(共51张PPT)
导师:稻壳儿
二轮复习讲练测
第六讲:句子成分,句子种类,基本句型
第一部分
句子成分
PART ONE
01
考情分析
02
知识建构
03
真题研析
04
考点提炼
目录
CONTENTS
05
题型特训
01
考情分析
PART ONE
英语句子结构和成分是中学英语教学的重要内容,是理解文章的基础,广泛运用于阅读理解,完形填空,语法填空和写作中。中考几乎不单独考查句子成分。
02
知识构建
PART TWO
主语:动作发出者,常位于句首。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
谓语:动作(有时态、语态、单复数之分)
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
宾语:动作承受者,位于及物动词或介词后。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
宾语补足语:补充说明宾语情况。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
表语(主语补足语):补充说明主语情况,位于系动词之后。Lisa was happy.
基本成分
修饰成分
句子成分
状语:相当于副词,说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因等。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
定语:相当于形容词,修饰名词和代词。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
同位语:两者指的是同一人/物。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
知识梳理
英语句子由多个部分构成,各部分在句子中起着不同的作用,这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分:主语(subject)---s;谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分:宾语(object)---o;定语(attribute)---attr; 状语(adverbial)---adv;
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p; 同位语(Appositive)等。
主语
概念和位置:句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,通常位于句首。
充当:通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序:正常:主语+谓语; 全部倒装:谓语+主语; 部分倒装:情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
David arrived last night.(名词作主语)
That's OK. (代词)
Two will be enough.(数词)
To do morning exercises is good for our health.(不定式)
Seeing is believing.(动名词)
The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.(名词化的形容词)
What he said is not true.(主语从句)
谓语
概念和位置: 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当,由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当:一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当,谓语有时态与语态的变化,同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约,如果主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
(1)由单一动词V.做谓语 We are Chinese.
(2)情态V + V原 He can speak English well.
(3)助V +V I have seen this man before.
宾语
概念:表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语;有的动词后可以跟两个宾语,其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语,把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当:通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
名词或相当于名词的短语I accepted your wise advice.
2.代词或相当于代词的短语All of us like him.
3.数词或数词短语Give me four.
4.不定式或不定式短语He began to learn English a year ago./He did not know what to say.
5.动名词或动名词短语He is used to working at night./This book is worth reading.
6.从句I think that he is right./I wonder if you'd like to go with us.
表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份,与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置:位于系动词之后。
充当:通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
1.形容词I feel much better today.
2.代词The book is mine.
3.名词或名词所有格They are my students.
4.数词His telephone number is 88888888.
5.副词They are over there.
6.介词短语They are in trouble.
7.不定式短语My dream is to go to college.
8.动词ing短语His hobby is collecting stamps.
9.过去分词短语My camera is broken.
10.从句The truth is what he said just now.
定语
概念:修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语;
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前,但是在修饰any-,some-,no, every-等构成的单词,如something 等时,应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当:定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
1.形容词或相同于形容词的结构
He is a kind-hearted man./He is a 15-year-old student.
2.冠词或代词
This book is Mine./The boy was Tom./My father was washing his car.
3.名词或名词所有格
He bought a coffee cup yesterday./He is Tom's father.
4.数词Three boys are running along the bank./You are the first one here.
5.副词The boy there needs a pen
6.介词短语 The girl in a dress is his sister.
7.不定式短语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
8.动词ing短语
Let me tell you a moving story./The smiling boy needs a pen.
9.过去分词短语
The boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
10.从句
The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.
状语
概念:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后,若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后,放于实义动词之前。
充当:通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1.副词或副词短语作状语He speaks English very well.
2.介词短语作状语The boy was praised for his bravery.
3.动词不定式短语The box is too heavy for me to lift.
4.动词ing短语Wearing a pair of sunglasses, he went out .
5.过去分词短语Written in a hurry, the article was not so good.
6.从句作状语If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
补语
概念和位置:有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明,补语有两种,分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语,用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当:常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。中考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.(形容词做宾补)
We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.(名词短语作宾补)
Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students. (过去分词短语作宾补)
同位语
概念和位置:对句子中某一名词(词组)做进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。充当:同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
第二部分
基本句式
PART TWO
01
考情分析
PART ONE
基本句型
简单句的基本句型在近年来中考英语中没有直接考查,而且安徽中考英语中从没有叫学生分析句子结构的考核。但是词义辨析、非谓语动词的习惯用法、主谓一致等等都会涉及到句子结构,复合句的理解更是以简单句为基础,书面表达也需要学生能掌握简单句的基本结构,从而写出正确的句子。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
02
知识构建
PART TWO
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
基本句型一: S +V (主+谓)
基本句型二: S +link-V +P (主+系+表)
基本句型三: S +V +O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型四: S +V +IO +O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
基本句型五: S +V +O +C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型一:S +V(主+谓)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。例如:
1.Time flies.
