2024届高考英语阅读理解五步法专项带练(59)讲义
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语阅读理解五步法专项带练(59)讲义 |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2024-03-12 21:56:20 | ||
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①Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
②I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
③Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
④But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
⑤There is much more. Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’n head Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife. The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
⑥The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status. The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example — were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
【素材来源：四川省成都市树德中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试题】
32. How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
A. Twain was more willing to deal with racism.
B. Twain was openly concerned with racism.
C. Twain’s themes seemed to agree with the plots.
D. Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.
33. What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
A. Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
B. The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.
C. Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
D. Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.
34. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
A. The attacks.
B. The shows.
C. White men.
D. Slavery and prejudice.
35. What does the author mainly argue for
A. Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
B. Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.
C. Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
D. Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
【五步法精析】
串联题干
How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
What does the author mainly argue for
归纳主题词：马克吐温反对奴隶制的立场
32. How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
吐温关于奴隶制的小说与斯托的有何不同
A. Twain was more willing to deal with racism. 吐温更愿意处理种族主义问题
B. Twain was openly concerned with racism.吐温公开关注种族主义。
C. Twain’s themes seemed to agree with the plots. 吐温的主题似乎与情节一致。
D. Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.吐温对种族主义的抨击就没那么公开了
①Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.他在文学上对种族主义进行了巧妙的攻击
②I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
33. What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
根据作者的说法，什么最能证明吐温的反奴隶制立场
Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
吉姆在白人文化中成长为一个男人和一个父亲
The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.
奴隶的声音最早是在美国小说中听到的。
Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
马克·吐温怀疑奴隶没有那么聪明。
Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.
吉姆寻找家人的过程被详细地描述了
④But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。
34. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
第7段中划线的“他们”指的是什么
A. The attacks. 攻击
B. The shows. 展示/表演
C. White men. 白人
D. Slavery and prejudice.奴隶制与偏见
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。 Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
35.What does the author mainly argue for
作者的主要论点是什么
Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
吐温的作品因不合理的理由被禁。
B. Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.
应该从历史的角度来阅读吐温的作品
C.Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
吐温是一个可与亚伯拉罕·林肯相提并论的令人钦佩的人物。
D.Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
吐温在攻击种族主义方面比他同时代的作家做得更多。
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。
【逐句翻译】
第一段：
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel.
马克·吐温被称为美国小说的发明者。
And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
句子结构分析：who引导定语从句修饰the man
句意：他当然应该得到更多的赞扬:他普及了对种族主义的聪明的文学攻击。
第二段：
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example.
我说聪明是因为反奴隶制小说在内战前的几年里是文学的重要组成部分。h.b.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》就是最著名的例子。
These early stories dealt directly with slavery.
这些早期的故事直接涉及奴隶制。
With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.
句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰tales
句意：除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。
He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
第三段：
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.
在战后的岁月里，吐温似乎一次又一次地被迫应对种族的挑战。
Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
以吐温最具争议的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(至少在今天)为例。
Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s most widely read tale.
像《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这样被频繁下架的书屈指可数。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是吐温最广为人知的故事。
【真题必考词汇】
Kick off （足球）中线开球; <口>（使）开始; <美，口>死; 踢开; 强使离开;赶走
The shows kick off on October 24th.
演出10月24日开始。
Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude.
曾几何时，人们讨厌这本书，因为它给他们留下了粗鲁的印象。
【真题必考词汇】
Once upon a time 从前
Once upon a time in a faraway land there lived a princess in a big castle.
从前，在很远的地方，有一位美丽的公主住在一座很大的城堡里.
Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).”
句子结构分析：who引导定语从句修饰those；that引导宾语从句
句意：吐温自己写道，那些禁止这本书的人认为这本小说是“垃圾，只适合贫民窟(贫民窟)”。
More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
最近，这本书受到了抨击，因为吉姆这个角色，一个逃跑的奴隶，以及“黑鬼”这个词的多次出现。(小说中经常受到严厉批评的“黑鬼吉姆”一词从未出现在书中。)
第四段：
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point.
但是这些攻击过去和现在都很愚蠢，而且没有抓住要点。
The novel is strongly anti-slavery.
这部小说强烈反对奴隶制。
Jim’s search// through the slave states for the family //from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.
句子结构分析：through后接定语修饰Jim’s search；from whom引导定语从句修饰the family
句意：吉姆在蓄奴州寻找被迫与他分离的家庭是英勇的。
As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
句子结构分析：as引导时间状语从句；that后接同位语修饰a recognition
句意：正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。”
第五段：
There is much more.
没有看起来那么简单
Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’n head Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.
