-2024年新高考英语二轮复习重难点突破专题1.3阅读理解之说明文（原卷版+解析版）

专题1.3阅读理解之说明文-2024年新高考英语二轮复习重难点突破
高考英语阅读理解题所选体裁多种多样，通常以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文为主；其所选阅读语篇总离不开“人与自我、人与社会和人与自然”等三大话题主题语境，涉及包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；不同的体裁有不同的写作手法，不同的话题也有不同的表达方法，在阅读和解题时相应地也有不同的阅读重点和解题思路。本专题主要讨论“说明文”阅读理解之重难点的突破。
说明文是指运用较为朴实的语言来客观地解释某个问题、某种现象类的文章。高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是正一反对照)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发展过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。
高考说明文体裁的阅读理解高考阅读中考查的重中之重。主要考查考生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力，以及对特定细节的认知和处理能力，对学生思辨的能力和深度阅读能力提出了更高的要求。其阅读理解题的四种题型都有可能涉及到：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题，其中以推理判断题和细节理解题为主。这里，需要特别强调的是命题者非常注重在长难句上做文章。跟记叙文一样，绝大部分题不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。
三年新高考I卷考点分布
年份 CD篇说明文 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
2023 C篇 1 2 1
2022 3 1
2021 1 1 1 1
2023 D篇 3 1
2022 2 1 1
2021 1 3
三年新高考阅读理解体裁CD篇均为说明文，四种题型均有考查。
说明文体裁的阅读理解题绝大部分不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。因此说明文体裁的阅读理解细节理解题与推理判断题没有明确的界限，只是细节理解题更为注重诸多细节的整合和综合判断，兼有推理判断题的某些特点。而推理判断题需要考生对相关信息进行深层理解后作出推理。说明文体裁的阅读理解推理判断题重在考查：对作者的写作目的或意图的推断；对所提及的重要信息(包括说明方法)的有何作用或功能的推断以及篇章结构的推断；说明文体裁的阅读理解主旨大意题重在考查：全文的主旨和段落的主旨。
关于说明文体裁的阅读理解细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题正确选项的主要特征，请参看专题1.1和专题1.2。
词义/句意猜测题是高考阅读理解考查里面尽管所占比例最小，但它是必考的题型之一(多出现在说明文或议论文体裁的阅读理解中)。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是字面上的意思，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词、短语的意义、句子的隐含意义以及代词的指代。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.生词的本义：对划线超课标词的本义解释；
2.熟词的僻意：对划线熟词作出僻意的解释；
3.句子的含义：对原句隐性意义的显性解释；
4.代词的指代：对划线代词逻辑指代的解释。
1.词汇上的难点：熟词僻义、课标衍生词、专业术语会让考生处处碰壁；
2.句式上的难点：结构复杂的长难句会让考生阅读时步履维艰；
3.题材上的难点：纷繁复杂的题材(甚至有些题材考生闻所未闻)会让考生不知所云；
4.篇章上的难点：复杂的篇章结构、较多的说明/描述方式、方法会让考生应接不暇。
以上等等这些“难点”都会给考生带来阅读上的障碍，影响阅读的速度和理解的维度和层度。
1.带着问题阅读：先题后文，带着题干问题和备选项的信息浏览原文，有助于对原文的理解；
2.了解文章结构：阅读说明文时，应先了解文章的结构，比如标题(高考说明文阅读理解一般不给出标题，而有时恰恰就是要考查的内容)、导语、主体部分和结论部分。通过对文章结构的了解，可以帮助考生更好地把握文章的主旨和重点内容；
3.抓住关键信息：说明文中通常会出现很多关键信息，比如：定义、分类、描述、分析、举例、数据、过程、原因与结果、问题与对策等等，这些关键信息能够帮助考生快速找到文章重要内容，并理解作者的写作思路和写作意图。
4.注意段落结构：说明文通常是按照段落结构来组织的，每个段落都有自己的主题和中心思想。因此，在阅读时，要注意每个段落的主题句和支撑句，以便更好地理解文章内容。
5.注重逻辑关系：说明文的论述过程通常是有序、逻辑清晰的，因此，在阅读时，要注意段落之间、段落内部的逻辑关系，比如因果关系、并列关系、转折关系等。只有把握好这些关系，才能正确理解文章内容。
6.析解复杂句子：抽丝剥茧抓主干，添枝加叶再理解。
举例(例句分别选自新高考I卷和II卷)
①In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
【句子主干】I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism
【其余部分】starting with … 为分词结构作状语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词forces。
【整句意思】在第一部分中，我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使得许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
②At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that
you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
【句子主干】you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities
【其余部分】At the end of the thirty days时间状语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词online activities；you value为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词the things。
【整句意思】在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动。
③The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of
independent individuals.
【句子主干】the key finding of the study was ...
【其余部分】that引导的表语从句由一个主从复合句构成，其中when引导的条件状语从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词smaller groups，主句the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals中的those指代the averages。
【整句意思】这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
④The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.
【句子主干】The image of the reader appears throughout history
【其余部分】in art …作状语，made long before books … came into being作后置定语，修饰art；as we now know them为插入语。
【整句意思】阅读者的形象是贯穿历史的，早在我们如今熟知的书籍出现之前很久，就已有展现阅读者形象的艺术作品问世。
⑤More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【句子主干】artists have used them as the raw material for artworks
【其余部分】as引导原因状语从句，主句后的动词-ing短语作伴随状语。
【整句意思】最近，由于书籍变得廉价甚至被随意丢弃，艺术家们已经将书籍用作艺术品的原材料，将书籍的封面、内页甚至整本书变成绘画和雕塑作品。
⑥They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful
interaction they had with nature in the park.
【句子主干】They surveyed several hundred park-goers
【其余部分】asking them ... nature in the park 作伴随状语；伴随状语中 they had with nature in the park 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词interaction。
【整句意思】他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。
⑦Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.
