Unit 1 Science and Scientists
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单元核心脉络图
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必备知识
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核心词汇：
1. proof n. 证据；证明；检验
2. household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
3. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
4. statistic n. [pl. ] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
5. transform vt. &vi. 使改观；使改变形态；改变；转变
6. microscope n. 显微镜
7. abstract adj. 抽象的；理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要
8. initial adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的
9. protein n. 蛋白质
10. concept n. 概念；观念
11. astronomer n. 天文学家
12. telescope n. 望远镜
13. shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. &vt. 转移；挪动；转向
14. vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的
15. virus n. 病毒
核心语法： 表语从句
语篇： 记叙文
表达：熟悉记叙文语篇的特点和组织结构，能够就英语学习问题和方法运用跟主题意义有关的词汇和句式记叙一件事或者一个人。
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关键能力
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1.以约翰斯诺战胜霍乱的事件和他的优秀品质为依据，举行（模拟）答记者问。
2.总结优秀的科学家精神，即不仅要有科学的方法，还要有爱心和社会担当。
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学科素养
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理解质疑精神在科学研究中的重要作用，思考科学研究对人类的影响。
在模拟组织答记者问得活动中，总结杰出科学家的优秀品质，达到对科学精神的深层理解。
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核心价值
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学生通过本文的学习，体会到英国医生约翰斯诺在霍乱防治邻域的突出贡献和他作为杰出科学家正直的品质和严谨的态度。
学会批判性思考，形成自己的观点和看法。
坚定文化信念。
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单元主题导入
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引言解读
Every great achievement of science， are bold fantasy as the starting point。
释义: 科学的每一项巨大成就，都是以大胆的幻想为出发点的。——杜威
启示:必须敢于想象才能在科学方面获得成就。
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名言名句积累
) 1、追求科学需要特殊的勇敢。——伽利略 The pursuit of science needs special courage。 2、运动是一切生命的源泉。——达·芬奇 Sport is the source of all life。 3、真理可能在少数人一边。——柏拉图 Truth may be in the side of a few people。 4、惊奇就是科学的种子。——爱迪生 Surprise is the seed of science。 5、只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。——培根 Only obey natural， can control the nature。 6、人就像一粒种子，各方面都要健康。——袁隆平 Man is like a seed， various aspects are healthy。 7、科学是永无止境的，它是一个永恒之谜。——爱因斯坦 Science is endless， it is an eternal mystery。 8、一旦科学插上幻想的翅膀，它就能赢得胜利。——法拉第 Once the science with wings of fantasy， it can win。 9、对搞科学的人来说，勤奋就是成功之母。——茅以升 To make scientific， diligence is the mother of success。 10、科学是使人精神变得勇敢的最好途径。——布鲁诺 Science is the best way to make the person spirit to become so。
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主题语篇探究
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单元主题探究
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在“人与社会”的主题下,本单元主题介绍科学家英国医生约翰斯诺由霍乱的成因中发现问题、提出假设，选择调查方法、收集和分析数据、寻找支持证据，直到最后得出结论并提出解决方案的整个过程。
语篇品读 JOHN SNOW DEFEATSKING“ CHOLERA Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37.38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste .Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we know to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientist study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of epidemiology 全文翻译 ”约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱” 霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何才能战胜霍乱。这种疾病会导致严重腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲爆发霍乱，数百万人死于霍乱。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。很快，他成为了一位著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。 一般来说，当时的医生有两种相互矛盾的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。一种理论认为是空气不好导致了这种疾病。另一种说法是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他还需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始进行调查。他发现有两条街道的霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内有500多人死亡。他决心找出原因。 下雪的开始是在地图上标出所有死去的人居住过的确切地点。Broad Street的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16号、37.38号和40号房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21 Broad Street，8和9 Cambridge 没有死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费啤酒，所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵造成的。更糟糕的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开布罗德街后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作为这一证据的结果，约翰斯诺能够宣布水泵的水携带霍乱病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其无法使用。通过这一干预措施，疾病得以遏制。 事实是，街上水泵的水已经被垃圾污染了，而且，斯诺后来发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售被未经处理的废水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。 通过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售清洁水，全球霍乱的威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人死于霍乱。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的工作，我们知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺在使用地图和统计学的过程中，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是流行病学之父. 词块积累 cholera / k l r / n. 霍乱 severe /s v (r)/ adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 diarrhoea / da r / n. 腹泻 dehydration /di ha dre n/ n. 脱水 frustrated /fr stre t d/adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 once and for all 最终地；彻底地 contradictory / k ntr d kt ri/ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 infection / n fek n/n. 感染；传染 infect / n fekt/ vt. 使感染；传染 germ /d m/ 微生物；细菌；病菌 subscribe /s b skra b/ vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费） subscribe to 同意；赞同 proof /pru f/ n. 证据；证明；检验 multiple / m lt pl/ adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
