牛津译林版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 3 Getting along with others单元核心脉图阅读提升（含答案）
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Unit 3 Getting along with others
引言解读
The glory of friendship is not the outstretched hand, nor the kindly smile, nor the joy of companionship; it is the spiritual inspiration that comes to one when he discovers that someone else believes in him and is willing to trust him. --- Ralpth Waldo Emerson
释义：友谊的光辉并不在于伸出的援手或者善意的微笑，也不在于陪伴之时的快乐。它是当一个人发现有人相信他并愿意信任他时得到的精神鼓舞 —拉尔夫 ．沃尔多．爱默生
启示：阐释了作者的友谊观。鼓励人们建立良好的人际关系。
名句积累 1．A good friend is often obtained in adversity. 1个好朋友常常是在逆境中获得的。 2、Without a friend the world is a wilderness. 没有朋友，世界成了荒野。 3、In the absence of an idea, respect for each other seems to be another point of friendship. 在无利害观念之外，互相尊敬似乎是友谊的另一要点。 4、Just like real gold to identify in a blazing fire, friendship must be tested in the adversity. 正如真金要在烈火中识别一样，友谊必须在逆境里经受考验。 5、Friends proud linked to failure, and progress with an open mind; Laziness and ignorance mutually close, struggle to shake hands with victory. 骄傲与失败挂钩，虚心与进步交友；懒惰和愚昧相亲，奋斗跟胜利握手。 6、People's friendship, the most people's hearts together, because this kind of contact, it is tender and sweet. 人与人的友谊，把多数人的心灵结合在一起，由于这种可贵的联系，它是温柔甜蜜的。 7、Friendship is based on comrade, consolidate on sincere, development in criticism, terminate in flattery. 友谊建立在同志中，巩固在真挚上，发展在批评里，断送在奉承中。 8．Friendship is the best school cultivate people feelings 友谊是培养人感情最好的学校。 9、Want to make friends with all people, not anyone's friend 想与所有人交友的人，不是任何人的朋友。 10、Especially from friends, until the wine bottles empty, suddenly become a passer-by. 酒食上得来的朋友，等到酒尽樽空，转眼成为路人。
主题探究
本单元的主题语境是“人与社会”，话题是“友谊”， 涉及“友谊”的多个层面, 一段视频展开对“青少年交友困扰”的讨论，一篇发布在网络平台上的论坛交流帖及回帖，针对楼主遭遇到的“友谊危机”，网友们给出了不同的建议与理由，语篇旨在引导学生树立正确的交友观，学会处理人际交往中出现的问题； 制订目标, “创建校园俱乐部”建议书, 改编自弗朗西斯·培根的名篇散文《论友谊》，论述观点有理有据，旨在启发学生认识到友谊对人生的垂要意一义；合作学习、探究学习，帮助学生理解真正的好朋友应具有哪些品质，从而领悟友谊的真谛；本单元的教学旨在帮助学生形成正确的友谊观，习得有效的沟通交流技能，促进人际交往的健康发展，建立良好的人际关系。
语篇品读 When we were very small, we realized that having friends was important. Some of us even had imaginary (想象中的) friends. The need for friends continued as we grew into our teens. Friends played a big part in forming our personalities (性格). As adults, it is still important for us to have friends. True friends are people who like us though we make mistakes and who listen to us and tell us the truth. Friends support our decisions and tell us when we’re foolish. They laugh with us and share our sadness. They are our partners and share interests with us. They stimulate us when we are feeling down. They are people we aren’t afraid of telling our secret wishes to or what is really on our minds. Friends are our supporters. When you can depend on friends, you feel safe and warm. Friends offer acceptance and emotional (情感的) support. At times, they also help with our everyday lives, cooking a meal, doing chores, or giving us a lift when we need one. Friends also are there to offer advice, an ear to listen, or a shoulder to cry on. Friends also help us reduce stress. Not only do they listen to us when we feel stressed, but they also discuss what is stressing us. Sharing interests and doing activities with friends help us forget about problems at work or at home. For a short time, we can lose ourselves in a pleasant activity and perhaps laugh and breathe more easily. 全文翻译 在我们很小的时候，我们就意识到有朋友是很重要的。我们中的一些人甚至有想象中的朋友。当我们成长为青少年时，对朋友的需求仍在继续。朋友在我们性格的形成中起了很大的作用。作为成年人，拥有朋友对我们来说仍然很重要。 真正的朋友是那些在我们犯错误时仍然喜欢我们的人，他们会倾听我们，告诉我们真相。朋友支持我们的决定，在我们愚蠢的时候告诉我们。他们和我们一起欢笑，分担我们的悲伤。他们是我们的伙伴，和我们有共同的利益。当我们情绪低落时，它们会刺激我们。他们是我们不害怕告诉我们秘密的愿望或我们真正的想法的人。 朋友是我们的支持者。当你可以依靠朋友时，你会感到安全和温暖。朋友提供接纳和情感上的支持。有时，他们也会帮助我们的日常生活，做饭，做家务，或者在我们需要的时候载我们一程。朋友也会给你建议，给你一个倾听的耳朵，或者给你一个可以依靠的肩膀。 朋友也能帮助我们减轻压力。他们不仅在我们感到压力时倾听我们，而且还讨论我们的压力。和朋友分享兴趣爱好和做一些活动可以帮助我们忘记工作或家庭中的问题。在短时间内，我们可以把自己沉浸在愉快的活动中，也许会笑得更轻松，呼吸也更轻松。词汇积累 1. play a big part in… 在……中起很大的作用 2.form v. 形成 3. stimulate v. 刺激 4.feel down 心情沮丧 5.depend on 依靠，依赖 6.acceptance n. 接受 7．reduce stress 减少压力 8．Lose oneself in… 沉浸在……
题源探究
语篇品读 A Friend Is a Second Self —Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》 Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don’t always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend. No two people are the same. Sometimes friends don’t get along well. That doesn’t mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up and go on being friends. Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much. But we can’t call them and write to them. It could be that we will even see them again. And we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them. Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places. There’s more good news for people who have friends. They live longer than people who don’t. Why It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself. 全文翻译 朋友是另一个自我 每个人都需要朋友。我们都喜欢亲近某人。有一个朋友聊天，一起笑，一起做事情是很好的。当然，有时候我们需要独处。我们不希望总是有人在身边。但如果我们没有朋友，我们会感到孤独。 没有两个人是相同的。有时朋友相处得不好。这并不意味着他们不再喜欢对方了。大多数时候，他们会和好，继续做朋友。 有时朋友会搬走。然后我们感到很难过。我们非常想念他们。但是我们不能给他们打电话和写信。我们甚至有可能再次见到他们。我们可以结交新朋友。当我们认识新朋友时，我们会惊讶地发现我们是多么喜欢他们。 有些家庭有时会用亲密朋友的名字给孩子取名。许多地方都是以对镇上居民友好的男男女女命名的。有些库就是这样命名的。一些学校也是如此。当我们去这些地方的时候，我们会想到这些人。 有朋友的人有更多的好消息。他们比不这样做的人活得更长。为什么 可能是因为他们更快乐。快乐能让你保持健康。或者只是知道有人关心你。如果有人关心你，你就会更好地照顾自己。 句式仿写 1．我永远不会忘记我们一起住在夏令营的日子。(when 引导定语从句) ________________________________________________ 2. 令人惊讶的是，这个小城市近年来已经转变成一个现代工业中心。(it is surprising that…) ______________________________________________ 3．从失败中恢复往往比从成功中建立更容易。（动名词作主语） _____________________________________________
答案：
1．I’ll never forget the days when we lived together on the summer camp.
