备战2024年高考英语名校模拟真题速递专题07： 阅读理解之议论文10篇(第三期)(新高考专用)（含解析）

备战2024年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考专用)
第三期
专题07 阅读理解之议论文10篇
（2024·湖北武汉·校联考二模）Recently, a coalition of business and advocacy groups from around Washington gathered to kick off a campaign to enact a carbon pricing program in the capital.Known as the Climate and Community Reinvestment Act of D．C．, the plan would place a new tax on all fossil fuels bought or sold, with the hope of ultimately discouraging the use of these polluting energy sources.
The big-picture goal of this campaign is admirable: to address the ever-deepening crisis of climate chaos by dissuading the continued use of coal,oil and gas. But unfortunately, the approach —one based in a world of financial markets, trading schemes and encouraging new public revenue streams —is inherently flawed. Simply put, carbon pricing is a false solution to climate change and a distraction from real, effective climate solutions we must urgently pursue.
To date, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that carbon taxes lower greenhouse gas emissions. In fact,the opposite is true. Recently Food & Water Watch reviewed the British Columbia carbon tax program, often cited by advocates as an example of success. From 2009(the first full year of the tax)to 2014, emissions from taxed sources grew by 4.3 percent.And in the seven years after the carbon tax took effect, total gasoline sales increased by 7.37 percent.
Supporters of such plans like to focus on a deceivingly (貌似地) simple notion that increasing the price of a consumer good will automatically reduce its use. But this just isn’t the case when it comes to the purchase of necessities. People must heat their homes in winter, and they must commute to work, regardless of the cost.
Those backing the D．C．carbon pricing plan like to note that revenue from the new tax would go toward investment in clean energy sources. But only 20 percent of the generated funds would be allocated in this manner. The rest would be shared out in tax breaks for businesses and rebates (退还款) for consumers, another factor undercutting the belief that increased costs up front would change consumer behavior in the long run.
Regardless of what many well-inattention activists and community leaders want to believe, there is no convenient, market-friendly solution to our terrible climate condition. The latest science indicates that in order to avoid the worst effects of deepening climate chaos, society must transition completely to clean, renewable energy by 2035.
1．What did Food &.Water Watch find out about carbon tax program
A．Carbon taxes could reduce greenhouse gas emissions
B．Carbon emissions grew at a lower rate than gasoline sales.
C．Carbon taxes program was generally regarded as a success.
D．Carbon tax program made little difference to carbon emission.
2．What is the author’s argument against carbon taxes
A．Funds gained will benefit clean energy sources.
B．Consumers will use less of a good when its price increases.
C．Increased cost will have little effect on the use of necessities.
D．Consumers’ reliance on fossil fuels will decrease dramatically.
3．What does the underlined word “undercutting”in paragraph 5 mean .
A．ruining
B．weakening
C．highlighting
D．securing
4．The most suitable title for this text would be ______.
A．The faulty Carbon Tax.
B．The Climate Change Myth.
C．The Call for Clean Energy.
D．The Causes of Carbon Tax.
（2024上·广东东莞·高三统考期末）The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace. Taking a nap or reading a book on buses is less pleasant now, as the LCD screens broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable volumes.
You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this “added value”, whether you like it or not. If it’s a crowded bus, the noise is even more exasperating. More and more Chinese cities have joined Shanghai, regarded as the first to put video screens on buses, disturbing millions of passengers.
Some may like to watch programme aired on buses or in apartment halls. But those who don’t should be equally respected. Because of the bus screens, students cannot focus on reviewing their lessons or preparing for a test. People who like to read or reflect feel unsettled by the noise. Youngsters who like to listen to music on their iPods must increase the volume to fight against the competing audio. If you already feel stressed after a busy day, the bus video advertising certainly increase the tension of both your muscles and nervous system. Bus drivers are surely the worst victims because they have to bear it at least eight hours a day, non-stop.
A high public tolerance for noise pollution has helped bus video advertisers to expand their businesses. But opposition has already started to make its voice heard. Some people have already accused bus companies of breaking their contracts, since their obligation is only to deliver passengers to their destinations.
Shanghai, as a world-class city, should set an example for the country. It should first adopt world-class behavior in its massive public transportation system to return the public a peaceful place.
5．What does the underlined word “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Entertaining.
B．Encouraging.
C．Disappointing.
D．Annoying.
6．Who are influenced most heavily by the video screens according to Paragraph 3
A．Students.
B．Bus drivers.
C．Youngsters.
D．Office employees.
7．What does the public tolerance for noise pollution cause
A．More use of public transport.
B．An increase in bus video advertising.
C．More complaints about bus companies.
D．Lower public awareness of consumer rights.
8．What’s the author’s attitude to the video screens in the public
A．Opposed.
B．Unclear.
C．Supportive.
D．Indifferent.
（2024·重庆·统考一模）As you read this, pause to reflect on your recent interactions. As a politician, husband, and father, I encounter various spoken language styles: analytical or chatty, formal or informal, pointed or gentle, cooperative or decisive. Talk is the currency of politics. It is our way of negotiating, debating, and persuading. Talk is also the currency of learning-how we develop our ideas, deepen our thinking and share our feelings.
That’s why I want speaking skills, sometimes called “oracy”, to play an important part in Labor’s plans for a reformed school curriculum(课程).
Employers value speaking skills equally with reading and writing. The ability to speak well and express yourself should be something every child should master. But the curriculum doesn’t allow us to provide this. This is short-sighted. An inability to express your thoughts fluently is a key barrier to getting on and doing well in life.
Oracy is in part about good public speaking and debating skills, but in reality, it’s about teaching young people to make strong arguments, choose wise words, understand their audience, form meaningful social connections, and use facial expressions and body language to convey their message. Above all else it’s about finding your voice. To work out who you are and what you believe. If reading opens up a world of imagination and possibility, then speaking and listening opens up a lifetime of empowerment-a chance for those who feel invisible in their own country to be heard. It is about the confidence to speak out, to call out injustice or harm.