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题源
研读拓展
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语篇品读 https://uww, （高考题源报刊） COVID-19 Changed How the World Does Science, Together By Matt Apuzzo and David D. Kirkpatrick While political leaders have locked their borders, scientists have been shattering theirs, creating a global collaboration unlike any in history. Never before, researchers say, have so many experts in so many countries focused simultaneously on a single topic and with such urgency. Nearly all other research has ground to a halt. Normal imperatives like academic credit have been set aside. Online repositories make studies available months ahead of journals. Researchers have identified and shared hundreds of viral genome sequences. More than 200 clinical trials have been launched, bringing together hospitals and laboratories around the globe. On a recent morning, for example, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh discovered that a ferret exposed to Covid-19 particles had developed a high fever — a potential advance toward animal vaccine testing. Under ordinary circumstances, they would have started work on an academic journal article. “But you know what There is going to be plenty of time to get papers published,” said Paul Duprex, a virologist leading the university’s vaccine research. Within two hours, he said, he had shared the findings with scientists around the world on a WHO conference call. “It is pretty cool, right You cut the crap, for lack of a better word, and you get to be part of a global enterprise.” 全文翻译 新冠病毒改变世界科研，科学家同舟共济 当下，一些国家的政治领导人已宣布“锁国”，而与此同时，科学家们正打破他们之间的科研边界，形成了一股前所未有的全球合作态势。研究人员表示，从来没有像现在这样，有这么多国家的专家们如此迫切地同时专注一个课题。几乎所有其他研究都暂停了。 如学术成就等往常重要的事情已被搁置一旁。在线信息库让研究论文提前于期刊数月便可供查阅。研究人员已经鉴定并共享了数百个病毒基因组序列。200多项临床试验业已启动，将全球各地的医院和实验室联结在了一起。 比如，在最近的一个早晨，匹兹堡大学的科学家们发现，一只暴露在新冠病毒颗粒环境中的雪貂出现了高烧症状——这可能是动物疫苗试验的一个进展。通常情况下，他们会开始撰写学术期刊文章。 “但是你知道吗？以后有的是时间发表论文，”在该大学领导这一疫苗研究项目的病毒学家保罗·杜普瑞斯说道。他表示，两个小时之内，他就在世界卫生组织的电话会议上与世界各地的科学家们分享了前述发现。“这件事很酷，对吧？你无需废话，我也找不到更好的词了，就能参与到一项全球事业中。” 词块积累 1.lock [l k] vt. 上锁，封闭 n. 锁 2.shatter [ t ] vt. 打破；彻底毁坏，破灭 3.collaboration [k l b re n] n. 合作，协作 4.simultaneously [ s m l te ni sli] adv. 同时 5.urgency [ d nsi] n. 紧迫，急迫 6.imperative [ m per t v] n. 重要、紧急的事 7.repository [r p z t( )ri] n. 存放库，仓库 8.launch [l nt ] vt. 启动 9.ferret [ fer t] n. 雪貂 10.particle [ pɑ t k l] n. 微小的颗粒 11.potential [p ten l] adj. 可能的，潜在的 12.circumstance [ s k mstɑ ns] n. 情形 13.virologist [va r l d ist] n. 病毒学家 14.enterprise [ ent pra z] n. 大型的、复杂的项目；
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语篇拓展阅读
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Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 作为学生应该了解并跟上人工智能发展的一些相关信息。 ★★★★
During the past decade, artificial intelligence has been rapidly evolving and changing our daily lives. From virtual personal assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars, AI has not only improved our efficiency but also created new industries and new possibilities. As students, it’s critical to understand and keep up with the latest developments in artificial intelligence. Let’s take a closer look.
AI is defined as the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. Thanks to rapid improvements in computer hardware and software, AI has been widely applied to a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and education. For example, AI-powered medical devices can detect illnesses and provide personalized treatment recommendations. AI algorithms can also help financial institutions to detect fraud and improve investing decisions.
However, AI is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is the impact of AI on employment. As AI continues to replace human workers, many argue that it could lead to job displacement and income inequality. Additionally, there are growing concerns about the ethical implications of AI. For example, AI algorithms could reinforce societal biases or be used in malicious ways, such as cyber-crime or warfare.
How can we ensure that AI is being developed and used ethically One solution is to promote collaborative efforts between AI developers, policymakers, and the general public. Transparency and openness in AI development could help to mitigate potential biases and ensure that AI algorithms are being developed in line with social values.
The rise of AI has the potential for both positives and negatives. It’s critical for students to stay informed and contribute to the conversation on the ethical development and usage of AI.
1．Which of the following industries have undergone a significant transformation thanks to the swift and potent advancement of AI
A．Predominantly the transportation and technologies sector
B．Solely the financial sector and the medical field
C．The construction and hospitality industry
D．The automobile and fashion industry
2．What is the paramount apprehension regarding the proliferation of artificial intelligence
A．the potential impact of AI on the environment
B．the potential impact on the general labor market and income inequality
C．AI compromising national security measures
D．the effects of AI on public healthcare
3．Artificial intelligence is best defined as which of the following
A．The capability of machines to perform tasks that require robust manual labor.
B．The capability of machines to perform creative tasks.
C．The capability of machines to perform efficient teamwork.
