Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world
核心 词 汇 词 组 构词法 republic, deadly, survival, province, broad, intend, herb, experiment, trial, limited, household, container, postpone, sufficient, data, error, wisdom, beneficial, conduct, illustrate, surround, indicate, accident, intelligent, favour, politician, electricity, theory, thunderstorm, metal, charge, electric, standout, bomb, involve, scientific, credit, moral, apply, ignorance, freedom, authority, permit, responsibility, declare, nationality, publish, marriage
词组: refer to, speed up, pay off, through trial and error, by accident, with a bang, let sb. down, as to, take it for granted, put forward
构词法: 通过后缀构成抽象名词，如-al, -ness, -ure, -age等。
核心 语法 ed形式的构成及其在句中所担任成分，尤其是在书面表达中的使用。
必备 能力 语篇：人物报道类语篇的文本特点；识别细节；学会如何下定义； 表达：如何用英文介绍人物，撰写校园科学节方案。
学科 素养 运用所学语言知识介绍中外著名科学家，推介中医中药，比较中西医的异同，策划一次科学节。
核心 价值 1. 学习中外优秀科学家的优秀品质； 2. 在学习和日常生活中培养勇于探索的科研精神。
引言解读
The scientist is motivated primarily by curiosity and a desire for truth. —Irving Langmuir
释义：科学家的动机主要是源于好奇心和对真理的渴望。 ——欧文·朗缪尔
启示：纵观历史，在科学研究领域，好奇心是促使研究者不断探索、勇于进取的源泉和动力。高中生应该保持对周围世界的好奇, 并将其根植于心中, 让它生根发芽；并通过自己的努力，去探索未知的世界，实现人生的目标，造福人类。
Other quotes from Irving Langmuir 1. History proves abundantly that pure science, undertaken without regard to applications to human needs, is usually ultimately of direct benefit to mankind. 历史充分证明，不考虑人类需求应用的纯科学最终通常会给人类带来直接利益。 2．Happy indeed is the scientist who not only has the pleasures which I have enumerated, but who also wins the recognition of fellow scientists and of the mankind which ultimately benefits from his endeavors. 科学家确实是幸福的，他不仅拥有我所列举的乐趣，而且还赢得了科学家同行和人类的认可，最终从他的努力中受益。 3．To my mind, the most important aspect of the Nobel Awards is that they bring home to the masses of the peoples of all nations, a realization of their common interests. They carry to those who have no direct contact with science the international spirit. 在我看来，诺贝尔奖最重要的一点是让各国人民群众认识到他们共同利益的实现。他们向那些没有直接接触科学的人传递了国际精神。
本单元旨在帮助学生认识科学发现的巨大推动作用，理解科学家的责任担当和科学精神的价值所在。在“人与社会”的主题引领下, 利用“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”话题，通过新闻报道、策划方案，演讲和事实档案几种不同语篇类型来实现本单元的主题探究。
名言作者简介 Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 31, 1881. He graduated from the School of Mines at Columbia University in 1903. Postgraduate work in Physical Chemistry under Professor Nernst in G ttingen in Germany earned him the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. in 1906. Langmuir studied chemistry, physics, and engineering. His work on filaments in gases led directly to the invention of the gas-filled incandescent lamp and to the discovery of atomic hydrogen. He was the first to observe the very stable adsorbed monatomic films on tungsten and platinum filaments, and was able, after experiments with oil films on water, to formulate a general theory of adsorbed films. In chemistry, his interest in reaction mechanism caused him to study structure and valence, and he contributed to the development of the Lewis theory of shared electrons. His achievements gained him a lot of awards, of which the most important is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in1932. Besides, he had served as President of the American Chemical Society and as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. And Honorary degrees were given upon Langmuir by 13 colleges and universities. He married Marion Mersereau in 1912. They had a son and a daughter. After a short illness, he died on August 16, 1957. (215 words) 全文翻译 欧文·朗缪尔于1881年1月31日出生于纽约布鲁克林。1903年, 他毕业于哥伦比亚大学矿业学院。1906年, 他在德国哥廷根大学能斯特教授的指导下，进行物理化学研究生工作, 并获得了硕士和博士学位。 朗缪尔的研究涵盖化学、物理和工程学。他对气体灯丝的研究直接导致了充气白炽灯的发明和原子氢的发现。他是第一个观察到钨丝和铂丝上非常稳定的吸附单原子薄膜的人,并且在对水上油膜进行实验后,能够制定吸附薄膜的一般理论。 在化学领域,他对反应机制的兴趣促使他研究结构和效价,并为路易斯共享电子理论的发展做出了贡献。他的成就使他赢得了众多的奖项。其中最重要的是1932年获得的诺贝尔化学奖。 此外, 他曾担任美国化学会主席和美国科学促进会主席。共有十三所大学授予朗缪尔荣誉学位。 1912 年, 他与Marion Mersereau结婚,并育有一儿一女。 在短暂患病后, 他于1957 年 8 月 16 日去世。 词汇积累 1. postgraduate n. 研究生 2. filament n. 灯丝 3. incandescent adj. 白炽的 4. tungsten n. 钨 5. platinum filament 铂丝 6. formulate v. 制定 7. mechanism n. 机械装置 8. valence n. 效价
语篇品读 Traditional Chinese Medicine 语篇出处https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/treatment/traditional-chinese-medicine Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a complete medical system that has been used to diagnose (诊断), treat, and prevent illnesses for more than 2,000 years. TCM is based on a belief in yin and yang, defined as opposing energies, such as earth and heaven, winter and summer, and happiness and sadness. When yin and yang are in balance, you feel relaxed and energized. Out of balance, however, they negatively affect your health. Disease, alterations in the normal flow of qi such that yin and yang are imbalanced, is thought to have three major causes: external or environmental factors, your internal emotions, and lifestyle factors, such as diet. Through the use of its unique treatment, TCM stimulates (刺激) the body's own healing mechanisms. Practices used in TCM include: acupuncture and acupressure, moxibustion (burning an herb near the skin), herbal medicine, nutrition, Chinese massage(called tui na), exercise (such as tai chi and qi gong which combine movement with meditation). Chinese immigrants (移民) had been practicing TCM in the United States since the mid-19th century, but its existence was unknown to most Americans before 1971. That year, New York Times reporter James Reston, who was in China covering former President Nixon's trip, had to have an emergency appendix (阑尾) operation. After the operation he received acupuncture for pain, and his stories about this experience with TCM fascinated the public. Since then, TCM has gone on to become a mainstream alternative medicine practiced all over the world. 读写结合 I. 阅读左边的短文，选出最佳答案。 1. What does the underlined word they refer to in paragraph 1 A. Earth and heaven. B. Winter and summer. C. Happiness and sadness. D. Yin and yang. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about A. The history of TCM. B. Functions of TCM. C. How does TCM work D. Why is TCM popular 3. According to the text, who helped TCM to be recognized by the world A. Chinese immigrants. B. Reporter James Reston. C. President Nixon. D. Chinese TCM practicers. 4. Which of the following statements is correct A. TCM didn’t appear in the United States until 1971. B. Practicing tai chi is not good for patients to recover.