【句子主干】Naming each nature experience creates a usable language
【其余部分】which引导定语从句，修饰先行词language，该定语从句中又包含另一个定语从句that are most satisfying and meaningful to them，修饰先行词activities。
【整句意思】为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。
总体说来，了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清篇章结构、分析理解长难句是说明文体裁阅读理解题解题的关键。
一、解主旨大意题
1.厘清结构归纳主题
说明文篇章结构一般有以下五个部分：
标题(headline)、导语(introduction)、背景(background)、主干(main body)和结尾(ending)。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景则交代研究的起因或者问题现状。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语遥相呼应。
说明文段落结构大体可以分成以下三种：
“总——分”式结构：段落首句为主题句。段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的；
“分——总”式结构：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的；
“分——总——分”式结构：主题句在段中。段落开头列举具体事例或现象，通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，后面的内容只是继续或拓展结论。
另外还有“无主题句式”：段落主题隐含在全段中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过某些关键词句的解读归纳出段落大意。
2.有的放矢寻找主题
注重首段：开门见山提出了主题或在首段末句给出主题；
注重中段：开头段列举具体事例或现象，中间段通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，文末段只是继续或拓展结论；
注重末段：文末概括主题；
注重首尾：首段揭示主题，末段再次点题。
另外还有“无主题句”：文章中心主题隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过删除某些细节、事实、例子后凝练出核心部分，也就是全文主旨大意。
注重“标志”
标志一“转折词”：转折词后的句子可能就是主题句；
标志二“总结词”：总结词后的句子一般就是主题句；
标志三“疑问词”：对疑问句后所回答的内容可能就是主题句；
标志四“复现词”：反复出现的高频词往往是文章的主题词，抓住高频词也就抓住了主题。
3.多重手段提炼标题
手段一“掐住关键词”：要掐住反复出现的词语，多次强调的观点，这些其实就是体现主旨的关键词，也是提炼标题的关键词；
手段二“浓缩主题句”：找准主题句，将主题句进行凝练浓缩，提炼出其中的核心词汇，而这往往就是标题的核心词汇；
手段三“串联诸细节”：分析原文重要细节，找出其中的共同点，串联这些共同点提炼出标题；
手段四“正误皆可试”：一是试“对”法(解题时间少而保险系数低)。用最可能的选项去验证其与原文内容的相似度，最相似者为最佳选项；
二是试“错”法(保险系数大而解题耗时长)。把四个选项与原文内容一一比对，逐一排除错误选项。
二、解词义/句意猜测题
1.邻里关系
除了通常所用的构词法来解词义猜测题外，我们还可以借助下列关系来解词义猜测题。划线词与邻里关系主要有方面：
逻辑方面的关系：同义/近义关系、反义关系、因果关系、让步/转折关系、对比关系、相似关系等等(以
上关系都有明显的标志词)；
语法方面的关系：同位关系(同位语及其从句)、限制关系(限制性定语从句)、解释关系(非限制性定语从
句、下定义)等等。注意：同位关系和解释关系有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引
号和括号等表示。
2.文题比对
寻找原句前后的关键信息，细读并分析这些关键信息，推断出原句的大体意思，将其与备选项逐一进行比对，内容契合度最高的就是正确答案。
3.定位代入
先定位，判断被指代的部分是指代上文还是指代下文；再代入，将被指代部分的内容代入原文替换这个代词，核实句意是否符合上下文的语境，符合的就是正确答案。
2023年新高考I卷(C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处)and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28.What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“aimed at”定位到文章第一段，根据“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式，故选B。
29.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选，故选A。
30.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“in the final chapter of part one”定位到文章第四段，通过“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.(在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子，故选C。
31.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“do with the practices offered in part two”定位到文章最后一段，通过“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.(你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践，故选A。
2023年新高考I卷(D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _______.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文介绍了一项新研究，该研究阐述了“群体智慧“效应的基本原理。
32.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“paragraph 2”定位到文章第二段，根据“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑，故选B。
33.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the average accuracy”定位到文章第三段及备选项中的“the crowds, underestimates, independent”等关键词定位到文章第二段。本题是道易错题，很容易误选 A。even if 表示尽管，引导让步状语从句。我们看到第三段 but 后面内容，“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确)”，看到这个于是有的考生就会选 A了，但是看第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(用更专业的术讲来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”。就是说他提出这么一个观点要得出更准确的估计，是要求人们独立，但是第三段讲人们在没有独立的情况下，只是分成更小群体，然后更准确了，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。
34.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the follow-up study”定位到文章第四段，根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大考生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程，故选C。
35.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies”定位到文章最后一段，根据“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持，故选D。
2023年新高考II卷(C篇)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘)alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29.What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30.What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文是对一本书的介绍，主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
28.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.(在这本“书之书”中，艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系)”以及第三段“Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect, wealth or faith of the subject.(书籍本身可以在绘画中象征性地用来展示智慧，主体的财富或信仰)”和最后一段“From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.(从21世纪的角度来看，这本印刷书无疑是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍，故选A。
29.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的，故选C。
30.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments(这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”，故选A。
31.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader(它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity(印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时，故选A。
2023年新高考II卷(D篇)
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【语篇导读】城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。本篇说明文对此进行了介绍。
32.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然，故选B。
33.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories.(他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.(在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的，故选D。
34.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.(为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式，故选C。
35.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.(“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然，故选B。
2023年全国甲卷(C篇)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景)of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28.Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30.What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.
31.What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
【语篇导读】作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。本篇说明文通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
28.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门，故选C。
29.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景)of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche.(Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书，故选D。
30.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中，故选B。
31.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging.(The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂，故选D。
2023年全国甲卷(D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防)aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32.How do Americans look at grizzlies
A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans.