D．The capability of machines to process and analyze data in order to generate predictions and decisions.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是作为学生应该了解并跟上人工智能发展的一些相关信息。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thanks to rapid improvements in computer hardware and software, AI has been widely applied to a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and education. For example, AI-powered medical devices can detect illnesses and provide personalized treatment recommendations.(随着计算机硬件和软件的快速发展，人工智能已广泛应用于医疗、金融、交通、教育等多个行业。例如，人工智能医疗设备可以检测疾病并提供个性化治疗建议。)”可知，人工智能在交通以及医疗、教育等方面取得了重大的转变，医疗、教育等行业属于技术部门，由此可知，人工智能主要在交通以及技术领域取得了重大的转变。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“One of the primary concerns is the impact of AI on employment. As AI continues to replace human workers, many argue that it could lead to job displacement and income inequality.(其中一个主要问题是人工智能对就业的影响。随着人工智能继续取代人类工人，许多人认为它可能会导致工作转移和收入不平等。)”可知，人工智能的扩散会导致人工智能继续取代人类劳动力，从而会导致工作转移和收入不平等问题，由此可知，人工智能的扩散可能会影响一般劳动力市场和收入不平等。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AI is defined as the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.(人工智能被定义为机器执行通常需要人类智能的任务的能力，如视觉感知、语音识别、决策和语言翻译。)”以及“AI algorithms can also help financial institutions to detect fraud and improve investing decisions.(人工智能算法还可以帮助金融机构发现欺诈行为，并改善投资决策。)”可知，人工智能定义为需要人类智能完成任务的机器能力，它能够帮助做出预测和改善投资决策，由此可知，人工智能最佳的定义为一种机器处理和分析数据以产生预测和决策的能力。故选D项。
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学精神 作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes, and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。 ★★★
Learning to say “yes, and”
When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class, I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D．, so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.
During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong.
The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it.
The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.
I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.”
4．Why did the author attend the improvisation class
A．To get a different experience.
B．To finish her Ph.D．at university.
C．To give up her job as a science communicator.
D．To improve her speaking and communicating ability.
5．What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class
A．She formed her own idea quickly.
B．She came up with lots of creative responses.
C．She paid more attention to the logic of answers.
D．She became a good listener before giving an opinion.
6．The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ________.
A．explain the process of using the method
B．prove the benefits of the improvisation class
C．share her own research experiences with readers
D．attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class
7．What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph
A．They should attend the improvisation class.
B．They should question all preconceived ideas.
C．They should carry on research by admitting earlier data.
D．They should try to improve their academic knowledge.
【答案】4．D 5．D 6．B 7．C
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes, and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.”（作为一个安静害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即兴交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，因此，这似乎是一个学习如何有效地与他人交谈和沟通的绝佳机会。我报名了，因为我知道这段经历会给我帮助）可知，因为作者打算的完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，需要提高与他人交谈和沟通的能力，但她一个安静害羞的女孩，她参加即兴交流课是想要提高自己的交谈和沟通的能力，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课是为了提高她的交谈和沟通能力。故选D项。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment.”（最初的几个场景很难，但随着上了几个月课后，我变得更舒服了，甚至开始享受我们的课程。我变得更善于倾听，更善于与我的谈话伙伴交流，也更善于在这一刻清晰地沟通）可知，在上了几周课后，作者变得更善于倾听，更善于与谈话伙伴交流，也更善于清晰地沟通，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课后的变化是：在发表意见之前，她成了一个很好的倾听者。故选D项。
6．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段关键句“Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.”（在上课之前，当我的实验产生意想不到的数据时，我会被卡住，觉得自己犯了一个错误。但是现在，我不会灰心，而是会对结果是真实的可能性保持开放态度，继续探索数据，最终发现一种新类型的细胞——一种不符合预期的细胞）和最后一段关键句“I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson.”（我认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益）可知，运用了“yes, and”方法，让作者在进行科学实验的过程中受益，她会对意想不到的结果持开放态度，继续研究，最终有了意想不到的科学发现，她认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益，由此可知，作者提到在她的科学实验中运用“yes, and”的方法是为了证明即兴交流课的好处。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.””（如果数据显示犀牛是图书管理员，那么就有必要了解犀牛是否是图书管理员。作为科学家，我们的工作不是去挑战支持一个事先形成的描述的数据，而是说“yes, and”）可知，作者认为面对之前的科学数据，我们的工作并不是去挑战它，而是要接受它，并继续研究，探索真伪，由此可知，从最后一段可以推断出科学家应该通过接受早期数据进行研究。故选C项。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学精神 论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。 ★★★★
In a classic episode of The Simpsons, Homer’s class reunion ends in shame when one of Homer’s guilty secrets is exposed: he never graduated from high school. To get his diploma, he must pass a science test. As he sits down to retake the exam, he holds one of his trademark dialogues with his brain. “All right, brain. You don’t like me and I don’t like you. But let’s just do this and I can get back to killing you with beer.”
Many a true word is spoken as a joke. Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work. It is so much easier to quit and let the brain’s autopilot take over.
And no wonder. Evolution has blessed the human brain with all kinds of mental shortcuts that make life manageable. If we had to think about every action or weigh up every decision, we would break down. As a result, certain ideas and modes of thinking come naturally to us, such as effortless thinking.
But at huge cost. Our mental shortcuts work fine at the level of individuals and small-scale societies, but in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, they are a danger to society. Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism. All are caused by people disengaging their critical thinking and going with their gut (非理性的) feeling.
Everybody is capable of gut feeling, but also of the critical thinking. Both thinking styles are needed to make the world go round. Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.
One of the bright spots in 2017 was the start of a movement called the March For Science. Those who believe in the power of science need to keep on marching, or give more power to people who don’t much like their own brains — or other people’s.
8．What does the author want to convey through Homer’s story
A．Feeling is very important.
B．Drinking beer is harmful to one’s brain.
C．High school seniors should work hard.
D．Most people hate effortful thinking like Homer.
9．How do you read between the lines of the underlined sentence according to the passage
A．Most people would rather tell jokes than tell the truth.
B．Most people don’t want to toil through scientific tests.
C．Most people would love to have their brains controlled by a pilot.
D．Most people like Simpson’s ordinary character are willing to think simple.
10．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．Our mental shortcuts function well.
B．Effortless thinking is expensive for people.
C．Effortless thinking is dangerous to society.
