题型20 概要写作
第一步 浏览全文，明确文章体，了解短文大意，确定主题句。（段首、段中或段尾）
第二步 细读文章，锁定关键信息。
第三步 列写作要点，整合成句。
第四步 连句成篇，工整眷写。
【典例】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of discase, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II.
Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
【满分句型模板之锁定主题句】
Para.1: However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
Para.2: In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
Para.3: Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.
Para.4: Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.
【满分句型模板之要点陈列】
Para.1: fixed（确定的；不便的）
Para.2: means（方法，手段）， block out（挡住）， wash off（清楚掉，清洗掉），
open up（打开）， upon（一......就，立即）。
Para.3: long-lived（长期存在的）， sell the idea（说服某人接受某观点）。
Para.4: warn off（警告某人不要靠近）， gain some ground（获得优势）。
【满分句型模板之连词成句】
Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.
For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
However people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
【满分作文模板】
（要点1）People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. （要点2）However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. （要点3） However， some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
（2023·全国·高三专题练习）
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写一篇60词左右的概要。
Microplastics in Water — a Wake-up Call for All of Us
Today researchers announced that they have found tiny pieces of plastic in water samples from around the world. These pieces are called microplastics and are so small that they are invisible to the naked eye and are very difficult to remove from the water. When in the water, they are swallowed by fish and other animals and then enter the food chain.
Even more concerning is the fact that the plastic has also been found in drinking water across the world. This means that we are drinking plastic every day. Scientists do not know what level of harm this will cause us in the future.
Microplastics come from a number of different sources, in particular from washing and drying synthetic (non-natural) clothing and from cosmetics and cleaning products, such as toothpaste and face washes. Microplastics are even found in the air outside and at our homes.
Almost every country across the world agrees that we cannot continue using so much plastic in our lives. We need to find a solution to remove microplastics from our oceans. We also need to introduce new taxes and other means to encourage companies to choose environment-friendly ingredients and recyclable packaging for their products.
We need to take personal responsibility, too. We all have the freedom to choose how we spend our money and what kids of business and products we support. Let’s work together to protect our environment, both now and for the future.
Remember: Reduce — Reuse — Recycle. (244 words)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
A recent study has revealed the presence of microplastics in water samples worldwide, posing a threat to the environment and human health. Alarmingly, microplastics have also been found in drinking water, raising concerns about the potential long-term effects on humans. To address this issue, global efforts are needed to reduce plastic usage. Taking personal responsibility is crucial, as individuals can make choices that support sustainable businesses and products.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了世界水污染的严峻问题，世界各地的水源中很多都检测到了微塑料，严重影响了人们的饮用水安全，作者呼吁人们采取行动进行治理，从自身做起。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Today researchers announced that they have found tiny pieces of plastic in water samples from around the world.
②Even more concerning is the fact that the plastic has also been found in drinking water across the world ... Scientists do not know what level of harm this will cause us in the future.
③Almost every country across the world agrees that we cannot continue using so much plastic in our lives. We need to find a solution to remove microplastics from our oceans.
④We need to take personal responsibility, too. We all have the freedom to choose how we spend our money and what kids of business and products we support.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点分别进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A recent study has revealed the presence of microplastics in water samples worldwide, posing a threat to the environment and human health.
Alarmingly, microplastics have also been found in drinking water, raising concerns about the potential long-term effects on humans.
To address this issue, global efforts are needed to reduce plastic usage.
Taking personal responsibility is crucial, as individuals can make choices that support sustainable businesses and products.
【点睛】[高分句型1] A recent study has revealed the presence of microplastics in water samples worldwide, posing a threat to the environment and human health. (运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语)
[高分句型2] Taking personal responsibility is crucial, as individuals can make choices that support sustainable businesses and products. (运用了动名词短语作主语，as引导的原因状语从句以及关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句)
（2024·上海杨浦·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ignoring Your Biggest Regrets
Regrets, people often feel, are to be avoided. Mistakes may be unavoidable, but they should be kept to a minimum. And when they do occur, the best course of action is to ignore them as inevitable steps on our journey. That seems logical, at least until you consider that one of the criteria for mental illness is an inability to feel regret. As author Kathryn Schulz argues, “If you want to be fully functional, and fully human, and fully humane, I think you need to learn to live not without regret, but with it.” Counterintuitively, she and other experts argue feeling regret is essential for living your best life. No one is saying, of course, that getting trapped in your past mistakes is a good idea. But neither is a “no regrets and never look back” mentality.
