使预测不是完全独立的，平均值的准确度也能提高。故选D。
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
第二句
定位第4段
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
由“the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”及后面一连串的提问可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
定位第5段
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，虽然Navajas的研究仍然有局限性和很多问题，但对于小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas研究的态度是赞许的。故选D。
对研究的评价
高考中科研实验类文章常见词汇补充
contrary to sth
test
effect\impact
participate
participant
case
increase
decrease/decline
version
influential
affect
data
recognize
find out
technology
smart;intelligent
device
precise
measure
type
apply
analyze
analysis
pattern
be connected to
have access to
require
describe
volunteer
be based on
高考中科研实验类文章常见词汇补充
team
reduce
improve
accuracy
accurate
invention
technique
develop
original
motivation
contribute to
control
quality
purpose
regarding\concerning\about \on
support
beneficial
explain
clarify
attitude
positive
negative
function
detect
chemical
project
account for占比
Thank you for your listening!
以2023年新高考一卷D篇为例
说明文中科研实验类文章解题技巧
Brainstorming
lab\laboratory
experiment
exist
solid
liquid
gas
heat
metal
expand
contract
iron
substance
mixture
surface
air
earth
steel
glass
object
aim
result
method
conclusion
finding
reaction
oxygen
scientific
rust
nail
test tube
holder
oil
steam
dissolve
form
add
say the Chinese meaning of the following words
What kind of passage can you find these words from
Let’s learn more words related to expository passage about scientific research.
researcher
specific
scientist
discover
examine
lead
research
record
system
send a message
member
complex
respect
previous research
show,suggest;indicate;signify;find
appear
check;inspect
present
study
evolution
meaning
information
convey
design
conduct
carry out
figure out
evidence
reliable
influence
说明文
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。该文体通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或者对抽象事物进行阐述，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或者对事物的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识，从而获得有关知识。
说明文的结构
总分式：总分/分总/总分总
递进式：由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质
并列式：文章各部分内容没有主次之分
对照式：通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同
阅读策略
1. 细读重点
2.有选择地略读或者跳读
例如：繁琐的例证；并列多项列举；无关大局的生僻词汇；较长的人名、地名
The steps of reading the passage
1. Read the first paragraph to get the theme of the passage
2.Read the first or last sentence of each paragraph to know the main idea
3. Read the questions, circle key words and locate the key information
4. Read key information to get the answer.
以2023年新高考一卷D篇为例
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
The theme: the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate
大量独立估计的平均值可能非常准确
Para. 1
Read the first or last sentence
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
阐述结论
Para. 2
Read the first or last sentence
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
一个新的现象
Para. 3
Read the first or last sentence
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
进一步研究
Para. 4
Read the first or last sentence
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
对研究的评价
Para. 5
Read the questions
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
效果的潜在逻辑
估计方法
Galton实验的设计
人们的错误的原因
32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。同学们容易选错C the causes of people’s errors,因为学生对第二段理解不清楚，不能明白capitalize on的意思，以及第二段第一句的大致意思，所以就选了经常出现errors这个词的C项。
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
第二句
定位第三段
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
再根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，当把人群进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，他们比独立的个体能得出更为准确的预测。也就是说，即使预测不是完全独立的，平均值的准确度也能提高。故选D。
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
第二句
定位第4段
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
由“the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”及后面一连串的提问可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
定位第5段
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，虽然Navajas的研究仍然有局限性和很多问题，但对于小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas研究的态度是赞许的。故选D。
对研究的评价
高考中科研实验类文章常见词汇补充
contrary to sth
test
effect\impact
participate
participant
case
increase
decrease/decline
version
influential
affect
data
recognize
find out
technology
smart;intelligent
device
precise
measure
type
apply
analyze
analysis
pattern
be connected to
have access to
require
describe
volunteer
be based on
高考中科研实验类文章常见词汇补充
team
reduce
improve
accuracy
accurate
invention
technique
develop
original
motivation
contribute to
control
quality
purpose
regarding\concerning\about \on
support
beneficial
explain
clarify
attitude
positive
negative
function
detect
chemical
project
account for占比
Thank you for your listening!