Unit 4 The scientists who changed the world
单元引言解读
The scientist is motivated primarily by curiosity and a desire for truth.
—Irving Langmuir
释义：科学家的驱动力主要是好奇心和对真理的渴望。——欧文·朗缪尔
启示：该句出自美国化学家、物理学家欧文·朗缪尔。朗缪尔因在表面化学的贡献于1932年获得诺贝尔化学奖。这句话意在说明科学家应保有一颗好奇心,勇于追求真理。
名句积累 1、For science needs special courage。 追求科学需要特殊的勇敢。 伽利略 2、Science needs all one's life. 科学需要人的全部生命。 -巴甫洛夫 3、Enemies of science, less than a friend。 科学的敌人，不比朋友少。 土耳其谚语 4、Truth may be in the side of a few people。-- Plato 真理可能在少数人一边。 柏拉图 5、No one can fully grasp the truth。 没有一个人能全面把握真理。 亚里士多德 6、Surprise is the seed of science。 惊奇就是科学的种子。一 爱迪生 7、Science is the nervous system of our era。 科学是我们时代的神经系统。 高尔基 8、Thought is the ruler of the universe forever。 思想永远是宇宙的统治者。 柏拉图 9、Only obey natural , can control the nature。 只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。 培根 10、Mathematical science is one of nature's language. 数理科学是大自然的语言。 伽利略 11、Science and art are two sides of a coin。 科学和艺术是一枚硬币的两面。 李政道 12、Science is the foundation of a healthy body。 科学的基础是健康的身体。 居里夫人
单元主题探究
本单元的主题语境是“人与社会”，话题是“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”，涉及的语篇类型有：新闻报道、策划方案、演讲、事实档案。本单元的教学旨在帮助学生认识科学发现的巨大推动作用，理解科学家的责任担当和科学精神的价值所在。
整个单元的八个板块分别涉及“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”的多个方面。Welcome to the unit板块以视频形式引入单元主题，简要介绍了两位对社会发展有巨大贡献的科学家，一位是中国的袁隆平(杂交永稻专家)，另一位是英国的霍金(著名物理学家)；Reading板块以新闻报道的形式重点介绍了2015年诺贝尔生理或医学奖获得者屠呦呦在发现青蒿素的过程中付出的不懈努力，旨在让学生感受科学家身上体现出的可贵品质和精神；Grammar and usage板块的话题是“科学发现”，语法项目是动词-ed形式做定语、状语和宾语补足语的用法；Integrated skills板块以“校园科学节”为话题，通过一系列听、读、说、写的活动，最终完成一个为学校科学节设计活动方案的任务；Extended reading板块的语篇节选改编自1965年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者、美国著名科学家理查德·费曼的公开演讲，旨在引导学生思考并正确认识科学的价值所在；Project板块要求学生通过合作学习、探究学习，制作一份事实档案，简要介绍一位科学家的生平；Assessment板块引导学生运用元认知策略进行阶段性反思和总结，分析存在的问题并制订针对性的解决方案：Furtherstudy板块引导学生运用资源策略，通过互联网获取有关诺贝尔奖的更多信息，同时阅读有关科学家的故事，加深对改变世界的科学家这一话题的理解。
主题词块,句式积累
话题词汇
invite sb.to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
be scheduled to do sth. 被安排做某事
take place 发生;举行
with the purpose of 目的是……
take part in/participate in/join in 参加
introduce sth.to sb. 向某人介绍某物
share sth.with sb. 与某人分享某物
improve the quality of life 改善生活质量
have a better understanding of 对……有更好的了解
inspire sb.to do sth. 激励某人做某事
句式整理
The Science Festival is scheduled to take place on the playground from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m., lasting three hours.
科技节定于上午8点到11点在操场上举行,持续3个小时。
I’m greatly honored to invite you to the Science Festival to be held in our school.
我非常荣幸地邀请您参加在我们学校举行的科技节。
It goes without saying that modern technology brings us convenience and comfort in life.
毫无疑问,现代科技给我们的生活带来了方便和舒适。
The purpose of the activity is to arouse the students’ interest in science.
这个活动的目的是激发学生对科学的兴趣。
The gadget is of greatly practical use in daily life.
这种小工具在日常生活中很实用。
I would appreciate it if you could join in the coming Science Festival.
如果你能参加即将到来的科技节,我将不胜感激。
Looking forward to your joining us.
期待您的加入。
拓展阅读精练
阅读微技能---体裁突破之人物传记记叙文 1、对于细节信息题，要抓住整体篇章，看懂主题。利用内容间的因果关系，梳理时间空间顺序，对所考查细节进行剖析了解，确定主题，将零碎的细节组成一个有机的整体。 2、对于词句猜测题，要借助篇章中的词、短语或句子的理解来充分理解题意，遇到陌生词语尽量先避过，遵循先略读再通读的原则，进行仔细推敲。尤其要注重对语境的把握。 3、对于主旨大意题，要注意主题句和主题段，绝大多数的篇章采用总分总结构，要注意段与段之间的联系，注意隐藏的中心思想，研究文章结构，把握句与句之间的关系，注重逻辑关系，从整体把握文章的脉络。
Passage 1四个杰出贡献的伟大人物
(2023上·安徽芜湖·高一芜湖一中校考期中)Throughout human history, there is a bottomless well of people who made great contributions so that we can now enjoy a better life. The following are, just four of those great minds.
Joseph Lister(1827—1912)
English surgeon(外科医生). Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic(防腐的)and antiseptic surgery which greatly improved survival rates from major surgery. For this, he is often referred to as the father of modern surgery as his use of antiseptic greatly increased the kinds of operations that could be carried out.
Maximilian Bircher-Benner(1867—1939)
Bircher-Benner was a pioneering Swiss physician and nutritionist. He advocated the eating of raw fruit and vegetables and discouraged eating meat and heavily processed foods. Although he was questioned by the scientific establishment, his healthy eating ideas took off and helped create a diet of processed bread, meat and carbs (碳水化合物). The healthy eating trends he established have continued to grow in popularity with more scientific research showing the health benefits of such a diet.
Paracelsus(1493—1541)
Swiss-German physician and leading health reformer. Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicology(毒理学)and pioneered the use of chemicals in treating patients. He emphasized practical experience. He was also one of the first doctors to note illness can be psychological in nature.
Peter Mansfield(1933—2017)
English physicist who with Peter Lauterbur helped to develop magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)which gets doctors to see inside a patient’s body without needing to cut it open. With MRI, doctors can see far more than with x-ray, which is limited to bones. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003.
1. What is Maximilian Bircher-Benner’s contribution
A. He discovered x-ray.
B. He set up a healthy eating trend.
C. He improved survival rates of operation.
D. He did experiments with chemicals to treat diseases.
2. Who invented MRI to give doctors more information of a patient’s body
A. Joseph Lister. B. Maximilian Bircher-Benner.
C. Paracelsus. D. Peter Mansfield.
3. What do the four people have in common
A. They all received Nobel Prize.
B. They were all born in Switzerland.
C. They all made contributions to treating patients.
D. They all helped to make people live a better life.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了为人类可以享受更好生活做出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物。
1. 细节理解题。根据Maximilian Bircher-Benner部分中“Although he was questioned by the scientific establishment, his healthy eating ideas took off and helped create a diet of processed bread, meat and carbs (碳水化合物). The healthy eating trends he established have continued to grow in popularity with more scientific research showing the health benefits of such a diet. (尽管他受到了科学界的质疑，但他的健康饮食理念得到了普及，并帮助创造了一种由加工面包、肉类和碳水化合物组成的饮食。随着越来越多的科学研究表明这种饮食对健康的好处，他所建立的健康饮食趋势继续受到欢迎。)”可知，Bircher-Benner的贡献在于他树立了健康饮食的风尚。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据Peter Mansfield部分中“English physicist who with Peter Lauterbur helped to develop magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)which gets doctors to see inside a patient’s body without needing to cut it open. (英国物理学家Peter Mansfield他与彼得·劳特伯帮助开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生无需切开就能看到病人体内的情况。)”可知，Peter Mansfield与彼得·劳特伯帮助开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生无需切开就能看到病人体内的情况。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Throughout human history, there is a bottomless well of people who made great contributions so that we can now enjoy a better life. The following are, just four of those great minds. (在整个人类历史上，有无数的人做出了巨大的贡献，所以我们现在可以享受更好的生活。以下是其中的四位伟人。)”可知，文章介绍的是为人类可以享受更好生活做出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物，故这四个人物的共通之处在于他们为了人类可以享受更好的生活做出了杰出贡献。故选D。
Passage 2女性化学家Stephanie Louise Kwolek
(2023上·江苏·高一校联考阶段练习)Stephanie Louise Kwolek was born in the small town of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, in 1923. Her parents were immigrants from Poland. Stephanie’s school was so small that two grades were taught in one classroom. She was an excellent reader with a great memory. She was also very good at math. The older kids in her class got annoyed when she knew answers that they didn’t.
Stephanie’s love of learning came from her father. Every night when he came home from work, he sat and read a book or newspaper. He encouraged Stephanie to explore the great outdoors. Together, they often walked in the woods, collecting leaves, flowers, and seeds. Stephanie’s mother, a seamstress(女裁缝), inspired Stephanie’s creativity. She copied her mother’s patterns to make costumes for paper dolls. Sometimes, she used the sewing machine when her mother wasn’t looking. Stephanie liked working with fabric(织物), and she was good at it. She thought about a career in fashion design.
As Stephanie grew older, she decided she wanted to use science to help people and decided to become a doctor. She studied chemistry in college, but when she graduated, she couldn’t afford to go to the medical school. Instead, she got a job as a chemist at the DuPont Company to earn her tuition fees. The job was supposed to be temporary, but Stephanie fell in love with it and never looked back. Her work at DuPont combined her childhood love of science and fabric with her interest in helping people and solving problems, and her creations would change the world.
At DuPont, Stephanie invented Kevlar fiber. It’s five times stronger than steel. Kevlar fiber is now used in more than 200 products, including spacecraft and bulletproof vest(防弹衣). Stephanie’s invention has saved countless lives. She spent her life researching and teaching people about her work, and was a strong advocate for women in science around the world.