34.What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies
A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
32.【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams.(灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的，故选A项。
33.【答案】C
【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.(1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长，故选C项。
34.【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名，故选A项。
35.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.(显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处，故选B项。
2023年全国乙卷(C篇)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料)than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession(痴迷)with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29.Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31.What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文介绍了英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
28.【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting ”(当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？)可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇，故选A项。
29.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”(正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯)和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”(似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法)可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力，故选D项。
30.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料)than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”(几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好)可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多，故选D项。
31.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”(随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了)可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯，故选B项。
2024年浙江1月卷(C篇)
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm(花暴)in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
28.What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29.Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30.Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
28.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成，故选B项。
29.【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目，故选A项。
30.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险，故选C项。
31.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在，故选D项。
2024年浙江1月卷(D篇)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between _______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【语篇导读】在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，本篇说明文对此进行了说明。
32.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励，故选D。
33.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配，故选C。
34.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者，故选B。
35.【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，故选D。
说明：题目序号同新高考I卷CD篇(序号连续)。
1
(2024·广东佛山·统考一模)A China plane struck a bird after taking off in Chengdu, Sichuan, and had to immediately return to the airport last October, and it wasn’t the first accident between an aircraft and a bird last year.
In fact, more than 20,000 wildlife strikes with aircraft were reported worldwide in 2023—the vast majority of those animals being birds. The strikes can also include run-ins with bats or creatures on the ground, such as deer or turtles. Expanding wildlife populations, increases in number of aircraft movements, and a trend toward faster and quieter aireraft all have contributed to the increase in wildlife strikes.
Bird strikes are a hazard not just to commercial airplanes, but to all sorts of aircraft. However, historical data shows that damage is reported in a small percentage of incidents. Last year, 95% of the global strikes involved some kind of damage — and only 5% of those caused “substantial” damage.
Some of the most disturbing types of strikes can happen when one or more birds go into a plane’s engine, which might cause a lot of damage to the aircraft. The pilot would need to return to the airport or find a safe place to land.
In last October’s China plane incident, the Beijing-bound flight was able to land normally in Chengdu after taking into account what the airline described as security concerns. Senior captain Chen Jianguo said pilots are trained on how to respond if they have a bird strike in flight. The pilot in this case did exactly what he was trained to do.
“There are lots of things that are being used by airports to try to manage the habitat and birds around the airport,” said Chen Jianguo. Airports need to manage bird habitats to reduce or get rid of trees and plants that shelter birds, or address wetlands that can attract birds. Collecting data on what kinds of birds are involved in strikes is equally important so the risks can better be managed. Many airports also use audible signals to scare birds away, such as the sounds of fireworks.
28.What is a cause of the increase in wildlife strikes
A. The poorly designed aircraft. B. The growing number of birds.
C. The destruction of wildlife habitats. D. The absence of environmental awareness.
29.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Danger. B. Delay. C. Accident. D. Reminder.
30.What does the historical data tell us about bird strikes
A. They are a rare occurrence. B. They usually damage engines.
C. Most of them cause slight damage. D. Most of them involve one single bird.
31.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A. Ways to study bird behavior. B. Measures to drive birds away.
C. Efforts to restore bird habitat. D. Attempts to take care of birds.
【语篇导读】本篇说明文主要介绍了野生动物袭击飞机的事件，包括其袭击者、起因、造成的损坏，以及机场方面应对和减少这种事件的方法。
28.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Expanding wildlife populations, increases in number of aircraft movements, and a trend toward faster and quieter aireraft all have contributed to the increase in wildlife strikes.(野生动物数量的增加，飞机起降次数的增加，以及飞机速度更快、噪音更小的趋势，都导致了野生动物袭击事件的增加)”可知，野生动物袭击事件的增加的起因包括鸟类数量的增加，故选B项。
29.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句的下文“However, historical data shows that damage is reported in a small percentage of incidents.(然而，历史数据显示，只有一小部分事故报告了损坏)”可知，只有一小部分野生动物袭击事件涉及损坏，且此处涉及转折，因此鸟撞事件本身的确对飞机来说是一种危险，但是造成的损坏却不多，hazard意思应该是“危险”，与danger意思相近，故选A项。
30.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, historical data shows that damage is reported in a small percentage of incidents. Last year, 95% of the global strikes involved some kind of damage — and only 5% of those caused “substantial” damage.(然而，历史数据显示，只有一小部分事故报告了损坏。去年，95%的全球袭击造成了某种程度的损失，其中只有5%造成了“实质性”损失)”可知，大多数鸟撞事件会造成轻微的损害，故选C项。
31.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“There are lots of things that are being used by airports to try to manage the habitat and birds around the airport(机场正在使用很多方法来管理机场周围的栖息地和鸟类)”和“Airports need to manage bird habitats to reduce or get rid of trees and plants that shelter birds, or address wetlands that can attract birds. Collecting data on what kinds of birds are involved in strikes is equally important so the risks can better be managed. Many airports also use audible signals to scare birds away, such as the sounds of fireworks.(机场需要管理鸟类栖息地，以减少或消除为鸟类提供庇护地的树木和植物，或者处理可以吸引鸟类的湿地。收集哪些鸟类卷入袭击的数据同样重要，这样可以更好地管理风险。许多机场还使用声音信号来吓跑鸟类，比如烟花的声音)”可知，本段主要介绍了机场管理周围的栖息地和鸟类，以赶走鸟类的各种方法，故选B项。
2
(2024·广东佛山·统考一模)Suppose you come across two doctors. One is handsome while the other looks plain. Who would you trust with your surgery Most people would probably want to get treated by the handsome one. And most people are likely to be wrong about that.
When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them.