C. The balance of yin and yang is the basic theory of TCM. D. President Nixon volunteered to promote TCM by himself. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C II. 结合所学到的知识，写一篇短文：介绍中西医在诊断和治疗疾病方面的不同。 As we all know, traditional Chinese doctors make diagnosis by analyzing patient’s tongue, pulse, and whole body situation (reaction, hair, posture etc.) during history. Doctors observe symptoms related to the imbalance of yin and yang. While Western Medicine bases on evidence. Doctors use modern scientific instruments to check on the human body. Diagnosis won’t appear until all evidences are collected. In terms of treatment, TCM bases on the theory of balance between yin and yang. The treatment may be different even if with the same symptom. On the other hands, different diseases may use the same method of treatment if they have similar yin and yang imbalance. Medicines are mostly from nature, for example, herbs. On the contrary, Western Medicine directly targets to how the disease arises. For example, doctors will use antibiotics to kill bacteria, or use surgery to remove the bad tissue of the body, etc. Chemical medicines and surgery are the two major means used to help the patients.
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与自我 生命的意义与价值 年龄最小的诺贝尔获奖者及其贡献 ★★★★
（2023-2024学年 湖南长沙麓山国际实验学校高一第一次适应性检测）阅读理解
Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Prize winner, is a Pakistani teenage girl. And she is best known for her wonderful work advancing the education and rights of women and girls in Pakistan.
Born in 1997, Malala grew up in the Swat Valley in northern Pakistan, where the leading party gained control in 2007, and education for girls and cultural activities like playing music and flying kites were banned (禁止).
Despite the dangers, Malala continued to attend school and became an outspoken speaker for educational rights for girls in Pakistan. In 2012, at the age of 15, she was shot in the head on her way home from school.
Fortunately, Malala survived the attack and continued her work from abroad, eventually becoming the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014, at the age of just 17.
Malala’s story proves the power of cultural diversity and the importance of fighting for equal rights and opportunities for all to the world. Her unshakable devotion to education and helping women and girls for their rights has inspired people around the world and serves as a reminder that even in the face of great adversities, change is possible.
In addition to her work, Malala has also founded the Malala Fund, which aims to provide education and resources to girls in some of the world’s least developed areas.
Today, Malala continues to be a leading voice in the fight for equality and justice, and her story also serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of preserving and celebrating diversity in all its forms.
1. What does Malala Yousafzai want most to achieve for girls in Pakistan
A. Their rights for voting. B. Their rights for schooling.
C. Their opportunities for jobs. D. Their chances for key positions.
2. What does the underlined word “adversities” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Times. B. Difficulties. C. Situations. D. Puzzles.
3. Which of the following can best describe Malala Yousafzai
A. Ambitious and energetic. B. Responsible and thoughtful.
C. Brave and determined D. Pioneering and adventurous.
4. What does the text mainly focus on about Mala la
A. Her surviving the killing.
B. Her winning the Noble Peace Prize.
C. Her seeking for justice for her people.
D. Her fighting for equal rights for females.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D
【解析】
本文是记叙文。这篇短文主要介绍了巴基斯坦的一个年少女孩——Malala Yousafzai。她因为争取妇女平等权利而获得诺贝尔和平奖。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。原文第一段“Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Prizewinner, is a Pakistani teenage girl. And she is best known for her wonderful work promoting the education and rights of women and girls in Pakistan. (马拉拉 优素福扎伊是最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主，她是一名巴基斯坦少女。她最为人所知的是她在促进巴基斯坦妇女和女孩的教育和权利方面的出色工作)”可知，马拉拉 优素福扎伊为巴基斯坦女孩争取最大的利益是接受教育的权利。选项B中的schooling，意思就是education。故选B。设问方式为语义转换，即换一种说法。通常是用简单常见的表达替换复杂不常见或专业的说法。
【2题详解】
词句猜测题。根据三段“Despite the dangers, Mala la continued to attend school and became an outspoken speaker for educational rights for girls in Pakistan. In 2012, at the age of 15, she was shot in the head on her way home from school. (尽管有危险，马拉拉继续上学，并成为巴基斯坦女孩受教育权的直言不讳的演讲者。2012年，15岁的她在放学回家的路上头部中弹)”可知，在争取权益的过程中会面临挑战和危险，结合划线词所在句“Her unshakable devotion to education and helping women and girls for their rights has inspired people around the world and serves as a reminder that even in the face of great adversities, change is possible. (她坚定不移地致力于教育事业，帮助妇女和女童争取权利，这激励了世界各地的人们，并提醒人们，即使面临巨大的adversities，变革也是可能的)” 可推知，划线词adversities即上文指的在争取权利过程面临的“困境，危险”，与B项difficulties (困难) 意思相近。故选B。本小题的设问方式是通过上下文的语义和逻辑来推断出生词的含义。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Despite the dangers, Mala la continued to attend school and became an outspoken speaker for educational rights for girls in Pakistan. In 2012, at the age of 15, she was shot in the head on her way home from school(尽管有危险，马拉拉继续上学，并成为巴基斯坦 女孩受教育权的直言不讳的演讲者。2012年，15岁的她在放学回家的路上头部中弹)”和倒数第二段“In addition to her work, Mala la has also founded the Malala Fund, which aims to provide education and resources to girls in some of the world’s least developed areas. (除了她的工作，马拉拉还成立了马拉拉基金，旨在为世界上一些最不发达地区的女孩提供教育和资源)”可知，尽管马拉拉遭遇危险，但是她并没有妥协，而是继续勇敢的为妇女权利而战。由此推知，她是勇敢并坚定的。故选C。
【4题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Prizewinner, is a Pakistani teenage girl. And she is best known for her wonderful work promoting the education and rights of women and girls in Pakistan. (马拉拉 优素福扎伊是最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主，她是一名巴基斯坦少女。她最为人所知的是她在促进巴基斯坦妇女和女孩的教育和权利方面的出色工作)”和倒数第二段“In addition to her work, Mala la has also founded the Malala Fund, which aims to provide education and resources to girls in some of the world’s least developed areas. (除了她的工作，马拉拉还成立了马拉拉基金，旨在为世界上一些最不发达地区的女孩提供教育和资源)”可推知，文章主要集中讲述了马拉拉为女性争取平等权利的斗争。故选D。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学与技术 机器人接管人类的忧虑 ★★★★
（江苏省扬州中学2022-2023学年第二学期期中考试 高一英语） 阅读理解
It’s easy to believe that robots are stealing jobs from human workers and badly affect the job market; after all, you’ve likely heard that they are tracking and moving packages without the use of human hands.