1. Which word can best describe Stephanie Louise Kwolek as a child
A. Popular. B. Friendly. C. Smart. D. Hard-working.
2. What do we know about Stephanie’s parents
A. Stephanie’s father used to take her to field trips.
B. Stephanie’s mother taught her to use sewing machines.
C. They encouraged Stephanie to work in fashion design.
D. They moved to Poland to send Stephanie to a better school.
3. Why did Stephanie work at the DuPont Company in the first place
A. To save more people’s lives. B. To study the science of fabric.
C. To solve the problem of fiber. D. To make money for her education.
4. What is the best title of the text
A. Stephanie’s contribution to science
B. Women scientists’ influence on the world
C. The advantages of Kevlar fiber in the war
D. The popularity of Stephanie’s invention in daily life
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了女性化学家Stephanie Louise Kwolek的生平和贡献。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“She was an excellent reader with a great memory. She was also very good at math. The older kids in her class got annoyed when she knew answers that they didn’t.(她是一位记忆力很好的优秀读者。她数学也很好。当她知道他们不知道的答案时，班上年龄较大的孩子都很生气。)”可知，Stephanie Louise Kwolek记忆力很好，擅长数学，上课时知道别人不知道的答案，由此可推测出，她很聪明。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“He encouraged Stephanie to explore the great outdoors. Together, they often walked in the woods, collecting leaves, flowers, and seeds.(他鼓励Stephanie去户外探险。他们经常一起在树林里散步，收集树叶、鲜花和种子。)”可知，她的父亲过去常常带她去户外实地考察旅行。故选A。
3. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Instead, she got a job as a chemist at the DuPont Company to earn her tuition fees.(相反，她在杜邦公司找到了一份化学家的工作来赚取学费。)”可知，当初她在杜邦公司工作是为了赚学费。故选D。
4. 标题归纳题。结合最后一段“Stephanie’s invention has saved countless lives. She spent her life researching and teaching people about her work, and was a strong advocate for women in science around the world.(Stephanie的发明挽救了无数生命。她一生都在研究她的工作，并向人们传授她的工作，她是世界各地科学领域女性的坚定倡导者。)”通读全文可知，第一段介绍了Stephanie Louise Kwolek的家庭背景、幼时学校生活；第二段介绍了父母对Stephanie Louise Kwolek有深刻影响，让她热爱学习和织物，并且有创造力；第三段讲述了她的学习和工作经历；最后一段讲述了她在工作中的发明具有的意义。全文围绕Stephanie Louise Kwolek展开，旨在告诉人们她对科学的贡献，所以A项“Stephanie对科学的贡献”最适合作本文标题。故选A。
Passage 3哈佛大学教授Claudia
(2023上·浙江·高一校联考阶段练习)The Nobel economics prize was awarded on Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender(性别) gap in the labor market.
The announcement went a tiny step to closing the Nobel committee’s own gender gap: Goldin is just the third woman to win the prize out of 93 economics laureates(获奖者). She has studied 200 years of women’s participation in the workplace, showing that despite continued economic growth, women’s pay did not continuously catch up to men’s and a divide still exists despite women gaining higher levels of education than men. “I’ve always been an optimist. But when I looked at the numbers, I found in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world,” Goldin told The Associated Press.
“Although Goldin’s research does not offer solutions, it allows policymakers to deal with the problem,” said Randi Hjalmarsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “She explains the source of the gap, and how it’s changed over time and how it changes with the stage of development. By finally understanding the problem and calling it by the right name, we will find a solution.”
Goldin, 77, told AP that what happens in people’s homes reflects what happens in the workplace. Women often have to take jobs that allow them to be on call at home—work that often pays less.
“Goldin tried to fill in missing data for her research,” Hjalmarsson said. For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing. “So Goldin had to be a detective to find novel data sources and creative ways to use them to measure these unknowns.”
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph
A. Men gained higher levels of education than women.
B. The women’s pay caught up to men’s 200 hundreds years ago.
C. Many women scientists have won the Nobel economics prize these years.
D. At the late 20th century, American women labor force participation rate was the top.
2. Which of the following is right
A. Randi Hjalmarsson didn’t agree with Goldin.
B. Most of the women usually prefer to be housewives.
C. What happens in family life often mirrors that in the workplace.
D. Goldin’s research offered the policymakers solutions to the problem.
3. Which is a challenge that Claudia Goldin faced in her research
A. Lack of experience. B. Lack of support.
C. Lack of money. D. Lack of data.
4. What’s the best title of the passage
A. A Solution to the Gender Gap in the Labor Market
B. Claudia Goldin—a Great Economics Data Detective
C. The Third Woman Who Wins the Nobel Prize in the World
D. Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Harvard University Woman Professor
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是哈佛大学教授Claudia获得诺贝尔经济学奖的事迹。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But when I looked at the numbers, I found in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world,” Goldin told The Associated Press. (但当我看到这些数字时，我发现在20世纪90年代，我们的女性劳动力参与率是世界上最高的，而现在它不是世界上最高的，”Goldin告诉美联社。)”可知，在20世纪末，美国妇女的劳动参与率是最高的。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段第一个句子“Goldin, 77, told AP that what happens in people’s homes reflects what happens in the workplace. (77岁的Goldin告诉美联社，人们家里发生的事情反映了工作场所发生的事情。)”可知，人们在家庭中发生的情况往往在工作中有相同的反映。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Goldin tried to fill in missing data for her research,” Hjalmarsson said. For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing. (Goldin试图为她的研究填补缺失的数据，” Hjalmarsson说。在历史上的某些时期，系统的劳动力市场记录并不存在，即使存在，关于女性的信息也缺失了。)”可知，她研究需要的很多数据缺失，或者是有关女性部分的数据缺失，所以她不得不像侦探一样去寻找新的数据并运用。即Claudia Goldin在她的研究中面临的挑战是缺乏数据。故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The Nobel economics prize was awarded on Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender (性别) gap in the labor market. (周一，诺贝尔经济学奖被授予哈佛大学教授克劳迪娅·戈尔丁，以表彰她在促进人们对劳动力市场性别差距的理解方面所做的研究。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了今年的诺贝尔经济学奖由哈佛大学的一位女教授获得。故D“Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Harvard University Woman Professor(诺贝尔经济学奖授予哈佛大学女教授)”为最佳选项。其他选项中均有错误信息。故选D。
Passage 4 17世纪欧洲女性科学家
(2024上·吉林辽源·高一辽源市实验高级中学校校联考期末)As Europe entered the 17th century, when traditional attitudes still held that a woman’s proper role was as a daughter, wife, and mother, more females were attracted to the Scientific Revolution, just like they had been drawn to humanism over the previous centuries.
One of the most well known female scientists of the 17th century, Margaret Cavendish came from a noble family in England.Cavendish was an active participant(参与者) in the important scientific debates of her time. Despite her achievements, however, she was not included in the Royal Society. She wrote a number of works on scientific matters. In these works, she attacked what she considered the faults of the conventional approaches to scientific knowledge and was especially doubtful about the growing belief that humans were the masters of nature: “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects...for man is but a small part. His powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.”
Another famous female scientist was Maria Winkelmann who lived in Germany and was educated by her father and received advanced training from a local self taught astronomer(天文学家).When she married Gottfried Kirch, Germany’s foremost astronomer, she became his assistant.She made some original contributions, including an undiscovered comet, as her husband related: “Early in the morning (about 2：00 a. m.) the sky was clear and starry. Some nights before, I had observed a variable star, and my wife (as I slept) wanted to find and see it for herself. In doing so, she found a comet in the sky, at which time she woke me, and I found that it was indeed a comet. I had not seen it the night before.” In 1710, she applied for a position as an assistant astronomer. As a woman, with no university degree, she was denied the post by the Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
Cavendish’s and Winkelmann’s difficulties with the scientific societies of their times reflect the barriers women faced in the field of early modern science.The work of these female scientists is still viewed as being against the domestic duties women are expected to perform.
1. Which of the following would Cavendish probably agree with
A. Nature was the master of humans.
B. Conventional methods always worked.
C. Humans’ knowledge had absolute power.
D. Science changed natural causes and effects.
2. What was Winkelmann doing when she made her discovery
A. Walking under the starry sky.
B. Studying a known comet.
C. Working with her husband.
D. Watching a star.
3. What did Cavendish and Winkelmann have in common
A. Both received formal education.
B. Both came from a family of scientists.
C. Both were rejected by scientific societies.
D. Both worked for male scientists as an assistant.
4. What would be a suitable title for the passage
A. Women’s Study of Humanism in the 17th Century
B. Female Scientists’ Difficulties with Early Modern Science
C. The Role of Women in the Origins of Modern Education
D. The Cooperation Between Male and Female Scientists
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章回顾了17世纪欧洲女性科学家进入科研领域的艰难与不易。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In these works, she attacked what she considered the faults of the conventional approaches to scientific knowledge and was especially doubtful about the growing belief that humans were the masters of nature: “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects...for man is but a small part. His powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.”(在这些作品中，她抨击了她所认为的传统科学知识方法的错误，尤其对人类是自然主人的日益增长的信念表示怀疑:“我们对自然的因果完全没有权力……因为人只是一小部分。他的权力只是自然的特殊行为，他不可能拥有至高无上的绝对权力。”)”可推知，卡文迪什可能会认为自然是人类的主人。故选A。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some nights before, I had observed a variable star, and my wife (as I slept) wanted to find and see it for herself. In doing so, she found a comet in the sky, at which time she woke me, and I found that it was indeed a comet.(几天前的晚上，我观察到一颗变星，我的妻子(在我睡觉的时候)想自己去找它看看。在这样做的时候，她发现天空中有一颗彗星，这时她叫醒了我，我发现那确实是一颗彗星)”可知，温科尔曼在观测一颗变星时发现了那颗彗星。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Despite her achievements, however, she was not included in the Royal Society.(然而，尽管她取得了成就，她却没有被列入皇家学会)”和文章第三段“As a woman, with no university degree, she was denied the post by the Academy of Sciences in Berlin.(作为一名没有大学学位的女性，她被柏林科学院拒绝了这一职位)”可知，这两位女科学家都被当时的科学团体拒绝了。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文并根据最后一段中的“Cavendish’s and Winkelmann’s difficulties with the scientific societies of their times reflect the barriers women faced in the field of early modern science.(卡文迪什和温克尔曼在她们那个时代的科学团体中遇到的困难反映了女性在早期现代科学领域所面临的障碍)”可知，本文回顾了17世纪欧洲女性科学家进入科研领域的艰难与不易，所以“女性科学家在早期现代科学的困境”适合作为文章标题。故选B。
Passage 5生物工程的先驱Heinz Wolff教授
(2024上·广东广州·高一校联考期末)Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer. He established the discipline, named it and, in a 60-year career, made significant contributions to medical research. But to the British public, he was best known as the dotty scientist who fronted The Great Egg Race, a BBC show in which colour-coded teams were set engineering challenges (the first was to transport an egg in a vehicle powered by rubber bands). With his trademark bow tie, half-moon glasses and Mittel-European accent, he looked really like Professor Branestawn, as described by W. Heath Robinson. Yet while he cheerfully exploited his reputation as a “peculiar egghead”, he was very serious about his work and inspired thousands of young people to consider scientific careers.
Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared. “We really cut it rather fine,” he said on Desert Island Discs in 1998. After leaving school, he worked as a technician at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, where he invented a machine to count red blood cells, and then at the National Institute for Medical Research’s pneumoconiosis research unit in Cardiff, where he designed a means of measuring dust levels in coal miners. He went on to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology. Then, in 1983, he founded the Institute for Bioengineering at Brunel University. His particular interest was in technologies to improve the lives of older people, but he was also heavily involved in space research and worked as an adviser to the European Space Agency.