2. Everybody laughed.
3. I woke very soon.
4. They talked for half an hour.
5. He walked yesterday .
基本句型二:S +link-V +P(主+系+表)
此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:
(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有:be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。
(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。
1. This is an English dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. Everything looks different.
4. He is tall and strong.
5. The weather became warmer.
基本句型三:S +V +O(主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
1. Who knows the answer
2. She laugh at her.
3. Danny likes donuts.
基本句型四:S +V +IO +O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。
1. She passed him a new dress.
2. He brought you a dictionary.
3. He bought her nothing.
4. I gave him a hand.
5. I told me how to run the machine.
基本句型五:S +V +O +C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
1. We keep the table clean.
2. They call supper dinner.
3. What makes him sad
4. We saw him out.
5. He asked me to come back soon.
6. I saw them getting on the bus.
05
题型特训
PART FIVE
题型特训·命题预测
二、连词成句(可依据句型的基本结构连词成句)
1. pocket money, cost, the latest helicopter model, the little boy, a lot of
.
【答案】The latest helicopter model cost the little boy a lot of pocket money
2. sure, landed, the hills, I’m, near, something, in the forest
.
【答案】I’m sure something landed in the forest near the hills
3. Australia, Canberra, the, capital, of, is, city
.
【答案】Canberra is the capital city of Australia
4. make, to, easily, don’t, others, promises (.)
.
【答案】Don’t make promises to others easily
5. one of, the, traditional, it, festivals, in, is, China
.
【答案】It is one of the traditional festivals in China
第三部分
句子种类
PART THREE
02
知识构建
PART TWO
句子类型分为4种:在中考题型中,感叹句和疑问句考得最多。特别疑问句,疑问词的用法是最重要的考题之一。
03
真题研析
PART THREE
真题研析·规律探寻
感叹句
1. (2023·广州)他们还赢得了广东省飞镖比赛冠军。多么棒的项目啊!
They won the Championship of Guangdong Darts Match, too. ___________ ________ __________ project it is!
【答案】What a wonderful
【解析】根据题干可知此处是一个感叹句。中心词为可数名词project“项目”,符合结构:What+ a/an+形容词+主语+谓语。project是以辅音音素开头,应用a;wonderful“极好的”。故填What a wonderful。
真题研析·规律探寻
2.(2023·江苏南通). ________ it was to see the main sights of the world in the World Park!
A How amazing day B. How an amazing day
C. What amazing day D. What an amazing day
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在世界公园里看到世界的主要景点是多么美妙的一天啊!考查感叹句。句子是感叹句,中心词是可数名词单数day,用感叹句结构:What a/an adj. n.+主谓。故选D。
真题研析·规律探寻
3.(2023·江苏宿迁). —China won all the gold medals at the 2023 World Table Tennis Championships.
—______ exciting news!
A. What a B. How a C. How D. What
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——中国包揽了2023年世乒赛的所有金牌。——多么令人兴奋的消息啊!
考查感叹句,感叹句的中心词news是不可数名词,此处用“What+形容词+不可数名词”结构。故选D。
真题研析·规律探寻
4. (2023·连云港) —________ have you been a member of the Youth League
—For three years.
A. How long B. How many C. How often D. How far
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——你成为共青团员有多长时间了?——三年了。
考查特殊疑问句。How long多久,多长;How many多少;How often多久一次;How far多远。根据答句“For three years.”可知询问时长应用how long来提问。故选A。
疑问句
真题研析·规律探寻
5. (2023·江苏南通). —Excuse me, ________ is the Gengsu Theatre from this hotel
—It’s about ten minutes if you take a taxi.
A. how far B. how long C. how soon D. how much
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——对不起,庚戌剧院离这家旅馆有多远?——如果你坐出租车大约需要十分钟。
考查特殊疑问句。how far多远;how long多长时间;how soon多久之后;how much多少钱。根据“It’s about ten minutes if you take a taxi.”可知此处询问距离,疑问词用how far。故选A。
疑问句
真题研析·规律探寻
6. (2023·甘肃) —________ do you learn these words by heart
—By using them in different ways.
A. When B. How C. Why D. Where
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你是怎么把这些单词背下来的?——通过以不同的方式使用它们。
考查特殊疑问句。when什么时候;how如何;why为什么;where哪里。根据“By using them...”可知此处询问方式,疑问词用how。故选B。
真题研析·规律探寻
7.(2023·江苏徐州) 4Please move your car away, sir. This is “________” area.
A. No smoking B. No parking C. No swimming D. No littering
【答案】B
【解析】句意:先生,请把您的车开走。这里是“禁止停车”区域。
考查情景交际。祈使句表示请求、命令。No smoking禁止吸烟;No parking禁止停车;No swimming禁止游泳;No littering禁止乱扔垃圾。根据“Please move your car away”可知,要把车开走,所以是禁止停车,故选B。
真题研析·规律探寻
8.(2023·甘肃) ________ trying and do your best.