D．People prefer effortless thinking to critical thinking.
11．What does the author think of critical thinking
A．It makes the world go round.
B．It needs necessary training.
C．It works fine at the level of personal affairs.
D．It leads to the March For Science in 2017.
12．What is the best title for the text
A．Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed
B．Effortless Thinking Is Out of Date
C．We Need to March Towards Science
D．Thinking Contributes to Social Problems
【答案】8．D 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以电影《辛普森一家人》中荷马失败的同学会开始，揭露出大部分人不喜欢进行需要花费努力的批判性思维，论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的是普通人。对大多数人来说，为了通过科学考试而进行的那种费力的思考感觉太辛苦了)”可推知，作者想通过荷马的故事说明大多数人像荷马一样讨厌像费力的思考。故选D项。
9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中画线句下文的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作)”可推知，划线句子想要表达的意思是荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的与普通人十分相似，即大多数像辛普森一样平凡的人都愿意简单地思考。故选D项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“But at huge cost. Our mental shortcuts work fine at the level of individuals and small-scale societies, but in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, they are a danger to society. Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism.(但代价是巨大的。我们的思维捷径在个人和小规模社会的水平上运行良好，但在一个日益相互联系和全球化的世界中，它们对社会是一种危险。毫不费力的思考是当今世界许多最严重问题的根源：恐怖主义、仇恨、不平等和宗教极端主义)”可知，第四段主要是关于毫不费力的思考对社会是危险的。故选C项。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话“Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.(不幸的是，后者需要的培训对许多人来说是不可能或没有吸引力的)”可推知，作者认为批判性思维需要进行一些必要的培训。故选B项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作)”及第四段中的“Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism.(毫不费力的思考是当今世界许多最严重问题的根源：恐怖主义、仇恨、不平等和宗教极端主义)”可知，本文主要介绍了现在多数人不喜欢批判性思维，即理性思维，而当今世界一些严重问题的根源在于人们缺乏理性思维。由此可知，A项“Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed(批判性思维迫切被需要)”适合作文章最佳标题。故选A项。
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教材语篇研读
)
I. 教材语篇梳理
THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE What is the text type of the passage narration
Main idea of each paragraph Paragraph 1: What is King Cholera Who is John Snow Paragraph 2&3: How did John Snow defeat King Cholera Paragraph 4: What's the truth of King Cholera Paragraph 5:What are the contributions and significance of John Snow's work
Main idea of the text The text is mainly about John Snow and ____how__ he defeats King Cholera
II. 课文语法填空
John Snow was a pioneer in the use of maps and statistics when 1. （study） cholera. Snow began the investigation by marking on a map the exact places 2. all those who died had lived. There were multiple 3. （dead） near the water pump in Broad Street 4. no one died in some households. The survivors 5. （give） free beer and had not drunk the pump water. Another woman away from the water pump had the water 6. （deliver） to her house so that she as well as her daughter died of cholera. As a consequence 7. the evidence，Snow announced the water pump was 8.___________（blame）. His 9. （intervene） of removing the pump handle stopped the disease in its tracks. Snow also showed a link between cholera and water companies，10. （make） them sell clean water. Therefore，the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
答案详解
1. studying 考查状语从句的省略。此处是省略形式，完整形式是when he was studying cholera。当主句和从句主语一致且从句谓语部分含有be 动词时，从句的主语和be 动词可以同时省略。
2. where 考查定语从句。此处是一个定语从句，先行词是places，where 是关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
3. deaths 考查名词。此处需要一个名词，dead 的名词形式是death，根据前面were 可知造成了很多人死亡，所以用复数。
4. while 考查连词。while 此处表示对比。
5. had been given 考查动词的时态和语态。and 后面用了过去完成时，根据语境可知此处也应该用过去完成时。
6. delivered 考查固定搭配。have sth. done 让某事被做。
7. of 考查介词。as a consequence of 由于。
8. to blame 考查动词。be to blame 负有责任，blame 用主动形式表被动含义。
9. intervention 考查名词。在形容词性物主代词his 后面需用名词。
10. making 考查现在分词。making... 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
课文语法填空 (2)
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact 1. China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Born in Hangzhou in 1911，Qian attended schools in Beijing and entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However，he switched his major to aviation 2. （advance）China’s aerospace after the Songhu Battle broke out. After finishing his graduate studies in the United States，Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology and founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with several other people.
Qian returned to China in 1955 after he 3. （overcome）some difficulties and was put in charge of not only 4. （develop）China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. Under Qian’s leadership，China made many 5. （breakthrough）in aerospace. Therefore he earned the name of “6. father of China’s aerospace”.
Qian was 7. （extreme）knowledgeable， especially in the area of frontier science research. 8. might have made him so outstanding and creative was probably his extensive interests. His deep 9. （appreciate）for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. The whole country10. （sad）by Qian’s death in 2009 and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
答案详解
1. on 考查介词。have an impact on 对……有影响。
2. to advance 考查非谓语动词。他转专业的目的是发展中国的航空事业，故用动词不定式作目的状语。
3. overcame 考查时态。这是过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。
4. developing 考查非谓语动词。of 是介词，介词后面接动名词。
5. breakthroughs 考查名词。many 后用可数名词复数。
6. the 考查冠词。他被尊称为“中国航天之父”。
7. extremely 考查副词。修饰形容词knowledgeable 用副词。
8. What 考查主语从句。这是what 引导的主语从句，what 在主语从句中作主语。
9. appreciation 考查名词。形容词后面用名词，appreciate 的名词形式是appreciation。
10. was saddened 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：2009 年， 钱学森去世，举国上下悲痛不已，人们用不同的方式纪念他。sad 的动词形式是sadden，由介词by 可以断定，应用被动语态，由in 2009 可知用一般过去时，故此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。
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教考衔接演练
)
阅读微技能 1. Skim 略读 You can find main ideas by first taking a quick look at the title, picture(s), key words and phrases, and topic sentences. 2. Find the topic sentence 找主题句 The topic sentence is normally, but not always, the first sentence of a paragraph. It gives the main idea of the paragraph.