But there’s no need to worry about a robot takeover just yet, says a new study from BYU sociology professor Eric Dahlin. Dahlin’s research found that robots aren’t replacing humans at the rate most people think, but people are likely to greatly exaggerate (夸大) the rate of robot takeover.
To understand the relationship between job loss and robots, Dahlin surveyed nearly 2,000 people about their views on jobs being replaced by robots. They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots.
The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times.
“Our understanding of robots taking over jobs is greatly exaggerated,” says Dahlin. Those who haven’t lost jobs overstate it by about double, and those who have lost jobs overstate it by about three times. Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs.
The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way. “An everyday example is an autonomous machine at your local department store,” says Dahlin. “This robot cleans the floors while employees clean under shelves or other difficult-to-reach places.”
5. How did Eric Dahlin carry out his research
A. By asking people questions. B. By comparing early studies.
C. By interviewing employers. D. By studying new businesses.
6. What might add to people’s worry about robot takeover according to the text
A. Low pay. B. Physical health.
C. News reports. D. Fewer workplaces.
7. Which statement will Eric Dahlin probably agree with
A. Work experience matters too much.
B. Job markets will be affected seriously.
C. All human workers will be replaced.
D. Robots can work as human partners.
8. What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To discuss whether robots are really better than humans.
B. To remove the worry that robots will replace humans completely.
C. To state a fact that media play a very important role in job markets.
D. To describe a phenomenon that humans are being replaced by robots.
【答案】 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B
【解析】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了杨百翰大学社会学教授埃里克·达林（Eric Dahlin）的一项新研究表明，目前还没有必要担心机器人会接管人类。达林的研究发现，机器人取代人类的速度并不像大多数人想象的那样快，但人们可能会大大夸大机器人取代人类的速度。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“To understand the relationship between job loss and robots, Dahlin surveyed nearly 2,000 people about their views on jobs being replaced by robots. They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots.”（为了了解失业和机器人之间的关系，达林调查了近2000人对机器人取代工作的看法。他们首先被要求猜测雇主用机器人取代工作的员工比例。然后，他们被问及雇主是否曾用机器人取代过他们的工作。）可推知，埃里克·达林是通过问别人问题来进行他的研究的。故选A项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs.”（引人注目的头条新闻称，就业前景堪忧，这可能夸大了机器人取代人类工作的情况。）可知，新闻报道会增加人们对机器人接管的担忧。故选C项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way. “An everyday example is an autonomous machine at your local department store,” says Dahlin. “This robot cleans the floors while employees clean under shelves or other difficult-to-reach places.”（这一发现符合早期的研究，即机器人不会取代工人。相反，员工和机器人一起工作的工作场所在某种程度上创造了更多的价值。达林说：“一个日常的例子是你当地百货公司的自动机器。“机器人会清洁地板, 而员工清洁货架下面或其他机器人难以触及的地方时。”）可推知，埃里克·达林可能会同意机器人可以作为人类的伙伴工作这一说法。故选D项。
【8题详解】
写作意图。由第二段可知。“But there’s no need to worry about a robot takeover just yet, says a new study from BYU sociology professor Eric Dahlin. Dahlin’s research found that robots aren’t replacing humans at the rate most people think, but people are likely to greatly exaggerate (夸大) the rate of robot takeover. ”（但杨百翰大学的社会学家Eric Dahlin教授说，目前尚没有必要担心机器人会代替人工的问题。Dahlin的研究发现，机器人现在并没有以人们想象的速度代替人类。人们可能夸大了这个速度。）所以选B。那为什么人们会有这个错觉？通过研究作者发现：被采访对象的不同，对此所持的态度也不同。“The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times. ”(研究发现，14%的工人说他们的工作被机器人替换了。但是对于那些真正经历过工作被机器人替换的人来说，其说法大约夸大了三倍。) 接下来的“Those who haven’t lost jobs overstate it by about double, and those who have lost jobs overstate it by about three times. Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs.” （而那些未经历过工作被机器人接替的人来说，其说法大约夸大了两倍。未来就业糟糕这类引人注目的标题，可能过分渲染了机器人接替人工的氛围。）再到“The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers.” ）所有的这些都是错觉的原因，误导了很多人。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与自我 生活与学习 如何建造自己的化学实验室 ★★★
本文出处：https://www./Build-Your-Own-Chemistry-Lab
Build Your Own Chemistry Lab
If you really enjoy doing chemistry experiments, it might be a good idea to build your own lab at home. It is essential that you do everything safely and obtain chemical supplies in an appropriate way. 1
2 Many chemicals and chemical reactions release smells that can be dangerous to your health. Proper air-flow is essential for your home chemistry lab. In addition, you want to work in a dry space. Temperature is important for the long-term storage of many chemicals.
Ensure the location has a lot of light. Being able to see what you are doing during experiments is extremely important. If your space does not have enough light, buy some floor lamps to increase the lighting. 3 Rooms with windows provide nice natural light and increase the ventilation.
Work near running water. Although not essential, having access to running water and the sewer system can be very convenient. It is good not only for your experiments but also from a safety perspective. If this is not possible, fill a large container, such as a 5-gallon bottle, with water. You will need water for many of your experiments. 4
Get the basic equipment and tools for experiments. 5 So thermometers, pH paper, a milligram scale, hot plates, stir plates, and stir bars are all essential to starting your lab. Tools such as forceps, scoops, and tongs for hot flasks are useful as well. A small basic microscope might also be beneficial, too. (275 words)
A．Choose an airy room.