2．It is surprising that the small city has turned into a modern industrial center in recent years.
3．Recovering from failure is often easier than building from success.
拓展阅读
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 友谊的重要性和网络友谊的可能性 320 5min ★★★★☆
（2023春·贵州贵阳·高一统考期末）Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote “the only way to have a friend is to be one”, and I totally believe that this is true.
Almost everyone, especially elders, thinks that it’s dangerous to make friends on the internet. I also thought so at first. However, deep in my heart, I still wanted to give it a try. So last term, I made a new friend who lives thousands of kilometers away.
She and I weren’t meant to become great friends; we just intended to have some simple conversations at first. However, as time passed by, we began to talk heart to heart and we slowly became closer. Our friendship grew stronger through lots of chatting, and I found out that we have a lot in common. It seemed like we were meant to be. For example, we’re both girls with a strong will. During the winter vacation, we encouraged each other to hunt our dreams. It was our mutual (相互的) trust that helped establish our great friendship. I’m sure that it will be one of the best memories of senior high school.
Now, we memorize the vocabulary of the CET-4 together through WeChat and encourage each other not to give up. We even send each other gifts to express our best wishes when festivals come.
How do you define the word “friend” Views vary from person to person. But in my opinion, true friendship doesn’t mean getting together every day. It means that you know one another’s dreams, and will help each other to make them come true.
Kindness is found everywhere. Our heart doesn’t show a lack of a sense of kindness, but a lack of trust, especially for strangers. Smile at the world and it will smile back.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To show how to make friends. B．To praise the author’s good friend.
C．To make her friend known to us. D．To introduce the topic of the text.
2．How do the elders think of making friends online
A．Unusual. B．Dangerous. C．Magical. D．Easy.
3．What does the author think of her online friend
A．She is a very beautiful girl. B．She needs a lot of encouragement.
C．She has a lot in common with her. D．She is experienced in CET-4.
4．What does the underlined word “It” refer to in the passage
A．One’s dream. B．Sense of kindness.
C．True friendship. D．Getting together every day.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了友谊的重要性和网络友谊的可能性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote ‘the only way to have a friend is to be one’, and I totally believe that this is true.(拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生曾写过‘拥有朋友的唯一方法就是成为朋友’，我完全相信这是真的。)”可推知，作者写第一段的目的是介绍正文的主题——网络友谊是可能的。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Almost everyone, especially elders, thinks that it’s dangerous to make friends on the internet.(几乎每个人，尤其是老年人，都认为在网上交朋友是危险的。)”可知，老年人认为在网上交朋友是危险的。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, as time passed by, we began to talk heart to heart and we slowly became closer. Our friendship grew stronger through lots of chatting, and I found out that we have a lot in common.(然而，随着时间的推移，我们开始谈心，我们慢慢地变得更亲密了。通过多次聊天，我们的友谊变得更加牢固，我发现我们有很多共同点。)”可知，作者认为她网上的朋友和她有很多共同之处。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“How do you define the word ‘friend’ Views vary from person to person. But in my opinion, true friendship doesn’t mean getting together every day.(你如何定义‘朋友’这个词？观点因人而异。但在我看来，真正的友谊并不意味着每天都聚在一起。)”说明作者认为真正的友谊并不意味着每天都在一起，从而推知划线词句“It means that you know one another’s dreams, and will help each other to make them come true.( It意味着你们知道彼此的梦想，并将互相帮助，使它们成真。)”其中划线词指代“真正的友谊”的意思。故选C项。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 建立在美德的友谊才值得保护和珍惜 342 6 min ★★★★☆
（2023春·广东·高一广东实验中学校考阶段练习）Although social media can be enjoyable and beneficial, online relationships simply cannot replace real life connection. But simply being in the flesh with someone does not make a lasting, meaningful relationship, which got me thinking: what, exactly, does My search to answer this question took me back more than 2,000 years to Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics. What I found couldn’t be more insightful, and it rings just as true today as it must have then.
Aristotle writes that there are three different kinds of friendship:
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON UTILITY, in which one or both of the parties gain something as a result of the friendship (think: much of the modern “networking” enterprise, or becoming friends with someone because you think they can help you).
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON PLEASURE, or those centered around pleasant experiences (think: people with whom you can have a good, carefree time).
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON VIRTUE, in which both individuals share the same values (think: people whom you admire and respect, and with whom you share what you find most important in life).
It’s fascinating that, centuries ago, Aristotle offered that many individual often pursue friendships primarily for utility. And it’s easy to see that some things never change.
Likewise, he wrote, “Those who love because of what is good for themselves, and those who love because of pleasure do so because of what is pleasant to themselves. Yet what one finds useful or pleasurable, is not permanent but is always changing; thus, when the reason for the friendship is done away, the friendship is dissolved.”
It’s OK to have some friendships mainly for utility and pleasure, but it’s important to realize that these fill a different purpose and are likely to have a shorter lifespan than one built upon shared virtue. And it is the friendships based on virtue that are worth protecting and cherishing. But they require considerable energy to maintain -- as Aristotle wrote, “lack of conversation has broken many a friendship” -- but what you get out of these friendships easily outweighs what you put in.
5．What is the author’s attitude towards Aristotle’s grouping of friendship
A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
6．How does the author illustrate Aristotle’s three kinds of friendship
A．By giving examples. B．By offering instructions.
C．By making comparisons. D．By drawing conclusions.
7．Why can’t friendship based on utility and pleasure last long
A．Because there are always other friends around.
B．Because people only consider their own benefits.
C．Because people’s pursuit is not always the same.
D．Because different people make friends for different reasons.
8．According to Aristotle, how can one keep a longer friendship
A．Spend face-to-face time with your friends.