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 中国的“小麦之母”张道荣和她的团队努力拼搏培育新小麦品种的事迹。 ★★★★★
As the Chinese saying goes, a seed can change the world; a variety can benefit a nation.
Zhang Daorong, who has spent the last 26 years 1 13 new varieties of wheat and contributing to national food security, has done both. The 50-year-old, who is called the “mother of wheat”, is a 2 at the Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Xiangyang city.
The research into new varieties requires strict standards and 3 experiments. “The first 4 is to find suitable parental types for a specific cultivation purpose. Then we try a hybrid combination,” Zhang explained. “After several generations of 5 and selection, and when characteristics remain stable, we 6 a two-year process of yield testing and disease identification.” And after several more rounds of tests, a(n) 7 for evaluation and approval can be made for market production.
“Generally speaking, a good new 8 should produce high yields, have stable production, and 9 good resistance to bad conditions,” she added. “ 10 , it also should be accepted by the market.”
Zhang added that the team 11 70,000 to 80,000 seedlings (幼苗) each year. All year round they were busy with 12 experiments on the growth of the new seedlings and making records and analyses.
“Agricultural research work is 13 and complicated. Sometimes your efforts do not 14 . All we can do then is think more, discuss more and find 15 on the land,” she said.
1．A．advertising B．cultivating C．discussing D．observing
2．A．journalist B．teacher C．researcher D．manager
3．A．precise B．efficient C．simple D．expensive
4．A．way B．attempt C．step D．question
5．A．encouragement B．support C．management D．trial
6．A．begin B．continue C．follow D．repeat
7．A．practice B．application C．declaration D．invitation
8．A．environment B．machine C．farmland D．variety
9．A．produce B．enhance C．show D．develop
10．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Otherwise
11．A．watered B．bought C．protected D．planted
12．A．reporting B．designing C．conducting D．studying
13．A．normal B．tough C．varied D．specific
14．A．end up B．run out C．break up D．pay off
15．A．answers B．comfort C．dreams D．courage
【答案】
1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍中国的“小麦之母”张道荣和她的团队努力拼搏培育新小麦品种的事迹。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：张道荣在过去的26年里培育了13个小麦新品种，为国家粮食安全做出了贡献，他做到了这两件事。A. advertising打广告；B. cultivating培育；C. discussing讨论；D. observing观察，遵循。根据“13 new varieties of wheat”可知，是培育小麦。故选B。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这位被称为“小麦之母”的50岁女性是襄阳市襄阳农业科学院的一名研究员。A. journalist 记者；B. teacher教师；C. researcher研究者；D. manager经理。根据上文“who has spent the last 26 years 1 13 new varieties of wheat and contributing to national food security”推知，张道荣是一位研究小麦的研究员。故选C。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对新品种的研究需要严格的标准和精确的实验。A. precise精确的；B. efficient高效的；C. simple简单的；D. expensive昂贵的。呼应“strict standards”此处指精确的实验。故选A。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“第一步是找到适合特定培养目的的父本和母本类型。然后我们尝试杂交组合，”张解释道。A. way方法，道路；B. attempt企图；C. step步骤；D. question问题。根据“to find suitable parental types for a specific cultivation purpose”和常识可知，找到适合特定培养目的的父本和母本类型是培育新品种的第一步。故选C。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“经过几代的试验和选择，当特性保持稳定时，我们开始了为期两年的产量测试和疾病鉴定过程。”A. encouragement鼓励；B. support支持；C. management管理；D. trial审讯，试验。根据常识可知，培育新品种需要经过（植物）几代的试验和选择，才能选出最优的。故选D。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. begin开始；B. continue继续；C. follow跟随；D. repeat重复。结合上文提到选出最优品种和“a two-year process of yield testing and disease identification.”可知，接下来就应该开始产量测试和疾病鉴定。故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：经过几轮测试后，可以申请评估，批准用于市场生产。A. practice练习；B. application应用，申请；C. declaration宣布；D. invitation邀请。根据“And after several more rounds of tests”可知，几轮测试合格后，可以申请评估。故选B。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她补充道：“一般来说，一个好的新品种应该产量高，产量稳定，并对恶劣条件表现出良好的抵抗力。” A. environment环境；B. machine机器；C. farmland农田；D. variety种类。根据上文“Zhang Daorong, who has spent the last 26 years 1 13 new varieties of wheat and contributing to national food security, has done both.”可知，此处是指一个新的种类。故选D。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. produce生产，产生；B. enhance加强；C. show表明，表现；D. develop发展。根据“good resistance to bad conditions”可知，此处指新品种要表现出良好的抵抗力。故选C。
10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“此外，它也应该被市场所接受。”A. Besides此外；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Otherwise否则。结合语境可知，此处是对上文的补充说明，用besides符合题意。故选A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：张补充说，该团队每年种植7万至8万株幼苗。A. watered浇水；B. bought购买；C. protected保护；D. planted种植。结合该团队培育新品种的事实以及“70,000 to 80,000 seedlings (幼苗) each year.”可知，此处是指每年种植7万至8万株幼苗。故选D。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一年四季，他们都忙于对新苗的生长进行实验，并进行记录和分析。A. reporting报道；B. designing设计；C. conducting进行；D. studying学习，研究。根据“experiments on the growth of the new seedlings”可知，此处是指进行实验。故选C。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：农业研究工作既艰巨又复杂。A. normal正常的；B. tough棘手的，艰难的；C. varied变异的；D. specific具体的。根据“complicated”并结合上文提到他们一次又一次的试验可知，农业研究是艰巨且复杂的。故选B。
14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：有时你的努力没有回报。A. end up结束；B. run out用完；C. break up破裂；D. pay off回报。根据上文“Agricultural research work is 13 and complicated.”可知，农业研究的特点可能导致有时研究人员的付出是没有回报的。故选D。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，我们所能做的就是多思考、多讨论，并在土地上找到答案。A. answers答案；B. comfort安慰；C. dreams梦，梦想；D. courage勇气。上文提到有时付出可能没有回报再结合“think more, discuss more”可知，只能多思考多讨论，在土地上找到答案，即如何才能培育出优质的新品种。故选A。
Passage2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 显微镜是一种科学仪器，同时介绍了显微镜镜片的发展史，其在生物学研究中一直很重要。 ★★★★★
A microscope is a scientific instrument that reveals objects which are normally too small for the human eyes to see. Microscopes use several lenses(镜片) to provide a large image of a tiny object and they have been important in the study of biology.