The halo effect was once studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike, who asked flight commanders to evaluate their pilots in various distinct aspects such as physical appearance, intelligence, and leadership. He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills-a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influenc专题1.3阅读理解之说明文-2024年新高考英语二轮复习重难点突破
高考英语阅读理解题所选体裁多种多样，通常以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文为主；其所选阅读语篇总离不开“人与自我、人与社会和人与自然”等三大话题主题语境，涉及包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；不同的体裁有不同的写作手法，不同的话题也有不同的表达方法，在阅读和解题时相应地也有不同的阅读重点和解题思路。本专题主要讨论“说明文”阅读理解之重难点的突破。
说明文是指运用较为朴实的语言来客观地解释某个问题、某种现象类的文章。高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是正一反对照)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发展过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。
高考说明文体裁的阅读理解高考阅读中考查的重中之重。主要考查考生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力，以及对特定细节的认知和处理能力，对学生思辨的能力和深度阅读能力提出了更高的要求。其阅读理解题的四种题型都有可能涉及到：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题，其中以推理判断题和细节理解题为主。这里，需要特别强调的是命题者非常注重在长难句上做文章。跟记叙文一样，绝大部分题不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。
三年新高考I卷考点分布
年份 CD篇说明文 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
2023 C篇 1 2 1
2022 3 1
2021 1 1 1 1
2023 D篇 3 1
2022 2 1 1
2021 1 3
三年新高考阅读理解体裁CD篇均为说明文，四种题型均有考查。
说明文体裁的阅读理解题绝大部分不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。因此说明文体裁的阅读理解细节理解题与推理判断题没有明确的界限，只是细节理解题更为注重诸多细节的整合和综合判断，兼有推理判断题的某些特点。而推理判断题需要考生对相关信息进行深层理解后作出推理。说明文体裁的阅读理解推理判断题重在考查：对作者的写作目的或意图的推断；对所提及的重要信息(包括说明方法)的有何作用或功能的推断以及篇章结构的推断；说明文体裁的阅读理解主旨大意题重在考查：全文的主旨和段落的主旨。
关于说明文体裁的阅读理解细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题正确选项的主要特征，请参看专题1.1和专题1.2。
词义/句意猜测题是高考阅读理解考查里面尽管所占比例最小，但它是必考的题型之一(多出现在说明文或议论文体裁的阅读理解中)。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是字面上的意思，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词、短语的意义、句子的隐含意义以及代词的指代。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.生词的本义：对划线超课标词的本义解释；
2.熟词的僻意：对划线熟词作出僻意的解释；
3.句子的含义：对原句隐性意义的显性解释；
4.代词的指代：对划线代词逻辑指代的解释。
1.词汇上的难点：熟词僻义、课标衍生词、专业术语会让考生处处碰壁；
2.句式上的难点：结构复杂的长难句会让考生阅读时步履维艰；
3.题材上的难点：纷繁复杂的题材(甚至有些题材考生闻所未闻)会让考生不知所云；
4.篇章上的难点：复杂的篇章结构、较多的说明/描述方式、方法会让考生应接不暇。
以上等等这些“难点”都会给考生带来阅读上的障碍，影响阅读的速度和理解的维度和层度。
1.带着问题阅读：先题后文，带着题干问题和备选项的信息浏览原文，有助于对原文的理解；
2.了解文章结构：阅读说明文时，应先了解文章的结构，比如标题(高考说明文阅读理解一般不给出标题，而有时恰恰就是要考查的内容)、导语、主体部分和结论部分。通过对文章结构的了解，可以帮助考生更好地把握文章的主旨和重点内容；
3.抓住关键信息：说明文中通常会出现很多关键信息，比如：定义、分类、描述、分析、举例、数据、过程、原因与结果、问题与对策等等，这些关键信息能够帮助考生快速找到文章重要内容，并理解作者的写作思路和写作意图。
4.注意段落结构：说明文通常是按照段落结构来组织的，每个段落都有自己的主题和中心思想。因此，在阅读时，要注意每个段落的主题句和支撑句，以便更好地理解文章内容。
5.注重逻辑关系：说明文的论述过程通常是有序、逻辑清晰的，因此，在阅读时，要注意段落之间、段落内部的逻辑关系，比如因果关系、并列关系、转折关系等。只有把握好这些关系，才能正确理解文章内容。
6.析解复杂句子：抽丝剥茧抓主干，添枝加叶再理解。
举例(例句分别选自新高考I卷和II卷)
①In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
②At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that
you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
③The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of
independent individuals.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
④The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
⑤More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
⑥They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful
interaction they had with nature in the park.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
⑦Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.
【句子主干】
【其余部分】
【整句意思】
总体说来，了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清篇章结构、分析理解长难句是说明文体裁阅读理解题解题的关键。
一、解主旨大意题
1.厘清结构归纳主题
说明文篇章结构一般有以下五个部分：
标题(headline)、导语(introduction)、背景(background)、主干(main body)和结尾(ending)。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景则交代研究的起因或者问题现状。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语遥相呼应。
说明文段落结构大体可以分成以下三种：
“总——分”式结构：段落首句为主题句。段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的；
“分——总”式结构：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的；
“分——总——分”式结构：主题句在段中。段落开头列举具体事例或现象，通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，后面的内容只是继续或拓展结论。
另外还有“无主题句式”：段落主题隐含在全段中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过某些关键词句的解读归纳出段落大意。
2.有的放矢寻找主题
注重首段：开门见山提出了主题或在首段末句给出主题；
注重中段：开头段列举具体事例或现象，中间段通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，文末段只是继续或拓展结论；
注重末段：文末概括主题；
注重首尾：首段揭示主题，末段再次点题。
另外还有“无主题句”：文章中心主题隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过删除某些细节、事实、例子后凝练出核心部分，也就是全文主旨大意。
注重“标志”
标志一“转折词”：转折词后的句子可能就是主题句；
标志二“总结词”：总结词后的句子一般就是主题句；
标志三“疑问词”：对疑问句后所回答的内容可能就是主题句；
标志四“复现词”：反复出现的高频词往往是文章的主题词，抓住高频词也就抓住了主题。
3.多重手段提炼标题
手段一“掐住关键词”：要掐住反复出现的词语，多次强调的观点，这些其实就是体现主旨的关键词，也是提炼标题的关键词；
手段二“浓缩主题句”：找准主题句，将主题句进行凝练浓缩，提炼出其中的核心词汇，而这往往就是标题的核心词汇；
手段三“串联诸细节”：分析原文重要细节，找出其中的共同点，串联这些共同点提炼出标题；
手段四“正误皆可试”：一是试“对”法(解题时间少而保险系数低)。用最可能的选项去验证其与原文内容的相似度，最相似者为最佳选项；
二是试“错”法(保险系数大而解题耗时长)。把四个选项与原文内容一一比对，逐一排除错误选项。
二、解词义/句意猜测题
1.邻里关系
除了通常所用的构词法来解词义猜测题外，我们还可以借助下列关系来解词义猜测题。划线词与邻里关系主要有方面：
逻辑方面的关系：同义/近义关系、反义关系、因果关系、让步/转折关系、对比关系、相似关系等等(以
上关系都有明显的标志词)；
语法方面的关系：同位关系(同位语及其从句)、限制关系(限制性定语从句)、解释关系(非限制性定语从
句、下定义)等等。注意：同位关系和解释关系有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引
号和括号等表示。
2.文题比对
寻找原句前后的关键信息，细读并分析这些关键信息，推断出原句的大体意思，将其与备选项逐一进行比对，内容契合度最高的就是正确答案。
3.定位代入
先定位，判断被指代的部分是指代上文还是指代下文；再代入，将被指代部分的内容代入原文替换这个代词，核实句意是否符合上下文的语境，符合的就是正确答案。
2023年新高考I卷(C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处)and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28.What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
2023年新高考I卷(D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _______.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
2023年新高考II卷(C篇)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘)alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29.What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30.What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
2023年新高考II卷(D篇)
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
2023年全国甲卷(C篇)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景)of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28.Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30.What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.