B．Keep talking to the ones with shared values.
C．Value the advantages you get out of a friend.
D．Create a pleasant atmosphere for a conversation.
【答案】5．A 6．A 7．C 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者主要分析了基于不同利益的友谊，认为只有建立在美德的友谊才值得保护和珍惜。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“What I found couldn’t be more insightful, and it rings just as true today as it must have then.(我的发现非常有见地，在今天听起来和当时一样正确。)”可知，作者认为亚里士多德对友谊的见地今天听起来和当时一样的正确，结合倒数第三段中的“It’s fascinating that, centuries ago, Aristotle offered that many individual often pursue friendships primarily for utility. And it’s easy to see that some things never change.(有趣的是，几个世纪前，亚里士多德提出许多人追求友谊主要是为了功利。很容易看出，有些事情永远不会改变。)”可知，亚里士多德提出的友谊的目的主要是为了功利，作者认为这是永远不会改变的，由此可以推断，作者多亚里士多德对友谊的看法是支持的态度。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Aristotle writes that there are three different kinds of friendship(亚里士多德写道，有三种不同的友谊)”以及下文中的“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON UTILITY(基于效用的友谊)”、“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON PLEASURE(基于快乐的友谊)”以及“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON VIRTUE(基于美德的友谊)”可知，作者列举了亚里士多德的三种不同的友谊并进行简单的分析，由此可推断，作者是通过举例子来阐述亚里士多德的三种友谊。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Likewise, he wrote, “Those who love because of what is good for themselves, and those who love because of pleasure do so because of what is pleasant to themselves. Yet what one finds useful or pleasurable, is not permanent but is always changing; thus, when the reason for the friendship is done away, the friendship is dissolved.”(同样地，他写道：“爱的人是为了自己的好处，爱的人是为了自己的快乐。然而，人们觉得有用或愉快的东西，不是永久的，而是一直在变化的;因此，当友谊的原因消失了，友谊也就消失了。”。)”可知，基于利益和快乐的友谊不是永恒的而是多变的，所以，利益和快乐消失的时候，友谊也就消失了。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“And it is the friendships based on virtue that are worth protecting and cherishing. But they require considerable energy to maintain -- as Aristotle wrote, “lack of conversation has broken many a friendship” -- but what you get out of these friendships easily outweighs what you put in.(而建立在美德基础上的友谊才是值得保护和珍惜的。但它们需要相当大的精力来维持——正如亚里士多德所写的那样，“缺乏交谈已经毁掉了许多友谊”——但你从这些友谊中获得的东西很容易就超过了你投入的东西。)”可知，认为只有基于美德的友谊值得珍惜和拥有，缺乏交流破坏了友谊，所以，要想保持长久的友谊，需要的是与有共同价值观的人进行交流。故选B项。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 友谊对于青少年的重要性 191 5 min ★★★★☆
（2023秋·陕西宝鸡·高一校联考期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Friendships are very important during adolescence (青少年). Teen friendships help young people feel a sense of acceptance and belonging. They support the 1 (develop) of compassion (同情), caring, and so on. Moreover, adolescent friendships can be useful in 2 (help) teens to spend difficult times. We all know that having good friends makes us happier. Teenagers having good friendship have better mental health. Teens with more friends feel a 3 (strong) sense of belonging, which is good for them 4 (face) difficult situations. A study found that teenagers with strong teen friendships helped them reduce anxiety.
A study of 108 high school students in Australia found that friendships were 5 (especial) helpful for teens immediately (立即) after a stressful event, such as failing 6 test. Researchers from Australia’s Murdoch and Griffith universities 7 (survey) teens. They found when they were with peers rather than adults they dealt better after a stressful event. Teens who were with friends reported lower levels of sadness 8 worry. Such are the good points 9 friendships, so young people should 10 (encourage) to make more friends.
【答案】
1．development 2．helping 3．stronger 4．to face 5．especially 6．a
7．surveyed 8．and 9．of 10．be encouraged
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了友谊对于青少年来说是不可缺少的一部分，是非常重要的。
1．考查名词。句意：他们支持同情心、关怀等的发展。此空前的the说明此空应该用develop的名词形式，development是不可数名词。故填development。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，青少年友谊可以帮助青少年度过困难时期。此空前的介词in说明此空应该用动名词形式，作宾语。故填helping。
3．考查形容词比较级。句意：有更多朋友的青少年会有一种更强烈的归属感，这对他们面对困难有好处。上一句的better和本句中的more friends说明此空应该用形容词的比较级形式，作定语修饰名词sense。故填stronger。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：见第3题详解。固定结构be+adj.+for sb. to do sth.，该空用不定式形式。故填to face。
5．考查副词。句意：一项针对澳大利亚108名高中生的研究发现，在经历了诸如考试不及格等压力事件后，友谊对青少年尤其有帮助。这里要修饰形容词helpful，因此用其副词形式作状语。故填especially。
6．考查冠词。句意：见第5题详解。此处名词test为泛指，用不定冠词修饰，test的第一个音素是辅音音素，用不定冠词a。故填a。
7．考查时态。句意：澳大利亚默多克大学和格里菲斯大学的研究人员对青少年进行了调查。该空是谓语部分，这里的“调查”发生在过去，因此用一般过去时。故填surveyed。
8．考查连词。句意：与朋友在一起的青少年的悲伤和担心程度较低。此处sadness和worry表示并列，用and。故填and。
9．考查介词。句意：这就是友谊的优点，所以年轻人应该被鼓励交更多的朋友。这里用介词of表示“……的”的意思，good points of friendships意为“友谊的好处”。故填of。
10．考查语态。句意：见第9题详解。主语young people和谓语动词encourage之间是被动关系，因此用被动态，空格前面是情态动词should，be动词用原形。故填be encouraged。
教材语篇梳理
Reading
答案：(1)horrible surprise (2)angry (3)full and frank talk (4)decide
课文语法填空
Amy has been close with her 1. (good) friend since primary school. They always stayed together, 2. (do) many things. They 3. (plan) to go to the cinema together on Saturday afternoon, but in the morning her friend said she had a cold and couldn’t make 4. . She believed 5. her friend said. However, someone told her that her friend 6. (chat) with another girl in a café on Saturday afternoon. Her friend’s “illness” was a complete lie, which made her very 7. (anger). Cindy thinks that she should find an opportunity 8. _______ (talk) with her friend 9. (frank) and solve the problem together, while David thinks she can decide whether their friendship will last 10. not.
答案：1.best 2.doing 3.had planned 4.it 5.what 6. was chatting7. angry 8.to talk 9. frankly 10. or
阅读微技能—记叙文阅读 1. 记叙文阅读要抓住六个要素: 时间、地点、人物、事件起因、经过、结果。 2. 利用文中议论抒情句, 准确把握文章的情感线索。 情感线索是贯穿全文的脉络, 把文中的人物和事件有机地连在一起, 使文章层次清晰、引发读者的共鸣。
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 “群体智慧” 339 6min ★★★★☆
（2023·新高考I卷D篇）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 维系异地友谊的五种方式 312 6min ★★★★☆
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2022·全国乙卷阅读理解七选五）
Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain(保持) long-distance friendships.
·Set a regular date
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. 36 .
·More isn't always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. 37 . There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
·Practise empathy (共情)
38 . The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
· 39
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends' birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
·Don't rely on technology alone
40 , but long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.
A.Remember important dates
B.Compensate by writing letters
C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
【答案】36.D 37. E 38. G 39. A 40. F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了五种维系异地友谊的方法。
36.上文“With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.(平日繁忙,很难抽出时间打电话。)”讲的是双方都很忙碌,很难有时间给对方打电话,D项“尽量找个双方都有空的时间去打电话,并坚持下去” 给出了解决没时间打电话这个问题的方法,符合题意。故选D项。
37.根据空前的句子“Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both.”和空后的句子“There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.”可知,本空应填选项E,其中“talk about”与“communicated” 照应。而“their preferred methods of communication”与“what method works best for you both”照应。故选E。
38.下文“The friend who is remaining(留下来的朋友)”和“The one in the new environment(在新环境中的那个)”提到了朋友的两种不同处境,G项“你可能是朋友中离开的那一方,也可能是被留下的那一方”指出了异地友谊中分为离开的一方和留下的一方,其中“the friend who left”和“the one who was left behind”分别对应下文“The one in the new environment”和“The friend who is remaining”,所以G项符合题意。故选G。
39.分析文章结构可知,设空处的内容是维系异地友谊的第四个方法,是第五段的小标题。下文“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships.(周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言是非常重要的。)”讲的是诸如周年纪念日和生日等重要的日子对于维系异地友谊是非常重要的,由此推知,这段对应的维系异地友谊的方法是A项“记得重要的日子”,所以A项符合题意。故选A。
40.设空处后半句“but long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain.(但是异地友谊——甚至是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自觉的努力去维系。)”讲的是我们要更加自觉地维系异地友谊,其中“but”说明后半句与设空处形成转折,而F项“(朋友之间)很容易通过社交媒体产生一种连结感”讲的是通过社交媒体这种方式很容易与朋友产生连结感,与后半句中的“require more conscious effort to sustain”形成转折,而且其中的“social media”呼应了该段的小标题“Don't rely on technology alone(不要仅仅依赖技术)”中的“technology”。故选F。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线 226 10min ★★★★★
On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have ____41____ the course earlier than she did. Her ____42____ came because she was carrying a ____43____ across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her ____44____ when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She ____45____ to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with ____46____. She couldn’t. Bailey then ____47____ to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ____48____ attention.
Once there, Lenoue was ____49____ and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme _____50_____ to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey, she is more _____51_____ about why her act is considered a big _____52_____. “She was just crying. I couldn’t _____53_____ her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the _____54_____, they’ve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the _____55_____ of human kindness won the day.
41. A. designed B. followed C. changed D. finished
42. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse
43. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor
44 A. race B. school C. town D. training
45. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised
46. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice
47. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D. bent down
48. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal
49. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated
50. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness
51. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged
52. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal
53. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand
54. A. ride B. test C. meet D. show
55. A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange
【答案】41. D 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. B 51. C 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在明尼苏达州举行的一次越野赛中，Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线并接受医疗检查的善行义举。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛。A. designed设计；B. followed跟随；C. changed改变；D. finished完成。根据下一段的“carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ________ attention”可知，Bailey在比赛中背一名参赛者，所以完成比赛晚了，因此句子表示“Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛”。故选D。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。A. delay延误；B. chance机会；C. trouble麻烦；D. excuse借口。根据上文“Melanie Bailey should have ________ the course earlier than she did”和上一题的解析可知，Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛，她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。A. judge裁判；B. volunteer志愿者；C. classmate同学；D. competitor参赛者。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，她是背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。故选D。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：据当地一家报纸报道，当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候，她前面的一名选手开始痛苦地哭泣。A. race比赛；B. school学校；C. town城镇；D. training训练。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，此处是说“当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候”。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。A. agreed同意；B. returned回来；C. stopped停止；D. promised答应。根据下文“to help her fellow runner”可知，她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。故选C。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Bailey扶着她的胳膊，看看她能否帮助下向前走。A. courage勇气；B. aid帮助；C. patience耐心；D. advice建议。根据上文“Bailey took her arm”可知，此处表示看她是否能在她的帮助下向前走。故选B。
【47题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. went away离开； B. stood up站起来；C. stepped aside让路；D. bent down弯腰。根据下文“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知，Bailey弯下腰，让勒诺爬到她的背上。故选D。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. medical医疗的；B. public公众的；C. constant持续不断的；D. equal平等的。根据上文“began crying in pain”可知，Danielle Lenoue很疼，所以是要接受治疗，medical attention意为“医疗救助”。故选A。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Lenoue在那里接受了检查，后来被送往医院，在那里她得知自己的一个膝盖受了重伤。A. interrupted打断；B. assessed评估；C. identified识别；D. appreciated感激。根据下文“later taken to a hospital”可知，她是先接受了检查，再被送往医院，也就是先接受评估。故选B。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站。A. hunger饥饿；B. pain疼痛；C. cold感冒；D. tiredness疲劳。根据第5空前的“began crying in pain”可知，此处表示“如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站”。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. worried担心的；B. ashamed惭愧的；C. confused困惑的；D. discouraged泄气的。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑。故选C。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. game游戏；B. problem问题；C. lesson课；D. deal交易，局面。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑，a big deal意为“非常重要的事”。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不能离开她。A. leave离开；B. cure治愈；C. bother打扰；D. understand理解。根据上文“She was just crying”以及Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺。可知，Bailey看见Lenoue哭喊，所以觉得不能离开她。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人，但后来她们成了朋友。A. ride短途旅程；B. test测试；C. meet体育比赛；D. show展示。根据第一段“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”及空前的“the two young women were strangers before”可知，当时是一场比赛，句子表示“这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人”。故选C。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：两人都没有赢得比赛，但展示出的人类善良赢得了胜利。A. secret秘密；B. display展示；C. benefit利益；D. exchange交换。根据第二段的“let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ________ attention”可知，Bailey背着一个参赛者过终点，并背她去接受检查，这展示了人类的善良。故选B。
引言解读
The glory of friendship is not the outstretched hand, nor the kindly smile, nor the joy of companionship; it is the spiritual inspiration that comes to one when he discovers that someone else believes in him and is willing to trust him. --- Ralpth Waldo Emerson
释义：友谊的光辉并不在于伸出的援手或者善意的微笑，也不在于陪伴之时的快乐。它是当一个人发现有人相信他并愿意信任他时得到的精神鼓舞 —拉尔夫 ．沃尔多．爱默生
启示：阐释了作者的友谊观。鼓励人们建立良好的人际关系。
名句积累 1．A good friend is often obtained in adversity. 1个好朋友常常是在逆境中获得的。 2、Without a friend the world is a wilderness. 没有朋友，世界成了荒野。 3、In the absence of an idea, respect for each other seems to be another point of friendship. 在无利害观念之外，互相尊敬似乎是友谊的另一要点。 4、Just like real gold to identify in a blazing fire, friendship must be tested in the adversity. 正如真金要在烈火中识别一样，友谊必须在逆境里经受考验。 5、Friends proud linked to failure, and progress with an open mind; Laziness and ignorance mutually close, struggle to shake hands with victory. 骄傲与失败挂钩，虚心与进步交友；懒惰和愚昧相亲，奋斗跟胜利握手。 6、People's friendship, the most people's hearts together, because this kind of contact, it is tender and sweet. 人与人的友谊，把多数人的心灵结合在一起，由于这种可贵的联系，它是温柔甜蜜的。 7、Friendship is based on comrade, consolidate on sincere, development in criticism, terminate in flattery. 友谊建立在同志中，巩固在真挚上，发展在批评里，断送在奉承中。 8．Friendship is the best school cultivate people feelings 友谊是培养人感情最好的学校。 9、Want to make friends with all people, not anyone's friend 想与所有人交友的人，不是任何人的朋友。 10、Especially from friends, until the wine bottles empty, suddenly become a passer-by. 酒食上得来的朋友，等到酒尽樽空，转眼成为路人。
主题探究
本单元的主题语境是“人与社会”，话题是“友谊”， 涉及“友谊”的多个层面, 一段视频展开对“青少年交友困扰”的讨论，一篇发布在网络平台上的论坛交流帖及回帖，针对楼主遭遇到的“友谊危机”，网友们给出了不同的建议与理由，语篇旨在引导学生树立正确的交友观，学会处理人际交往中出现的问题； 制订目标, “创建校园俱乐部”建议书, 改编自弗朗西斯·培根的名篇散文《论友谊》，论述观点有理有据，旨在启发学生认识到友谊对人生的垂要意一义；合作学习、探究学习，帮助学生理解真正的好朋友应具有哪些品质，从而领悟友谊的真谛；本单元的教学旨在帮助学生形成正确的友谊观，习得有效的沟通交流技能，促进人际交往的健康发展，建立良好的人际关系。
语篇品读 When we were very small, we realized that having friends was important. Some of us even had imaginary (想象中的) friends. The need for friends continued as we grew into our teens. Friends played a big part in forming our personalities (性格). As adults, it is still important for us to have friends. True friends are people who like us though we make mistakes and who listen to us and tell us the truth. Friends support our decisions and tell us when we’re foolish. They laugh with us and share our sadness. They are our partners and share interests with us. They stimulate us when we are feeling down. They are people we aren’t afraid of telling our secret wishes to or what is really on our minds. Friends are our supporters. When you can depend on friends, you feel safe and warm. Friends offer acceptance and emotional (情感的) support. At times, they also help with our everyday lives, cooking a meal, doing chores, or giving us a lift when we need one. Friends also are there to offer advice, an ear to listen, or a shoulder to cry on. Friends also help us reduce stress. Not only do they listen to us when we feel stressed, but they also discuss what is stressing us. Sharing interests and doing activities with friends help us forget about problems at work or at home. For a short time, we can lose ourselves in a pleasant activity and perhaps laugh and breathe more easily. 全文翻译 在我们很小的时候，我们就意识到有朋友是很重要的。我们中的一些人甚至有想象中的朋友。当我们成长为青少年时，对朋友的需求仍在继续。朋友在我们性格的形成中起了很大的作用。作为成年人，拥有朋友对我们来说仍然很重要。 真正的朋友是那些在我们犯错误时仍然喜欢我们的人，他们会倾听我们，告诉我们真相。朋友支持我们的决定，在我们愚蠢的时候告诉我们。他们和我们一起欢笑，分担我们的悲伤。他们是我们的伙伴，和我们有共同的利益。当我们情绪低落时，它们会刺激我们。他们是我们不害怕告诉我们秘密的愿望或我们真正的想法的人。 朋友是我们的支持者。当你可以依靠朋友时，你会感到安全和温暖。朋友提供接纳和情感上的支持。有时，他们也会帮助我们的日常生活，做饭，做家务，或者在我们需要的时候载我们一程。朋友也会给你建议，给你一个倾听的耳朵，或者给你一个可以依靠的肩膀。 朋友也能帮助我们减轻压力。他们不仅在我们感到压力时倾听我们，而且还讨论我们的压力。和朋友分享兴趣爱好和做一些活动可以帮助我们忘记工作或家庭中的问题。在短时间内，我们可以把自己沉浸在愉快的活动中，也许会笑得更轻松，呼吸也更轻松。词汇积累 1. play a big part in… 在……中起很大的作用 2.form v. 形成 3. stimulate v. 刺激 4.feel down 心情沮丧 5.depend on 依靠，依赖 6.acceptance n. 接受 7．reduce stress 减少压力 8．Lose oneself in… 沉浸在……
题源探究
语篇品读 A Friend Is a Second Self —Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》 Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don’t always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend. No two people are the same. Sometimes friends don’t get along well. That doesn’t mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up and go on being friends. Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much. But we can’t call them and write to them. It could be that we will even see them again. And we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them. Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places. There’s more good news for people who have friends. They live longer than people who don’t. Why It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself. 全文翻译 朋友是另一个自我 每个人都需要朋友。我们都喜欢亲近某人。有一个朋友聊天，一起笑，一起做事情是很好的。当然，有时候我们需要独处。我们不希望总是有人在身边。但如果我们没有朋友，我们会感到孤独。 没有两个人是相同的。有时朋友相处得不好。这并不意味着他们不再喜欢对方了。大多数时候，他们会和好，继续做朋友。 有时朋友会搬走。然后我们感到很难过。我们非常想念他们。但是我们不能给他们打电话和写信。我们甚至有可能再次见到他们。我们可以结交新朋友。当我们认识新朋友时，我们会惊讶地发现我们是多么喜欢他们。 有些家庭有时会用亲密朋友的名字给孩子取名。许多地方都是以对镇上居民友好的男男女女命名的。有些库就是这样命名的。一些学校也是如此。当我们去这些地方的时候，我们会想到这些人。 有朋友的人有更多的好消息。他们比不这样做的人活得更长。为什么 可能是因为他们更快乐。快乐能让你保持健康。或者只是知道有人关心你。如果有人关心你，你就会更好地照顾自己。 句式仿写 1．我永远不会忘记我们一起住在夏令营的日子。(when 引导定语从句) ________________________________________________ 2. 令人惊讶的是，这个小城市近年来已经转变成一个现代工业中心。(it is surprising that…) ______________________________________________ 3．从失败中恢复往往比从成功中建立更容易。（动名词作主语） _____________________________________________
答案：
1．I’ll never forget the days when we lived together on the summer camp.
2．It is surprising that the small city has turned into a modern industrial center in recent years.
3．Recovering from failure is often easier than building from success.
拓展阅读
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 友谊的重要性和网络友谊的可能性 320 5min ★★★★☆
（2023春·贵州贵阳·高一统考期末）Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote “the only way to have a friend is to be one”, and I totally believe that this is true.
Almost everyone, especially elders, thinks that it’s dangerous to make friends on the internet. I also thought so at first. However, deep in my heart, I still wanted to give it a try. So last term, I made a new friend who lives thousands of kilometers away.
She and I weren’t meant to become great friends; we just intended to have some simple conversations at first. However, as time passed by, we began to talk heart to heart and we slowly became closer. Our friendship grew stronger through lots of chatting, and I found out that we have a lot in common. It seemed like we were meant to be. For example, we’re both girls with a strong will. During the winter vacation, we encouraged each other to hunt our dreams. It was our mutual (相互的) trust that helped establish our great friendship. I’m sure that it will be one of the best memories of senior high school.
Now, we memorize the vocabulary of the CET-4 together through WeChat and encourage each other not to give up. We even send each other gifts to express our best wishes when festivals come.
How do you define the word “friend” Views vary from person to person. But in my opinion, true friendship doesn’t mean getting together every day. It means that you know one another’s dreams, and will help each other to make them come true.
Kindness is found everywhere. Our heart doesn’t show a lack of a sense of kindness, but a lack of trust, especially for strangers. Smile at the world and it will smile back.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To show how to make friends. B．To praise the author’s good friend.
C．To make her friend known to us. D．To introduce the topic of the text.
2．How do the elders think of making friends online
A．Unusual. B．Dangerous. C．Magical. D．Easy.
3．What does the author think of her online friend
A．She is a very beautiful girl. B．She needs a lot of encouragement.
C．She has a lot in common with her. D．She is experienced in CET-4.
4．What does the underlined word “It” refer to in the passage
A．One’s dream. B．Sense of kindness.
C．True friendship. D．Getting together every day.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了友谊的重要性和网络友谊的可能性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote ‘the only way to have a friend is to be one’, and I totally believe that this is true.(拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生曾写过‘拥有朋友的唯一方法就是成为朋友’，我完全相信这是真的。)”可推知，作者写第一段的目的是介绍正文的主题——网络友谊是可能的。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Almost everyone, especially elders, thinks that it’s dangerous to make friends on the internet.(几乎每个人，尤其是老年人，都认为在网上交朋友是危险的。)”可知，老年人认为在网上交朋友是危险的。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, as time passed by, we began to talk heart to heart and we slowly became closer. Our friendship grew stronger through lots of chatting, and I found out that we have a lot in common.(然而，随着时间的推移，我们开始谈心，我们慢慢地变得更亲密了。通过多次聊天，我们的友谊变得更加牢固，我发现我们有很多共同点。)”可知，作者认为她网上的朋友和她有很多共同之处。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“How do you define the word ‘friend’ Views vary from person to person. But in my opinion, true friendship doesn’t mean getting together every day.(你如何定义‘朋友’这个词？观点因人而异。但在我看来，真正的友谊并不意味着每天都聚在一起。)”说明作者认为真正的友谊并不意味着每天都在一起，从而推知划线词句“It means that you know one another’s dreams, and will help each other to make them come true.( It意味着你们知道彼此的梦想，并将互相帮助，使它们成真。)”其中划线词指代“真正的友谊”的意思。故选C项。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 建立在美德的友谊才值得保护和珍惜 342 6 min ★★★★☆
（2023春·广东·高一广东实验中学校考阶段练习）Although social media can be enjoyable and beneficial, online relationships simply cannot replace real life connection. But simply being in the flesh with someone does not make a lasting, meaningful relationship, which got me thinking: what, exactly, does My search to answer this question took me back more than 2,000 years to Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics. What I found couldn’t be more insightful, and it rings just as true today as it must have then.
Aristotle writes that there are three different kinds of friendship:
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON UTILITY, in which one or both of the parties gain something as a result of the friendship (think: much of the modern “networking” enterprise, or becoming friends with someone because you think they can help you).
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON PLEASURE, or those centered around pleasant experiences (think: people with whom you can have a good, carefree time).
FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON VIRTUE, in which both individuals share the same values (think: people whom you admire and respect, and with whom you share what you find most important in life).
It’s fascinating that, centuries ago, Aristotle offered that many individual often pursue friendships primarily for utility. And it’s easy to see that some things never change.
Likewise, he wrote, “Those who love because of what is good for themselves, and those who love because of pleasure do so because of what is pleasant to themselves. Yet what one finds useful or pleasurable, is not permanent but is always changing; thus, when the reason for the friendship is done away, the friendship is dissolved.”
It’s OK to have some friendships mainly for utility and pleasure, but it’s important to realize that these fill a different purpose and are likely to have a shorter lifespan than one built upon shared virtue. And it is the friendships based on virtue that are worth protecting and cherishing. But they require considerable energy to maintain -- as Aristotle wrote, “lack of conversation has broken many a friendship” -- but what you get out of these friendships easily outweighs what you put in.
5．What is the author’s attitude towards Aristotle’s grouping of friendship
A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
6．How does the author illustrate Aristotle’s three kinds of friendship
A．By giving examples. B．By offering instructions.
C．By making comparisons. D．By drawing conclusions.
7．Why can’t friendship based on utility and pleasure last long
A．Because there are always other friends around.
B．Because people only consider their own benefits.
C．Because people’s pursuit is not always the same.
D．Because different people make friends for different reasons.
8．According to Aristotle, how can one keep a longer friendship
A．Spend face-to-face time with your friends.
B．Keep talking to the ones with shared values.
C．Value the advantages you get out of a friend.