16 . People noticed that single lenses could make objects larger and also that they could focus the sun’s rays to start a fire. These early lenses were called burning glasses. This led to the development of eye-glasses or spectacles in the early 1300s.
In the late 1500s, two Dutch spectacle makers, Hans and Zaccharias Janssen, invented the first true microscope. 17 , and they were surprised to discover that they could make objects look many times bigger. Galileo, an Italian scientist, improved the quality of the lenses to produce better quality microscopes and telescopes.
Anthony Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723) and Robert Hooke(1635-1703) were two early users of the microscope. 18 . Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and showed how a drop of water is full of living creatures. Robert Hooke wrote a book Micrographia which described this new world of micro- organisms with drawings that amazed the world.
For two hundred years, there was little development of the microscope until new industrial techniques produced accurate and powerful lenses. 19 , so they were often inaccurate. In the early twentieth century, the USA and Germany produced powerful microscopes in large numbers for export around the world.
Nowadays, scientists still use microscopes that use light to see small objects such as cells and micro-organisms. 20 . These electron microscopes have a magnification(放大) of a million times and now we can see molecules(分子)and atoms.
A．They used several lenses together in a tube
B．Microscopes were expensive in their early days
C．Before this time, people made the lenses by hand
D．They made many important discoveries for mankind by using it
E．The word microscope comes from the New Latin word microscopium
F．But they also have so powerful microscopes that use a different technology
G．The discovery of glass over 2000 years ago led to early experiments with lenses
【答案】16．G 17．A 18．D 19．C 20．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了显微镜是一种科学仪器，同时介绍了显微镜镜片的发展史，其在生物学研究中一直很重要。
16．根据后文的“People noticed that single lenses could make objects larger and also that they could focus the sun’s rays to start a fire. These early lenses were called burning glasses. (人们注意到单透镜可以使物体变大，还可以集中太阳光来生火。这些早期的镜片被称为燃烧镜。)”可知，此处强调的是早期的显微镜镜片的作用，故空前应该提到“早期的显微镜镜片”。G选项“The discovery of glass over 2000 years ago led to early experiments with lenses(2000多年前玻璃的发现导致了早期的透镜实验。)”引起下文，符合语境，强调了2000多年前的显微镜镜片是由玻璃制作而成。故选G。
17．根据前文的“In the late 1500s, two Dutch spectacle makers, Hans and Zaccharias Janssen, invented the first true microscope. (16世纪晚期，两位荷兰眼镜制造商汉斯和扎克尼亚斯·杨森发明了第一台真正的显微镜。)”可知，此处强调16世纪晚期，两位荷兰眼镜制造商汉斯和扎克尼亚斯·杨森发明的第一台真正的显微镜，设空处应该介绍该显微镜的使用原理。A选项“They used several lenses together in a tube.(他们把几个透镜放在一个管子里。)”中的they指代前文的汉斯和扎克尼亚斯·杨森，同时也交代了该显微镜的工作原理。故选A。
18．根据后文的“Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and showed how a drop of water is full of living creatures. (列文虎克发现了细菌，并展示了一滴水是如何充满生物的。)”可知，此处强调列文虎克使用显微镜做出了怎样的发现。D选项“They made many important discoveries for mankind by using it.(他们利用它为人类做出了许多重要的发现。)”中的“许多重要的发现”即为下文的“一滴水是如何充满生物的”。故选D。
19．根据后文的“so they were often inaccurate.(所以它们经常是不准确的。)”可知，前文应该交代显微镜不准确的原因。C选项“Before this time, people made the lenses by hand.(在此之前，人们手工制作镜片。)”指出了由于人们是手工制作镜片，所以显微镜总是不准确的。故选C。
20．根据后文的“These electron microscopes have a magnification(放大) of a million times and now we can see molecules(分子)and atoms.(这些电子显微镜可以放大一百万倍，现在我们可以看到分子和原子。)”可知空前应该电子显微镜强大功效，即指出除了常规显微镜，当前应用的可以放大一百万倍的应用于不同技术的强大显微镜。F选项“But they also have so powerful microscopes that use a different technology.(但他们也有使用不同技术的强大显微镜.)”中的“强大显微镜”即指后文中的电子显微镜，与下文呼应，符合语境。故选F。
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 文章主要介绍了高级AI聊天机器人ChatGPT。 ★★★★
ChatGPT is an advanced AI chatbot trained by OpenAI 21 interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format allows ChatGPT to answer follow-up questions, admit mistakes, challenge incorrect premises (假设), 22 reject inappropriate requests. It has reached 100 million users just two months since 23 (it) launching, according to 24 (analyst).