31.What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
2023年全国甲卷(D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防)aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32.How do Americans look at grizzlies
A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans.
34.What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies
A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
2023年全国乙卷(C篇)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料)than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession(痴迷)with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29.Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31.What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
2024年浙江1月卷(C篇)
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm(花暴)in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
28.What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29.Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30.Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
2024年浙江1月卷(D篇)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between _______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
说明：题目序号同新高考I卷CD篇(序号连续)。
1
(2024·广东佛山·统考一模)A China plane struck a bird after taking off in Chengdu, Sichuan, and had to immediately return to the airport last October, and it wasn’t the first accident between an aircraft and a bird last year.
In fact, more than 20,000 wildlife strikes with aircraft were reported worldwide in 2023—the vast majority of those animals being birds. The strikes can also include run-ins with bats or creatures on the ground, such as deer or turtles. Expanding wildlife populations, increases in number of aircraft movements, and a trend toward faster and quieter aireraft all have contributed to the increase in wildlife strikes.
Bird strikes are a hazard not just to commercial airplanes, but to all sorts of aircraft. However, historical data shows that damage is reported in a small percentage of incidents. Last year, 95% of the global strikes involved some kind of damage — and only 5% of those caused “substantial” damage.
Some of the most disturbing types of strikes can happen when one or more birds go into a plane’s engine, which might cause a lot of damage to the aircraft. The pilot would need to return to the airport or find a safe place to land.
In last October’s China plane incident, the Beijing-bound flight was able to land normally in Chengdu after taking into account what the airline described as security concerns. Senior captain Chen Jianguo said pilots are trained on how to respond if they have a bird strike in flight. The pilot in this case did exactly what he was trained to do.
“There are lots of things that are being used by airports to try to manage the habitat and birds around the airport,” said Chen Jianguo. Airports need to manage bird habitats to reduce or get rid of trees and plants that shelter birds, or address wetlands that can attract birds. Collecting data on what kinds of birds are involved in strikes is equally important so the risks can better be managed. Many airports also use audible signals to scare birds away, such as the sounds of fireworks.
28.What is a cause of the increase in wildlife strikes
A. The poorly designed aircraft. B. The growing number of birds.
C. The destruction of wildlife habitats. D. The absence of environmental awareness.
29.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Danger. B. Delay. C. Accident. D. Reminder.
30.What does the historical data tell us about bird strikes
A. They are a rare occurrence. B. They usually damage engines.
C. Most of them cause slight damage. D. Most of them involve one single bird.
31.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A. Ways to study bird behavior. B. Measures to drive birds away.
C. Efforts to restore bird habitat. D. Attempts to take care of birds.
2
(2024·广东佛山·统考一模)Suppose you come across two doctors. One is handsome while the other looks plain. Who would you trust with your surgery Most people would probably want to get treated by the handsome one. And most people are likely to be wrong about that.
When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them.
The halo effect was once studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike, who asked flight commanders to evaluate their pilots in various distinct aspects such as physical appearance, intelligence, and leadership. He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills-a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influence the specific qualities they credited to their pilots. Some pilots profited from their halo.
The halo effect also explains why some teachers give better-looking students higher grades. One study looked at the grades of 4, 500 pupils, who were sorted by volunteers into three groups: below- average, average, and above-average looking. The researchers then compared students’ grades between classes taken in conventional classrooms with those taken online where there was no face-to-face interaction. The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms.
Since the physical appearance of good-looking people seems to naturally make them also appear intelligent, strong, and trustworthy, here is one good rule. If you meet with an accident and have to choose between two equally qualified doctors, ignore their halo and choose the less handsome one. He might have worked twice as hard to gain the same reputation and is likely better at his job.
32.What is the purpose of the second paragraph
A. To explore a natural wonder. B. To spread scientific knowledge.
C. To explain a psychological tendency. D. To interpret social rules at the workplace.
33.How did the commanders tend to evaluate their pilots in Thorndike’s study
A. In a general way. B. With common sense.
C. From a specific aspect. D. By an objective criterion.
34.What does the 4500-pupil study find about better-looking students
A. They were fairly treated by their teachers.
B. They were less attentive in online courses.
C. They probably had natural learning abilities.
D. They were overvalued in conventional classes.
35.What can be learned about the halo effect
A. It relieves appearance anxiety. B. It leads to inaccurate judgments.
C. It causes trust crisis among people. D. It intensifies workplace competition.
3
(2024·四川攀枝花·统考二模)Baby seabirds that have not yet hatched communicate with their siblings(兄弟姐妹)in neighboring eggs by vibrating(震动)their shells(蛋壳), scientists have discovered.
A study of yellow-legged gulls revealed one of the known examples of embryo-to-embryo communication. When exposed to the alarm calls of an adult bird responding to a dangerous predator, developing chicks apparently were able to convey the presence of danger to their nest mates by vibrating inside their eggs.