D．Create a pleasant atmosphere for a conversation.
【答案】5．A 6．A 7．C 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者主要分析了基于不同利益的友谊，认为只有建立在美德的友谊才值得保护和珍惜。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“What I found couldn’t be more insightful, and it rings just as true today as it must have then.(我的发现非常有见地，在今天听起来和当时一样正确。)”可知，作者认为亚里士多德对友谊的见地今天听起来和当时一样的正确，结合倒数第三段中的“It’s fascinating that, centuries ago, Aristotle offered that many individual often pursue friendships primarily for utility. And it’s easy to see that some things never change.(有趣的是，几个世纪前，亚里士多德提出许多人追求友谊主要是为了功利。很容易看出，有些事情永远不会改变。)”可知，亚里士多德提出的友谊的目的主要是为了功利，作者认为这是永远不会改变的，由此可以推断，作者多亚里士多德对友谊的看法是支持的态度。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Aristotle writes that there are three different kinds of friendship(亚里士多德写道，有三种不同的友谊)”以及下文中的“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON UTILITY(基于效用的友谊)”、“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON PLEASURE(基于快乐的友谊)”以及“FRIENDSHIPS BASED ON VIRTUE(基于美德的友谊)”可知，作者列举了亚里士多德的三种不同的友谊并进行简单的分析，由此可推断，作者是通过举例子来阐述亚里士多德的三种友谊。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Likewise, he wrote, “Those who love because of what is good for themselves, and those who love because of pleasure do so because of what is pleasant to themselves. Yet what one finds useful or pleasurable, is not permanent but is always changing; thus, when the reason for the friendship is done away, the friendship is dissolved.”(同样地，他写道：“爱的人是为了自己的好处，爱的人是为了自己的快乐。然而，人们觉得有用或愉快的东西，不是永久的，而是一直在变化的;因此，当友谊的原因消失了，友谊也就消失了。”。)”可知，基于利益和快乐的友谊不是永恒的而是多变的，所以，利益和快乐消失的时候，友谊也就消失了。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“And it is the friendships based on virtue that are worth protecting and cherishing. But they require considerable energy to maintain -- as Aristotle wrote, “lack of conversation has broken many a friendship” -- but what you get out of these friendships easily outweighs what you put in.(而建立在美德基础上的友谊才是值得保护和珍惜的。但它们需要相当大的精力来维持——正如亚里士多德所写的那样，“缺乏交谈已经毁掉了许多友谊”——但你从这些友谊中获得的东西很容易就超过了你投入的东西。)”可知，认为只有基于美德的友谊值得珍惜和拥有，缺乏交流破坏了友谊，所以，要想保持长久的友谊，需要的是与有共同价值观的人进行交流。故选B项。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 友谊对于青少年的重要性 191 5 min ★★★★☆
（2023秋·陕西宝鸡·高一校联考期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Friendships are very important during adolescence (青少年). Teen friendships help young people feel a sense of acceptance and belonging. They support the 1 (develop) of compassion (同情), caring, and so on. Moreover, adolescent friendships can be useful in 2 (help) teens to spend difficult times. We all know that having good friends makes us happier. Teenagers having good friendship have better mental health. Teens with more friends feel a 3 (strong) sense of belonging, which is good for them 4 (face) difficult situations. A study found that teenagers with strong teen friendships helped them reduce anxiety.
A study of 108 high school students in Australia found that friendships were 5 (especial) helpful for teens immediately (立即) after a stressful event, such as failing 6 test. Researchers from Australia’s Murdoch and Griffith universities 7 (survey) teens. They found when they were with peers rather than adults they dealt better after a stressful event. Teens who were with friends reported lower levels of sadness 8 worry. Such are the good points 9 friendships, so young people should 10 (encourage) to make more friends.
【答案】
1．development 2．helping 3．stronger 4．to face 5．especially 6．a
7．surveyed 8．and 9．of 10．be encouraged
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了友谊对于青少年来说是不可缺少的一部分，是非常重要的。
1．考查名词。句意：他们支持同情心、关怀等的发展。此空前的the说明此空应该用develop的名词形式，development是不可数名词。故填development。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，青少年友谊可以帮助青少年度过困难时期。此空前的介词in说明此空应该用动名词形式，作宾语。故填helping。
3．考查形容词比较级。句意：有更多朋友的青少年会有一种更强烈的归属感，这对他们面对困难有好处。上一句的better和本句中的more friends说明此空应该用形容词的比较级形式，作定语修饰名词sense。故填stronger。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：见第3题详解。固定结构be+adj.+for sb. to do sth.，该空用不定式形式。故填to face。
5．考查副词。句意：一项针对澳大利亚108名高中生的研究发现，在经历了诸如考试不及格等压力事件后，友谊对青少年尤其有帮助。这里要修饰形容词helpful，因此用其副词形式作状语。故填especially。
6．考查冠词。句意：见第5题详解。此处名词test为泛指，用不定冠词修饰，test的第一个音素是辅音音素，用不定冠词a。故填a。
7．考查时态。句意：澳大利亚默多克大学和格里菲斯大学的研究人员对青少年进行了调查。该空是谓语部分，这里的“调查”发生在过去，因此用一般过去时。故填surveyed。
8．考查连词。句意：与朋友在一起的青少年的悲伤和担心程度较低。此处sadness和worry表示并列，用and。故填and。
9．考查介词。句意：这就是友谊的优点，所以年轻人应该被鼓励交更多的朋友。这里用介词of表示“……的”的意思，good points of friendships意为“友谊的好处”。故填of。
10．考查语态。句意：见第9题详解。主语young people和谓语动词encourage之间是被动关系，因此用被动态，空格前面是情态动词should，be动词用原形。故填be encouraged。
教材语篇梳理
Reading
答案：(1)horrible surprise (2)angry (3)full and frank talk (4)decide
课文语法填空
Amy has been close with her 1. (good) friend since primary school. They always stayed together, 2. (do) many things. They 3. (plan) to go to the cinema together on Saturday afternoon, but in the morning her friend said she had a cold and couldn’t make 4. . She believed 5. her friend said. However, someone told her that her friend 6. (chat) with another girl in a café on Saturday afternoon. Her friend’s “illness” was a complete lie, which made her very 7. (anger). Cindy thinks that she should find an opportunity 8. _______ (talk) with her friend 9. (frank) and solve the problem together, while David thinks she can decide whether their friendship will last 10. not.