B．Ask a chemist for advice.
C．Here are some tips for you.
D．Prepare some useful chemicals.
E．It is useful to have a large amount nearby.
F．A clever woman can’t make a meal without rice.
G．A well-lit space will help avoid injury while experimenting.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．G 4．E 5．F
【解析】这是一篇应用文，谈到了几个家庭自建化学实验室的建议。
1．承上启下，引出以下的建议。故选C。注意这种“总—分—分”结构的语篇。
2．主题句的考查。下文“Proper air-flow is essential for your home chemistry lab.” 可以推出通风是首先要考虑的事情。故选A。
3．内容、意义一致。本段句首“Ensure the location has a lot of light” 暗示只有“A well-lit space will help avoid injury while experimenting.”与这句在内容上一致。故选G。
4．意思的递进。本段句首“Work near running water.” 表明实验室需要靠近水源。先是说“Although not essential，”到“fill a large container, such as a 5-gallon a 5-gallon bottle, with water；”接下来便是最好还是有大量的水，即“It is useful to have a large amount nearby.” 故选E。
5．对比对照。段首说“Get the basic equipment and tools for experiments”（做实验需要必要的工具）. “A clever woman can’t make a meal without rice.”（巧妇难为无米之炊）与前一句形成对比，行文上相互呼应。故选F。
学法指导
人物类新闻报道常是按时间顺序展开的，突出人物的成长和研究经历，以及所取得的成就。阅读时，关注以下几方面的细节：
Great achievement.
Name, date and place of birth of the individual.
Education and occupation.
Overcome difficulty.
Final success.
Individual's significance to their field and impact on the world.
人物类新闻报道和人物传记有相同之处，尤其是他们的成就。例如：都是对人物的介绍。但新闻报道更加注重时效性，报道的是刚刚（或近期）发生的事情，时态甚至会用一般现在时，如本文的标题Chinese scientists wins 2015 Nobel Prize。篇幅相对于人物传记而言要短很多。新闻的特点限制了记者不可能花上大篇幅来介绍人物及其相关事件，往往只择其要点。
I. 阅读课文，完成下面表格，每空不超过三个单词。
Basic information about Tu Youyou
Birth time 1930 Birth place Ningbo, Zhejiang Province
Graduated from Beijing University Worked at The Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Research field Make qinghaosu extract Purpose Cure for malaria
Achievement Extracted qinghaosu Prize The Nobel Prize in in Physiology or Medicine in 2015
Text Conponent
Parts Paragraphs Main idea
I 1 Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize for the discovery of qinghaosu.
II 2 Tu Youyou acquired a broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.
III 3-5 Tu Youyou and her team solved a lot of problems before they successfully discovered qinghaosu.
IV 6 Tu Youyou and her team's efforts finally paid off.
Problems and solution during the research
The extracts failed to produce any promising results. Tu Youyou referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again, redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the qinghao herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.
Tu and her team could not produce enough qinghao extract because research resources were limited. Tu Youyou and her team managed to find solutions to the problem, e.g. using household water containers instead of research equipment.
Tu and her team did not have sufficient safety data to start trials on patients. Tu Youyou and her team volunteered to test the qinghao extract on themselves.
Further dicussion
Fine qualities Tu Youyou shows as a scientist Well-educated, brave, perseverance, focused, careful, earnest…
Your opinion about traditional Chinese medicine Practical, economical, easy to use,
II. 课文阅读理解
1．Which fact is not mentioned in the text
A. Tu’s medical experiments.
B. Tu’s education background.
C. The clinical test of qinghaosu.
D. The market performance of qinghaosu.
2．Where might the passage probably be taken from
A．A doctor training manual. B．A news report in a newspaper.
C．A new medicine instruction. D．A auto-biography of Tu Youyou.
3. Which sentence can NOT be used to describe Tu’s way to success
A. Rome was not built in a day. B. Chance favors the prepared mind
C. When in Rome do as the Romes do. D. Constant dripping wears away a stone.
4．What's probably the main idea of the text
A．Tu Youyou's greatest contribution to the traditional Chinese medicine.
B．A introduction to Tu Youyou’s great value in curing the disease malaria.
C．How was female scientist Tu Youyou famous all over the world overnight.
D．Female Chinese Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou and her research for curing malaria.
5．What can be inferred from the Tu Youyou’s experience
A．There was no shortcut to success.
B．Two heads are better than one.
C．There is no royal road to learning.
D．TCM is the best medicine for malaria.
【答案】 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A
III. 课文语法填空
As a female scientist, Youyou Tu was honored for discovering the anti-malaria drug artemisinin, or qinghaosu. She is the first mainland Chinese scientist 1 (win) the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the history of science in China.
In the 1960s, many people 2 (infect) with malaria and many died of it. At that time Tu Yoyyou worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where she 3 (be) now Chief Scientist. In 1969, Tu became head of a team which intended 4 (find) a cure for the disease. To realize this dream, Tu Youyou referred to many Chinese ancient medical books and exprimented with her colleagues day and night. They tried to find solutions 5 every problem they met during the research constantly. On October 1971, qinghao extract was made by trial and error. 6 , the purity was not satisying. As a result they had to find a new kind of qinghaosu separation purifying technique. As an old saying goes, everything comes to him who waits. In November 1972, they successfully isolated the most effective part of the extract, 7 is a key part of many malaria medicines. Unfortunately for the team, a new challenge approached. They needed to estimate the effects of clinical trials from large data sets. This time, they volunteered to test on 8 (they) bravely. This sped up the clinical and medicinal application of the medicine.