马克·吐温的推理小说《布丁头威尔逊》甚至对当时许多自由主义者的种族信仰构成了挑战。
Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.
句子结构分析：when引导定语从句修饰a time
句意：马克·吐温写于一个公认的智慧认为黑人比白人低的时代(低等的)，尤其是在智力方面，吐温的故事部分围绕着两个出生时互换的婴儿展开。
A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife.
句子结构分析：for fear that引导原因状语从句
一个奴隶生下了她主人的孩子，由于担心孩子会被卖到南方，他的妻子把他换成了主人的孩子
The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class.
奴隶的浅色皮肤的孩子被认为是白人，并在成长过程中接受了奴隶主阶级的态度和教育。
The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
主人妻子的孩子被认为是黑人，并以奴隶的态度和语调长大。
第六段：
The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status.
这一点很难被忽视:教养(养育)，而不是自然，是社会地位的关键。
The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example — were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
在吐温看来，提供偏见材料的黑人特征——例如说话的方式——只不过是奴隶制强加给受害者的条件。
第七段：
Twain’s racial tone was not perfect.
吐温的种族主义口吻并不完美。
One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.
句子结构分析：by后接方式状语
例如，他的自传中有一段很长的文字，说他年轻时多么喜欢所谓的“黑鬼表演”——大多是白人扮黑脸表演——以及他喜欢让母亲嘲笑这些表演，这让人感到不安。
Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.
然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。
His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰awareness
他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。
Was Twain a racist
吐温是种族主义者吗
Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln.
在21世纪问这个问题就像问林肯一样明智。
If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him.
句子结构分析：if 引导条件状语从句；who引导定语从句修饰lincoln
句意：如果我们用“智慧”来解读过去的言论和态度，我们只会发现错误。林肯认为黑人比白人低一等，为了解放黑人，他打了一场战争，并取得了胜利。
And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。
【全文翻译】
马克·吐温被称为美国小说的发明者。他当然应该得到更多的赞扬:他普及了对种族主义的聪明的文学攻击。
我说聪明，是因为在内战前的那些年里，反奴隶制小说一直是文学的重要组成部分。h.b.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》就是最著名的例子。这些早期的故事直接涉及奴隶制。除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
在战后的岁月里，吐温似乎一次又一次地被迫应对种族的挑战。以吐温最具争议的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(至少在今天)为例。像《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这样被频繁下架的书屈指可数。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是吐温最广为人知的故事。曾几何时，人们讨厌这本书，因为它给他们留下了粗鲁的印象。吐温自己写道，那些禁止这本书的人认为这本小说是“垃圾，只适合贫民窟(贫民窟)”。最近，这本书受到了抨击，因为吉姆这个角色，一个逃跑的奴隶，以及“黑鬼”这个词的多次出现。(小说中经常受到严厉批评的“黑鬼吉姆”一词从未出现在书中。)
但这些攻击过去和现在都很愚蠢，而且没有抓住重点。这部小说强烈反对奴隶制。吉姆在蓄奴州寻找他被迫与之分离的家庭是英勇的。正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。”
还有更多。马克·吐温的推理小说《布丁头威尔逊》甚至对当时许多自由主义者的种族信仰构成了挑战。马克·吐温写于一个公认的智慧认为黑人比白人低的时代(低等的)，尤其是在智力方面，吐温的故事部分围绕着两个出生时互换的婴儿展开。一个奴隶生下了她主人的孩子，由于担心孩子会被卖到南方，他的妻子把他换成了主人的孩子。奴隶的浅色皮肤的孩子被认为是白人，并在成长过程中接受了奴隶主阶级的态度和教育。主人妻子的孩子被认为是黑人，并以奴隶的态度和语调长大。
很难忽视的一点是，决定社会地位的关键是教养(养育)，而不是先天。在吐温看来，提供偏见材料的黑人特征——例如说话的方式——只不过是奴隶制强加给受害者的条件。
吐温的种族主义口吻并不完美。例如，他的自传中有一段很长的文字，说他年轻时多么喜欢所谓的“黑鬼表演”——大多是白人扮黑脸表演——以及他喜欢让母亲嘲笑这些表演，这让人感到不安。然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。吐温是种族主义者吗 在21世纪问这个问题就像问林肯一样明智。如果我们用“智慧”来解读过去的言论和态度，我们只会发现错误。林肯认为黑人比白人低一等，为了解放黑人，他打了一场战争，并取得了胜利。吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。
②I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
③Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
④But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
⑤There is much more. Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’n head Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife. The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
⑥The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status. The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example — were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
【素材来源：四川省成都市树德中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试题】
32. How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
A. Twain was more willing to deal with racism.
B. Twain was openly concerned with racism.
C. Twain’s themes seemed to agree with the plots.
D. Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.