GPT technology can help people write code quickly and correctly by using natural language as a prompt. GPT can take a text prompt and generate code 25 (tailor) to the given task. This technology can potentially reduce development time, as it can quickly and 26 (accurate) generate code. It can also help reduce 27 risk of errors, as GPT can generate code that can be tested and used immediately.
Google 28 (feed) coding interview questions to ChatGPT last month and, based on the AI’s answers, determined it would be hired for a level-three engineering position, according to an internal document.
In 29 (add), it is reported that researchers recently put ChatGPT through the United States Medical Licensing exam. In a December report, ChatGPT “performed at or near the passing threshold (门槛) for all three exams 30 any training or reinforcement.”
【答案】
21．that/which 22．and 23．its 24．analysts 25．tailored 26．accurately 27．the 28．fed 29．addition 30．without
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了高级AI聊天机器人ChatGPT。
21．考查定语从句。句意：ChatGPT是由OpenAI训练的高级AI聊天机器人，以会话方式进行交互。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词ChatGPT在从句中做主语，应用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。
22．考查连词。句意：对话格式允许ChatGPT回答后续问题、承认错误、质疑不正确的前提和拒绝不适当的请求。分析可知，answer、admit、challenge和reject是并列的不定式，应用and连接。故填and。
23．考查代词。句意：据分析人士称，自推出两个月以来，它的用户已达到1亿。修饰名词launching应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
24．考查名词的数。句意同上。空处应填名词作宾语，analyst“分析人士”是可数名词，此处用复数形式表泛指。故填analysts。
25．考查非谓语动词。句意：GPT可以接受文本提示并生成适合给定任务的代码。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词can take，空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语，code和tailor为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式作定语。故填tailored。
26．考查副词。句意：该技术可以潜在地减少开发时间，因为它可以快速准确地生成代码。修饰动词generate应用所给词的副词形式。故填accurately。
27．句意：它还可以帮助减少错误的风险，因为GPT可以生成可以立即测试和使用的代码。此处特指错误的风险，应用定冠词the修饰risk。故填the。
28．考查动词时态。句意：根据一份内部文件，谷歌向ChatGPT提供了编码面试问题，并根据人工智能的答案确定它将被聘用为三级工程师职位。此处在句中作谓语，feed表示“提供”，句子陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时。故填fed。
29．考查名词。句意：此外，据报道，研究人员最近让ChatGPT通过了美国医疗执照考试。in addition为固定短语，意为“此外”。故填addition。
30．考查介词。句意：在去年12月的一份报告中，ChatGPT“在没有任何训练或强化的情况下，在所有三项考试中都达到或接近通过门槛。”结合句意和句子结构可知，此处应用介词without表示“没有”。故填without。Unit 1 Science and Scientists
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单元核心脉络图
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必备知识
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核心词汇：
1. proof n. 证据；证明；检验
2. household n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
3. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
4. statistic n. [pl. ] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
5. transform vt. &vi. 使改观；使改变形态；改变；转变
6. microscope n. 显微镜
7. abstract adj. 抽象的；理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要
8. initial adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的
9. protein n. 蛋白质
10. concept n. 概念；观念
11. astronomer n. 天文学家
12. telescope n. 望远镜
13. shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. &vt. 转移；挪动；转向
14. vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的
15. virus n. 病毒
核心语法： 表语从句
语篇： 记叙文
表达：熟悉记叙文语篇的特点和组织结构，能够就英语学习问题和方法运用跟主题意义有关的词汇和句式记叙一件事或者一个人。
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关键能力
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1.以约翰斯诺战胜霍乱的事件和他的优秀品质为依据，举行（模拟）答记者问。
2.总结优秀的科学家精神，即不仅要有科学的方法，还要有爱心和社会担当。
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学科素养
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理解质疑精神在科学研究中的重要作用，思考科学研究对人类的影响。
在模拟组织答记者问得活动中，总结杰出科学家的优秀品质，达到对科学精神的深层理解。
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核心价值
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学生通过本文的学习，体会到英国医生约翰斯诺在霍乱防治邻域的突出贡献和他作为杰出科学家正直的品质和严谨的态度。
学会批判性思考，形成自己的观点和看法。
坚定文化信念。
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单元主题导入
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引言解读
Every great achievement of science， are bold fantasy as the starting point。
释义: 科学的每一项巨大成就，都是以大胆的幻想为出发点的。——杜威
启示:必须敢于想象才能在科学方面获得成就。
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名言名句积累
) 1、追求科学需要特殊的勇敢。——伽利略 The pursuit of science needs special courage。 2、运动是一切生命的源泉。——达·芬奇 Sport is the source of all life。 3、真理可能在少数人一边。——柏拉图 Truth may be in the side of a few people。 4、惊奇就是科学的种子。——爱迪生 Surprise is the seed of science。 5、只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。——培根 Only obey natural， can control the nature。 6、人就像一粒种子，各方面都要健康。——袁隆平 Man is like a seed， various aspects are healthy。 7、科学是永无止境的，它是一个永恒之谜。——爱因斯坦 Science is endless， it is an eternal mystery。 8、一旦科学插上幻想的翅膀，它就能赢得胜利。——法拉第 Once the science with wings of fantasy， it can win。 9、对搞科学的人来说，勤奋就是成功之母。——茅以升 To make scientific， diligence is the mother of success。 10、科学是使人精神变得勇敢的最好途径。——布鲁诺 Science is the best way to make the person spirit to become so。
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主题语篇探究
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单元主题探究