The team collected 9 yellow-legged gull eggs from Sálvora Island and sorted them into nests of three. When the eggs were six days off hatching, two of the three eggs in each nest were temporarily removed from the nest and exposed to either a recording of a predator alarm call or white noise each day until the chicks hatched. The noise was delivered four times a day at random for three minutes at a time. The third egg from each group remained in the nest.
It was found that the embryos in the shells responded to the external alarm calls by vibrating and sounding less, and that this message appeared to be passed on to the third nestmate. It was seen to copy the vibrations. It experienced genetic changes and had an increase in the production of stress hormones(荷尔蒙)as well.
“This kind of communication—embryo to embryo—can generate developmental changes that can have potential benefits to the birds after hatching,” said Noguera, the lead author of the study.
A rise in stress hormones makes birds more aware of their surroundings after hatching. When hatched chicks were exposed to alarm sounds, it was found that those who had listened to the noises previously in the eggs were quicker to run away and hide.
Noguera said the phenomenon was likely to occur in other bird species. His team now plans to investigate whether the chicks are able to pick up other clues about their external environment before hatching, such as how many other eggs are in the nest.
28.What do the unhatched birds mean to do by vibrating shells
A. Fight with a predator. B. Play with their nest mates.
C. Seek care from adult birds. D. Warn others of danger.
29.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A. The theoretical base of the experiment. B. The subjects of the experiment.
C. The process of the experiment. D. The findings of the experiment.
30.What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to
A. The presence of danger. B. The external environment.
C. The third egg in the nest. D. The embryo-to-embryo communication.
31.What’s the benefit of developing chicks’ sharing information
A. It makes them mature earlier. B. It helps them adapt to life after hatching.
C. It allows them to develop physically. D. It strengthens bonds with their siblings.
4
(2024·四川攀枝花·统考二模)Recently I’ve been drawn to books which motivate me to look at myself, and hopefully make me a better “me”. The Courage to Be Disliked, by Ichiro Kishimi and Fumitake Koya, has a title I just can’t go past.
The book has taken Japan by storm, using the theories of philosopher Alfred Adler to create conversations between a fictional philosopher and a young man. The conversations cover many broad, interesting and sensitive topics. The philosopher character sticks by the theories of Adler, and explains how we are competent to determine our own lives, and be free of the influence of past experiences and others’ expectations. It’s a way of thinking that allows us to develop the courage to change and to ignore the limitations placed on us.
These often complex topics are played out in a conversational style between the two men. While it’s easy to follow the conversations, the topics will knock around in your own head as you work out whether you sit on the side of the philosopher, the young man, or somewhere in between. The book is well-received by readers primarily owing to the fact that it presents two well-balanced viewpoints in the arguments. You’ll find yourself doing household chores, or at your keyboard, unpacking all the information in your mind and coming to your own conclusions.
You will wholeheartedly agree on some points and want to throw the book at the wall at others. Its content is polarizing(两极分化)and I certainly don’t agree with everything the philosopher or the young man says, but I think that’s the point. The Courage to Be Disliked is there to start a conversation with yourself and do some slightly uncomfortable soul-searching.
32.Which category does the book belong to
A. Self-improvement. B. Philosophy theory.
C. Collection of experiences. D. Biography of Alfred Adler.
33.Which statement might the fictional philosopher agree with
A. People are free of their past influence.
B. People can take charge of their life course.
C. People should live up to others’ expectations.
D. People ought to take their limitations seriously.
34.How does the book develop
A. By listing sufficient data. B. By making comparisons.
C. By following the time line. D. By presenting dialogues.
35.Why is the book popular with readers
A. It shows ideas in plain language. B. It displays the scientific statistics.
C. It offers balanced sides to the topics. D. It avoids the use of philosophic terms.
5
(2024·吉林·统考二模)According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over 80 million American adults are constantly sleep deprived(睡眠不足), meaning they sleep less than the recommended minimum of seven hours a night. If you’re one of those people who are proud of being able to fall asleep quickly just about anywhere, it’s too early to gloat — it’s a distinct sign, especially if you’re less than 40 years old, that you’re severely sleep deprived.
During our lifetimes, about a third of us will suffer from at least one diagnosable sleep disorder, ranging from constant insomnia(失眠)to restless leg syndrome to much rarer and stranger conditions.
Insomnia is by far the most common problem, the main reason 4 percent of U.S. adults take sleeping pills in any given month. Insomniacs generally take longer to fall asleep, wake up for long periods during the night, or both. They have a high risk of depression, psychosis, and stroke. Lack of sleep is also directly tied to obesity: Without enough sleep, the stomach and other organs overproduce the hunger hormone(荷尔蒙), causing us to eat more. If sleep is such a natural phenomenon, why do so many of us have such trouble with it
The problem is that in the modern world our ancient, inborn wake-up call is constantly set off by non-life-threatening situations like anxiety before an exam, worries about finances, or every car alarm in the neighborhood. Before the industrial revolution, which brought us alarm clocks and fixed work schedules, we could often handle insomnia simply by sleeping in. No longer, now.
Power naps don’t solve the problem; nor does sleeping medicine. “Sleep is not a single issue.” says Jeffrey Ellenbogen, a sleep scientist at Johns Hopkins University who directs the Sound Sleep Project, “It’s a thousand different things. It’s fascinating to regulate sleep with drugs or devices, but we don’t yet understand sleep enough to artificially intervene in it.”
28.What does the underlined word “gloat” in paragraph 1 mean
A. be worried. B. be delighted. C. be concerned. D. be surprised.
29.What can we learn about insomniacs in paragraph 3
A. They take sleeping pills on a daily basis. B. They fall asleep faster than others.
C. They will become underweight. D. They probably come down with mental diseases.
30.Why are so many people suffering sleep deprivation nowadays
A. Because of the long-standing pressure of survival.
B. Due to the continuously existing threats to life.
C. Because of the loss of the natural wake-up call.
D. Due to the disturbance to the natural sleeping patterns.
31.What do Jefferey Ellenbogen’s words suggest
A. Taking some sleeping pills works perfectly.
B. Artificial intervention can’t tackle insomnia thoroughly.
C. Devices help people get enough sleep undoubtedly.
D. Sleeping during the day should be conducted carefully.
6
(2024·吉林·统考二模)In a potato field in Netherlands, farmer Jacob van den Borne is monitoring two drones(无人机)that provide detailed readings on soil chemistry, water content, nutrients, and growth of every plant in real time. Van den Borne’s production numbers prove the power of this “precision farming”, achieving a potato yield that’s more than double the global average.