33. What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
A. Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
B. The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.
C. Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
D. Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.
34. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
A. The attacks.
B. The shows.
C. White men.
D. Slavery and prejudice.
35. What does the author mainly argue for
A. Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
B. Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.
C. Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
D. Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
【五步法精析】
串联题干
How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
What does the author mainly argue for
归纳主题词：马克吐温反对奴隶制的立场
32. How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
吐温关于奴隶制的小说与斯托的有何不同
A. Twain was more willing to deal with racism. 吐温更愿意处理种族主义问题
B. Twain was openly concerned with racism.吐温公开关注种族主义。
C. Twain’s themes seemed to agree with the plots. 吐温的主题似乎与情节一致。
D. Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.吐温对种族主义的抨击就没那么公开了
①Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.他在文学上对种族主义进行了巧妙的攻击
②I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
33. What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
根据作者的说法，什么最能证明吐温的反奴隶制立场
Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
吉姆在白人文化中成长为一个男人和一个父亲
The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.
奴隶的声音最早是在美国小说中听到的。
Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
马克·吐温怀疑奴隶没有那么聪明。
Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.
吉姆寻找家人的过程被详细地描述了
④But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。
34. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
第7段中划线的“他们”指的是什么
A. The attacks. 攻击
B. The shows. 展示/表演
C. White men. 白人
D. Slavery and prejudice.奴隶制与偏见
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。 Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
35.What does the author mainly argue for
作者的主要论点是什么
Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
吐温的作品因不合理的理由被禁。
B. Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.
应该从历史的角度来阅读吐温的作品
C.Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
吐温是一个可与亚伯拉罕·林肯相提并论的令人钦佩的人物。
D.Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
吐温在攻击种族主义方面比他同时代的作家做得更多。
⑦Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。
【逐句翻译】
第一段：
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel.
马克·吐温被称为美国小说的发明者。
And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
句子结构分析：who引导定语从句修饰the man
句意：他当然应该得到更多的赞扬:他普及了对种族主义的聪明的文学攻击。
第二段：
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example.
我说聪明是因为反奴隶制小说在内战前的几年里是文学的重要组成部分。h.b.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》就是最著名的例子。
These early stories dealt directly with slavery.
这些早期的故事直接涉及奴隶制。
With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.
句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰tales
句意：除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。
He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
第三段：
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.
在战后的岁月里，吐温似乎一次又一次地被迫应对种族的挑战。
Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
以吐温最具争议的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(至少在今天)为例。
Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s most widely read tale.
像《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这样被频繁下架的书屈指可数。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是吐温最广为人知的故事。
【真题必考词汇】
Kick off （足球）中线开球; <口>（使）开始; <美，口>死; 踢开; 强使离开;赶走
The shows kick off on October 24th.
演出10月24日开始。
Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude.
曾几何时，人们讨厌这本书，因为它给他们留下了粗鲁的印象。
【真题必考词汇】
Once upon a time 从前
Once upon a time in a faraway land there lived a princess in a big castle.
从前，在很远的地方，有一位美丽的公主住在一座很大的城堡里.
Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).”
句子结构分析：who引导定语从句修饰those；that引导宾语从句
句意：吐温自己写道，那些禁止这本书的人认为这本小说是“垃圾，只适合贫民窟(贫民窟)”。
More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
最近，这本书受到了抨击，因为吉姆这个角色，一个逃跑的奴隶，以及“黑鬼”这个词的多次出现。(小说中经常受到严厉批评的“黑鬼吉姆”一词从未出现在书中。)
第四段：
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point.
但是这些攻击过去和现在都很愚蠢，而且没有抓住要点。
The novel is strongly anti-slavery.
这部小说强烈反对奴隶制。
Jim’s search// through the slave states for the family //from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.
句子结构分析：through后接定语修饰Jim’s search；from whom引导定语从句修饰the family
句意：吉姆在蓄奴州寻找被迫与他分离的家庭是英勇的。
As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
句子结构分析：as引导时间状语从句；that后接同位语修饰a recognition
句意：正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。”
第五段：
There is much more.
没有看起来那么简单
Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’n head Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.
马克·吐温的推理小说《布丁头威尔逊》甚至对当时许多自由主义者的种族信仰构成了挑战。
Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.