A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Kept
【答案】A
【解析】句意:继续努力,尽你最大的努力。
考查祈使句。根据“and do your best”可知句子是祈使句,以动词原形开头。故选A。
句子种类 用 法 示 例
1. 陈述句 用来陈述事实或表达说话者看法的句子。句末用句号。有肯定句和否定句两种形式。 This is a beautiful garden. 这是一座漂亮的花园。
We didn’t go to school yesterday.
我们昨天没上学。
2. 疑问句 用来提问的句子。句末用问号。有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种,初中阶段要求掌握前三种。 (1)一般疑问句 用yes或no回答的问句。 Do you like singing 你喜欢唱歌吗?
(2)特殊疑问句 需要使用相应的疑问词来提问。常见的疑问词:what什么,what time几点,when何时,where何地,why为什么,which哪个,who谁,whom(宾格)谁,whose谁的,how如何,how old多大年纪,how much多少,how many多少,how often多久一次,how far多远,how long多久,how soon多久以后 Who is your English teacher
你们的英语老师是谁?
Which bike is yours 哪辆单车是你的?
How did you get there 你怎么到那儿的?
Whose book is on the floor 谁的书在地板上?
How long have you studied English
你学英语多久了?
(3)选择疑问句 选择部分由连词or连接。 Are you going to the cinema or the library
你是去电影院还是图书馆?
句子种类 用 法 示 例 3. 祈使句 表示请求、命令、要求、建议等的句子。通常不用主语,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。 否定形式:Don’t / Never+动词原形+其他。 为了使语气显得客气,可在句首或者句尾加上please。please在句尾时,前面一般要加一个逗号。 Listen to me carefully. 仔细听我讲。 Be quiet! 安静! Don’t talk loud in the library. 别在图书馆里大声喧哗。 Never swim in the river. 不要在河里游泳。 Please come this way. 请这边走。
4. 感叹句 表示惊喜、愤怒、赞赏等感情的句子。多用what和how引导,句末用感叹号。
(1)what引导的感叹句(中心词是名词) ·What + a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! ·What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! ·What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)! What an interesting book it is! 这是一本多么有趣的书啊! What nice weather we have today! 今天天气真好!
(2)how引导的感叹句(中心词是形容词或副词) ·How+形容词(+主语+谓语)! ·How+副词(+主语+谓语)! How dirty your hands are! 你的手太脏啦! How fast the boy is running! 那个男孩跑得真快!
05
题型特训
PART FIVE
题型特训·命题预测
1.(2023·长春) _______ good day! Why not take a walk along the sea
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
【答案】B
【解析】句意:多好的一天啊!为什么不去海边散步呢?
考查感叹句。中心词day是可数名词的单数形式,用what引导的感叹句结构:what+a/an+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主谓,故选B。
题型特训·命题预测
2. ________ clever girl Kitty is! She can come up with some creative ways to finish the project.
A. What B. How a C. How D. What a
【答案】D
【解析】句意:基蒂是一个多么聪明的女孩啊!她可以想出一些有创意的方法来完成这个项目。
考查感叹句。句子是感叹句,中心词是单数可数名词girl,符合结构“What+ a/ an+ adj+单数名词+主谓!”。故选D。
题型特训·命题预测
3.(2023·辽宁一模) — _______ late for school again, Tim!
— Sorry, I promise that I _______.
Don’t; won’t B. Don’t be; won’t
C. Don’t be; don’t D. Don’t; will
【答案】A
【解析】祈使句:Be +表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分。答案选A
题型特训·命题预测
4. __________ your umbrella, or you’ll catch a cold on such a rainy day.
A. Take B. To take C. Taking D. Taken
【答案】A
【解析】句意:带上你的雨伞,否则在这样的雨天你会感冒的。这是一个祈使句,动词用原形。
题型特训·命题预测
5.(2023·江苏无锡) ________ is your hometown I can’t find it anywhere on the map.
A. What B. Which C. When D. Where
【答案】D
【解析】句意:你的家乡在哪里?我在地图上找不到它。
考查特殊疑问句。What什么;Which哪一个;When什么时候;Where哪里。根据“I can’t find it anywhere on the map.”可知,此处指询问家乡的位置,应用where提问。故选D。
题型特训·命题预测
6.(2023·辽宁抚顺) — ________ have you been a member of the football team
—For two years.
A. How much B. How often C. How many D. How long
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——你当足球队队员多久了?——两年了。
考查特殊疑问句。How much多少钱;How often多久一次;How many多少;How long多久。根据答语“For two years.”可知,对时长提问,故选D。
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