Wolff had made his first appearance on TV on Panorama in 1966, encouraging Richard Dimbleby to swallow a “radio pill”. On The Great Egg Race, which ran from 1979, his task was to get opponent teams representing organizations such as the chemical company ICI. Challenges included building a hovercraft from a lawnmower, and inventing a bicycle that could ride on water. Marks were awarded for entertainment value and technical accomplishment. The show ended in the mid-1980s, but Wolff continued to judge scientific competitions, on TV and elsewhere. A natural entertainer with an inexhaustible curiosity about the world, he said he’d be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.
1. The word “dotty” (paragraph1) is closest in meaning to ________.
A. strange B. serious C. famous D. genius
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Heinz Wolff according to the passage
A. His family left Berlin after World War II began.
B. He used to major in physics and physiology.
C. He invented a machine while in University College London.
D. His interest lay in helping those living in war-stricken areas.
3. Heinz Wolff didn’t mind looking ridiculous as long as ________.
A. he could keep being curious about the world
B. he could combine entertainment and technology
C. he could help arouse children’s interest in science
D. he could appear on TV to judge scientific competitions
4. Which of the following is an achievement made by Heinz Wolff
A. Representing a chemical company.
B. Designing a method to count red blood cells.
C. Being the first scientist to front TV shows.
D. Setting up the subject of bioengineering.
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍的是生物工程的先驱Heinz Wolff教授的个人生平和贡献。
1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Yet while he cheerfully exploited his reputation as a “peculiar egghead”, he was very serious about his work and inspired thousands of young people to consider scientific careers.(然而，当他兴高采烈地利用自己“古怪的书呆子”的名声时，他对自己的工作非常认真，并激励了成千上万的年轻人考虑从事科学事业。)”可知，Heinz Wolff教授应该是很享受被人们称为“古怪的书呆子”，结合划线单词后的定语从句“who fronted The Great Egg Race, a BBC show in which colour-coded teams were set engineering challenges (the first was to transport an egg in a vehicle powered by rubber bands).(他是主持英国广播公司(BBC)节目《伟大的鸡蛋赛跑》的科学家，在这个节目中，用不同颜色编码的队伍接受工程挑战(第一个挑战是用橡皮筋驱动的车辆运送鸡蛋)。)”可知，他最为人所知的身份是主持英国广播公司节目《伟大的鸡蛋赛跑》，所以“peculiar egghead”应是对他称呼的再次出现，由此可知，划线单词的意思应与“古怪的(strange)”意义相近。故选A项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“He went on to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology.(他继续在伦敦大学学院学习，并以物理学和生理学的第一名毕业。)”可知，他在伦敦大学学院学习，并且以物理学和生理学第一名毕业，由此可知，Heinz Wolff以前应该是主修物理学和生理学，B项正确。故选B项。
3. 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“A natural entertainer with an inexhaustible curiosity about the world, he said he’d be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.(他是一个天生的表演者，对世界有着无穷无尽的好奇心。他说，如果能让孩子们对科学感兴趣，他很乐意打扮成小丑。)”可知，Heinz Wolff说，只要能让孩子对科学感兴趣，他愿意打扮成小丑的模样，由此可知，Heinz Wolff教授不介意自己看起来有多滑稽，只要孩子们对科学感兴趣。故选C项。
4. 细节理解题。根据首段中的“Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer. He established the discipline, named it and, in a 60-year career, made significant contributions to medical research. (Heinz Wolff教授去世，享年89岁，他是生物工程的先驱。他创立了这门学科，并将其命名，在60年的职业生涯中，他为医学研究做出了重大贡献。)”可知，Heinz Wolff教授取得的成就是创立了生物工程学科。故选D项。
Passage 6匈牙利裔美国生物化学家卡塔琳·卡里科教授与美国免疫学家德鲁·韦斯曼合作开发mRNA疫苗
(2024上·甘肃·高一统考期末)In a clinic room filled with medical staff lining up to get Covid vaccines(疫苗), a woman finds herself in tears. Yet, those are not tears of fear or sadness, but tears of joy and pride. It dawns on her that her decades of hard work have finally paid off. The mRNA vaccines she helped develop have saved millions of lives and helped the world find a way out of the worst of the pandemic.
That remarkable woman is Professor Katalin Karikó, a Hungarian-American biochemist, who together with her colleague American immunologist Drew Weissma, was awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking work on the development of mRNA-based vaccines.
Born in 1955 in Hungary, Professor Karikó had a childhood marked by hardship. In 1985 when the Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences lost its funding, she made a daring and risky decision to start a journey to the US. However, the American dream was hardly plain sailing, and the challenges facing Professor Karikó were only just beginning. Despite the promising results in RNA-related therapy trials, she was told her research was going nowhere. Her applications were repeatedly rejected, and in 1995 she lost her position in the University of Pennsylvania and was forced to retire.
Professor Karikó refused to give up easily. She persevered, forming a partnership with the university's immunology professor Drew Weissman, and eventually they made their big breakthrough, finding a way to modify mRNA so that it could trigger an immune response, laying the groundwork for what would become the Covid mRNA vaccines. When the Covid pandemic hit, the use of mRNA was the reason why vaccines were developed so quickly at unprecedented speed.
Professor Karikó’ s journey, from her humble beginnings to her groundbreaking research, stands as a testament to her unwavering perseverance and determination.
1. What challenges did Professor Karikó face during her career in the US
A. She did have enough money.
B. She couldn't understand the language.
C. She didn't know how to carry out her research.
D. Her research was not accepted by other scientists.
2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “persevered”
A. Gave up. B. Kept trying. C. Changed her mind. D. Put it aside.
3. What can we infer from this passage
A. Professor Karikó should retire earlier.
B. Professor Karikó's determination made all the difference.
C. American dream made everything easy for Professor Karikó.
D. The research of mRNA is only valuable when Covid pandemic hit.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. Karikó's American dream. B. Challenges in Karikó's research.
C. The development of the vaccine. D. Karikó's life and her achievements.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。这篇文章介绍了匈牙利裔美国生物化学家卡塔琳·卡里科教授与美国免疫学家德鲁·韦斯曼合作开发mRNA疫苗并获得2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的故事。卡里科教授坚韧不拔、决心坚定的旅程成就了她的突破性研究。
1. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“ Despite the promising results in RNA-related therapy trials, she was told her research was going nowhere. Her applications were repeatedly rejected, and in 1995 she lost her position in the University of Pennsylvania and was forced to retire. (尽管与RNA相关的治疗试验取得了令人鼓舞的结果，但她被告知她的研究不会有任何进展。她的申请一再被拒绝，1995年，她失去了宾夕法尼亚大学的职位，被迫退休。)”可知，尽管与RNA相关的治疗试验取得了令人鼓舞的结果，但是她的研究不被其他科学家所接受。故选D。
2. 词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Professor Karikó refused to give up easily. (卡里科教授拒绝轻易放弃。)”以及后文的“forming a partnership with the university's immunology professor Drew Weissman, and eventually they made their big breakthrough, finding a way to modify mRNA so that it could trigger an immune response, laying the groundwork for what would become the Covid mRNA vaccines. (与该大学的免疫学教授德鲁·韦斯曼建立了合作关系，最终他们取得了重大突破，找到了一种修改mRNA的方法，使其能够引发免疫反应，为后来的新冠病毒mRNA疫苗奠定了基础。)”可知，卡里科教授没有轻易放弃，因此不断坚持，直到取得重大突破。故划线词与B选项“Kept trying.(不停地尝试。)”为同义词。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Professor Karikó’ s journey, from her humble beginnings to her groundbreaking research, stands as a testament to her unwavering perseverance and determination. (教授卡里科的旅程，从她卑微的开始到她开创性的研究，作为她坚定不移的毅力和决心的证明。)”可知，教授卡里科的成功在于她坚定不移的毅力和决心，故卡里科教授的决心改变了一切。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章讲述了匈牙利裔美国生物化学家卡塔琳·卡里科教授与美国免疫学家德鲁·韦斯曼合作开发mRNA疫苗并获得2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的故事。卡里科教授在匈牙利度过艰难的童年，冒险前往美国追求梦想。尽管她的mRNA相关研究初步取得了有希望的成果，但她遭受了多次拒绝，并最终失去了职位。然而，她没有轻易放弃，与韦斯曼教授合作，并最终取得了突破，找到了一种修改mRNA的方法，使其能够引发免疫反应，为新冠疫苗的发展奠定了基础。D选项“Karikó's life and her achievements. (卡里科的一生和她的成就。)”概括文章主要内容，符合题意。故选D。
Passage 7火箭科学家遇到的难题
(2023·广东广州·高一统考期末)“You do not need to be a rocket scientist.” Americans hear these words often. People say them in schools, offices and factories. Broadcasters on radio and television often use them.
How did the expression begin No one seems to know it. 1 “It grew,” he says. “Because rocket scientists probably are the most intelligent people around.”
Not everyone would agree. 2 For example, a person who speaks fifteen languages, or a medical doctor who operates on the brain. Still, many people would agree that there is something special about scientists who build rockets. Maybe it has something to do with the mystery of space travel.
Moving pictures from before World War Ⅱ showed a man named Buck Rogers landing on the planet Mars. 3 The rocket scientist is a different kind of hero. He or she makes space travel possible.
4 A Washington rocket scientist told about a launch that was put off many times. Finally, everything seemed right. Mechanical failures had been repaired. The weather was good. The scientists had planned that part of the rocket would fall into the ocean after the launch. All the ships and boats within many kilometers of the danger areas had been warned. But in the last few seconds a small boat entered the area. 5
When the work goes well, most rocket scientists enjoy their jobs. One scientist said, “As a child I loved to build the rockets. Now I am a grown-up. I still love to build rockets. And now I get paid for it.”