句子结构分析：when引导定语从句修饰a time
句意：马克·吐温写于一个公认的智慧认为黑人比白人低的时代(低等的)，尤其是在智力方面，吐温的故事部分围绕着两个出生时互换的婴儿展开。
A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife.
句子结构分析：for fear that引导原因状语从句
一个奴隶生下了她主人的孩子，由于担心孩子会被卖到南方，他的妻子把他换成了主人的孩子
The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class.
奴隶的浅色皮肤的孩子被认为是白人，并在成长过程中接受了奴隶主阶级的态度和教育。
The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
主人妻子的孩子被认为是黑人，并以奴隶的态度和语调长大。
第六段：
The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status.
这一点很难被忽视:教养(养育)，而不是自然，是社会地位的关键。
The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example — were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
在吐温看来，提供偏见材料的黑人特征——例如说话的方式——只不过是奴隶制强加给受害者的条件。
第七段：
Twain’s racial tone was not perfect.
吐温的种族主义口吻并不完美。
One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.
句子结构分析：by后接方式状语
例如，他的自传中有一段很长的文字，说他年轻时多么喜欢所谓的“黑鬼表演”——大多是白人扮黑脸表演——以及他喜欢让母亲嘲笑这些表演，这让人感到不安。
Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.
然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。
His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰awareness
他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。
Was Twain a racist
吐温是种族主义者吗
Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln.
在21世纪问这个问题就像问林肯一样明智。
If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him.
句子结构分析：if 引导条件状语从句；who引导定语从句修饰lincoln
句意：如果我们用“智慧”来解读过去的言论和态度，我们只会发现错误。林肯认为黑人比白人低一等，为了解放黑人，他打了一场战争，并取得了胜利。
And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。
【全文翻译】
马克·吐温被称为美国小说的发明者。他当然应该得到更多的赞扬:他普及了对种族主义的聪明的文学攻击。
我说聪明，是因为在内战前的那些年里，反奴隶制小说一直是文学的重要组成部分。h.b.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》就是最著名的例子。这些早期的故事直接涉及奴隶制。除了少数例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击融入了表面上完全是关于其他事情的故事中。他通过把读者吸引到故事中来把他们吸引到争论中来。
在战后的岁月里，吐温似乎一次又一次地被迫应对种族的挑战。以吐温最具争议的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(至少在今天)为例。像《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这样被频繁下架的书屈指可数。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是吐温最广为人知的故事。曾几何时，人们讨厌这本书，因为它给他们留下了粗鲁的印象。吐温自己写道，那些禁止这本书的人认为这本小说是“垃圾，只适合贫民窟(贫民窟)”。最近，这本书受到了抨击，因为吉姆这个角色，一个逃跑的奴隶，以及“黑鬼”这个词的多次出现。(小说中经常受到严厉批评的“黑鬼吉姆”一词从未出现在书中。)
但这些攻击过去和现在都很愚蠢，而且没有抓住重点。这部小说强烈反对奴隶制。吉姆在蓄奴州寻找他被迫与之分离的家庭是英勇的。正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有两种人格的角色，“一种是白人奴隶文化中生存的声音，另一种是个人的声音:吉姆，父亲和男人。”
还有更多。马克·吐温的推理小说《布丁头威尔逊》甚至对当时许多自由主义者的种族信仰构成了挑战。马克·吐温写于一个公认的智慧认为黑人比白人低的时代(低等的)，尤其是在智力方面，吐温的故事部分围绕着两个出生时互换的婴儿展开。一个奴隶生下了她主人的孩子，由于担心孩子会被卖到南方，他的妻子把他换成了主人的孩子。奴隶的浅色皮肤的孩子被认为是白人，并在成长过程中接受了奴隶主阶级的态度和教育。主人妻子的孩子被认为是黑人，并以奴隶的态度和语调长大。
很难忽视的一点是，决定社会地位的关键是教养(养育)，而不是先天。在吐温看来，提供偏见材料的黑人特征——例如说话的方式——只不过是奴隶制强加给受害者的条件。
吐温的种族主义口吻并不完美。例如，他的自传中有一段很长的文字，说他年轻时多么喜欢所谓的“黑鬼表演”——大多是白人扮黑脸表演——以及他喜欢让母亲嘲笑这些表演，这让人感到不安。然而，没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到，奴隶制和偏见并非如此。吐温是种族主义者吗 在21世纪问这个问题就像问林肯一样明智。如果我们用“智慧”来解读过去的言论和态度，我们只会发现错误。林肯认为黑人比白人低一等，为了解放黑人，他打了一场战争，并取得了胜利。吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还发明了“吉姆”这个词，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知。