Regret forces us to engage in a reflective analysis to understand why we thought or acted the way we did and makes us try things differently in the future. If you keep telling yourself “no regrets,” then learning isn’t going to happen. Besides, hiding from regret doesn’t make it hurt less. Action does. Action, recent research shows, is the best way to make regret hurt less. So if you’re troubled by your failure to travel when you were young, science suggests you consciously plan an adventurous trip now that you’re older and wiser. Upset about a broken friendship Act to try to repair it.
Acknowledging our mistakes, rather than ignoring them, reminds us that we are valuable and worthy despite our faults. That sort of acceptance is the basis both of real self-confidence and of true kindness. As Schulz sums up in her talk: “Regret doesn’t remind us that we did badly. It reminds us we know we can do better.”
【答案】Reference 01
Contrary to popular belief that regrets should be ignored, Author Schulz points out that feeling regret is crucial for a happy life. Regret makes us reflect upon past action, making learning possible. Besides, action rather than hiding from regrets makes us feel less pain(ful). To sum up, regret is a reminder telling us that we can be better. [57]
Reference 02
The article argues that regret, although often avoided, is an essential part of living a fulfilling life. Ignoring mistakes and regrets prevents learning, growth, and self-improvement, whereas acknowledging and reflecting on past regrets can lead to personal development. Instead of avoiding regret, it is suggested that individuals should take action to remedy their past mistakes and work towards a better future. Ultimately, regret is a reminder of our potential for improvement and self-growth.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，与人们普遍认为后悔应该被忽略的观点相反，作者舒尔茨指出，后悔对幸福生活至关重要。后悔使我们反思过去的行为，使学习成为可能。此外，行动而不是逃避遗憾会让我们感到更少的痛苦。总之，遗憾是一个提醒，告诉我们，我们可以做得更好。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Regrets, people often feel, are to be avoided.
②Regret forces us to engage in a reflective analysis to understand why we thought or acted the way we did and makes us try things differently in the future.
③Action does. Action, recent research shows, is the best way to make regret hurt less. So if you’re troubled by your failure to travel when you were young, science suggests you consciously plan an adventurous trip now that you’re older and wiser. Upset about a broken friendship Act to try to repair it.
④Acknowledging our mistakes, rather than ignoring them, reminds us that we are valuable and worthy despite our faults.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Contrary to popular belief that regrets should be ignored, Author Schulz points out that feeling regret is crucial for a happy life.
Regret makes us reflect upon past action, making learning possible.
Besides, action rather than hiding from regrets makes us feel less pain(ful).
To sum up, regret is a reminder telling us that we can be better.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Contrary to popular belief that regrets should be ignored, Author Schulz points out that feeling regret is crucial for a happy life.运用that引导同位语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] To sum up, regret is a reminder telling us that we can be better.用that引导宾语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（2023·上海嘉定·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Dealing with One Missed Workout
It’s a common dilemma (图局)for anyone on a training plan: You miss one workout and become awashed with guilt. To make up for it, you add those extra miles to your next workout. But according to the professionals, this isn’t the right way to go about it. “A single workout is not going to make or break a training plan. The key to training is consistency over time,” says John Raglin, PhD, professor in the Department of Kinesiology at Indiana University Bloomington.
When you miss a workout, the temptation is to think, “Oh, I’ve got to do more tomorrow”. But when you try to catch up on your workouts, you run a couple of risks: “Certainly an injury, but also becoming over-tired, which could ruin your training after that, ” says Raglin. This is a phenomenon called ‘non-functional overreaching’, “he says. Eventually, this could lead to overtraining syndrome (综合症), which is characterized by a decrease in performance later due to a long-term increase in training load without adequate recovery.
So how do you move forward if you skipped a run or five Well first, people download generalized training plans without understanding that they are meant to be adapted to life. There is a whole host of life stressors—job, kids, friendships, travel—and exercise is just another type of stress. Actually, when things get chaotic in your life, it may be necessary to just let go. Next, if you missed a workout, you have to ask yourself why: “Was it just because your schedule got out of hand or because you were feeling overly exhausted ” Understanding why you missed the workout can offer some insights into how to tailor your program to suit your lifestyle.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Professionals say it’s not right to make up for a missed workout because it may cause overtraining syndrome, which can affect your training performance later. Therefore, you should adapt the training plans to your life to avoid being overstressed and learn the reasons behind the missing to adjust the training plans.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，专业人士说，弥补错过的锻炼是不对的，因为这可能会导致过度训练综合症，从而影响你以后的训练表现。因此，你应该使训练计划适应你的生活，避免压力过大，并了解缺失背后的原因，以调整训练计划。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①To make up for it, you add those extra miles to your next workout.