A. Onceagain, the launch was put off.
B. Have you ever heard of the space travel
C. It’s dangerous for rocket scientists to build rockets.
D. He was a hero who could withdraw any enemy from outer space.
E. Rocket scientists, however, can have problems just like everyone else.
F. Some people might be considered more intelligent than rocket scientists.
G. But an official of the American space agency, NASA, says the expression just grew.
【答案】1. G 2. F 3. D 4. E 5. A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章提出了很多人认为“火箭科学家要比其他人都聪明”，但事实并非如此，文章就此观点提出了自己的看法——火箭科学家在工作中也会遇到种种难题。
1. 根据后文““It grew,” he says. “Because rocket scientists probably are the most intelligent people around.”(“它越来越常见，”他说。“因为火箭科学家可能是周围最聪明的人。”)”可知，此处强调“You do not need to be a rocket scientist.”这句话变得越来越常见。G选项“But an official of the American space agency NASA, says the expression just grew.( 但美国宇航局的一名官员表示，这种表达方式不断变得常见)”符合题意，上下文话题一致，且选项中的the expression与后文的it呼应。故选G。
2. 根据前文“Not everyone would agree.(并非所有人都同意)”可知，并不是所有人都同意这句话——火箭科学家可能要比其他人都聪明，有些人要比科学家还要聪明。F选项“Some people might be considered more intelligent than rocket scientists.(有些人可能被认为比火箭科学家更聪明)”承接前文，指出有些人可能被认为比火箭科学家更聪明。故选F。
3. 根据前文“Moving pictures from before World War Ⅱ showed a man named Buck Rogers landing on the planet Mars.(二战前的动态图片显示了一个名叫巴克·罗杰斯的人登陆火星)”可知，后文内容英语巴克有关。D选项“He was a hero who could withdraw any enemy from outer space.(他是一个英雄，可以把任何敌人从外太空赶出)”符合语境，承接前文，He指代巴克。故选D。
4. 根据后文“A Washington rocket scientist told about a launch that was put off many times.(一位华盛顿火箭科学家讲述了一次多次推迟的发射)”可知，火箭科学家在工作过程中也会遇到种种问题。E选项“Rocket scientists, however, can have problems just like everyone else.(然而，火箭科学家也会像其他人一样遇到问题)”符合题意，引起下文。故选E。
5. 根据前文“The scientists had planned that part of the rocket would fall into the ocean after the launch. All the ships and boats within many kilometers of the danger areas had been warned. But in the last few seconds a small boat entered the area.(科学家们原计划火箭的一部分在发射后落入海洋。距离危险区域数公里内的所有船只都收到了警告。但在最后几秒钟，一艘小船进入了该地区)”可知，科学家们原计划火箭的一部分在发射后落入海洋，可是遇到了突发情况，故导致火箭发射失败。A选项“Once again, the launch was put off.(发射再一次被推迟)”承接前文，强调突发因素引起的结果。符合语境。故选A。
Passage 8三个与俄罗斯相关的科学发明和发现
(2023·新疆喀什·高一校考期末)Russians have made important contributions to the development of science and technology, which has changed our daily life. Here are three Russian contributions for you to read.
Yogurt
Yogurt has a long history. Many Bulgarians claim it, was accidentally discovered in the country around 4, 000 years ago. But there was a Russian biologist named Elie Metchnikoff. 1
Metchnikoff travelled to Bulgaria and found a lot of people who were a hundred years old or older there. He then investigated the eating habits of residents and found that they often drank fermented(发酵的) milk.
He also read Bulgarian researcher Stamen Grigorov’s research. In 1905, Grigorov discovered one of the main bacteria in Bulgarian lactic acid bacteria(乳酸菌) responsible for transforming milk into yogurt.
So Metchnikoff came up with a theory that lactic acid is good for human health and prolongs human life. 2 He lived to be 71, longer than the average life expectancy at the time after consuming “untold gallons” of yogurt according to Time magazine.
Helicopter
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was born on May 25, 1889 in Kiev, which at the time was part of Russia. 3 Both of his parents were physicians, giving Sikorsky the scientific grounding that he needed to develop aircraft ideas.
In 1939, he achieved his goal. He completed the VS-300, piloting the craft himself during its first flight.
Periodic table
Have you ever memorized the periodic table of elements(元素周期表) 4 It is a single document that helps the study and research of chemistry.
On Feb. 17, 1689, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down in a hurry the symbols for the chemical elements. 5 Thus, he invented the periodic table.
It was perhaps the greatest breakthrough in the history of chemistry. Indeed, nothing quite like it exists in the other subjects of science, according to Scientific American.
A. Yogurt is usually very low in fat.
B. They contributed a lot to our society.
C. And to prove it, he drank yogurt every day.
D. He became interested in flight at an early age.
E. He first made its health aspects clear to the public.
F. It is one of the most powerful icons in science.
G. He put them in order according to their atomic weights.
【答案】1. E 2. C 3. D 4. F 5. G
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了三个与俄罗斯相关的科学发明和发现。
1. 根据上文“Yogurt has a long history. Many Bulgarians claim it, was accidentally discovered in the country around 4, 000 years ago. But there was a Russian biologist named Elie Metchnikoff.(酸奶有着悠久的历史。许多保加利亚人声称它是在大约4000年前偶然发现的。但是有一个叫埃利·梅契尼科夫的俄罗斯生物学家)”可知，上文提到了一位生物学家。由此可知，本句承接上文说明他对于酸奶的研究，E选项中He指代上文Elie Metchnikoff。故E选项“他首先向公众阐明了它的健康方面”符合语境，故选E。
2. 根据上文“So Metchnikoff came up with a theory that lactic acid is good for human health and prolongs human life.(因此，梅契尼科夫提出了乳酸对人体健康有益、延长寿命的理论)”以及后文“He lived to be 71, longer than the average life expectancy at the time after consuming “untold gallons” of yogurt according to Time magazine.(据《时代》杂志报道，在喝了“数不清加仑”的酸奶后，他活到了71岁，超过了当时的平均预期寿命)”可知，Metchnikoff为了证明乳酸对人体有益，每天都在喝酸奶。故C选项“为了证明这一点，他每天都喝酸奶”符合语境，故选C。
3. 根据后文“Both of his parents were physicians, giving Sikorsky the scientific grounding that he needed to develop aircraft ideas.(他的父母都是医生，这给了Sikorsky发展飞机想法所需的科学基础)”可知，本句是在说明Sikorsky对飞行感兴趣。故D选项“他很小的时候就对飞行产生了兴趣”符合语境，故选D。
4. 根据后文“It is a single document that helps the study and research of chemistry.(这是一个单一的文件，有助于化学的学习和研究)”可知，本句应当是在说明元素周期表的重要性，F选项It指代上文the periodic table of elements。故F选项“它是科学界最有力的标志之一”符合语境，故选F。
5. 根据上文“On Feb. 17, 1689, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down in a hurry the symbols for the chemical elements.(1689年2月17日，俄国化学家门捷列夫匆忙写下了化学元素的符号)”以及后文“Thus, he invented the periodic table.(因此，他发明了元素周期表)”可知，本句是在说明发明元素周期表的经过，先是写下元素符号，结合常识可知，元素周期表是按原子量排序的。故G选项“他把它们按原子量排序”符合语境，故选G。
Passage 9 工业科学家在一所大学教书…
(2024上·新疆乌鲁木齐·高一乌鲁木齐市第十一中学校考期末)The email got my heart racing. “Thank you for letting me 1 your classes. It was an unusual experience,” it began.
As an industry scientist, I taught at a university in my spare time. By that point in the semester, I hadn’t asked the students to solve any 2 problems or even turn on their computers. Instead, I’d 3 practical exercises that taught them teamwork and communication, skills they’d need in industry. My 4 caught the attention of the university, so a teaching expert appeared in my class.
The 5 made me wonder whether university officials would praise the 6 view I brought from industry—or remove me from the classroom.
I 7 they might have been taken aback(吓一跳). But after that unsettling 8 , their email was positive: “I understand the important message you’re 9 ,” they wrote. “Today’s industry is about people, not just computers. I 10 support you. Keep up the good work.”
I’ve now been teaching this course for 4 years, enough 11 for me to see some of my students 12 and take jobs in industry. Recently, some students told me how the 13 they gained in my class helped them land their jobs. Hearing that my 14 had a positive impact on their career paths was truly 15 .
1. A. improve B. observe C. document D. organize
2. A. mental B. personal C. technical D. environmental
3. A. focused on B. cut off C. applied for D. set aside
4. A. discovery B. experience C. growth D. approach
5. A. mail B. poster C. announcement D. invitation
6. A. familiar B. traditional C. similar D. unique
7. A. admitted B. recalled C. worried D. realized
8. A. news B. opening C. conversation D. phenomenon
9. A. receiving B. collecting C. delivering D. revising
10. A. temporarily B. definitely C. mainly D. secretly
11. A. time B. energy C. confidence D. ability
12. A. recover B. return C. withdraw D. graduate
13. A. praise B. skills C. fame D. relationships
14. A. warning B. support C. teaching D. example
15. A. rewarding B. easy C. convincing D. beneficial
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是一名工业科学家，在业余时间在一所大学教书。作者把团队合作和沟通的实践练习作为教学重点，让学生受益匪浅。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：谢谢你让我旁听你的课。A. improve改善；B. observe观察；C. document记录；D. organize组织。根据后文“so a teaching expert appeared in my class(于是，一位教学专家出现在我的课堂上)”可知，有人来旁听作者的课。故选B。
2. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：到这个学期的那个时候，我还没有要求学生解决任何技术问题，甚至没有要求他们打开电脑。A. mental心理的；B. personal个人的；C. technical技术的；D. environmental环境的。根据上文“As an industry scientist, I taught at a university in my spare time.(作为一名工业科学家，我在业余时间在一所大学教书)”可知，作者是工业科学家，所以是要求学生解决技术问题。故选C。
3. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：相反，我把重点放在了教他们团队合作和沟通的实践练习上，这些都是他们在行业中需要的技能。A. focused on集中于；B. cut off切断；C. applied for申请；D. set aside搁置。根据后文“practical exercises that taught them teamwork and communication, skills they’d need in industry”可知，作者课程的重点是教学生团队合作和沟通的实践练习。故选A。
4. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的方法引起了大学的注意，所以我们班出现了一位教学专家。A. discovery发现；B. experience经历；C. growth生长；D. approach方法。根据上文“practical exercises that taught them teamwork and communication, skills they’d need in industry”指作者重视团队合作和沟通的实践练习的教学方法引起了大学注意。故选D。
5. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这封邮件让我怀疑，大学官员是会表扬我从工业界带来的独特观点，还是会把我赶出教室。A. mail邮件；B. poster海报；C. announcement公告；D. invitation邀请。呼应上文“The email got my heart racing.(这封邮件让我心跳加速)”指邮件让作者开始疑惑。故选A。
6. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这封邮件让我怀疑，大学官员是会表扬我从工业界带来的独特观点，还是会把我赶出教室。A. familiar熟悉的；B. traditional传统的；C. similar相似的；D. unique独特的。结合上文可知，作者的课重点在团队合作和沟通技能上，所以是独特的观点。故选D。
7. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我担心他们会吓一跳。A. admitted承认；B. recalled记起；C. worried担心；D. realized意识到。根据后文“they might have been taken aback”指作者担心他们会吓一跳。故选C。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但在这个令人不安的开场白之后，他们的电子邮件是积极的:“我理解你传递的重要信息，”他们写道。A. news新闻；B. opening开始；C. conversation对话；D. phenomenon现象。此处指上文“Thank you for letting me”对方用感谢作为开场白。故选B。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但在这个令人不安的开场白之后，他们的电子邮件是积极的:“我理解你传递的重要信息，”他们写道。A. receiving收到；B. collecting收集；C. delivering递送；D. revising修改。根据上文“message you’re”此处指传递信息，应用动词deliver。故选C。
10. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我绝对支持你。A. temporarily暂时地；B. definitely肯定地；C. mainly主要地；D. secretly秘密地。根据后文“Keep up the good work.(再接再厉)”可知，学校支持作者的教学方法。故选B。
11. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我现在已经教这门课4年了，足够的时间让我看到我的一些学生毕业并在工业界工作。A. time时间；B. energy能量；C. confidence自信；D. ability能力。根据上文“for 4 years”可知，作者教学的时间已经足够长了，可以看到一些学生毕业。故选A。
12. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我现在已经教这门课4年了，足够的时间让我看到我的一些学生毕业并在工业界工作。A. recover恢复；B. return返回；C. withdraw撤回；D. graduate毕业。根据后文“and take jobs in industry”指学生毕业参加工作。故选D。
13. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近，一些学生告诉我，他们在我的课上学到的技能是如何帮助他们找到工作的。A. praise赞美；B. skills技能；C. fame名誉；D. relationships关系。呼应上文“skills they’d need in industry”指课上学到的技能。故选B。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：听说我的教学对他们的职业道路产生了积极的影响，这就值了。A. warning警告；B. support支持；C. teaching教学；D. example例子。根据上文“As an industry scientist, I taught at a university in my spare time.(作为一名工业科学家，我在业余时间在一所大学教书)”可知，作者在大学里教书，教学对学生的职业道路产生了积极的影响，故选C。
15. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：听说我的教学对他们的职业道路产生了积极的影响，这就值了。A. rewarding值得的；B. easy容易的；C. convincing令人信服的；D. beneficial有益的。根据上文“had a positive impact on their career paths”可知，学生从自己的教学中受益，让作者觉得付出是值得的。故选A。
Passage 10 罗杰·培根和伽利略事迹
(2023 江苏南通高一月考)A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only 2 for truth. He always 3 ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 4 back to the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived 5 the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle 6 to suggest that we must learn science 7 observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself made many important discoveries.