And the other side of speaking is listening, which can also be taught. Listening, truly listening, develops tolerance and understanding. And as parents we can play our part. We’ve all been there, at mealtimes, silent as we all stare at our devices. Our job, all of ours, is to get off our screens and give young people, and adults, the gift of listening.
So, oracy-speaking and listening-needs to be placed firmly at the heart of school life.
9．How does talk help a politician
A．It deepens his wishful thinking.
B．It enhances his analytical skills.
C．It strengthens persuasive power.
D．It provides emotional support.
10．Why does the author suggest a reform in the British school curriculum
A．Employers underestimate the value of speaking.
B．Academic pressure makes students poor-sighted.
C．Spoken language is regarded as least important.
D．Oracy should deserve more attention at school.
11．How does the author illustrate his argument in paragraph 4
A．By sharing different opinions.
B．By clarifying the definition.
C．By describing personal experiences.
D．By employing the concept.
12．What are parents advised to do
A．Set a good example for their children.
B．Balance screen time and mealtime.
C．Have oral face-to-face communication.
D．Disconnect from the virtual world.
（2024·广东·校联考一模）If there was an app on your phone that claimed to improve your memory, would you be willing to try it It’s hard to resist the idea of having a better memory. After all, our memories are delicate and can be affected by various factors such as diseases, injuries, mental health conditions, and aging.
In response to this perceived need, the brain training industry has grown rapidly, offering a wide range of accessible and affordable mental exercises through smartphone and tablet apps. Many researchers have found evidence suggesting that well-designed exercises can improve mental abilities and even lead to better scores on IQ tests. They compare the brain to muscles, suggesting that targeted repetition of memory exercises can strengthen and condition our memory processes, similar to how athletes engage in strength and conditioning by repeatedly exercising specific muscle groups.
In contrast to everyday activities like reading a detailed article or solving a complex puzzle, memory training apps are specifically designed to provide a more challenging workout for the brain. These apps typically involve tasks that require tracking a large number of objects while being distracted by a secondary task, such as mental calculations or exploring a game’s landscape. If this brain training proves effective, it could be beneficial for individuals with brain-related disabilities or those recovering from conditions like cancer.
Critics, though, argue that while the concept is appealing, the overall evidence fails to demonstrate significant improvement in core brain processes. Additionally, despite the claims made by many apps and brain training companies, scientists have yet to identify the key factors that make an intervention truly effective or determine the best approaches to address the diverse needs of individuals seeking help.
While the question is still open to debate, there is evidence suggesting that short-term working memory training can benefit high-functioning individuals, such as college students. However, it’s important to note that brain training, like diet and exercise, is unlikely to have identical effects on every individual.
13．In what way is the brain similar to muscles according to many researchers
A．In testing results. B．In work processes.
C．In bodily functions. D．In training methods.
14．What is the main feature of the typical tasks in memory training apps
A．Detailed. B．Effective. C．Demanding. D．Complicated.
15．What do critics think memory training apps lack
A．Legal claims. B．Proven effects. C．Tailored services. D．Appealing concepts.
16．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Can our memory be improved
B．Does brain training actually work
C．What have scientists found about memory
D．What does the brain training industry bring
（2024·江苏·校联考二模）We may weep for the dodo, but could and should we bring this lovely bird back from the dead De-extinction is the science of restoring lost species and it has been in the news for decades.
The story in modern times began in 1990 when Michael Crichton published his science fiction novel Jurassic Park, in which he imagined a world where scientists were able to bring dinosaurs back to life. Crichton imagined that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology could be a way to amplify (放大) tiny quantities of dinosaur DNA and thus build a living embryo.
Sadly, biologists soon realized that DNA in fact breaks down super-fast; even after 100 years, DNA from museum skins of dodos was decayed (腐烂) beyond repair. They could be sequenced (测定序列) using massive computational power, but then only with considerable uncertainty. And even if you capture a DNA sequence, there’s still the problem of how you get living cells to read that sequence and express proteins that make the dinosaur or the dodo.
But why would anyone want to see mammoths, or something like them, roaming (漫游) present-day Siberia Well, they were undoubtedly amazing beasts. As well as hunting them, our distant ancestors painted their likenesses in caves across Europe. Fascinating as they may be, there's some ecological justification for the project too.
It was this diversity of land surface, broken up by heavy limbs and randomly fertilised by faeces (排泄物), that supported so much flora (植物群). Without the mammoths, that diversity disappeared. Return them and landscapes would once again be with a variety of species, including flowers and bushes.
True, it’s not de-extinction in the sense of bringing a long-dead species back to life. Instead it’s more like making a “dodo” by engineering a modern pigeon, its closest relative, to become huge and flightless. The result would be a big, fatty pigeon that, whether it looked like a dodo or not, would probably fulfil some of its ecological roles.
As a palaeontologist, I would of course love to see living dinosaurs, mammoths and dodos. In some ways, though, I am relieved that the optimistic claims for cloning and genetic technologies have not been borne out. The slowdown gives us time to consider the outcomes—and hopefully avoid some of Michael Crichton’s more fevered imaginings.
17．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．A science fiction review. B．The development of DNA．
C．An inspired guess of de-extinction. D．The application of PCR technology.
18．What’s the barrier to cloning a living embryo
A．DNA is hard to keep for long. B．Computational power is limited.
C．Biologists are opposed to it. D．Living cells can t be sequenced.
19．Why are people interested in cloning extinct species
A．They expect to seek hunt fun. B．They lack sources of modern art.
C．They need them for research. D．They want to see biodiversity.
20．What’s the author’s attitude toward cloning extinct species
A．Cautious. B．Unclear. C．Dismissive. D．Approving.
（2024上·河北张家口·高三统考期末）Labeling can be very helpful when determining certain things about a food item. “USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Organic” and “raised without antibiotics (抗生素)”, for example, have specific standards, and the product will need to be true to those claims.