That abundant output is made all the more remarkable by the other side of the balance sheet: inputs. Almost two decades ago, the Dutch committed to producing “Twice as much food using half the resources.” Since 2000, water dependency for key crops has been reduced by 90%, and greenhouse chemical pesticides nearly vanished.
More surprisingly, the Netherlands, despite lacking typical resources for vast agriculture, is the world’s second-largest food exporter by value, second only to the U.S, which is 270 times its size in land area. How on earth have the Dutch done it
A bird’s-eye view of the Netherlands shows a unique combination of urban and rural landscapes, with over 50 percent of its land devoted to agriculture. What stands out are the enormous mirror-like greenhouse complexes(建筑群)dotting the Dutch landscape. These climate-controlled farms enable a country located less than a thousand miles from the Arctic Circle to be a global leader in exports of a fair-weather fruit: the tomato. The Dutch are also the world’s top exporter of potatoes and onions and the second largest exporter of vegetables overall in terms of value. More than a third of all global trade in vegetable seeds originates in the Netherlands.
The BRAIN TRUST behind these astonishing numbers is centered at Wageningen University & Research(WUR)—the Dutch agritechnique version of Silicon Valley, for its agricultural innovation. Ernst van den Ende, a WUR leader, emphasizes that only combining scientific and market approaches can meet upcoming challenges. He says the planet must produce “more food in the next four decades than in the past 8,000 years.” By 2050, with a predicted global population of 10 billion, novel farming methods are vital. WUR, with its 1000+ projects worldwide and global partnerships, believes solutions exist to prevent future famine.
32.What does “precision farming” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Modern farming with traditional tools.
B. A method focusing on maximum land use.
C. Farming practices employing advanced technology.
D. Agriculture with an emphasis on exports.
33.According to the passage, what is remarkable about Dutch agriculture
A. It uses more resources than other countries.
B. It significantly reduces the use of water and chemicals.
C. It focuses merely on potato farming.
D. It relies on traditional farming methods.
34.What does the author imply about the future of agriculture
A. Traditional farming will make a comeback.
B. Novel farming methods are essential for future food production.
C. Agricultural innovations will only benefit developed countries.
D. The role of universities in agriculture will disappear.
35.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. The Historical Development of Europe Agriculture
B. The Promising Future of Global Food Security
C. The Great Challenges Faced by Global Agriculture
D. A Tiny Country with Big Agricultural Achievements
7
(2024·广东·华南师大附中校考模拟预测)On October 20th comes “Killers of the Flower Moon” from the director Martin Scorsese. At nearly three and a half hours, its length is nearly double that of the average film last year. Even movie fans struggle to concentrate for that long. During the premiere at the Cannes Film Festival in May, some viewers dozed off. Afterwards there was a mad dash(and long queue)for the toilets. When did watching a film become such a labor
Film-makers started producing long-lasting movies at a rapid pace in the early 1960s. Cinema was booming and filmmakers wanted to distinguish their art from television. Epics surpassing the three-and-a-half hour mark graced the silver screen. Back then, audiences enjoyed an interval while the projectionist prepared the reels for the next act. Runtimes of popular films experienced ups and downs over subsequent decades. But they have ballooned since 2018.
Movie series is one driver of this trend. Studios want to squeeze the most out of their costly intellectual property, but they are competing with streaming platforms for eyeballs. The hope is that a spectacular, drawn-out blockbuster(大片)will tempt audiences away from the small screen and into cinemas. This approach has often paid off: “Avengers: Endgame”(2019), which showcased Marvel superheroes remarkably with a runtime of three hours, achieved the highest box office revenue among all films in that year.
Anything that attracts people away from their sofas to see a film in theatres is good news for cinemas. But lengthy runtimes also pose a “fundamental problem”, complains Clare Binns of Picturehouse, a British cinema group and film distributor. Long movies can mean abandoning two showings per night, which hurts ticket sales and profits.
Another explanation for longer films has to do with directors’ growing influence. Who would dare tell the likes of Mr Nolan to shorten his masterpieces Streamers, which do not have to worry as much about concision because viewers can pause whenever they like, may attract big names with deep pockets and promises of creative freedom. “Killers of the Flower Moon” will debut on AppleTV+ after its theatrical release.
28.What can we learn from paragraph 1
A. Movie fans tend to have a dislike for long movies.
B. Movie theaters should provide adequate restrooms.
C. The average movie fan cannot focus for over three hours.
D. Long movies affect audience engagement and physical comfort.
29.What does the underlined word “ballooned” mean in paragraph 2
A. Expanded with air. B. Made great profits.
C. Enjoyed great popularity D. Increased rapidly in length.
30.Why does the author mention the movie “Avengers: Endgame”
A. To demonstrate the trend of longer movies.
B. To highlight the success of Marvel series.
C. To illustrate the strong appeal of movie series.
D. To emphasize the studio-streaming platform contest.
31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Movie Marathons: Past and Present B. Long Movies: Impacts and Reasons
C. Filmmaking: Challenges and Rewards D. Streaming Platforms: Promising and Profitable
8
(2024·广东·华南师大附中校考模拟预测)Two and a half millennia ago, Socrates complained that writing would harm students. With a way to store ideas permanently and externally, they would no longer need to memorize. However, studies today have found that writing on paper can improve everything from recalling a random series of words to better understanding complex concepts.
For learning material by repetition, the benefits of using a pen or pencil lie in how the motor and sensory memory of putting words on paper reinforces that material. The scribbling(涂鸦)on a page feeds into visual memory: people might remember a word they wrote down in French class as being at the bottom-left on a page.