Galileo, however, who lived more than 300 years later (1564-1642 ), was one of the greatest men, 8 in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by 9 to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 10 towards the earth than small ones, 11 Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 12 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 13 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 14 of going direct to nature, and proving our 15 and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
1. A. use B. time C. speed D. trust
2. A. reason B. cause C. advice D. result
3. A. thinks B. checks C. has D. learns
4. A. date B. keep C. look D. take
5. A. both B. each C. between D. among
6. A. Schools B. Ages C. Days D. Countries
7. A. in B. with C. on D. by
8. A. who B. when C. that D. where
9. A. ways B. degrees C. levels D. chance
10. A. slowly B. rapidly C. lightly D. heavily
11. A. although B. because C. when D. if
12. A. place B. foot C. top D. ceiling
13. A. big B. small C. equal D. unequal
14. A. spirit B. skill C. theory D. discovery
15. A. plans B. opinions C. world D. ability
【答案】
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B
【导语】本文是篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过对罗杰·培根和伽利略事迹的描述，讲述了一个成功的科学家应该具有的品质：不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
1. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他充分利用他观察到的事实。A. use用、使用；make full use of充分利用；B. time时间；C. speed速度；D. trust信任。根据下文“He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, ”(他不接受不是以明显事实为基础的观点，)和“He always 3 ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.”(他总是仔细检查想法，并做实验来证明它们。)可知，一个成功的科学家只接受以事实为基础的观点，所以他会充分利用所观察到的事实，做实验来证明这些观点。故选A。
2. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他不接受不是以明显事实为基础的观点，因此拒绝接受权威作为真理的唯一理由。A. reason原因、理由；B. cause起因；C. advice建议；D. result结果。根据句中“He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts,”(他不接受不是以明显事实为基础的观点，)可知，他只把事实作为真理的唯一理由，拒绝接受权威作为真理的唯一理由。故选A。
3. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他总是仔细核查观点，并用实验来证明它们。A. thinks认为、想；B. checks检查、核查；C. has有；D. learns学习。根据句中“makes experiments to prove them.”可知，科学家做实验是为了证明观点的正确性，所以他会仔细核查观点的正确性，并通过实验来加以证明。故选B。
4. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：现代科学的兴起也许可以追溯到罗杰·培根的时代，他是牛津的杰出哲学家，生活在1214年到1292年之间。A. date确定年代；date back to追溯到；B. keep保持；C. look看；look back to回顾；D. take带、拿；take back to带回到。根据句中的“the time of Roger Bacon”和“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起也许是从罗杰·培根时代开始的，即可以追溯到很早的时期，date back to意义为“追溯到”。故选A。
5. 考查代词和介词词义辨析。句意：现代科学的兴起也许可以追溯到罗杰·培根的时代，他是牛津的杰出哲学家，生活在1214年到1292年之间。A. both代词，两者都；B. each代词，每一个；C. between介词，两者之间；D. among介词，在……当中(三者或以上)。根据句中“the time of Roger Bacon”和并列连词“and”可知，罗杰·培根应该生活在1214-1292之间，between...and...表示“在……与……之间”，符合句意。故选C。
6. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过观察和对我们周围的事物进行实验来学习科学的人。A. Schools学校；B. Ages年代、时代；Middle Ages中世纪；C. Days日子；D. Countries国家。根据前文“who lived between the years 1214 and 1292.”可知，罗杰·培根生活在1214-1292年间，属于中世纪。故选B。
7. 考查介词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过观察和对我们周围的事物进行实验来学习科学的人。A. in在里面；B. with和……一起、随着；C. on在上面；D. by通过、凭借。根据第一段“ He makes full use of the facts he observes. ”(他充分利用他观察到的事实。)和“He always checks ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.”(他总是仔细核查观点，并做实验来证明它们。)可知，一个成功的科学家是通过观察和实验来证明自己的观点的，所以罗杰·培根应该是提出了我们必须通过观察和对周围的事物进行实验来学习科学。故选D。
8. 考查定语从句。句意：然而，生活在300多年后(1564-1642)的伽利略是最伟大的人物之一，他在意大利、法国、德国或英国开始偶然地证明了许多重要的真理可以通过观察发现。A. who关系代词，先行词指人，作主语或宾语；B. when关系副词，作状语；C. that关系代词，不用于非限制性定语从句中；D. where关系副词，作状语。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Galileo”，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词who。故选A。
9. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，生活在300多年后(1564-1642)的伽利略是最伟大的人物之一，他在意大利、法国、德国或英国开始逐步证明了许多重要的真理可以通过观察发现。A. ways方法、道路；B. degrees程度；by degrees逐渐地；C. levels水平；D. chance机会；by chance偶然地。根据下文“But Galileo, going to the 12 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 13 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong.”(但是，伽利略在登上比萨斜塔时，让两块(大小)不相等的石头掉了下来，证明了亚里士多德是错的。)可知，伽利略通过实验，使人们能够观察到两块大小不相等的石头掉下来时的速度，从而证明了真理；结合本句中“to show how many important truths”可知，伽利略通过一些实验，逐步证明了许多重要的真理可以通过观察发现。故选B。
10. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体比小的物体下落得更快，因为亚里士多德是这么说的。A. slowly慢地；B. rapidly快速地；C. lightly轻轻地；D. heavily沉重地。根据句中“Aristotle said so”和下文中“and proved Aristotle was wrong.”(证明了亚里士多德是错的)及常识可知，亚里士多德认为大的物体比小的物体下落更快，所以之前的学者也都相信这一错误的观点。故选B。
11. 考查连词词义辨析。句意：在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体比小的物体下落得更快，因为亚里士多德是这么说的。A. although虽然；B. because因为；C. when当……时候；D. if如果。根据第一段“He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only reason for truth. ”(他不接受不是以明显事实为基础的观点，因此拒绝接受权威作为真理的唯一理由。)和常识可知，伽利略不接受权威作为真理的唯一理由，而在他之前，亚里士多德是世界古代史上伟大的科学家之一，学者们视亚里士多德为权威，把他的话当作真理，故相信大的物体比小的物体下落得更快，是因为亚里士多德是这么说的。故选B。
12. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，伽利略在登上比萨斜塔时，让两块(大小)不相等的石头掉了下来，证明了亚里士多德是错的。A. place地方；B. foot脚；C. top顶部；D. ceiling天花板。根据句中“let fall two 13 stones”和常识可知，伽利略让两块石头掉落，所以应该是走到了比萨斜塔的顶部。故选C。
13. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，伽利略在登上比萨斜塔时，让两块(大小)不相等的石头掉了下来，证明了亚里士多德是错的。A. big大的；B. small小的；C. equal相等的；D. unequal不相等的。根据前文“Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle said so.”(在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体比小的物体下落得更快，因为亚里士多德是这么说的。)和本句中“and proved Aristotle was wrong. ”可知，为了证明亚里士多德的观点是错误的，伽利略用了一大一小两块不相等的石头来做实验，让它们从塔顶自由掉落。故选D。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是伽利略这种直接走向大自然，用实验来证明我们的观点和理论的精神，导致了现代科学的所有发现。A. spirit精神；B. skill技巧；C. theory理论；D. discovery发现。根据第一段“He always checks ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.”(他总是仔细核查观点，并用实验来证明它们。)和句中“going direct to nature, and proving our 15 and theories by experiment, ”可知，直接走向大自然，用实验来证明观点和理论是伽利略对待科学的一种精神和追求。故选A。
15. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是伽利略这种直接走向大自然，用实验来证明我们的观点和理论的精神，导致了现代科学的所有发现。A. plans计划；B. opinions观点；C. world世界；D. ability能力。根据第一段“He always checks ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.”(他总是仔细核查观点，并用实验来证明它们。)可知，伽利略坚持用实验来证明自己的观点和理论。故选B。
Passage 11 威廉·汤姆森的生平
(2024山东济南高一校考练习)
William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he 1 for more than 50 years.
In Glasgow, Thomson 2 the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different 3 , particularly electromagnetism(电磁学) and thermodynamics(热力学). 4 Faraday(法拉第), he was responsible for the introduction of the 5 of an electromagnetic field where Thomson developed the work of the 6 of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most 7 results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature — the scale based on this is named 8 him.
Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved 9 through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical problem of the day. He was 10 as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866,for which he was knighted in 1866. His 11 in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners’ compass and 12 a tide machine and depth-measuring equipment. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be 13 by electric light.
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the 14 of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that flowed near Glasgow University and he was president of the royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December, 1907, in Ayrshire, Scotland and was 15 in Westminster Abbey.