Natural claims like “all natural”, “100% natural”, and “made with natural ingredients (成分)” are not defined in USDA．The USDA must approve these special claims prior to food being sold, but the only standard they must meet is that artificial ingredients or colors cannot be added during processing, and the processing method cannot fundamentally alter the product. While that is certainly valuable information to know, the problem is in consumers’ understanding of what “natural” means. The definitions do not address human health, the use of synthetic pesticides (合成杀虫剂), hormones, or antibiotics in crop and livestock production.
Study after study on the topic reveals that people think a product labeled as “natural” delivers benefits far beyond what it does. Most consumers mistakenly assign health and environmental benefits to natural-labeled food.
In a 2017 study, respondents incorrectly believed that natural-labeled foods had 18 percent fewer calories across a variety of foods. In a 2010 study, respondents believed that meat products labeled as “all natural” meant no antibiotics or hormones were used to raise the animals. Some also believed the label meant animals were raised free range.
Consumers aren’t getting what they think they’re getting. But the more serious problem is how this harms food producers who are actually meeting the standards for more strict labels that are actually doing good, like ones around organic practices or animal welfare. Farmers and producers doing the work end up at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace if consumers treat foods labeled natural as alike. The economic problem raised by natural labels is that consumers could be paying extra for product benefits they are not receiving while producers of products with those benefits lose sales.
21．Which of the following is undefined by authorities
A．USDA organic. B．All natural.
C．Artificial color free. D．Raised without antibiotics.
22．What mistake may a consumer make according to the text
A．Being unaware of food safety.
B．Paying more on over-processed food.
C．Buying food failing to meet the USDA standards.
D．Misunderstanding what is claimed on a food label.
23．Why are the two studies mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To advocate sensible consumer behavior.
B．To suggest a possible solution to a problem.
C．To provide evidence for the author’s point of view.
D．To demonstrate how far studies on food safety have gone.
24．What is a consequence of the problem discussed in the text
A．Wasting resources. B．A market crash. C．Cheating. D．Unfairness.
（2024上·山东菏泽·高三山东省鄄城县第一中学校考阶段练习）As a research scholar at the Indian Institute for Science Education and Research, I once monitored birds that inhabited grasslands in Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, a protected area in Northeast India. This habitat forms a part of one of the most bio-diverse places on Earth. Yet despite their ecological importance and uniqueness, most grasslands are classified by the Indian government as “wastelands”.
Ecosystems throughout the world are suffering from the effects of unchecked habitat loss and climate change. While all types of ecosystems—forests, grasslands, oceans, wetlands and deserts—feel these effects, there is evidence of bias (偏好) towards the conservation of forest biodiversity. This bi as hurts the preservation of other ecosystems, including the grasslands that make up 24 percent of the Indian landmass. These grasslands are home to important biodiversity and support the livelihoods of millions of people, yet are defined in India by their value in being turned into forests for fighting climate change.
Apart from being costly, the move overlooks the ecological and social value of grasslands by turning them into mono-culture forests, which do not provide the same ecological benefits. Yet, grasslands could be equally good at storing carbon.
India and other countries with substantial grasslands need to recognize, support and prioritize evidence-based scientific attempts that focus on grasslands by establishing grassland-specific restoration efforts, as well as by mapping their extent and the ecosystem services they provide for humans. The time is ripe for abandoning outdated labelings like “wastelands”.
Already, communities like the Todas and the Idu Mishmi people are protecting grasslands in India through collective action and local stewardship (管理), which are helping them connect with the grasslands. With the aim of preserving the richness of nature, the government must restore greater rights to local communities to manage grasslands. Grasslands are an important feature of an ecologically sound India, one that must be preserved for that value above all others.
25．What does the author want to stress in the second paragraph
A．Forests are hotspots of biodiversity. B．Deserts badly affect local ecology.
C．Climate change threatens ecosystems. D．Grasslands need equal conservation.
26．What is the author’s attitude to Indian government’s move
A．Tolerant. B．Unclear. C．Negative. D．Favorable.
27．Who should be encouraged to protect the grasslands according to the text
A．Government officials. B．Local communities.
C．University researchers. D．International agencies.
28．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Stop Treating Grasslands as Wastelands B．Take Active Steps to Limit Grasslands
C．Recognize the Polluted Grasslands D．Transform Grasslands into Forests
（2023上·江苏南京·高三南京外国语学校校考开学考试）One by one, prejudices are disappearing in the West. People may harbor private suspicions that other people’s race or sex makes them inferior—but to say so openly is totally taboo. One old prejudice remains respectable, though. Just ask a childless person.
They are not charged to special taxes, as they were in Soviet Russia; nor are they driven from their homes, as they still are in some poor countries. The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism. Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions. Childless politicians are charged with not having a proper stake in society. “He talks to us about the future, but he doesn’t have children!” complained Jean-Marie Le Pen, co-founder of the National Front party, of Emmanuel Macron, who went on to win the French presidency. Similar attacks on Theresa May and Angela Merkel also failed but researchers find that many voters quietly agree.
The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice. In many rich countries, between 15% and 20% of women, and a slightly higher proportion of men, will not have children. The share is rising. Some have medical problems; others do not meet the right person in time; still others decide they do not want them. Whatever the cause, the attacks on the childless are baseless.
If non-breeders are selfish, they have a strange way of showing it. They are more likely to set up charitable foundations than people with children, and much more likely to donate money to good causes. According to one American estimate, the mere fact of not having children raises the amount a person leaves to charity by a little over $10,000. The childless are thus a small but useful counterweight to the world’s parents, who stop social immobility by passing on their social and economic advantages to their children.
The fact that so many senior politicians lack offspring ought to put to rest the idea that they do not care for society. Five of the G7 countries are led by childless men and women. Mr. Macron, Mrs. May, Mrs. Merkel, Shinzo Abe and Paolo Gentiloni have their faults, but they are not notably less able than Justin Trudeau (who has three children) let alone Donald Trump (who has five). Their opportunities for nepotism are limited. And they spare their countries dynastic politics.
The charge that childless people fail to pull their weight in population is correct, but is less serious than it appears. Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done. But to sustain public pensions in the long term, countries do not actually need more parents. What they need instead is more babies. It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago. Ireland, yet another country with a childless leader, still manages it today.
The childless also do everyone else a favour by creating wonderful works of art. British novelists have been especially likely to have no offspring: think of Hilary Mantel, P.G Wodehouse and the Bronte sisters. In September last year Britain put Jane Austen on its ten-pound note. That decision was controversial, though it was hard to see why. Few people have written as shrewdly about money or about families even though Austen did not marry, and had no children.
29．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2
A．The childless often get punished in society. B．The childless often come under sharp criticism.
C．Most successful politicians have no children D．Childlessness affects the result of an election.
30．The childless are prejudiced because people think the childless ______.
A．have a strange way to show selfishness B．set a bad example for young people
C．are not as able as those with children D．are the government’s financial burden
31．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A．Accepting more immigrants. B．Reducing the pensions for the aged.
C．Encouraging parents to have more children. D．Supporting the political leaders with no children.
32．What is the author’s attitude towards the childless
A．Understanding B．Skeptical C．Disappointed D．Reserved
33．What is the best title for the passage
A．In defence of the childless. B．In hope of having a child or not.
C．Reasons for not having children. D．Measures to address aging problems.
（2023·四川南充·统考一模）The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first performed when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. Since then, America has completely changed as a nation. Students no longer spend summers farming, but they aren’t in school, either. The average American student receives 13 weeks off from school each calendar year — with about 11 of those during the summer. Few other countries have more than seven weeks off in a school calendar.
With the U. S. left behind other countries in academics, it’s time to consider year-round schooling. One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. Decades of research shows that it can take from 8 to13 weeks at the beginning of every school year for students to get back to where they were before the summer holiday.
But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience.
But don’t kids need time to relax Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them.
The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.
34．Which is NOT mentioned as the benefit of year-round schooling
A．It will improve students’ academic performance.
B．It will strengthen students’ relationship with teachers.
C．It will enable students to learn about the outside world.
D．It will familiarize students with the school environment.
35．What can be learned about a long summer vacation from Paragraph 4
A．It allows most students to play outside.
B．It does little good to most students.
C．It makes students addicted to computer games.
D．It leads students to neglect their studies.
36．How does the author find the the traditional school year in the U. S. today
A．Well-grounded. B．Culture-bound. C．Welcomed. D．Outdated.
37．What is the best title for the text
A．Why the U. S. Is Left Behind in Academics
B．How the U. S. Society Has Been Changed
C．The Longest Vacation Needs to Be Changed
D．The U. S. Should Switch to Year-round Schooling
（2023·四川乐山·统考一模）Being an opinion writer and journalist, I was demanded that I make a public statement about hot issues online. The voices yelling at me and anyone else who failed to post seemed to believe that not making a statement was itself a statement — and an immoral one, at that.
On social media, people take a position that results in positive comments but reduces complex issues to a simple yes or no. Taking simplistic stands can also lead to twisting words. This kind of simple thinking is deeply unserious and further fuels hatred (敌意), changing personal opinions into extremism and mistaking the expressions of anger for brave action in the face of horror.
These loud, reductive declarations reflect genuine fear about horrors that lie beyond words. Simple binaries (二元对立) imply simple solutions. And it’s much more pleasant to tell yourself you stand on the side of good, against evil, than to question whether the lines of boundaries were drawn correctly.
Sitting with uncertainty is hard, especially when social media has urged us to expect perfect real-time information during unfortunate events and immediate answers and resolution. Moral certainty is a point we stand on when factual certainty is not possible. And the faster we express it, the more certain we appear.
Such thoughtless posts are not what bother me most, though. Instead, it’s the idea that not posting is wrong somehow — that everyone needs to speak, all the time. It discourages shutting up and listening and letting the voices that matter the most be heard over the noise. It suggests that having any doubts about what’s happening or forming moral conclusions that don’t make sense to share on social media is unacceptable.
I do have opinions, of course, but they don’t fit on social media. While I’ve regretted posting half-formed thoughts too quickly, I’ve never regretted waiting until I was less angry or not posting at all.
38．What does the author think of people’s quick posts on hot issues
A．Positive. B．Irresponsible. C．Uncaring. D．Unkind.
39．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 try to explain
A．Reasons why people rush to post opinions. B．Ways people use to express ideas.
C．Means by which people solve difficult problems. D．Facts on which people base their judgement.
40．What upsets the author most
A．Too many posts online. B．Too much false information.
C．People’s judgement on not posting. D．People’s unawareness of current issues.
41．What message does the author really convey
A．It’s useless to post ideas on social media. B．It’s better to keep silent than blindly follow suit.
C．Everyone has the right to voice his opinion. D．Everyone must guard network security.
参考答案：
1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了“烟尘排放税会降低污染” 的观点是错误的。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“To date, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that carbon taxes lower greenhouse gas emissions. In fact,the opposite is true. Recently Food & Water Watch reviewed the British Columbia carbon tax program, often cited by advocates as an example of success. From 2009(the first full year of the tax)to 2014, emissions from taxed sources grew by 4.3 percent.And in the seven years after the carbon tax took effect, total gasoline sales increased by 7.37 percent.(迄今为止，没有足够的证据表明碳税可以降低温室气体排放。事实上，恰恰相反。最近，食品与水观察》组织审查了不列颠哥伦比亚省的碳税计划，该计划经常被倡导者引用为成功的例子。从2009年（税收的第一个全年）到2014年，税收来源的排放量增长了4.3%。在碳税生效后的七年里，汽油总销量增长了7.37%)” 可知，《食品与水观察》发现，对碳排放征税并不能减少污染。故选D项。
2． 细节理解题。根据第四段中“But this just isn’t the case when it comes to the purchase of necessities. People must heat their homes in winter, and they must commute to work, regardless of the cost.(但在购买生活必需品时，情况就不一样了。冬天，人们必须给自己的房子供暖，他们必须不顾成本通勤上班。)”和第五段中“The rest would be shared out in tax breaks for businesses and rebates(退还款)for consumers, another factor undercutting the belief that increased costs up front would change consumer behavior in the long run.(剩下的部分将通过对企业的减税和对消费者的退税来分配，另一个因素削弱了这样一种观念，即预先增加的成本将从长远来看改变消费者的行为。)”可知，“增加的成本几乎不会改变必需品的使用。”的说法是正确的。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。由文章第五段“Those backing the D.C.carbon pricing plan like to note that revenue from the new tax would go toward investment in clean energy sources. But only 20 percent of the generated funds would be allocated in this manner. The rest would be shared out in tax breaks for businesses and rebates(退还款)for consumers, another factor undercutting the belief that increased costs up front would change consumer behavior in the long run.(那些支持D.C.碳定价计划的人希望注意到，新税的收入将用于清洁能源投资。但只有20%的资金会以这种方式分配。其余部分将通过企业税收减免和消费者退税来分担，这是另一个 人们认为增加前期成本将从长远来看改变消费者行为的因素。)”可知，只有很少资金用于清洁能源投资，所以这“削弱”人们认为这种方法有效的看法。所以猜测undercutting表“削弱”。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中 “Simply put, carbon pricing is a false solution to climate change and a distraction from real, effective climate solutions we must urgently pursue.(，简单地说，碳定价是一个错误的气候变化解决方案，分散了我们对现实的、有效的气候解决方案的注意力，我们必须迫切地追求这些解决方案。)” 以及上下文可知，这篇文章论述的是关于“烟尘排放税会降低污染”的错误观点。所以A项The faulty Carbon Tax.(错误的碳税。)符合文意。故选A项。
5．D 6．B 7．B 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了在公交车、出租车、公寓大厅里用视频屏幕播放内容这一现象，这夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会。
5．词句猜测题。根据画线词前句“You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this ‘added value’, whether you like it or not.(你支付公交车费用只是为了乘车——不受干扰——但现在你暴露在这种‘附加值’中，无论你喜欢与否。)”可知，乘客乘坐公交车是为了不受干扰地乘车，但视频屏幕播放内容会打扰乘客享受安宁，再结合画线词所在句中的“a crowded bus”和“the noise”可推知，在拥挤的公交车中，播放视频的噪音会更加让人生气。exasperating意为“惹人生气的”，与annoying意思最接近。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Bus drivers are surely the worst victims because they have to bear it at least eight hours a day, non-stop.(公交车司机肯定是最严重的受害者，因为他们每天至少要忍受八个小时的不间断工作。)”可知，公交车司机受视频屏幕的影响最严重。故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A high public tolerance for noise pollution has helped bus video advertisers to expand their businesses.(公众对噪音污染的高度容忍度帮助公交车视频广告商扩大了业务。)”可知，公众对噪音污染的高度容忍度促使公交车视频广告业务扩大。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace.(在上海这样的城市，公交车、出租车和公寓大厅里如雨后春笋般涌现的视频屏幕正在夺走我们本已稀缺的资源：一个片刻安宁的地方。)”和最后一段中的“It should first adopt world-class behavior in its massive public transportation system to return the public a peaceful place.(它应该率先在其庞大的公共交通系统中采用世界级的行为，让公众回到一个安宁的地方。)”可知，作者认为公共场所的视频屏幕夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会，应该让人们回到享受安宁的状态，由此可推测出，作者对公共场所的视频屏幕持反对态度。故选A。
9．C 10．D 11．B 12．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了口语能力的重要性, 呼吁英国工党改革学校课程以加强口语能力的教学。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Talk is the currency of politics. It is our way of negotiating, debating, and persuading.”（谈话是政治的货币。这是我们谈判、辩论和说服的方式。）可知，谈话可以帮助政治家提高说服力。故选C项。
10．推断理解题。根据第三段“But the curriculum doesn’t allow us to provide this. This is short-sighted. An inability to express your thoughts fluently is a key barrier to getting on and doing well in life.”（但是课程不允许我们提供这些。这是短视的。不能流利地表达自己的想法是生活中取得成功的主要障碍。）可知，作者建议改革英国的学校课程的原因是口语能力没有在学校被重视，推断出作者认为口语应该在学校被更多地重视。故选D项。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段“Oracy is in part about good public speaking and debating skills, but in reality, it’s about teaching young people to make strong arguments, choose wise words, understand their audience, form meaningful social connections, and use facial expressions and body language to convey their message. Above all else it’s about finding your voice.”（口语能力在某种程度上是关于良好的公共演讲和辩论技能，但实际上，它是关于教会年轻人提出有力的论点，选择明智的词汇，理解他们的听众，形成有意义的社会联系，以及使用面部表情和肢体语言来传达他们的信息。最重要的是找到自己的声音。）及“It is about the confidence to speak out, to call out injustice or harm.”（它关乎大声疾呼、揭露不公或伤害的信心。）可知，第四段作者多次利用“it is about…”这个平行结构说明Oracy“口语能力”的含义，推断出作者在第四段阐述了他的论点是通过澄清定义的手法。故选B项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And as parents we can play our part. We’ve all been there, at mealtimes, silent as we all stare at our devices. Our job, all of ours, is to get off our screens and give young people, and adults, the gift of listening.”（作为父母，我们可以发挥自己的作用。我们都有过这样的经历，在吃饭的时候，我们都盯着自己的设备，沉默不语。我们的工作，我们所有人的工作，就是离开屏幕，给年轻人和成年人一份倾听的礼物。）推断出，父母被建议要进行口头面对面的交流。故选C项。
13．D 14．C 15．B 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了许多研究者认为经过良好设计的大脑练习能够改善记忆力，但批评者则对这些应用程序的有效性表示怀疑，值得注意的是，虽然有证据显示短期记忆训练对高功能人群有益，但大脑训练并不是对每个人都有效。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They compare the brain to muscles, suggesting that targeted repetition of memory exercises can strengthen and condition our memory processes, similar to how athletes engage in strength and conditioning by repeatedly exercising specific muscle groups. (他们将大脑类比于肌肉，表明有针对性的重复记忆练习可以加强和调节我们的记忆过程，类似于运动员通过反复锻炼特定肌肉群来增强力量和调节能力)”可知，许多研究者认为大脑类似于肌肉，也可以通过重复的练习来得到加强和调节，即训练方法相似。故选D项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In contrast to everyday activities like reading a detailed article or solving a complex puzzle, memory training apps are specifically designed to provide a more challenging workout for the brain. These apps typically involve tasks that require tracking a large number of objects while being distracted by a secondary task, such as mental calculations or exploring a game’s landscape. (与阅读一篇详细的文章或解决一个复杂的谜题等日常活动不同，记忆训练应用程序是专门为大脑提供更具挑战性的锻炼而设计的。这些应用通常涉及需要跟踪大量对象的任务，同时被次要任务分散注意力，例如心算或探索游戏景观)”可知，记忆训练应用程序中典型任务的主要特点是具有挑战性，非常苛刻。故选C项。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Critics, though, argue that while the concept is appealing, the overall evidence fails to demonstrate significant improvement in core brain processes. (然而，批评者认为，尽管这个概念很吸引人，但总体证据未能证明大脑核心过程有显著改善)”可知，批评者认为记忆训练应用程序缺乏经过证实的效果。故选B项。
16．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的话题是通过手机应用程序进行大脑训练以提高记忆力，许多研究者认为经过良好设计的大脑练习能够改善记忆力，但批评者则对这些应用程序的有效性表示怀疑，值得注意的是，虽然有证据显示短期记忆训练对高功能人群有益，但大脑训练并不是对每个人都有效。因此，B项“大脑训练真的有效吗？”契合文章主旨，最适合作为标题。故选B项。
17．C 18．A 19．D 20．A
【导语】本篇是议论文，作者对克隆灭绝物种进行了分析。
17．主旨大意题。文章第二段讲到“in which he imagined a world where scientists were able to bring dinosaurs back to life. Crichton imagined that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology could be a way to amplify (放大) tiny quantities of dinosaur DNA and thus build a living embryo. (在小说里，他想象了一个科学家能够让恐龙复活的世界。克莱顿设想聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术可能是一种扩增(放大) 微小数量的恐龙DNA，从而构建了一个活的胚胎。)”可知，第二段的主要内容是一个关于灭绝动物复活启发性猜测。故选C。
18．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“Sadly, biologists soon realized that DNA in fact breaks down super-fast; even after 100 years, DNA from museum skins of dodos was decayed (腐烂) beyond repair. (可悲的是，生物学家很快意识到DNA实际上分解得非常快；即使在100年后，博物馆里渡渡鸟皮肤上的DNA也腐烂得无法修复。)”可知，克隆活胚胎的障碍是很难长期保存。故选A。
19．细节理解题。文章第五段讲到“Without the mammoths, that diversity disappeared. Return them and landscapes would once again be with a variety of species, including flowers and bushes. (没有长毛象，这种多样性就消失了。让他们回归，景观将再次出现各种各样的物种，包括花朵和灌木。)”可知，人们热衷于克隆灭绝动物主要是想看到生物的多样性。故选D。
20．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“The slowdown gives us time to consider the outcomes—and hopefully avoid some of Michael Crichton’s more fevered imaginings (经济放缓给了我们时间来考虑结果——并有望避免迈克尔·克莱顿的一些更狂热的想象)”可知，作者对克隆灭绝动物持谨慎的观点。故选A。
21．B 22．D 23．C 24．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了食品标签对消费者和生产者的影响。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Natural claims like “all natural”, “100% natural”, and “made with natural ingredients(成分)” are not defined in USDA.(像“全天然”、“100%天然”和“天然成分”这样的天然说法在美国农业部没有定义。)”可知，选项B“All natural(纯天然的)” 是权威机构未定义的。故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Study after study on the topic reveals that people think a product labeled as “natural” delivers benefits far beyond what it does. Most consumers mistakenly assign health and environmental benefits to natural-labeled food.(关于这个话题的一项又一项研究表明，人们认为标有“天然”的产品所带来的好处远远超过它的作用。大多数消费者错误地认为天然食品对健康和环境有益。)”以及第四段“In a 2017 study, respondents incorrectly believed that natural-labeled foods had 18 percent fewer calories across a variety of foods.(在2017年的一项研究中，受访者错误地认为，在各种食物中，天然标签食品的卡路里含量减少了18%。)”可知，消费者可能会误解食品标签上的内容。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In a 2017 study, respondents incorrectly believed that natural-labeled foods had 18 percent fewer calories across a variety of foods. In a 2010 study, respondents believed that meat products labeled as “all natural” meant no antibiotics or hormones were used to raise the animals. Some also believed the label meant animals were raised free range.(在2017年的一项研究中，受访者错误地认为，在各种食物中，天然标签食品的卡路里含量减少了18%。在2010年的一项研究中，受访者认为，标有“全天然”的肉制品意味着没有使用抗生素或激素来饲养动物。一些人还认为，这个标签意味着动物是在自由放养的。)”可推测，第四段的两项研究都是为了论证作者在第三段提到的观点“Study after study on the topic reveals that people think a product labeled as “natural” delivers benefits far beyond what it does. Most consumers mistakenly assign health and environmental benefits to natural-labeled food.(关于这个话题的一项又一项研究表明，人们认为标有“天然”的产品所带来的好处远远超过它的作用。大多数消费者错误地认为天然食品对健康和环境有益。)”。故选C。
24．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Consumers aren’t getting what they think they’re getting. But the more serious problem is how this harms food producers who are actually meeting the standards for more strict labels that are actually doing good, like ones around organic practices or animal welfare. Farmers and producers doing the work end up at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace if consumers treat foods labeled natural as alike. The economic problem raised by natural labels is that consumers could be paying extra for product benefits they are not receiving while producers of products with those benefits lose sales.(消费者并没有得到他们认为得到的东西。但更严重的问题是，这对那些实际上符合更严格标签标准的食品生产商造成了怎样的伤害，这些生产商实际上是在做好事，比如围绕有机实践或动物福利的食品生产商。如果消费者把标着“天然”的食品当成一样对待，那么从事这项工作的农民和生产者最终会在市场上处于竞争劣势。天然标签带来的经济问题是，消费者可能会为他们没有得到的产品好处支付额外的费用，而拥有这些好处的产品的生产商则会失去销售。)”可知，这一问题造成的更严重的问题是，这对那些实际上符合更严格标签标准的食品生产商处于竞争劣势，即不公平。故选D。
25．D 26．C 27．B 28．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了为应对气候变化，印度视大片草场为不毛之地，将其改造为林地。作者通过分析该做法的弊端，呼吁当地政府重视草场独特的生态价值。
25．推理判断题。根据第二段“While all types of ecosystems—forests, grasslands, oceans, wetlands and deserts—feel these effects, there is evidence of bias (偏好) towards the conservation of forest biodiversity. This bi as hurts the preservation of other ecosystems, including the grasslands that make up 24 percent of the Indian landmass. These grasslands are home to important biodiversity and support the livelihoods of millions of people, yet are defined in India by their value in being turned into forests for fighting climate change. (虽然所有类型的生态系统——森林、草原、海洋、湿地和沙漠——都能感受到这些影响，但有证据表明，人们倾向于保护森林生物多样性。这损害了其他生态系统的保护，包括占印度陆地面积24%的草原。这些草原是重要生物多样性的家园，支持着数百万人的生计，但在印度，它们的价值在于将其变成森林，以应对气候变化。)”可推断，作者在此想强调我们应当同样重视保护草场。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段“Apart from being costly, the move overlooks the ecological and social value of grasslands by turning them into mono-culture forests, which do not provide the same ecological benefits. (除了成本高昂之外，这一举措还忽视了草原的生态和社会价值，将它们变成了单一的森林，无法提供同样的生态效益。)”可推断，作者不认同印度政府的做法。故选C。
27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Already, communities like the Todas and the Idu Mishmi people are protecting grasslands in India through collective action and local stewardship (管理), which are helping them connect with the grasslands. With the aim of preserving the richness of nature, the government must restore greater rights to local communities to manage grasslands. (像Todas和Idu Mishmi这样的社区已经通过集体行动和当地管理来保护印度的草原，这有助于他们与草原建立联系。为了保护自然的丰富性，政府必须恢复地方社区管理草原的更大权利。)”可知，应当鼓励当地民众积极参与草场保护工作。故选B。
28．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The time is ripe for abandoning outdated labelings like “wastelands”. (抛弃“荒地”等过时标签的时机已经成熟。)”结合文章主要说明了为应对气候变化，印度视大片草场为不毛之地，将其改造为林地。作者通过分析该做法的弊端，呼吁当地政府重视草场独特的生态价值。故A选项“停止把草原当作荒地”最符合文章标题。故选A。
29．B 30．D 31．C 32．A 33．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了当今社会对不生孩子的偏见，并认为对无子女者的指控应当驳回，他们的存在为社会产生很多好处。
29．主旨大意题。根据第二段第二句“The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism.(尽管如此，没有孩子的人还是受到了很多批评。)”并结合下文可知，本段主要讲述了无子女者常常遭受尖锐批判。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions.(一些人指出，非父母者无法培养出未来的工人来支付养老金。)”和倒数第二段中的“Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done.(那些没有孩子的人确实给公共养老金系统带来了压力。政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情，比如像日本那样降低养老金的慷慨程度，或者像一些西方国家那样接受更多的移民。)”可知，由于无子女者没有生孩子来为养老金系统作贡献，这会给公共养老金系统带来压力，政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情。由此可推测出，无子女者遭受人们的偏见是因为人们认为他们成为政府的经济负担。故选D。
31．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句前面的“It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago.(如果成为父母的人有一个或两个以上的孩子，就有可能把高无子女率和高出生率结合起来。这是一个世纪前许多西方国家的模式。)”可知，画线词it指代前文的内容，即一个世纪前许多国家采取的模式是鼓励成为父母的人生孩子，从而兼顾高无子女率与高出生率。故选C。
32．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice.(对无子女者的指控以及其他社会偏见应该被驳回。)”和“Some have medical problems; others do not meet the right person in time; still others decide they do not want them. Whatever the cause, the attacks on the childless are baseless.(有些人有医疗问题；其他人没有及时遇到合适的人；还有一些人决定不想要它们。不管是什么原因，对无子女者的攻击都是毫无根据的。)”可知，作者认为对无子女者的指控应该被驳回，人们对他们的攻击是毫无根据的，因为这些人没有孩子可能是有一定的原因。由此可推测出，作者对无子女者表示理解。故选A。
33．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段最后一句“One old prejudice remains respectable, though. Just ask a childless person.(然而，一种古老的偏见仍然受人尊敬。问问一个没有孩子的人就知道了。)”引出话题：无子女者遭受偏见；第二段具体讲述了无子女者面对的批判；根据第三段中的“The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice.(对无子女者的指控以及其他社会偏见应该被驳回。)”讲述作者的看法，作者认为不应当对无子女者怀有偏见；接下来几段作者分别从慈善、政治能力、人口增长、艺术文学贡献等方面讲述无子女者的贡献。由此可推测出，本文主要指出人们对无子女者的偏见，并为无子女者辩护，由此可推测出，A项“为无子女者辩护”最适合作本文标题。故选A。
34．C 35．B 36．D 37．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者在文中介绍了长暑假学年的由来以及全年制教育的益处，指出美国应该从传统的长暑假教育转向全年制教育。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. (这一变化的一个好处是，学生们不会成为‘夏季滑坡’的受害者，也不会成为有证据证明的现象，即学生在离开学校太多时间后忘记了他们所学的一些知识。)”以及第三段“But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience.(但是全年制教育并不仅仅是关于学业。与传统学校相比，教师和学生在全年制学校的关系更加密切，而且在没有任何长期休息的情况下，学生不会感到与学校环境脱节。这些更紧密的联系和更大的依恋得到了回报。研究表明，全年制学校的学生更自信，对自己的学习体验更积极。)”可知，全年制教育与传统教育相比有许多优势：可以减少学生在长假期间的知识遗忘现象，使师生之间的关系更加密切，学生不会感到与学校环境脱节，更自信，对自己的学习体验也更积极；C选项“It will enable students to learn about the outside world.(它将使学生了解外面的世界。)”没有被提及。故选C。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them.(一些儿童发展专家认为，离开学校的时间对健康发展至关重要，因为孩子们不适合在教室里花那么多时间，而暑假提供了一个到外面去的绝佳机会。这种观点的问题在于，大多数孩子都不出去玩，甚至不花时间和其他孩子在一起。虽然有些孩子参加夏令营，但大多数孩子呆在家里，看电视或玩电子设备游戏，这对他们几乎没有好处。)”可知，一些儿童发展专家认为暑假给孩子提供了一个到外面玩的绝佳机会，这对健康发展有益，然而，事实是大多数孩子不出去玩，而是呆在家里看电视或玩电子设备游戏，这对他们几乎没有好处；由此可知，一个漫长的暑假对大多数学生没有什么好处。故选B。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first performed when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. (传统的学年，每年夏天有三个月的假期，是在美国还是一个农业社会，需要夏季的几个月从事农业工作时首次实行的。)”以及最后一段“The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.(美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，所以学年的改变也是有意义的。)”可知，传统的长暑假学年制是在美国还是农业社会时由于夏季需要从事几个月的农业工作而实行的，然而，美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，学年也应该改变；由此可知，作者认为随着美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，过去农业社会时实行的长暑假的学年已经过时了。故选D。
37．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.(美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，所以学年的改变也是有意义的。)”可知，作者在文中通过介绍长暑假学年的由来以及全年制教育的益处，论述了美国应该从传统的长暑假教育转向全年制教育；D选项“The U. S. Should Switch to Year-round Schooling(美国应该转向全年制教育)”符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D。
38．B 39．A 40．C 41．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了作者认为人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的，认为这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧，我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定。对此作者建议谨慎发言，保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。
38．细节理解题。根据第一段“Being an opinion writer and journalist, I was demanded that I make a public statement about hot issues online. The voices yelling at me and anyone else who failed to post seemed to believe that not making a statement was itself a statement — and an immoral one, at that.(作为一名观点作家和记者，我被要求就网络热点问题发表公开声明。那些对我和其他没有发帖的人大喊大叫的声音似乎相信，不发表声明本身就是一种声明——而且是一种不道德的声明)”以及第二段“This kind of simple thinking is deeply unserious and further fuels hatred (敌意), changing personal opinions into extremism and mistaking the expressions of anger for brave action in the face of horror.(这种简单的想法是非常不严肃的，而且会进一步助长仇恨，把个人观点变成极端主义，把愤怒的表达误认为面对恐怖的勇敢行动)”可知，作者认为看待人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的。故选B。
39．主旨大意题。根据第三段“These loud, reductive declarations reflect genuine fear about horrors that lie beyond words. Simple binaries (二元对立) imply simple solutions. And it’s much more pleasant to tell yourself you stand on the side of good, against evil, than to question whether the lines of boundaries were drawn correctly.(这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧。简单的二进制文件意味着简单的解决方案。告诉自己你站在正义的一边，对抗邪恶，比质疑界限是否画得正确要愉快得多)”以及第四段“Sitting with uncertainty is hard, especially when social media has urged us to expect perfect real-time information during unfortunate events and immediate answers and resolution. Moral certainty is a point we stand on when factual certainty is not possible. And the faster we express it, the more certain we appear.(面对不确定性是很难的，尤其是当社交媒体敦促我们期待在不幸事件中获得完美的实时信息，并立即得到答案和解决方案时。道德确定性是当事实确定性不可能实现时我们所站的立场。我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定)”可知，第3段和第4段试图解释人们急于发表意见的原因。故选A。
40．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Such thoughtless posts are not what bother me most, though. Instead, it’s the idea that not posting is wrong somehow — that everyone needs to speak, all the time. It discourages shutting up and listening and letting the voices that matter the most be heard over the noise. It suggests that having any doubts about what’s happening or forming moral conclusions that don’t make sense to share on social media is unacceptable.(不过，这些轻率的帖子并不是最让我烦恼的。相反，人们认为不发帖在某种程度上是错误的——每个人都需要随时发言。它不鼓励你闭嘴倾听，让最重要的声音盖过噪音被听到。这表明，对正在发生的事情有任何怀疑，或者得出在社交媒体上分享毫无意义的道德结论，都是不可接受的)”可知，最让作者不安的是人们对不发帖的判断。故选C。
41．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I do have opinions, of course, but they don’t fit on social media. While I’ve regretted posting half-formed thoughts too quickly, I’ve never regretted waiting until I was less angry or not posting at all.(当然，我也有自己的观点，但它们不适合在社交媒体上发表。虽然我曾后悔过太快地发布半成品的想法，但我从未后悔过等到我不那么生气时再发布，或者根本不发布)”结合文章主要说明了作者认为人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的，认为这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧，我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定。对此作者建议谨慎发言，保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。可推知，作者想表达的是保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。故选B。