One of the best-demonstrated advantages of writing by hand seems to be in note-taking. Students typing on computers wrote down almost twice as many words directly from lectures, suggesting they were not understanding so much as rapidly copying the material. However, handwriting forces note-takers to process and organize ideas into their own words. This aids conceptual understanding at the moment of writing, resulting in better performance on tests.
Many studies have confirmed handwriting’s benefits, and policymakers have taken note. Though America’s curriculum from 2010 does not require handwriting instruction past first grade(roughly age six), about half the states since then have required more teaching of it. In Sweden there is a push for more handwriting and printed books and fewer devices. England’s national curriculum already includes the teaching of basic cursive writing(连写体)skills by age seven.
However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. Virginia Berninger, professor of psychology at the University of Washington, is a longtime advocate of handwriting. But she is not a purist; she says there are research- tested benefits for “manuscript” print-style writing but also for typing.
Socrates may or may not have had a point about the downsides of writing. But no one would remember, much less care, if his student Plato had not noted it down for the benefit of future generations.
32.According to the text, why does writing on paper have benefits for learning
A. It provides visual enjoyment in class.
B. It improves the effect of memorization.
C. It promotes the motor and sensory ability.
D. It helps to remember the information forever.
33.How does the author show the emphasis on handwriting instruction at school
A. By giving examples. B. By providing statistics.
C. By making comparisons. D. By making classification.
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Difficulties faced by the disabled. B. Unreasonableness of forbidding typing.
C. The research-tested benefits of typing. D. The longtime advocacy for handwriting.
35.Why does the writer mention Socrates and Plato in the last paragraph
A. To thank Plato for his efforts. B. To defend Socrates’ point of view.
C. To show people’s indifference to typing. D. To confirm the importance of handwriting.
9
(2024·云南昆明·统考一模)Have you ever seen your cat or dog eating grass They do so because it can help their digestion, and many wild species use natural substances to prevent and control diseases. This is called “zoo pharmacognosy” or, more commonly, animal self-medication.
Scientists have discovered that tamarin monkeys use a specific tree resin(树脂)as medicine. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, scientists followed several groups of them to collect data. During one of these daily studies, tamarin monkeys were observed rubbing their bodies on the trunk of a tree. At first, researchers thought that they were marking their territory, a common behaviour in this species. Botanical experts later confirmed that the tree was a species of cabreuva, which is well known for its medical properties.
Researchers decided to place camera-traps in different sites at the foot of the tree to record future visits by tamarin monkeys. The records surprisingly showed that many animals living in the forest visited it. Totally, ten species were observed. For many of them, it was the first time that behaviors similar to self-medication had been observed. More surprisingly, one species spread resin on each other’s fur in pairs. In general, the species seemed to specifically visit the tree to acquire the resin and seemingly benefit from it, either healing their wounds or fighting back parasites(寄生虫).
While further studies are needed to identify the properties of the resin and thus confirm that this is indeed self-medication, the use of it suggests that cabreuva represents a common and universal drugstore for the residents of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. It is likely to be a valuable resource helping the species maintain their magnitude by improving their health.
This discovery could have an important protection influence, as the disappearance of some trees could potentially affect the survival of some animals.
28.Why do tamarin monkeys rub themselves against the tree
A. They are trying to cure diseases. B. They would like to digest what they eat.
C. They feel like occupying the land. D. They are attracting companions’ attention.
29.What do researchers find through camera-traps
A. Many animals copy monkeys’ behaviors.
B. Animals can help each other clean the fur.
C. The cabreduva is the habitat of tamarin monkeys.
D. Resin can be used as medicine for some animals
30.What does the underlined word “magnitude” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Populations. B. Characteristics. C. Similarities. D. Flexibilities.
31.What is the possible significance of the discovery
A. Promoting evolution of creatures. B. Increasing the production of resin.
C. Contributing to forest conservation. D. Motivating the study of monkeys’ diet.
10
(2024·云南昆明·统考一模)Adding game-like elements to non-game activities is part of app design. Streaks(计数器)encourage users to log into products each day. Medals reward them for completing tasks. Leaderboards add the spice of competition.
Such features can help others stay motivated while achieving a goal they find difficult to stick to. When Duolingo, a language-learning app, went public in 2021, it was clear that game-like features play a crucial role in keeping its users engaged.
But as You’ve Been Played, a new book by a game designer Adrian Hon notes, firms should be very careful about how they gamify experiences. If getting gamification wrong, you can annoy both customers and employees.
For customers, the obvious dangers—annoying people with constant notices about streaks, or discouraging them by showing how low down a leaderboard they sit—are not the only ones. Somtimes, some activities surely need added “fun”. For instance, apps designed to encourage people to save money can happily use gamified features like money jars to track progress. However, some activities really don’t need added “fun”. One reading app offers to unlock animations(动画)if users hit certain reading landmarks; if you present reading as time-consuming, you are telling readers they are suffering.
For employees, turning repetitive work into video games is a technique that Amazon has reportedly used to represent workers’ progress. Yet these ideas may cause negative impact. Forced rankings motivate some people while stressing others out. GitHub, an open-source coding platform, withdrew its streak feature after concerns were raised that it was pushing programmers to work every weekend.
As Mr. Hon observes, games are much less enjoyable if you have no choice over whether to participate or not. Adding fun can work, but only if it is taken seriously.
32.What is the author’s purpose by mentioning Duolingo in Paragraph 2
A. To put an advertisement for the app. B. To illustrate how gamification helps.
C. To compare different game-like elements. D. To invite more customers to learn languages.
33.What are the customers upset with
A. The pressure of overwork. B. The brief delay of progress.
C. The awful waste of money. D. Endless bothering ringtones.
34.Why does Github cancel its streak feature
A. It runs out of employees’ patience. B. It adds stress and unnecessary work.
C. It gets employees addicted to fun games. D. It causes conflicts between programmers.
35.What is Adrian Hon’s attitude towards gamification
A. Doubtful. B. Critical. C. Objective. D. Supportive.