1. A. sought B. confirmed C. admired D. held
2. A. took up B. broke up C. set up D. blew up
3. A. fields B. countries C. labs D. colleges
4. A. In spite of B. Except for C. Together with D. Regardless of
5. A. command B. condition C. contract D. concept
6. A. learners B. pioneers C. competitors D. leaders
7. A. important B. obvious C. fortunate D. positive
8. A. for B. with C. after D. on
9. A. wealth B. fame C. contribution D. enthusiasm
10. A. considered B. attracted C. employed D. accused
11. A. hobby B. desire C. success D. interest
12. A. operate B. invent C. control D. produce
13. A. lit B. built C. decorated D. equipped
14. A. title B. name C. honor D. award
15. A. preserved B. respected C. admitted D. buried
【答案】
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了威廉·汤姆森的生平，并重点讲述了他在科学和实际应用方面所取得的成就。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：1846年，他成为格拉斯哥的自然哲学教授，并担任了50多年。A. sought寻找；B. confirmed确认；C. admired钦佩；D. held担任。从空格前面的“professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow”及“a post”可知，此处表示他担任这个职位长达50多年。故选D项。
2. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：在格拉斯哥，汤姆森建立了英国第一个物理实验室。A. took up开始从事；B. broke up打碎；C. set up建立；D. blew up爆炸。由空后的“the first physics laboratory”可知，此处表示汤姆森在英国建立了第一个物理实验室。故选C项。
3. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是许多领域的先驱，尤其是电磁学和热力学。A. fields领域；B. countries国家；C. labs实验室；D. colleges学院。后面提到的“particularly electromagnetism and thermodynamics”是两个不同的领域。故选A项。
4. 考查介词短语辨析。句意：他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念，在那里汤姆森发展了这一课题的先驱尼古拉斯·卡诺和詹姆斯·焦耳的工作。A. In spite of尽管；B. Except for除了；C. Together with和……一起；D. Regardless of不管。根据下文“Faraday, he was responsible for the introduction of the concept”可知，此处表示和法拉第一起，他负责引入了电磁场这个概念。故选C项。
5. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. command命令；B. condition条件；C. contract合同；D. concept概念。根据后文的“an electromagnetic field”可知，他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念。故选D。
6. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念，在那里汤姆森发展了这一课题的先驱尼古拉斯·卡诺和詹姆斯·焦耳的工作。A. learners学习者；B. pioneers先驱；C. competitors竞争者；D. leaders领导者。根据上文的“developed the work of”和下文的 “the subject”及其后的两个人名可知，此处指的是汤姆森发展了这两位先驱者在这一学科的成就。故选B项。
7. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他工作中最重要的成果之一就是他的绝对零度概念--基于这个概念的温度计就是以他的名字命名的。A. important重要的；B. obvious明显的；C. fortunate幸运的；D. positive积极的。结合下文的“his idea of an absolute zero of temperature-the scale based on this is named ___8___ him.”可知，此处表示汤姆森所提出的重要的想法。故选A项。
8. 考查介词词义辨析。句意：他工作中最重要的成果之一就是他的绝对零度概念--基于这个概念的温度计就是以他的名字命名的。A. for为了；B. with和……一起；C. after在……后面；D. on在……上面。此处是固定词组 name after，表示“以……命名”。故选C项。
9. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他通过研究当时的一个重大实际问题--海底电报而成名。A. wealth财富；B. fame名誉；C. contribution贡献；D. enthusiasm热情。根据下文“He was ___10___ as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866, for which he was knighted in 1866.”可知，他由于在大西洋电缆铺设工作上的成就被授以爵位，故此处指他通过自己在海底电报方面的工作而成名。故选B项。
10. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他曾在1857-1858年和1865-1866年铺设大西洋电报电缆时担任科学顾问，并于1866年获封爵士。A. considered考虑；B. attracted吸引；C. employed聘用；D. accused控告。从空后的“as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables”可知，他被聘作科学顾问来指导铺设电缆。故选C项。
11. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对海洋问题的兴趣也激发了他开发水手罗盘、发明潮汐机和深度测量设备。A. hobby爱好；B. desire欲望；C. success成功；D. interest兴趣。根据语境并结合后面的“in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners' compass”可知，此处是指他对海洋问题的兴趣激励他开发了船用罗盘。故选D项。
12. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他对海洋问题的兴趣也激发了他开发水手罗盘、发明潮汐机和深度测量设备。A. operate操作；B. invent发明；C. control控制；D. produce生产。结合前面的 develop和后面的“a tide machine and depth- measuring equipment”可知，他发明了潮汐机和深度测量设备，下文的“He invented many electrical instruments”也是提示。故选B项。
13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他发明了许多电子仪器，他在格拉斯哥的房子是第一个被电灯照亮的。A. lit照亮；B. built建造；C. decorated装饰；D. equipped装备。后面的“by electric light”表示他家是第一家使用电灯照明的家庭。故选A项。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：汤姆逊于1892年被提拔为贵族，被封为拉格斯的开尔文男爵。A. title头衔；B. name名字；C. honor荣誉；D. award奖励。结合空前的“was raised to the noblemen”和后面的“Baron Kelvin of Largs in1892”可知，在1892年他晋升成为贵族，拥有开尔文勋爵的称号。故选A项。
15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：1907年12月17日，他死于苏格兰的埃尔郡，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂。A. preserved保存；B. respected尊敬；C. admitted允许；D. buried埋葬。空处与前面的“He died on17 December, 1907”呼应，此处指他死后被埋葬在威斯敏斯特教堂里面。故选D项。
Passage 12 伟大的印度物理学家C.V.拉曼
(2023上·河北·高一校联考阶段练习)
C. V. Raman, a great Indian physicist, was born in 1888. His father was a lecturer in math and physics, so C. V. Raman was exposed to 1 (science) things from an early age. He 2 (attend) Presidency College in 1902, getting his BA in 1904 and MA in 1907. Though he was a brilliant student, there weren’t many 3 (opportunity) for scientists in India at that time. 4 , after finishing his studies, he went to work for the Indian Finance Department and carried out his experimental research on acoustics(声学).
He 5 (offer) a prUnit 4 The scientists who changed the world
单元引言解读
The scientist is motivated primarily by curiosity and a desire for truth.
—Irving Langmuir
释义：科学家的驱动力主要是好奇心和对真理的渴望。——欧文·朗缪尔
启示：该句出自美国化学家、物理学家欧文·朗缪尔。朗缪尔因在表面化学的贡献于1932年获得诺贝尔化学奖。这句话意在说明科学家应保有一颗好奇心,勇于追求真理。
名句积累 1、For science needs special courage。 追求科学需要特殊的勇敢。 伽利略 2、Science needs all one's life. 科学需要人的全部生命。 -巴甫洛夫 3、Enemies of science, less than a friend。 科学的敌人，不比朋友少。 土耳其谚语 4、Truth may be in the side of a few people。-- Plato 真理可能在少数人一边。 柏拉图 5、No one can fully grasp the truth。 没有一个人能全面把握真理。 亚里士多德 6、Surprise is the seed of science。 惊奇就是科学的种子。一 爱迪生 7、Science is the nervous system of our era。 科学是我们时代的神经系统。 高尔基 8、Thought is the ruler of the universe forever。 思想永远是宇宙的统治者。 柏拉图 9、Only obey natural , can control the nature。 只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。 培根 10、Mathematical science is one of nature's language. 数理科学是大自然的语言。 伽利略 11、Science and art are two sides of a coin。 科学和艺术是一枚硬币的两面。 李政道 12、Science is the foundation of a healthy body。 科学的基础是健康的身体。 居里夫人
单元主题探究
本单元的主题语境是“人与社会”，话题是“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”，涉及的语篇类型有：新闻报道、策划方案、演讲、事实档案。本单元的教学旨在帮助学生认识科学发现的巨大推动作用，理解科学家的责任担当和科学精神的价值所在。
整个单元的八个板块分别涉及“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”的多个方面。Welcome to the unit板块以视频形式引入单元主题，简要介绍了两位对社会发展有巨大贡献的科学家，一位是中国的袁隆平(杂交永稻专家)，另一位是英国的霍金(著名物理学家)；Reading板块以新闻报道的形式重点介绍了2015年诺贝尔生理或医学奖获得者屠呦呦在发现青蒿素的过程中付出的不懈努力，旨在让学生感受科学家身上体现出的可贵品质和精神；Grammar and usage板块的话题是“科学发现”，语法项目是动词-ed形式做定语、状语和宾语补足语的用法；Integrated skills板块以“校园科学节”为话题，通过一系列听、读、说、写的活动，最终完成一个为学校科学节设计活动方案的任务；Extended reading板块的语篇节选改编自1965年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者、美国著名科学家理查德·费曼的公开演讲，旨在引导学生思考并正确认识科学的价值所在；Project板块要求学生通过合作学习、探究学习，制作一份事实档案，简要介绍一位科学家的生平；Assessment板块引导学生运用元认知策略进行阶段性反思和总结，分析存在的问题并制订针对性的解决方案：Furtherstudy板块引导学生运用资源策略，通过互联网获取有关诺贝尔奖的更多信息，同时阅读有关科学家的故事，加深对改变世界的科学家这一话题的理解。
主题词块,句式积累
话题词汇
invite sb.to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
be scheduled to do sth. 被安排做某事
take place 发生;举行
with the purpose of 目的是……
take part in/participate in/join in 参加
introduce sth.to sb. 向某人介绍某物
share sth.with sb. 与某人分享某物
improve the quality of life 改善生活质量
have a better understanding of 对……有更好的了解
inspire sb.to do sth. 激励某人做某事
句式整理
The Science Festival is scheduled to take place on the playground from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m., lasting three hours.
科技节定于上午8点到11点在操场上举行,持续3个小时。
I’m greatly honored to invite you to the Science Festival to be held in our school.
我非常荣幸地邀请您参加在我们学校举行的科技节。
It goes without saying that modern technology brings us convenience and comfort in life.
毫无疑问,现代科技给我们的生活带来了方便和舒适。
The purpose of the activity is to arouse the students’ interest in science.
这个活动的目的是激发学生对科学的兴趣。
The gadget is of greatly practical use in daily life.
这种小工具在日常生活中很实用。
I would appreciate it if you could join in the coming Science Festival.
如果你能参加即将到来的科技节,我将不胜感激。
Looking forward to your joining us.
期待您的加入。
拓展阅读精练
阅读微技能---体裁突破之人物传记记叙文 1、对于细节信息题，要抓住整体篇章，看懂主题。利用内容间的因果关系，梳理时间空间顺序，对所考查细节进行剖析了解，确定主题，将零碎的细节组成一个有机的整体。 2、对于词句猜测题，要借助篇章中的词、短语或句子的理解来充分理解题意，遇到陌生词语尽量先避过，遵循先略读再通读的原则，进行仔细推敲。尤其要注重对语境的把握。 3、对于主旨大意题，要注意主题句和主题段，绝大多数的篇章采用总分总结构，要注意段与段之间的联系，注意隐藏的中心思想，研究文章结构，把握句与句之间的关系，注重逻辑关系，从整体把握文章的脉络。
Passage 1四个杰出贡献的伟大人物
(2023上·安徽芜湖·高一芜湖一中校考期中)Throughout human history, there is a bottomless well of people who made great contributions so that we can now enjoy a better life. The following are, just four of those great minds.
Joseph Lister(1827—1912)
English surgeon(外科医生). Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic(防腐的)and antiseptic surgery which greatly improved survival rates from major surgery. For this, he is often referred to as the father of modern surgery as his use of antiseptic greatly increased the kinds of operations that could be carried out.
Maximilian Bircher-Benner(1867—1939)
Bircher-Benner was a pioneering Swiss physician and nutritionist. He advocated the eating of raw fruit and vegetables and discouraged eating meat and heavily processed foods. Although he was questioned by the scientific establishment, his healthy eating ideas took off and helped create a diet of processed bread, meat and carbs (碳水化合物). The healthy eating trends he established have continued to grow in popularity with more scientific research showing the health benefits of such a diet.
Paracelsus(1493—1541)
Swiss-German physician and leading health reformer. Paracelsus founded the discipline of toxicology(毒理学)and pioneered the use of chemicals in treating patients. He emphasized practical experience. He was also one of the first doctors to note illness can be psychological in nature.
Peter Mansfield(1933—2017)
English physicist who with Peter Lauterbur helped to develop magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)which gets doctors to see inside a patient’s body without needing to cut it open. With MRI, doctors can see far more than with x-ray, which is limited to bones. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003.
1. What is Maximilian Bircher-Benner’s contribution
A. He discovered x-ray.
B. He set up a healthy eating trend.
C. He improved survival rates of operation.
D. He did experiments with chemicals to treat diseases.
2. Who invented MRI to give doctors more information of a patient’s body
A. Joseph Lister. B. Maximilian Bircher-Benner.
C. Paracelsus. D. Peter Mansfield.
3. What do the four people have in common
A. They all received Nobel Prize.
B. They were all born in Switzerland.
C. They all made contributions to treating patients.
D. They all helped to make people live a better life.
Passage 2女性化学家Stephanie Louise Kwolek
(2023上·江苏·高一校联考阶段练习)Stephanie Louise Kwolek was born in the small town of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, in 1923. Her parents were immigrants from Poland. Stephanie’s school was so small that two grades were taught in one classroom. She was an excellent reader with a great memory. She was also very good at math. The older kids in her class got annoyed when she knew answers that they didn’t.
Stephanie’s love of learning came from her father. Every night when he came home from work, he sat and read a book or newspaper. He encouraged Stephanie to explore the great outdoors. Together, they often walked in the woods, collecting leaves, flowers, and seeds. Stephanie’s mother, a seamstress(女裁缝), inspired Stephanie’s creativity. She copied her mother’s patterns to make costumes for paper dolls. Sometimes, she used the sewing machine when her mother wasn’t looking. Stephanie liked working with fabric(织物), and she was good at it. She thought about a career in fashion design.
As Stephanie grew older, she decided she wanted to use science to help people and decided to become a doctor. She studied chemistry in college, but when she graduated, she couldn’t afford to go to the medical school. Instead, she got a job as a chemist at the DuPont Company to earn her tuition fees. The job was supposed to be temporary, but Stephanie fell in love with it and never looked back. Her work at DuPont combined her childhood love of science and fabric with her interest in helping people and solving problems, and her creations would change the world.
At DuPont, Stephanie invented Kevlar fiber. It’s five times stronger than steel. Kevlar fiber is now used in more than 200 products, including spacecraft and bulletproof vest(防弹衣). Stephanie’s invention has saved countless lives. She spent her life researching and teaching people about her work, and was a strong advocate for women in science around the world.
1. Which word can best describe Stephanie Louise Kwolek as a child
A. Popular. B. Friendly. C. Smart. D. Hard-working.
2. What do we know about Stephanie’s parents
A. Stephanie’s father used to take her to field trips.
B. Stephanie’s mother taught her to use sewing machines.
C. They encouraged Stephanie to work in fashion design.
D. They moved to Poland to send Stephanie to a better school.
3. Why did Stephanie work at the DuPont Company in the first place
A. To save more people’s lives. B. To study the science of fabric.
C. To solve the problem of fiber. D. To make money for her education.
4. What is the best title of the text
A. Stephanie’s contribution to science
B. Women scientists’ influence on the world
C. The advantages of Kevlar fiber in the war
D. The popularity of Stephanie’s invention in daily life
Passage 3哈佛大学教授Claudia
(2023上·浙江·高一校联考阶段练习)The Nobel economics prize was awarded on Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender(性别) gap in the labor market.
The announcement went a tiny step to closing the Nobel committee’s own gender gap: Goldin is just the third woman to win the prize out of 93 economics laureates(获奖者). She has studied 200 years of women’s participation in the workplace, showing that despite continued economic growth, women’s pay did not continuously catch up to men’s and a divide still exists despite women gaining higher levels of education than men. “I’ve always been an optimist. But when I looked at the numbers, I found in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world,” Goldin told The Associated Press.
“Although Goldin’s research does not offer solutions, it allows policymakers to deal with the problem,” said Randi Hjalmarsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “She explains the source of the gap, and how it’s changed over time and how it changes with the stage of development. By finally understanding the problem and calling it by the right name, we will find a solution.”
Goldin, 77, told AP that what happens in people’s homes reflects what happens in the workplace. Women often have to take jobs that allow them to be on call at home—work that often pays less.
“Goldin tried to fill in missing data for her research,” Hjalmarsson said. For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing. “So Goldin had to be a detective to find novel data sources and creative ways to use them to measure these unknowns.”
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph
A. Men gained higher levels of education than women.
B. The women’s pay caught up to men’s 200 hundreds years ago.
C. Many women scientists have won the Nobel economics prize these years.
D. At the late 20th century, American women labor force participation rate was the top.
2. Which of the following is right
A. Randi Hjalmarsson didn’t agree with Goldin.
B. Most of the women usually prefer to be housewives.
C. What happens in family life often mirrors that in the workplace.
D. Goldin’s research offered the policymakers solutions to the problem.
3. Which is a challenge that Claudia Goldin faced in her research
A. Lack of experience. B. Lack of support.
C. Lack of money. D. Lack of data.
4. What’s the best title of the passage
A. A Solution to the Gender Gap in the Labor Market
B. Claudia Goldin—a Great Economics Data Detective
C. The Third Woman Who Wins the Nobel Prize in the World
D. Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Harvard University Woman Professor
Passage 4 17世纪欧洲女性科学家
(2024上·吉林辽源·高一辽源市实验高级中学校校联考期末)As Europe entered the 17th century, when traditional attitudes still held that a woman’s proper role was as a daughter, wife, and mother, more females were attracted to the Scientific Revolution, just like they had been drawn to humanism over the previous centuries.
One of the most well known female scientists of the 17th century, Margaret Cavendish came from a noble family in England.Cavendish was an active participant(参与者) in the important scientific debates of her time. Despite her achievements, however, she was not included in the Royal Society. She wrote a number of works on scientific matters. In these works, she attacked what she considered the faults of the conventional approaches to scientific knowledge and was especially doubtful about the growing belief that humans were the masters of nature: “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects...for man is but a small part. His powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.”
Another famous female scientist was Maria Winkelmann who lived in Germany and was educated by her father and received advanced training from a local self taught astronomer(天文学家).When she married Gottfried Kirch, Germany’s foremost astronomer, she became his assistant.She made some original contributions, including an undiscovered comet, as her husband related: “Early in the morning (about 2：00 a. m.) the sky was clear and starry. Some nights before, I had observed a variable star, and my wife (as I slept) wanted to find and see it for herself. In doing so, she found a comet in the sky, at which time she woke me, and I found that it was indeed a comet. I had not seen it the night before.” In 1710, she applied for a position as an assistant astronomer. As a woman, with no university degree, she was denied the post by the Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
Cavendish’s and Winkelmann’s difficulties with the scientific societies of their times reflect the barriers women faced in the field of early modern science.The work of these female scientists is still viewed as being against the domestic duties women are expected to perform.
1. Which of the following would Cavendish probably agree with
A. Nature was the master of humans.
B. Conventional methods always worked.
C. Humans’ knowledge had absolute power.
D. Science changed natural causes and effects.
2. What was Winkelmann doing when she made her discovery
A. Walking under the starry sky.
B. Studying a known comet.
C. Working with her husband.
D. Watching a star.
3. What did Cavendish and Winkelmann have in common
A. Both received formal education.
B. Both came from a family of scientists.
C. Both were rejected by scientific societies.
D. Both worked for male scientists as an assistant.
4. What would be a suitable title for the passage
A. Women’s Study of Humanism in the 17th Century
B. Female Scientists’ Difficulties with Early Modern Science
C. The Role of Women in the Origins of Modern Education
D. The Cooperation Between Male and Female Scientists
Passage 5生物工程的先驱Heinz Wolff教授
(2024上·广东广州·高一校联考期末)Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer. He established the discipline, named it and, in a 60-year career, made significant contributions to medical research. But to the British public, he was best known as the dotty scientist who fronted The Great Egg Race, a BBC show in which colour-coded teams were set engineering challenges (the first was to transport an egg in a vehicle powered by rubber bands). With his trademark bow tie, half-moon glasses and Mittel-European accent, he looked really like Professor Branestawn, as described by W. Heath Robinson. Yet while he cheerfully exploited his reputation as a “peculiar egghead”, he was very serious about his work and inspired thousands of young people to consider scientific careers.
Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared. “We really cut it rather fine,” he said on Desert Island Discs in 1998. After leaving school, he worked as a technician at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, where he invented a machine to count red blood cells, and then at the National Institute for Medical Research’s pneumoconiosis research unit in Cardiff, where he designed a means of measuring dust levels in coal miners. He went on to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology. Then, in 1983, he founded the Institute for Bioengineering at Brunel University. His particular interest was in technologies to improve the lives of older people, but he was also heavily involved in space research and worked as an adviser to the European Space Agency.
Wolff had made his first appearance on TV on Panorama in 1966, encouraging Richard Dimbleby to swallow a “radio pill”. On The Great Egg Race, which ran from 1979, his task was to get opponent teams representing organizations such as the chemical company ICI. Challenges included building a hovercraft from a lawnmower, and inventing a bicycle that could ride on water. Marks were awarded for entertainment value and technical accomplishment. The show ended in the mid-1980s, but Wolff continued to judge scientific competitions, on TV and elsewhere. A natural entertainer with an inexhaustible curiosity about the world, he said he’d be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.
1. The word “dotty” (paragraph1) is closest in meaning to ________.
A. strange B. serious C. famous D. genius
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Heinz Wolff according to the passage
A. His family left Berlin after World War II began.
B. He used to major in physics and physiology.
C. He invented a machine while in University College London.
D. His interest lay in helping those living in war-stricken areas.
3. Heinz Wolff didn’t mind looking ridiculous as long as ________.
A. he could keep being curious about the world
B. he could combine entertainment and technology
C. he could help arouse children’s interest in science
D. he could appear on TV to judge scientific competitions
4. Which of the following is an achievement made by Heinz Wolff
A. Representing a chemical company.
B. Designing a method to count red blood cells.
C. Being the first scientist to front TV shows.
D. Setting up the subject of bioengineering.
Passage 6匈牙利裔美国生物化学家卡塔琳·卡里科教授与美国免疫学家德鲁·韦斯曼合作开发mRNA疫苗
(2024上·甘肃·高一统考期末)In a clinic room filled with medical staff lining up to get Covid vaccines(疫苗), a woman finds herself in tears. Yet, those are not tears of fear or sadness, but tears of joy and pride. It dawns on her that her decades of hard work have finally paid off. The mRNA vaccines she helped develop have saved millions of lives and helped the world find a way out of the worst of the pandemic.