In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou encouraged scientists to 9 (far) explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine and raise it to a 10 (high) level. (261 words)
【答案】
1. winning 2. were infected 3. is 4. to find 5. to 6. However 7. which 8. themselves 9. further 10. higher
阅读微技能 事实细节和主旨大意 事实细节题在阅读理解试题中所占的比例最大，是及格的保证, 稍显简单。而主旨大意题相对较难，却是高分的必备。事实细节题的设问方式大多是通过语义的转换而实现；主旨大意题主要考查考生的“统领”能力。回答时往往需要纵观全局，整体把握，不能只见树木不见森林；或以“点”带“面”，以偏概全等。本部分阅读将以高考真题来阐释上述策略的运用。
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 社会服务与人际沟通 益智游戏可以更好地培养孩子的空间技巧 ★★★★
（2020·新高考Ⅱ卷B篇）阅读理解
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial (空间) skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. (251 words)
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment
A. Parents' age. B. Children's imagination.
C. Parents' education. D. Child-parent relationship.
3. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
【答案】 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B
【解读】文章介绍了益智游戏可以更好地培养孩子的空间技巧。
1. B. 细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话 “Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial (空间) skills.” (芝加哥大学幼儿数学发展专家、心理学家苏珊·莱文发现,在2岁至4岁之间玩益智游戏的儿童在以后会发展更好的空间技能) 可知B项 (发展空间技能) 正确。
2. C. 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句话“Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.”(莱文说,在参照了父母的收入、教育程度和家长谈话量的差异后,益智游戏被发现是认知能力的一个重要预测因素)可知C项(父母的教育)正确。
3. D. 细节理解题。根据第五段的最后一句话 “However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.” (然而,男孩比女孩更倾向于玩更复杂的益智游戏,而且男孩的父母比女孩的父母提供更多的空间语言,并且在益智游戏中更活跃) 可知D项 (他们可能会玩更难的益智游戏) 正确。
4. B. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段和第三段出现的researchers,第二段出现的psychologist、expert以及最后一段出现的findings、published、the journal Developmental Science可知B项 (一项科学研究) 正确。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与自我 生活与学习 Abby Jaramillo等老师发起的Urban Sprouts花园项目 ★★★★
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷 B篇）阅读理解
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection (解剖), tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” （273 words）
5. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
6. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.
C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.
7. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable.
C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
8. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape
【答案】 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. B
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。
5. D. 细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. (起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)” 可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。
6. C. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. (她说。“他们来找我们，认为蔬菜不好吃，泥土很脏，昆虫可怕。” 虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)” 可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。
7. A. 推理判断题。根据最后一段 She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪失控问题。“他们走了出去，” 她说，“他们觉得成功。”) 可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. ” (起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。) 以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了 Abby Jaramillo 等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的 Urban Sprouts 花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此 推断 B 项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选 B。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与自我 做人与做事 体育赛事中的善举 ★★★★
（2023·新高考卷I 完形填空）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have 1 the course earlier than she did. Her 2 came because she was carrying a 3 across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her 4 when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She 5 to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with 6 . She couldn’t. Bailey then 7 to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 8 attention.
Once there, Lenoue was 9 and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme 10 to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey, she is more 11 about why her act is considered a big 12 . “She was just crying. I couldn’t 13 her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the 14 , they’ve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the 15 of human kindness won the day. (226 words)
1. A. designed B. followed C. changed D. finished
2. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse
3. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor
4. A. race B. school C. town D. training
5. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised
6. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice
7. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D. bent down
8. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal
9. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated
10. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness
11. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged
12. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal
13. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand
14. A. ride B. test C. meet D. show
15. A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange
【答案】 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是在明尼苏达州举行的一次越野赛中，Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线并接受医疗检查的善举。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛。A. designed设计；B. followed跟随；C. changed改变；D. finished完成。根据下一段的“carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 8 attention”可知，Bailey在比赛中背一名参赛者，所以完成比赛晚了，因此句子表示“Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛”。故选D。
2. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。A. delay延误；B. chance机会；C. trouble麻烦；D. excuse借口。根据上文“Melanie Bailey should have 1 the course earlier than she did”和上一题的解析可知，Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛，她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。故选A。
3. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。A. judge裁判；B. volunteer志愿者；C. classmate同学；D. competitor参赛者。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，她是背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。故选D。
4. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：据当地一家报纸报道，当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候，她前面的一名选手开始痛苦地哭泣。A. race比赛；B. school学校；C. town城镇；D. training训练。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，此处是说“当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候”。故选A。
5. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。A. agreed同意；B. returned回来；C. stopped停止；D. promised答应。根据下文“to help her fellow runner”可知，她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。故选C。
6. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Bailey扶着她的胳膊，看看她能否帮助下向前走。A. courage勇气；B. aid帮助；C. patience耐心；D. advice建议。根据上文“Bailey took her arm”可知，此处表示看她是否能在她的帮助下向前走。故选B。
7. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. went away离开； B. stood up站起来；C. stepped aside让路；D. bent down弯腰。根据下文“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知，Bailey弯下腰，让勒诺爬到她的背上。故选D。
8. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. medical医疗的；B. public公众的；C. constant持续不断的；D. equal平等的。根据上文“began crying in pain”可知，Danielle Lenoue很疼，所以是要接受治疗，medical attention意为“医疗救助”。故选A。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Lenoue在那里接受了检查，后来被送往医院，在那里她得知自己的一个膝盖受了重伤。A. interrupted打断；B. assessed评估；C. identified识别；D. appreciated感激。根据下文“later taken to a hospital”可知，她是先接受了检查，再被送往医院，也就是先接受评估。故选B。
10. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站。A. hunger饥饿；B. pain疼痛；C. cold感冒；D. tiredness疲劳。根据第5空前的“began crying in pain”可知，此处表示“如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站”。故选B。
11. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. worried担心的；B. ashamed惭愧的；C. confused困惑的；D. discouraged泄气的。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑。故选C。
12. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. game游戏；B. problem问题；C. lesson课；D. deal交易，局面。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑，a big deal意为“非常重要的事”。故选D。
13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不能离开她。A. leave离开；B. cure治愈；C. bother打扰；D. understand理解。根据上文“She was just crying”以及Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺。可知，Bailey看见Lenoue哭喊，所以觉得不能离开她。故选A。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人，但后来她们成了朋友。A. ride短途旅程；B. test测试；C. meet田径运动会；D. show展示。根据第一段“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”及空前的“the two young women were strangers before”可知，当时是一场比赛，句子表示“这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人”。故选C。
15. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：两人都没有赢得比赛，但展示出的人类善良赢得了胜利。A. secret秘密；B. display展示；C. benefit利益；D. exchange交换。根据第二段的“let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 8 attention”可知，Bailey背着一个参赛者过终点，并背她去接受检查，这展示了人类的善良，故选B。Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world
核心 词 汇 词 组 构词法 republic, deadly, survival, province, broad, intend, herb, experiment, trial, limited, household, container, postpone, sufficient, data, error, wisdom, beneficial, conduct, illustrate, surround, indicate, accident, intelligent, favour, politician, electricity, theory, thunderstorm, metal, charge, electric, standout, bomb, involve, scientific, credit, moral, apply, ignorance, freedom, authority, permit, responsibility, declare, nationality, publish, marriage
词组: refer to, speed up, pay off, through trial and error, by accident, with a bang, let sb. down, as to, take it for granted, put forward
构词法: 通过后缀构成抽象名词，如-al, -ness, -ure, -age等。
核心 语法 ed形式的构成及其在句中所担任成分，尤其是在书面表达中的使用。
必备 能力 语篇：人物报道类语篇的文本特点；识别细节；学会如何下定义； 表达：如何用英文介绍人物，撰写校园科学节方案。
学科 素养 运用所学语言知识介绍中外著名科学家，推介中医中药，比较中西医的异同，策划一次科学节。
核心 价值 1. 学习中外优秀科学家的优秀品质； 2. 在学习和日常生活中培养勇于探索的科研精神。
引言解读
The scientist is motivated primarily by curiosity and a desire for truth. —Irving Langmuir
释义：科学家的动机主要是源于好奇心和对真理的渴望。 ——欧文·朗缪尔
启示：纵观历史，在科学研究领域，好奇心是促使研究者不断探索、勇于进取的源泉和动力。高中生应该保持对周围世界的好奇, 并将其根植于心中, 让它生根发芽；并通过自己的努力，去探索未知的世界，实现人生的目标，造福人类。
Other quotes from Irving Langmuir 1. History proves abundantly that pure science, undertaken without regard to applications to human needs, is usually ultimately of direct benefit to mankind. 历史充分证明，不考虑人类需求应用的纯科学最终通常会给人类带来直接利益。 2．Happy indeed is the scientist who not only has the pleasures which I have enumerated, but who also wins the recognition of fellow scientists and of the mankind which ultimately benefits from his endeavors. 科学家确实是幸福的，他不仅拥有我所列举的乐趣，而且还赢得了科学家同行和人类的认可，最终从他的努力中受益。 3．To my mind, the most important aspect of the Nobel Awards is that they bring home to the masses of the peoples of all nations, a realization of their common interests. They carry to those who have no direct contact with science the international spirit. 在我看来，诺贝尔奖最重要的一点是让各国人民群众认识到他们共同利益的实现。他们向那些没有直接接触科学的人传递了国际精神。
本单元旨在帮助学生认识科学发现的巨大推动作用，理解科学家的责任担当和科学精神的价值所在。在“人与社会”的主题引领下, 利用“科学家、科学发现和科学精神”话题，通过新闻报道、策划方案，演讲和事实档案几种不同语篇类型来实现本单元的主题探究。
名言作者简介 Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 31, 1881. He graduated from the School of Mines at Columbia University in 1903. Postgraduate work in Physical Chemistry under Professor Nernst in G ttingen in Germany earned him the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. in 1906. Langmuir studied chemistry, physics, and engineering. His work on filaments in gases led directly to the invention of the gas-filled incandescent lamp and to the discovery of atomic hydrogen. He was the first to observe the very stable adsorbed monatomic films on tungsten and platinum filaments, and was able, after experiments with oil films on water, to formulate a general theory of adsorbed films. In chemistry, his interest in reaction mechanism caused him to study structure and valence, and he contributed to the development of the Lewis theory of shared electrons. His achievements gained him a lot of awards, of which the most important is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in1932. Besides, he had served as President of the American Chemical Society and as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. And Honorary degrees were given upon Langmuir by 13 colleges and universities. He married Marion Mersereau in 1912. They had a son and a daughter. After a short illness, he died on August 16, 1957. (215 words) 全文翻译 欧文·朗缪尔于1881年1月31日出生于纽约布鲁克林。1903年, 他毕业于哥伦比亚大学矿业学院。1906年, 他在德国哥廷根大学能斯特教授的指导下，进行物理化学研究生工作, 并获得了硕士和博士学位。 朗缪尔的研究涵盖化学、物理和工程学。他对气体灯丝的研究直接导致了充气白炽灯的发明和原子氢的发现。他是第一个观察到钨丝和铂丝上非常稳定的吸附单原子薄膜的人,并且在对水上油膜进行实验后,能够制定吸附薄膜的一般理论。 在化学领域,他对反应机制的兴趣促使他研究结构和效价,并为路易斯共享电子理论的发展做出了贡献。他的成就使他赢得了众多的奖项。其中最重要的是1932年获得的诺贝尔化学奖。 此外, 他曾担任美国化学会主席和美国科学促进会主席。共有十三所大学授予朗缪尔荣誉学位。 1912 年, 他与Marion Mersereau结婚,并育有一儿一女。 在短暂患病后, 他于1957 年 8 月 16 日去世。 词汇积累 1. postgraduate n. 研究生 2. filament n. 灯丝 3. incandescent adj. 白炽的 4. tungsten n. 钨 5. platinum filament 铂丝 6. formulate v. 制定 7. mechanism n. 机械装置 8. valence n. 效价
语篇品读 Traditional Chinese Medicine 语篇出处https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/treatment/traditional-chinese-medicine Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a complete medical system that has been used to diagnose (诊断), treat, and prevent illnesses for more than 2,000 years. TCM is based on a belief in yin and yang, defined as opposing energies, such as earth and heaven, winter and summer, and happiness and sadness. When yin and yang are in balance, you feel relaxed and energized. Out of balance, however, they negatively affect your health. Disease, alterations in the normal flow of qi such that yin and yang are imbalanced, is thought to have three major causes: external or environmental factors, your internal emotions, and lifestyle factors, such as diet. Through the use of its unique treatment, TCM stimulates (刺激) the body's own healing mechanisms. Practices used in TCM include: acupuncture and acupressure, moxibustion (burning an herb near the skin), herbal medicine, nutrition, Chinese massage(called tui na), exercise (such as tai chi and qi gong which combine movement with meditation). Chinese immigrants (移民) had been practicing TCM in the United States since the mid-19th century, but its existence was unknown to most Americans before 1971. That year, New York Times reporter James Reston, who was in China covering former President Nixon's trip, had to have an emergency appendix (阑尾) operation. After the operation he received acupuncture for pain, and his stories about this experience with TCM fascinated the public. Since then, TCM has gone on to become a mainstream alternative medicine practiced all over the world. 读写结合 I. 阅读左边的短文，选出最佳答案。 1. What does the underlined word they refer to in paragraph 1 A. Earth and heaven. B. Winter and summer. C. Happiness and sadness. D. Yin and yang. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about A. The history of TCM. B. Functions of TCM. C. How does TCM work D. Why is TCM popular 3. According to the text, who helped TCM to be recognized by the world A. Chinese immigrants. B. Reporter James Reston. C. President Nixon. D. Chinese TCM practicers. 4. Which of the following statements is correct A. TCM didn’t appear in the United States until 1971. B. Practicing tai chi is not good for patients to recover.