答案：1.best 2.doing 3.had planned 4.it 5.what 6. was chatting7. angry 8.to talk 9. frankly 10. or
阅读微技能—记叙文阅读 1. 记叙文阅读要抓住六个要素: 时间、地点、人物、事件起因、经过、结果。 2. 利用文中议论抒情句, 准确把握文章的情感线索。 情感线索是贯穿全文的脉络, 把文中的人物和事件有机地连在一起, 使文章层次清晰、引发读者的共鸣。
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 “群体智慧” 339 6min ★★★★☆
（2023·新高考I卷D篇）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 维系异地友谊的五种方式 312 6min ★★★★☆
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2022·全国乙卷阅读理解七选五）
Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain(保持) long-distance friendships.
·Set a regular date
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. 36 .
·More isn't always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. 37 . There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
·Practise empathy (共情)
38 . The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
· 39
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends' birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
·Don't rely on technology alone
40 , but long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.
A.Remember important dates
B.Compensate by writing letters
C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
【答案】36.D 37. E 38. G 39. A 40. F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了五种维系异地友谊的方法。
36.上文“With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.(平日繁忙,很难抽出时间打电话。)”讲的是双方都很忙碌,很难有时间给对方打电话,D项“尽量找个双方都有空的时间去打电话,并坚持下去” 给出了解决没时间打电话这个问题的方法,符合题意。故选D项。
37.根据空前的句子“Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both.”和空后的句子“There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.”可知,本空应填选项E,其中“talk about”与“communicated” 照应。而“their preferred methods of communication”与“what method works best for you both”照应。故选E。
38.下文“The friend who is remaining(留下来的朋友)”和“The one in the new environment(在新环境中的那个)”提到了朋友的两种不同处境,G项“你可能是朋友中离开的那一方,也可能是被留下的那一方”指出了异地友谊中分为离开的一方和留下的一方,其中“the friend who left”和“the one who was left behind”分别对应下文“The one in the new environment”和“The friend who is remaining”,所以G项符合题意。故选G。
39.分析文章结构可知,设空处的内容是维系异地友谊的第四个方法,是第五段的小标题。下文“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships.(周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言是非常重要的。)”讲的是诸如周年纪念日和生日等重要的日子对于维系异地友谊是非常重要的,由此推知,这段对应的维系异地友谊的方法是A项“记得重要的日子”,所以A项符合题意。故选A。
40.设空处后半句“but long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain.(但是异地友谊——甚至是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自觉的努力去维系。)”讲的是我们要更加自觉地维系异地友谊,其中“but”说明后半句与设空处形成转折,而F项“(朋友之间)很容易通过社交媒体产生一种连结感”讲的是通过社交媒体这种方式很容易与朋友产生连结感,与后半句中的“require more conscious effort to sustain”形成转折,而且其中的“social media”呼应了该段的小标题“Don't rely on technology alone(不要仅仅依赖技术)”中的“technology”。故选F。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 词数 建议用时 推荐指数
人与社会 人际关系 Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线 226 10min ★★★★★
On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have ____41____ the course earlier than she did. Her ____42____ came because she was carrying a ____43____ across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her ____44____ when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She ____45____ to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with ____46____. She couldn’t. Bailey then ____47____ to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ____48____ attention.
Once there, Lenoue was ____49____ and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme _____50_____ to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey, she is more _____51_____ about why her act is considered a big _____52_____. “She was just crying. I couldn’t _____53_____ her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the _____54_____, they’ve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the _____55_____ of human kindness won the day.
41. A. designed B. followed C. changed D. finished
42. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse
43. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor
44 A. race B. school C. town D. training
45. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised
46. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice
47. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D. bent down
48. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal
49. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated
50. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness
51. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged
52. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal
53. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand
54. A. ride B. test C. meet D. show
55. A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange
【答案】41. D 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. B 51. C 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在明尼苏达州举行的一次越野赛中，Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线并接受医疗检查的善行义举。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛。A. designed设计；B. followed跟随；C. changed改变；D. finished完成。根据下一段的“carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ________ attention”可知，Bailey在比赛中背一名参赛者，所以完成比赛晚了，因此句子表示“Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛”。故选D。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。A. delay延误；B. chance机会；C. trouble麻烦；D. excuse借口。根据上文“Melanie Bailey should have ________ the course earlier than she did”和上一题的解析可知，Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛，她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。A. judge裁判；B. volunteer志愿者；C. classmate同学；D. competitor参赛者。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，她是背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。故选D。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：据当地一家报纸报道，当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候，她前面的一名选手开始痛苦地哭泣。A. race比赛；B. school学校；C. town城镇；D. training训练。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，此处是说“当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候”。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。A. agreed同意；B. returned回来；C. stopped停止；D. promised答应。根据下文“to help her fellow runner”可知，她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。故选C。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Bailey扶着她的胳膊，看看她能否帮助下向前走。A. courage勇气；B. aid帮助；C. patience耐心；D. advice建议。根据上文“Bailey took her arm”可知，此处表示看她是否能在她的帮助下向前走。故选B。
【47题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. went away离开； B. stood up站起来；C. stepped aside让路；D. bent down弯腰。根据下文“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知，Bailey弯下腰，让勒诺爬到她的背上。故选D。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. medical医疗的；B. public公众的；C. constant持续不断的；D. equal平等的。根据上文“began crying in pain”可知，Danielle Lenoue很疼，所以是要接受治疗，medical attention意为“医疗救助”。故选A。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Lenoue在那里接受了检查，后来被送往医院，在那里她得知自己的一个膝盖受了重伤。A. interrupted打断；B. assessed评估；C. identified识别；D. appreciated感激。根据下文“later taken to a hospital”可知，她是先接受了检查，再被送往医院，也就是先接受评估。故选B。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站。A. hunger饥饿；B. pain疼痛；C. cold感冒；D. tiredness疲劳。根据第5空前的“began crying in pain”可知，此处表示“如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站”。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. worried担心的；B. ashamed惭愧的；C. confused困惑的；D. discouraged泄气的。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑。故选C。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. game游戏；B. problem问题；C. lesson课；D. deal交易，局面。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑，a big deal意为“非常重要的事”。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不能离开她。A. leave离开；B. cure治愈；C. bother打扰；D. understand理解。根据上文“She was just crying”以及Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺。可知，Bailey看见Lenoue哭喊，所以觉得不能离开她。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人，但后来她们成了朋友。A. ride短途旅程；B. test测试；C. meet体育比赛；D. show展示。根据第一段“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”及空前的“the two young women were strangers before”可知，当时是一场比赛，句子表示“这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人”。故选C。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：两人都没有赢得比赛，但展示出的人类善良赢得了胜利。A. secret秘密；B. display展示；C. benefit利益；D. exchange交换。根据第二段的“let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ________ attention”可知，Bailey背着一个参赛者过终点，并背她去接受检查，这展示了人类的善良。故选B。