That remarkable woman is Professor Katalin Karikó, a Hungarian-American biochemist, who together with her colleague American immunologist Drew Weissma, was awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking work on the development of mRNA-based vaccines.
Born in 1955 in Hungary, Professor Karikó had a childhood marked by hardship. In 1985 when the Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences lost its funding, she made a daring and risky decision to start a journey to the US. However, the American dream was hardly plain sailing, and the challenges facing Professor Karikó were only just beginning. Despite the promising results in RNA-related therapy trials, she was told her research was going nowhere. Her applications were repeatedly rejected, and in 1995 she lost her position in the University of Pennsylvania and was forced to retire.
Professor Karikó refused to give up easily. She persevered, forming a partnership with the university's immunology professor Drew Weissman, and eventually they made their big breakthrough, finding a way to modify mRNA so that it could trigger an immune response, laying the groundwork for what would become the Covid mRNA vaccines. When the Covid pandemic hit, the use of mRNA was the reason why vaccines were developed so quickly at unprecedented speed.
Professor Karikó’ s journey, from her humble beginnings to her groundbreaking research, stands as a testament to her unwavering perseverance and determination.
1. What challenges did Professor Karikó face during her career in the US
A. She did have enough money.
B. She couldn't understand the language.
C. She didn't know how to carry out her research.
D. Her research was not accepted by other scientists.
2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “persevered”
A. Gave up. B. Kept trying. C. Changed her mind. D. Put it aside.
3. What can we infer from this passage
A. Professor Karikó should retire earlier.
B. Professor Karikó's determination made all the difference.
C. American dream made everything easy for Professor Karikó.
D. The research of mRNA is only valuable when Covid pandemic hit.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. Karikó's American dream. B. Challenges in Karikó's research.
C. The development of the vaccine. D. Karikó's life and her achievements.
Passage 7火箭科学家遇到的难题
(2023·广东广州·高一统考期末)“You do not need to be a rocket scientist.” Americans hear these words often. People say them in schools, offices and factories. Broadcasters on radio and television often use them.
How did the expression begin No one seems to know it. 1 “It grew,” he says. “Because rocket scientists probably are the most intelligent people around.”
Not everyone would agree. 2 For example, a person who speaks fifteen languages, or a medical doctor who operates on the brain. Still, many people would agree that there is something special about scientists who build rockets. Maybe it has something to do with the mystery of space travel.
Moving pictures from before World War Ⅱ showed a man named Buck Rogers landing on the planet Mars. 3 The rocket scientist is a different kind of hero. He or she makes space travel possible.
4 A Washington rocket scientist told about a launch that was put off many times. Finally, everything seemed right. Mechanical failures had been repaired. The weather was good. The scientists had planned that part of the rocket would fall into the ocean after the launch. All the ships and boats within many kilometers of the danger areas had been warned. But in the last few seconds a small boat entered the area. 5
When the work goes well, most rocket scientists enjoy their jobs. One scientist said, “As a child I loved to build the rockets. Now I am a grown-up. I still love to build rockets. And now I get paid for it.”
A. Onceagain, the launch was put off.
B. Have you ever heard of the space travel
C. It’s dangerous for rocket scientists to build rockets.
D. He was a hero who could withdraw any enemy from outer space.
E. Rocket scientists, however, can have problems just like everyone else.
F. Some people might be considered more intelligent than rocket scientists.
G. But an official of the American space agency, NASA, says the expression just grew.
Passage 8三个与俄罗斯相关的科学发明和发现
(2023·新疆喀什·高一校考期末)Russians have made important contributions to the development of science and technology, which has changed our daily life. Here are three Russian contributions for you to read.
Yogurt
Yogurt has a long history. Many Bulgarians claim it, was accidentally discovered in the country around 4, 000 years ago. But there was a Russian biologist named Elie Metchnikoff. 1
Metchnikoff travelled to Bulgaria and found a lot of people who were a hundred years old or older there. He then investigated the eating habits of residents and found that they often drank fermented(发酵的) milk.
He also read Bulgarian researcher Stamen Grigorov’s research. In 1905, Grigorov discovered one of the main bacteria in Bulgarian lactic acid bacteria(乳酸菌) responsible for transforming milk into yogurt.
So Metchnikoff came up with a theory that lactic acid is good for human health and prolongs human life. 2 He lived to be 71, longer than the average life expectancy at the time after consuming “untold gallons” of yogurt according to Time magazine.
Helicopter
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was born on May 25, 1889 in Kiev, which at the time was part of Russia. 3 Both of his parents were physicians, giving Sikorsky the scientific grounding that he needed to develop aircraft ideas.
In 1939, he achieved his goal. He completed the VS-300, piloting the craft himself during its first flight.
Periodic table
Have you ever memorized the periodic table of elements(元素周期表) 4 It is a single document that helps the study and research of chemistry.
On Feb. 17, 1689, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down in a hurry the symbols for the chemical elements. 5 Thus, he invented the periodic table.
It was perhaps the greatest breakthrough in the history of chemistry. Indeed, nothing quite like it exists in the other subjects of science, according to Scientific American.
A. Yogurt is usually very low in fat.
B. They contributed a lot to our society.
C. And to prove it, he drank yogurt every day.
D. He became interested in flight at an early age.
E. He first made its health aspects clear to the public.
F. It is one of the most powerful icons in science.
G. He put them in order according to their atomic weights.
Passage 9 工业科学家在一所大学教书…
(2024上·新疆乌鲁木齐·高一乌鲁木齐市第十一中学校考期末)The email got my heart racing. “Thank you for letting me 1 your classes. It was an unusual experience,” it began.
As an industry scientist, I taught at a university in my spare time. By that point in the semester, I hadn’t asked the students to solve any 2 problems or even turn on their computers. Instead, I’d 3 practical exercises that taught them teamwork and communication, skills they’d need in industry. My 4 caught the attention of the university, so a teaching expert appeared in my class.
The 5 made me wonder whether university officials would praise the 6 view I brought from industry—or remove me from the classroom.
I 7 they might have been taken aback(吓一跳). But after that unsettling 8 , their email was positive: “I understand the important message you’re 9 ,” they wrote. “Today’s industry is about people, not just computers. I 10 support you. Keep up the good work.”
I’ve now been teaching this course for 4 years, enough 11 for me to see some of my students 12 and take jobs in industry. Recently, some students told me how the 13 they gained in my class helped them land their jobs. Hearing that my 14 had a positive impact on their career paths was truly 15 .
1. A. improve B. observe C. document D. organize
2. A. mental B. personal C. technical D. environmental
3. A. focused on B. cut off C. applied for D. set aside
4. A. discovery B. experience C. growth D. approach
5. A. mail B. poster C. announcement D. invitation
6. A. familiar B. traditional C. similar D. unique
7. A. admitted B. recalled C. worried D. realized
8. A. news B. opening C. conversation D. phenomenon
9. A. receiving B. collecting C. delivering D. revising
10. A. temporarily B. definitely C. mainly D. secretly
11. A. time B. energy C. confidence D. ability
12. A. recover B. return C. withdraw D. graduate
13. A. praise B. skills C. fame D. relationships
14. A. warning B. support C. teaching D. example
15. A. rewarding B. easy C. convincing D. beneficial
Passage 10 罗杰·培根和伽利略事迹
(2023 江苏南通高一月考)A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only 2 for truth. He always 3 ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 4 back to the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived 5 the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle 6 to suggest that we must learn science 7 observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself made many important discoveries.
Galileo, however, who lived more than 300 years later (1564-1642 ), was one of the greatest men, 8 in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by 9 to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 10 towards the earth than small ones, 11 Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 12 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 13 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 14 of going direct to nature, and proving our 15 and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
1. A. use B. time C. speed D. trust
2. A. reason B. cause C. advice D. result
3. A. thinks B. checks C. has D. learns
4. A. date B. keep C. look D. take
5. A. both B. each C. between D. among
6. A. Schools B. Ages C. Days D. Countries
7. A. in B. with C. on D. by
8. A. who B. when C. that D. where
9. A. ways B. degrees C. levels D. chance
10. A. slowly B. rapidly C. lightly D. heavily
11. A. although B. because C. when D. if
12. A. place B. foot C. top D. ceiling
13. A. big B. small C. equal D. unequal
14. A. spirit B. skill C. theory D. discovery
15. A. plans B. opinions C. world D. ability
Passage 11 威廉·汤姆森的生平
(2024山东济南高一校考练习)
William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he 1 for more than 50 years.
In Glasgow, Thomson 2 the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different 3 , particularly electromagnetism(电磁学) and thermodynamics(热力学). 4 Faraday(法拉第), he was responsible for the introduction of the 5 of an electromagnetic field where Thomson developed the work of the 6 of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most 7 results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature — the scale based on this is named 8 him.
Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved 9 through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical problem of the day. He was 10 as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866,for which he was knighted in 1866. His 11 in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners’ compass and 12 a tide machine and depth-measuring equipment. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be 13 by electric light.
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the 14 of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that flowed near Glasgow University and he was president of the royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December, 1907, in Ayrshire, Scotland and was 15 in Westminster Abbey.
1. A. sought B. confirmed C. admired D. held
2. A. took up B. broke up C. set up D. blew up
3. A. fields B. countries C. labs D. colleges
4. A. In spite of B. Except for C. Together with D. Regardless of
5. A. command B. condition C. contract D. concept
6. A. learners B. pioneers C. competitors D. leaders
7. A. important B. obvious C. fortunate D. positive
8. A. for B. with C. after D. on
9. A. wealth B. fame C. contribution D. enthusiasm
10. A. considered B. attracted C. employed D. accused
11. A. hobby B. desire C. success D. interest
12. A. operate B. invent C. control D. produce
13. A. lit B. built C. decorated D. equipped
14. A. title B. name C. honor D. award
15. A. preserved B. respected C. admitted D. buried
Passage 12 伟大的印度物理学家C.V.拉曼
(2023上·河北·高一校联考阶段练习)
C. V. Raman, a great Indian physicist, was born in 1888. His father was a lecturer in math and physics, so C. V. Raman was exposed to 1 (science) things from an early age. He 2 (attend) Presidency College in 1902, getting his BA in 1904 and MA in 1907. Though he was a brilliant student, there weren’t many 3 (opportunity) for scientists in India at that time. 4 , after finishing his studies, he went to work for the Indian Finance Department and carried out his experimental research on acoustics(声学).
He 5 (offer) a professorship in physics at the University of Calcutta in 1917 and stayed for the next 15 years, 6 (achieve) fame for his research there. In 1930, he won the Nobel Prize for his work in 7 field of light scattering. Raman found 8 light passes through a transparent substance(透明物质), most of the light remains unchanged but a small part of it has different wavelengths. This later is 9 (know) as the Raman effect and is very useful 10 (analyse) gases, liquids and solids, including biological tissue.