C. The balance of yin and yang is the basic theory of TCM. D. President Nixon volunteered to promote TCM by himself. II. 结合所学到的知识，写一篇短文：介绍中西医在诊断和治疗疾病方面的不同。
Passage 1
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人与自我 生命的意义与价值 年龄最小的诺贝尔获奖者及其贡献 ★★★★
（2023-2024学年 湖南长沙麓山国际实验学校高一第一次适应性检测）
Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Prize winner, is a Pakistani teenage girl. And she is best known for her wonderful work advancing the education and rights of women and girls in Pakistan.
Born in 1997, Malala grew up in the Swat Valley in northern Pakistan, where the leading party gained control in 2007, and education for girls and cultural activities like playing music and flying kites were banned (禁止).
Despite the dangers, Malala continued to attend school and became an outspoken speaker for educational rights for girls in Pakistan. In 2012, at the age of 15, she was shot in the head on her way home from school.
Fortunately, Malala survived the attack and continued her work from abroad, eventually becoming the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014, at the age of just 17.
Malala’s story proves the power of cultural diversity and the importance of fighting for equal rights and opportunities for all to the world. Her unshakable devotion to education and helping women and girls for their rights has inspired people around the world and serves as a reminder that even in the face of great adversities, change is possible.
In addition to her work, Malala has also founded the Malala Fund, which aims to provide education and resources to girls in some of the world’s least developed areas.
Today, Malala continues to be a leading voice in the fight for equality and justice, and her story also serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of preserving and celebrating diversity in all its forms.
1. What does Malala Yousafzai want most to achieve for girls in Pakistan
A. Their rights for voting. B. Their rights for schooling.
C. Their opportunities for jobs. D. Their chances for key positions.
2. What does the underlined word “adversities” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Times. B. Difficulties. C. Situations. D. Puzzles.
3. Which of the following can best describe Malala Yousafzai
A. Ambitious and energetic. B. Responsible and thoughtful.
C. Brave and determined D. Pioneering and adventurous.
4. What does the text mainly focus on about Mala la
A. Her surviving the killing.
B. Her winning the Noble Peace Prize.
C. Her seeking for justice for her people.
D. Her fighting for equal rights for females.
Passage 2
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人与社会 科学与技术 机器人接管人类的忧虑 ★★★★
（江苏省扬州中学2022-2023学年第二学期期中考试 高一英语）
It’s easy to believe that robots are stealing jobs from human workers and badly affect the job market; after all, you’ve likely heard that they are tracking and moving packages without the use of human hands.
But there’s no need to worry about a robot takeover just yet, says a new study from BYU sociology professor Eric Dahlin. Dahlin’s research found that robots aren’t replacing humans at the rate most people think, but people are likely to greatly exaggerate (夸大) the rate of robot takeover.
To understand the relationship between job loss and robots, Dahlin surveyed nearly 2,000 people about their views on jobs being replaced by robots. They were first asked to guess what is the percentage of employees whose employers have replaced jobs with robots. They were then asked whether their employers have ever replaced their jobs with robots.
The study found that only 14% of workers say they’ve seen their job replaced by a robot. But those who have experienced job displacement due to a robot overstate the effect of robots taking jobs from humans by about three times.
“Our understanding of robots taking over jobs is greatly exaggerated,” says Dahlin. Those who haven’t lost jobs overstate it by about double, and those who have lost jobs overstate it by about three times. Eye-catching headlines saying a bad future of employment have likely overblown the situation of robots taking over jobs.
The finding fits early studies, which suggest that robots aren’t replacing workers. Rather, workplaces, where both employees and robots are working together, deliver more value in a way. “An everyday example is an autonomous machine at your local department store,” says Dahlin. “This robot cleans the floors while employees clean under shelves or other difficult-to-reach places.”
5. How did Eric Dahlin carry out his research
A. By asking people questions. B. By comparing early studies.
C. By interviewing employers. D. By studying new businesses.
6. What might add to people’s worry about robot takeover according to the text
A. Low pay. B. Physical health.
C. News reports. D. Fewer workplaces.
7. Which statement will Eric Dahlin probably agree with
A. Work experience matters too much.
B. Job markets will be affected seriously.
C. All human workers will be replaced.
D. Robots can work as human partners.
8. What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To discuss whether robots are really better than humans.
B. To remove the worry that robots will replace humans completely.
C. To state a fact that media play a very important role in job markets.
D. To describe a phenomenon that humans are being replaced by robots.
Passage 3
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人与自我 生活与学习 如何建造自己的化学实验室 ★★★★
本文出处：https://www./Build-Your-Own-Chemistry-Lab
Build Your Own Chemistry Lab
If you really enjoy doing chemistry experiments, it might be a good idea to build your own lab at home. It is essential that you do everything safely and obtain chemical supplies in an appropriate way. 1
2 Many chemicals and chemical reactions release smells that can be dangerous to your health. Proper air-flow is essential for your home chemistry lab. In addition, you want to work in a dry space. Temperature is important for the long-term storage of many chemicals.
Ensure the location has a lot of light. Being able to see what you are doing during experiments is extremely important. If your space does not have enough light, buy some floor lamps to increase the lighting. 3 Rooms with windows provide nice natural light and increase the ventilation.
Work near running water. Although not essential, having access to running water and the sewer system can be very convenient. It is good not only for your experiments but also from a safety perspective. If this is not possible, fill a large container, such as a 5-gallon bottle, with water. You will need water for many of your experiments. 4
Get the basic equipment and tools for experiments. 5 So thermometers, pH paper, a milligram scale, hot plates, stir plates, and stir bars are all essential to starting your lab. Tools such as forceps, scoops, and tongs for hot flasks are useful as well. A small basic microscope might also be beneficial, too. (275 words)
A．Choose an airy room.
B．Ask a chemist for advice.
C．Here are some tips for you.
D．Prepare some useful chemicals.