②But according to the professionals, this isn’t the right way to go about it.
③There is a whole host of life stressors—job, kids, friendships, travel—and exercise is just another type of stress.
④Actually, when things get chaotic in your life, it may be necessary to just let go.
⑤Understanding why you missed the workout can offer some insights into how to tailor your program to suit your lifestyle.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Making up for missed workouts is a bad idea, experts say, because it can lead to overtraining syndrome, which can affect your training performance later on.
Therefore, you should adapt the training program to your life, avoid excessive stress, and understand the reasons behind the missing in order to adjust the training program.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Professionals say it’s not right to make up for a missed workout because it may cause overtraining syndrome, which can affect your training performance later. (运用了宾语从句和which引导的非限定性定语从句)
[高分句型2] Therefore, you should adapt the training plans to your life to avoid being overstressed and learn the reasons behind the missing to adjust the training plans. (运用了不定式作目的状语)
（2024·上海青浦·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Drawing High Schoolers to Science
A group of educators and plant scientists at Michigan State University (MSU) are connecting to reshape science classes. And this particular partnership isn’t just helping students get a better understanding of biology; it’s turning them into young scientists, even if only during class.
It doesn’t take long to see that the curriculum born from this collaboration makes for a much different experience than the traditional high school biology classes. For starters, it has a comic book for a workbook. Secondly, students are getting their hands dirty growing plants. MSU researchers are also studying the plant. The high schoolers are asking some of the same questions professional plant scientists are trying to answer.
“We’re getting them engaged with science in science practices, not just having them learn about science,” says Hildah Makori, a researcher at MSU. “They learn to look at things differently. That’s a life-time impact.”
The main characters of the comic book are a pair of young field scientists. They invite the high school students to help with plant research inspired by a real project at MSU. By growing their own plants, the students learn about genetics, evolution and how these interact with the environment.
The team has seen how this practice could keep students in the driver’s seat of their learning. To help the characters out, students set up different experiments to test their ideas.
The program is working. “This comic personally gave me a click that sparked my curiosity,” reads one student’s survey response. “The comic book put a lot of creative atmosphere into the story instead of just looking at words, instead of just listening to the teacher talk,” says another.
Teachers also had positive reviews. In a survey, one remarked how helpful it was to have the comic to refer to. The students could see the comic’s characters doing something in the lab and realize, “I’m able to do this right here at my table and I can do the same thing,” the teacher says.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Educators are cooperating with plant scientists by giving science classes designed to help students learn about science and to engage them in science. With a workbook with comics and field study about plants, such classes provide different experiences for students and have received positive reviews from both students and teachers since they arouse students’ creativity, curiosity and initiative.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，教育工作者正在与植物科学家合作，开设旨在帮助学生了解科学并使他们参与科学的科学课程。这些课程以漫画作业本和植物实地考察为基础，为学生提供了不同的体验，激发了学生的创造力、好奇心和主动性，得到了学生和老师的积极评价。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①A group of educators and plant scientists at Michigan State University (MSU) are connecting to reshape science classes.
②It doesn’t take long to see that the curriculum born from this collaboration makes for a much different experience than the traditional high school biology classes. For starters, it has a comic book for a workbook.
③“This comic personally gave me a click that sparked my curiosity,” reads one student’s survey response. “The comic book put a lot of creative atmosphere into the story instead of just looking at words, instead of just listening to the teacher talk,” says another.
④Teachers also had positive reviews. In a survey, one remarked how helpful it was to have the comic to refer to. The students could see the comic’s characters doing something in the lab and realize, “I’m able to do this right here at my table and I can do the same thing,” the teacher says.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
In order to help students learn about science and to engage them in science, educators are cooperating with plant scientists by giving them specific science classes.
With a workbook with comics and field study about plants, such classes offer different experiences to students and have received positive reviews from both students and teachers because they arouse students’ creativity, curiosity and initiative.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Educators are cooperating with plant scientists by giving science classes designed to help students learn about science and to engage them in science.运用动名词作宾语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] With a workbook with comics and field study about plants, such classes provide different experiences for students and have received positive reviews from both students and teachers since they arouse students’ creativity, curiosity and initiative.用since引导原因状语从句对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（2024·上海宝山·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Do you have a favorite podcast That can be a difficult question to answer for some as there are so many options. That is because the world is full of interesting topics and thoughts about them. If you feel you have something engaging and valuable to share, start a podcast.
A podcast is a series of audio episodes that cover a particular subject. The first step to creating a podcast is to find your topic. It’s believed that the best topics are ones that you know a lot about and love.
Another important step is to make sure you have the right equipment. While podcast equipment can be complex and expensive, it doesn’t have to be. For your first podcast, you can simply rely on your phone and computer. You can record all of your audio on your phone. Then with your computer — and the right software — you can mix the audio. This is the process of putting your audio together into one perfect-sounding file.
After you have your topic and equipment, you’ll want to choose your format. Your podcast could be one person speaking, two people talking, or many people offering their opinions. Your podcast could also include more than one of these options.
Once you’ve decided, you can start drafting your episodes. However, whatever format or formats you choose, maintain the same structure for each episode. The next step is to find a quiet place and do your recording.
When you’ve completed your recording and audio mixing, you’ll need to find a platform for your podcast. Luckily there are plenty of free and paid platform options on which to upload your podcast. Before uploading, make sure you have an interesting title and good tags for your show. Be sure to post about your show on social media. Get your podcast listed in a podcast directory, too. You want to get the word out about your podcast to grow your audience. Your podcast just might become someone’s new favorite.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
It’s about how to start a podcast. First, find a topic you’re familiar with and fond of. Then, get an appropriate equipment and a computer with a right software for processing. Third, choose a format, single, double or more people involved. Fourth, draft your document and record it. Finally, find a platform to release. (54 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍播客是什么，并就如何开一播客的步骤进行了简要的介绍。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①If you feel you have something engaging and valuable to share, start a podcast.
②A podcast is a series of audio episodes that cover a particular subject. The first step to creating a podcast is to find your topic.
③Another important step is to make sure you have the right equipment.
④After you have your topic and equipment, you’ll want to choose your format. Your podcast could be one person speaking, two people talking, or many people offering their opinions.
⑤Once you’ve decided, you can start drafting your episodes.
⑥The next step is to find a quiet place and do your recording.
⑦When you’ve completed your recording and audio mixing, you’ll need to find a platform for your podcast.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行综述，第2、4两个要点进行重组，将第5、6两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Find a topic that you are familiar with and enjoy.
Find the right equipment and a computer with the right software to do the processing.
Choose a format that involves single, double or multiple participants.
Draft your documents and write them down.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It’s about how to start a podcast. （运用一个“疑问词+不定式”结构介绍本文的主题。）
[高分句型2] First, find a topic you’re familiar with and fond of. （运用了省略关系代词的定语从句将第二段内容进行重组）
（2023·上海静安·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Competitive Cheerleading
Over the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms: game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading. Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.
Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws.
Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance. Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.
Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Competitive cheerleading is a competitive sport rather than an entertainment activity. It is physically demanding. It is a rule-governed sport where participants are scored for technique, with a strict time constraint for their performances. Moreover, the sport involves higher injury rates, impacting various body parts. Good coordination and teamwork are also needed for success.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，竞技啦啦队是一项竞技运动，而不是娱乐活动。这对体力要求很高。这是一项有规则的运动，参与者根据技术得分，并有严格的时间限制。此外，这项运动涉及更高的受伤率，影响到身体的各个部位。良好的协调和团队合作也需要成功。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport.
②However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment.
③Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity.
④Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared.
⑤It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness.
⑥According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women.
⑦Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
⑧So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2和4、5和6、7几个要点进行重组，将第3、8两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Competitive cheerleading is a competitive sport, not a recreational activity.
The physical demands are high.
It is a regulated sport where participants are awarded points based on skill and there is a strict time limit.
In addition, the sport involves a higher rate of injuries that affect all parts of the body.
Good coordination and teamwork also require success.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It is a rule-governed sport where participants are scored for technique, with a strict time constraint for their performances.(运用了关系副词where引导的限定性定语从句)
[高分句型2] Moreover, the sport involves higher injury rates, impacting various body parts. (运用了现在分词作状语)
（2023·上海黄浦·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why companies are hiring "prompt engineers"
With the new generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, anyone can put in a prompt—type in a few words and get a result. But that doesn’t mean that the results will be relevant or accurate.
The key is putting in the right prompt. That’s why some businesses are now hiring prompt engineers-people with the skill, background and practice to talk to so-called large-language AI systems effectively and why many people expect prompt engineering to be a desirable skill for many kinds of workers to add to their resumes.
In general, the more detailed the request, the closer the response will come to what the user is looking for. But the most effective prompt engineering goes beyond adding detail.
For one thing, adding the right detail to get the best response is crucial. Also, there are many ways to guide how an AI system presents the information it finds, depending on the goal-tellinlg it to write in a certain style or for a certain audience, for instance. Each tool also has particular capabilities and limitations that users can learn to tackle. And the best results often come from an extended conversation with the AI, reacting to what it produces and asking for refinements.
Even for people applying to jobs that don’t clearly mention prompt engineering, having this skill could become essential for all sorts of roles. Art directors could use generative AI to outline ideas, and marketers could use it to develop new slogans. Software engineers could use it to find problems with their code. Lawyers could use it to research a piece of law. This is going to be a foundational skill that all of us need to know. The through line is when you learn a new skill, you can take it in any direction you like.
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【答案】
Companies recruits prompt engineers because the new AI tools can't give accurate results. To get the best results, correct details, various methods to guide system, and a long dialogue are needed. However, the key is to input correct prompts—engineers’ ability to talk to the systems effectively, which is essential for all roles, taking you in any direction.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新生人工智能工具在搜索时不能给出相关的或者准确的结果，因此许多公司招聘提示工程师。他们能够输入正确的提示，有效地与所谓的大型语言人工智能系统交谈。这一技能在各种工作角色中是必不可少的。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①The key is putting in the right prompt. That’s why some businesses are now hiring prompt engineers-people with the skill, background and practice to talk to so-called large-language AI systems effectively.
②For one thing, adding the right detail to get the best response is crucial. Also, there are many ways to guide how an AI system presents the information it finds. And the best results often come from an extended conversation with the AI, reacting to what it produces and asking for refinements.
③But the most effective prompt engineering goes beyond adding detail.
④Even for people applying to jobs that don’t clearly mention prompt engineering, having this skill could become essential for all sorts of roles.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第1、4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Companies recruits prompt engineers because the new AI tools can't give accurate results.
To get the best results, correct details, various methods to guide system, and a long dialogue are needed.
However, the key is to input correct prompts—engineers’ ability to talk to the systems effectively, which is essential for all roles, taking you in any direction.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Companies recruits prompt engineers because the new AI tools can't give accurate results. (运用了because引导的原因状语从句)
【高分句型2】However, the key is to input correct prompts—engineers’ ability to talk to the systems effectively, which is essential for all roles, taking you in any direction. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句以及现在分词taking充当伴随状语)
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
With the rise of urbanism (城市化), and the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt.
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily unfocused. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (注意力缺陷多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of shaping and stretching materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor (感觉运动) development, according to the scientists at the University of Palermo, Italy. This allows the child to gradually understand his or her bodily signals.
Given the known psychological benefits, many day-care centers and schools are already encouraging greater contact with nature: outdoor lessons, regular nature walks and the construction of mud kitchens that encourage children to play in the dirt.
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【答案】
Urbanization and technology have made it difficult for children to be close to nature. Actually, outdoor play has many psychological benefits, such as recharging the brain and improving concentration, which is particularly beneficial for children with ADHD. Meanwhile, outdoor play can help children develop their sensorimotor skill through learning experience. Realizing these benefits, many organizations are offering outdoor activities.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说城市化和科技发展使得孩子们很难接近大自然。事实上，户外游戏有很多心理上的好处，比如给大脑充电，提高注意力，这对患有多动症的儿童尤其有益。同时，户外游戏可以帮助孩子通过学习体验发展他们的感觉运动技能。意识到这些好处，许多组织都提供户外活动。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①With the rise of urbanism (城市化), and the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past.
②Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established.
③This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily unfocused. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (注意力缺陷多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area.
④Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of shaping and stretching materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor (感觉运动) development, according to the scientists at the University of Palermo, Italy.
⑤Given the known psychological benefits, many day-care centers and schools are already encouraging greater contact with nature: outdoor lessons, regular nature walks and the construction of mud kitchens that encourage children to play in the dirt.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行简化重组，将第4个要点进行简化整合。
3.遣词造句Urbanization and technology have made it difficult for children to be close to nature. Actually, outdoor play has many psychological benefits, such as recharging the brain and improving concentration, which is particularly beneficial for children with ADHD. Meanwhile, outdoor play can help children develop their sensorimotor skill through learning experience. Realizing these benefits, many organizations are offering outdoor activities.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Actually, outdoor play has many psychological benefits, such as recharging the brain and improving concentration, which is particularly beneficial for children with ADHD.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中动名词短语和which引导的非限定性定语从句等。。
[高分句型2] Realizing these benefits, many organizations are offering outdoor activities.运用现在分词作状语概括了第五段内容，用法比较高级。
（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Museum Craze Involves More Teenagers
More museums are here waiting for you! China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year. The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum, one of the world’s most visited tourist attractions, kicked off as well.
As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years. Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors, many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families, reported Guangming Daily earlier this month.
To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture. They include artifact making, night visits, secret adventures, treasure evaluation, and some interesting courses. At the China Hangzhou Arts & Crafts Museum, for example, teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday. With white gloves on and little spades in their hands, visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists (考古学家). Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers. A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum. It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture. Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular. Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book.
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【答案】
Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers. (57 words)
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍说，中国首都北京今年将再开一批博物馆。作为世界上最受欢迎的旅游景点之一，故宫博物院新分院的建设也拉开了序幕，在过去的几年里，随着博物馆热的日益高涨，中国的青少年越来越热衷于探索博物馆，在那里他们可以沉浸在现代科技和过去的文化中，为了吸引年轻游客，许多博物馆正在开展更多的线下活动，推出青少年专馆或创建青少年网站。
【详解】1 要点摘录：
①China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year.
②As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years.
③To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture.
④Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers.
⑤Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The number of teenagers who visit increases each year.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2] To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers.用that引导限制性定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
In 1999, social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas. The people in the studies were also asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities. Later research has indicated that a similar principle applies to other areas as well. This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect after the researchers who discovered it. The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. For example, in some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.
The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. An extreme case of this would be impostor syndrome, which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their skills despite knowing what they are doing.
It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise (专业知识) in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
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【答案】
The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves. The opposite situation can also happen where capable people underestimate themselves. However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，邓宁-克鲁格效应指的是在某些领域不太了解的人往往高估自己的原则。相反的情况也会发生，有能力的人会低估自己。然而，许多人可能没有意识到他们的能力不足，所以最好承认邓宁-克鲁格效应的存在，并保持谦虚和学习。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills.
②The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.
③It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a rule that people who don’t leanr much in certain areas prefer to overestimate themselves.
The opposite situation where capable people underestimate themselves can also take place.
However, many people may not realize what they lack , so it’s wise to acknowledge the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep modest and learning.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves.(运用where引导定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。)
[高分句型2] However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.(用where引导宾语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。)题型20 概要写作
第一步 浏览全文，明确文章体，了解短文大意，确定主题句。（段首、段中或段尾）
第二步 细读文章，锁定关键信息。
第三步 列写作要点，整合成句。
第四步 连句成篇，工整眷写。
【典例】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of discase, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II.
Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
【满分句型模板之锁定主题句】
Para.1: __________________________________________________________________________________
Para.2:__________________________________________________________________________________ Para.3:__________________________________________________________________________________ Para.4: __________________________________________________________________________________
【满分句型模板之要点陈列】
Para.1: fixed（确定的；不便的）
Para.2: means（方法，手段）， block out（挡住）， wash off（清楚掉，清洗掉），
open up（打开）， upon（一......就，立即）。
Para.3: long-lived（长期存在的）， sell the idea（说服某人接受某观点）。
Para.4: warn off（警告某人不要靠近）， gain some ground（获得优势）。
【满分句型模板之连词成句】
Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.
For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
However people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
【满分作文模板】
（要点1）______________________________________________________________________________
（要点2）______________________________________________________________________________
（要点3）______________________________________________________________________________
（2023·全国·高三专题练习）
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写一篇60词左右的概要。
Microplastics in Water — a Wake-up Call for All of Us
Today researchers announced that they have found tiny pieces of plastic in water samples from around the world. These pieces are called microplastics and are so small that they are invisible to the naked eye and are very difficult to remove from the water. When in the water, they are swallowed by fish and other animals and then enter the food chain.
Even more concerning is the fact that the plastic has also been found in drinking water across the world. This means that we are drinking plastic every day. Scientists do not know what level of harm this will cause us in the future.
Microplastics come from a number of different sources, in particular from washing and drying synthetic (non-natural) clothing and from cosmetics and cleaning products, such as toothpaste and face washes. Microplastics are even found in the air outside and at our homes.
Almost every country across the world agrees that we cannot continue using so much plastic in our lives. We need to find a solution to remove microplastics from our oceans. We also need to introduce new taxes and other means to encourage companies to choose environment-friendly ingredients and recyclable packaging for their products.
We need to take personal responsibility, too. We all have the freedom to choose how we spend our money and what kids of business and products we support. Let’s work together to protect our environment, both now and for the future.
Remember: Reduce — Reuse — Recycle. (244 words)
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（2024·上海杨浦·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ignoring Your Biggest Regrets
Regrets, people often feel, are to be avoided. Mistakes may be unavoidable, but they should be kept to a minimum. And when they do occur, the best course of action is to ignore them as inevitable steps on our journey. That seems logical, at least until you consider that one of the criteria for mental illness is an inability to feel regret. As author Kathryn Schulz argues, “If you want to be fully functional, and fully human, and fully humane, I think you need to learn to live not without regret, but with it.” Counterintuitively, she and other experts argue feeling regret is essential for living your best life. No one is saying, of course, that getting trapped in your past mistakes is a good idea. But neither is a “no regrets and never look back” mentality.
Regret forces us to engage in a reflective analysis to understand why we thought or acted the way we did and makes us try things differently in the future. If you keep telling yourself “no regrets,” then learning isn’t going to happen. Besides, hiding from regret doesn’t make it hurt less. Action does. Action, recent research shows, is the best way to make regret hurt less. So if you’re troubled by your failure to travel when you were young, science suggests you consciously plan an adventurous trip now that you’re older and wiser. Upset about a broken friendship Act to try to repair it.
Acknowledging our mistakes, rather than ignoring them, reminds us that we are valuable and worthy despite our faults. That sort of acceptance is the basis both of real self-confidence and of true kindness. As Schulz sums up in her talk: “Regret doesn’t remind us that we did badly. It reminds us we know we can do better.”
（2023·上海嘉定·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Dealing with One Missed Workout
It’s a common dilemma (图局)for anyone on a training plan: You miss one workout and become awashed with guilt. To make up for it, you add those extra miles to your next workout. But according to the professionals, this isn’t the right way to go about it. “A single workout is not going to make or break a training plan. The key to training is consistency over time,” says John Raglin, PhD, professor in the Department of Kinesiology at Indiana University Bloomington.
When you miss a workout, the temptation is to think, “Oh, I’ve got to do more tomorrow”. But when you try to catch up on your workouts, you run a couple of risks: “Certainly an injury, but also becoming over-tired, which could ruin your training after that, ” says Raglin. This is a phenomenon called ‘non-functional overreaching’, “he says. Eventually, this could lead to overtraining syndrome (综合症), which is characterized by a decrease in performance later due to a long-term increase in training load without adequate recovery.
So how do you move forward if you skipped a run or five Well first, people download generalized training plans without understanding that they are meant to be adapted to life. There is a whole host of life stressors—job, kids, friendships, travel—and exercise is just another type of stress. Actually, when things get chaotic in your life, it may be necessary to just let go. Next, if you missed a workout, you have to ask yourself why: “Was it just because your schedule got out of hand or because you were feeling overly exhausted ” Understanding why you missed the workout can offer some insights into how to tailor your program to suit your lifestyle.
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（2024·上海青浦·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Drawing High Schoolers to Science
A group of educators and plant scientists at Michigan State University (MSU) are connecting to reshape science classes. And this particular partnership isn’t just helping students get a better understanding of biology; it’s turning them into young scientists, even if only during class.
It doesn’t take long to see that the curriculum born from this collaboration makes for a much different experience than the traditional high school biology classes. For starters, it has a comic book for a workbook. Secondly, students are getting their hands dirty growing plants. MSU researchers are also studying the plant. The high schoolers are asking some of the same questions professional plant scientists are trying to answer.
“We’re getting them engaged with science in science practices, not just having them learn about science,” says Hildah Makori, a researcher at MSU. “They learn to look at things differently. That’s a life-time impact.”
The main characters of the comic book are a pair of young field scientists. They invite the high school students to help with plant research inspired by a real project at MSU. By growing their own plants, the students learn about genetics, evolution and how these interact with the environment.
The team has seen how this practice could keep students in the driver’s seat of their learning. To help the characters out, students set up different experiments to test their ideas.
The program is working. “This comic personally gave me a click that sparked my curiosity,” reads one student’s survey response. “The comic book put a lot of creative atmosphere into the story instead of just looking at words, instead of just listening to the teacher talk,” says another.
Teachers also had positive reviews. In a survey, one remarked how helpful it was to have the comic to refer to. The students could see the comic’s characters doing something in the lab and realize, “I’m able to do this right here at my table and I can do the same thing,” the teacher says.
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（2024·上海宝山·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Do you have a favorite podcast That can be a difficult question to answer for some as there are so many options. That is because the world is full of interesting topics and thoughts about them. If you feel you have something engaging and valuable to share, start a podcast.
A podcast is a series of audio episodes that cover a particular subject. The first step to creating a podcast is to find your topic. It’s believed that the best topics are ones that you know a lot about and love.
Another important step is to make sure you have the right equipment. While podcast equipment can be complex and expensive, it doesn’t have to be. For your first podcast, you can simply rely on your phone and computer. You can record all of your audio on your phone. Then with your computer — and the right software — you can mix the audio. This is the process of putting your audio together into one perfect-sounding file.
After you have your topic and equipment, you’ll want to choose your format. Your podcast could be one person speaking, two people talking, or many people offering their opinions. Your podcast could also include more than one of these options.
Once you’ve decided, you can start drafting your episodes. However, whatever format or formats you choose, maintain the same structure for each episode. The next step is to find a quiet place and do your recording.
When you’ve completed your recording and audio mixing, you’ll need to find a platform for your podcast. Luckily there are plenty of free and paid platform options on which to upload your podcast. Before uploading, make sure you have an interesting title and good tags for your show. Be sure to post about your show on social media. Get your podcast listed in a podcast directory, too. You want to get the word out about your podcast to grow your audience. Your podcast just might become someone’s new favorite.
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（2023·上海静安·高三统考期末）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Competitive Cheerleading
Over the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms: game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading. Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.
Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws.
Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance. Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.
Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
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（2023·上海黄浦·统考一模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why companies are hiring "prompt engineers"
With the new generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, anyone can put in a prompt—type in a few words and get a result. But that doesn’t mean that the results will be relevant or accurate.
The key is putting in the right prompt. That’s why some businesses are now hiring prompt engineers-people with the skill, background and practice to talk to so-called large-language AI systems effectively and why many people expect prompt engineering to be a desirable skill for many kinds of workers to add to their resumes.
In general, the more detailed the request, the closer the response will come to what the user is looking for. But the most effective prompt engineering goes beyond adding detail.
For one thing, adding the right detail to get the best response is crucial. Also, there are many ways to guide how an AI system presents the information it finds, depending on the goal-tellinlg it to write in a certain style or for a certain audience, for instance. Each tool also has particular capabilities and limitations that users can learn to tackle. And the best results often come from an extended conversation with the AI, reacting to what it produces and asking for refinements.
Even for people applying to jobs that don’t clearly mention prompt engineering, having this skill could become essential for all sorts of roles. Art directors could use generative AI to outline ideas, and marketers could use it to develop new slogans. Software engineers could use it to find problems with their code. Lawyers could use it to research a piece of law. This is going to be a foundational skill that all of us need to know. The through line is when you learn a new skill, you can take it in any direction you like.
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（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
With the rise of urbanism (城市化), and the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt.
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily unfocused. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (注意力缺陷多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of shaping and stretching materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor (感觉运动) development, according to the scientists at the University of Palermo, Italy. This allows the child to gradually understand his or her bodily signals.
Given the known psychological benefits, many day-care centers and schools are already encouraging greater contact with nature: outdoor lessons, regular nature walks and the construction of mud kitchens that encourage children to play in the dirt.
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（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Museum Craze Involves More Teenagers
More museums are here waiting for you! China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year. The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum, one of the world’s most visited tourist attractions, kicked off as well.
As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years. Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors, many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families, reported Guangming Daily earlier this month.
To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture. They include artifact making, night visits, secret adventures, treasure evaluation, and some interesting courses. At the China Hangzhou Arts & Crafts Museum, for example, teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday. With white gloves on and little spades in their hands, visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists (考古学家). Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers. A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum. It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture. Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular. Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book.
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（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
In 1999, social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas. The people in the studies were also asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities. Later research has indicated that a similar principle applies to other areas as well. This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect after the researchers who discovered it. The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. For example, in some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.
The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. An extreme case of this would be impostor syndrome, which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their skills despite knowing what they are doing.
It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise (专业知识) in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
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