E．It is useful to have a large amount nearby.
F．A clever woman can’t make a meal without rice.
G．A well-lit space will help avoid injury while experimenting.
学法指导
人物类新闻报道常是按时间顺序展开的，突出人物的成长和研究经历，以及所取得的成就。阅读时，关注以下几方面的细节：
Great achievement.
Name, date and place of birth of the individual.
Education and occupation.
Overcome difficulty.
Final success.
Individual's significance to their field and impact on the world.
人物类新闻报道和人物传记有相同之处，尤其是他们的成就。例如：都是对人物的介绍。但新闻报道更加注重时效性，报道的是刚刚（或近期）发生的事情，时态甚至会用一般现在时，如本文的标题Chinese scientists wins 2015 Nobel Prize。篇幅相对于人物传记而言要短很多。新闻的特点限制了记者不可能花上大篇幅来介绍人物及其相关事件，往往只择其要点。
I. 阅读课文，完成下面表格，每空不超过三个单词。
Basic information about Tu Youyou
Birth time _________________ Birth place _________________
Graduated from _________________ Worked at The _________________ of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Research field _________________ Purpose _________________
Achievement Extracted qinghaosu Prize The Nobel Prize in in Physiology or _________________ in 2015
Text Conponent
Parts Paragraphs Main idea
I 1 Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize for the _________________ .
II 2 Tu Youyou acquired _________________ of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.
III 3-5 Tu Youyou and her team _________________ a lot of problems before they successfully discovered qinghaosu.
IV 6 Tu Youyou and her team's efforts finally ________________.
Problems and solution during the research
The extracts failed to produce any promising results. Tu Youyou referred to the ancient books of ______________ again, redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the qinghao herb at a low temperature in order not to damage _________________.
Tu and her team could not produce enough qinghao extract because research resources were limited. Tu Youyou and her team managed to find solutions to the problem, e.g. using _________________ instead of research equipment.
Tu and her team did not have sufficient safety data to start trials on patients. Tu Youyou and her team _________________ the qinghao extract on themselves.
Further dicussion
Fine qualities Tu Youyou shows as a scientist _________________ (文字总数不限)
Your opinion about traditional Chinese medicine _________________ (文字总数不限)
II. 课文阅读理解
1．Which fact is not mentioned in the text
A. Tu’s medical experiments.
B. Tu’s education background.
C. The clinical test of qinghaosu.
D. The market performance of qinghaosu.
2．Where might the passage probably be taken from
A．A doctor training manual. B．A news report in a newspaper.
C．A new medicine instruction. D．A auto-biography of Tu Youyou.
3. Which sentence can NOT be used to describe Tu’s way to success
A. Rome was not built in a day. B. Chance favors the prepared mind
C. When in Rome do as the Romes do. D. Constant dripping wears away a stone.
4．What's probably the main idea of the text
A．Tu Youyou's greatest contribution to the traditional Chinese medicine.
B．A introduction to Tu Youyou’s great value in curing the disease malaria.
C．How was female scientist Tu Youyou famous all over the world overnight.
D．Female Chinese Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou and her research for curing malaria.
5．What can be inferred from the Tu Youyou’s experience
A．There was no shortcut to success.
B．Two heads are better than one.
C．There is no royal road to learning.
D．TCM is the best medicine for malaria.
III. 课文语法填空
As a female scientist, Youyou Tu was honored for discovering the anti-malaria drug artemisinin, or qinghaosu. She is the first mainland Chinese scientist 1 (win) the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the history of science in China.
In the 1960s, many people 2 (infect) with malaria and many died of it. At that time Tu Yoyyou worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where she 3 (be) now Chief Scientist. In 1969, Tu became head of a team which intended 4 (find) a cure for the disease. To realize this dream, Tu Youyou referred to many Chinese ancient medical books and exprimented with her colleagues day and night. They tried to find solutions 5 every problem they met during the research constantly. On October 1971, qinghao extract was made by trial and error. 6 , the purity was not satisying. As a result they had to find a new kind of qinghaosu separation purifying technique. As an old saying goes, everything comes to him who waits. In November 1972, they successfully isolated the most effective part of the extract, 7 is a key part of many malaria medicines. Unfortunately for the team, a new challenge approached. They needed to estimate the effects of clinical trials from large data sets. This time, they volunteered to test on 8 (they) bravely. This sped up the clinical and medicinal application of the medicine.
In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou encouraged scientists to 9 (far) explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine and raise it to a 10 (high) level. (261 words)
阅读微技能 事实细节和主旨大意 事实细节题在阅读理解试题中所占的比例最大，是及格的保证, 稍显简单。而主旨大意题相对较难，却是高分的必备。事实细节题的设问方式大多是通过语义的转换而实现；主旨大意题主要考查考生的“统领”能力。回答时往往需要纵观全局，整体把握，不能只见树木不见森林；或以“点”带“面”，以偏概全等。本部分阅读将以高考真题来阐释上述策略的运用。
Passage 1
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人与社会 社会服务与人际沟通 益智游戏可以更好地培养孩子的空间技巧 ★★★★
（2020·新高考Ⅱ卷B篇）阅读理解
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial (空间) skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. (251 words)
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment
A. Parents' age. B. Children's imagination.
C. Parents' education. D. Child-parent relationship.
3. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
Passage 2
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人与自我 生活与学习 Abby Jaramillo等老师发起的Urban Sprouts花园项目 ★★★★
（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷 B篇）阅读理解
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection (解剖), tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” （273 words）
5. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
6. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.
C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.
7. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable.
C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
8. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与自我 做人与做事 体育赛事中的善举 ★★★★
（2023·新高考卷I 完形填空）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have 1 the course earlier than she did. Her 2 came because she was carrying a 3 across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her 4 when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She 5 to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with 6 . She couldn’t. Bailey then 7 to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 8 attention.
Once there, Lenoue was 9 and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme 10 to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey, she is more 11 about why her act is considered a big 12 . “She was just crying. I couldn’t 13 her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the 14 , they’ve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the 15 of human kindness won the day. (226 words)
1. A. designed B. followed C. changed D. finished
2. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse
3. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor
4. A. race B. school C. town D. training
5. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised
6. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice
7. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D. bent down
8. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal
9. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated
10. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness
11. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged
12. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal
13. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand
14. A. ride B. test C. meet D. show
15. A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange