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在“人与社会”的主题下,本单元主题介绍科学家英国医生约翰斯诺由霍乱的成因中发现问题、提出假设，选择调查方法、收集和分析数据、寻找支持证据，直到最后得出结论并提出解决方案的整个过程。
语篇品读 JOHN SNOW DEFEATSKING“ CHOLERA Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37.38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste .Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we know to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientist study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of epidemiology 全文翻译 ”约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱” 霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何才能战胜霍乱。这种疾病会导致严重腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲爆发霍乱，数百万人死于霍乱。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。很快，他成为了一位著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。 一般来说，当时的医生有两种相互矛盾的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。一种理论认为是空气不好导致了这种疾病。另一种说法是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他还需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始进行调查。他发现有两条街道的霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内有500多人死亡。他决心找出原因。 下雪的开始是在地图上标出所有死去的人居住过的确切地点。Broad Street的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16号、37.38号和40号房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21 Broad Street，8和9 Cambridge 没有死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费啤酒，所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵造成的。更糟糕的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开布罗德街后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作为这一证据的结果，约翰斯诺能够宣布水泵的水携带霍乱病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其无法使用。通过这一干预措施，疾病得以遏制。 事实是，街上水泵的水已经被垃圾污染了，而且，斯诺后来发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售被未经处理的废水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。 通过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售清洁水，全球霍乱的威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人死于霍乱。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的工作，我们知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺在使用地图和统计学的过程中，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是流行病学之父. 词块积累 cholera / k l r / n. 霍乱 severe /s v (r)/ adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 diarrhoea / da r / n. 腹泻 dehydration /di ha dre n/ n. 脱水 frustrated /fr stre t d/adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 once and for all 最终地；彻底地 contradictory / k ntr d kt ri/ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 infection / n fek n/n. 感染；传染 infect / n fekt/ vt. 使感染；传染 germ /d m/ 微生物；细菌；病菌 subscribe /s b skra b/ vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费） subscribe to 同意；赞同 proof /pru f/ n. 证据；证明；检验 multiple / m lt pl/ adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
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题源
研读拓展
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语篇品读 https://uww, （高考题源报刊） COVID-19 Changed How the World Does Science, Together By Matt Apuzzo and David D. Kirkpatrick While political leaders have locked their borders, scientists have been shattering theirs, creating a global collaboration unlike any in history. Never before, researchers say, have so many experts in so many countries focused simultaneously on a single topic and with such urgency. Nearly all other research has ground to a halt. Normal imperatives like academic credit have been set aside. Online repositories make studies available months ahead of journals. Researchers have identified and shared hundreds of viral genome sequences. More than 200 clinical trials have been launched, bringing together hospitals and laboratories around the globe. On a recent morning, for example, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh discovered that a ferret exposed to Covid-19 particles had developed a high fever — a potential advance toward animal vaccine testing. Under ordinary circumstances, they would have started work on an academic journal article. “But you know what There is going to be plenty of time to get papers published,” said Paul Duprex, a virologist leading the university’s vaccine research. Within two hours, he said, he had shared the findings with scientists around the world on a WHO conference call. “It is pretty cool, right You cut the crap, for lack of a better word, and you get to be part of a global enterprise.” 全文翻译 新冠病毒改变世界科研，科学家同舟共济 当下，一些国家的政治领导人已宣布“锁国”，而与此同时，科学家们正打破他们之间的科研边界，形成了一股前所未有的全球合作态势。研究人员表示，从来没有像现在这样，有这么多国家的专家们如此迫切地同时专注一个课题。几乎所有其他研究都暂停了。 如学术成就等往常重要的事情已被搁置一旁。在线信息库让研究论文提前于期刊数月便可供查阅。研究人员已经鉴定并共享了数百个病毒基因组序列。200多项临床试验业已启动，将全球各地的医院和实验室联结在了一起。 比如，在最近的一个早晨，匹兹堡大学的科学家们发现，一只暴露在新冠病毒颗粒环境中的雪貂出现了高烧症状——这可能是动物疫苗试验的一个进展。通常情况下，他们会开始撰写学术期刊文章。 “但是你知道吗？以后有的是时间发表论文，”在该大学领导这一疫苗研究项目的病毒学家保罗·杜普瑞斯说道。他表示，两个小时之内，他就在世界卫生组织的电话会议上与世界各地的科学家们分享了前述发现。“这件事很酷，对吧？你无需废话，我也找不到更好的词了，就能参与到一项全球事业中。” 词块积累 1.lock [l k] vt. 上锁，封闭 n. 锁 2.shatter [ t ] vt. 打破；彻底毁坏，破灭 3.collaboration [k l b re n] n. 合作，协作 4.simultaneously [ s m l te ni sli] adv. 同时 5.urgency [ d nsi] n. 紧迫，急迫 6.imperative [ m per t v] n. 重要、紧急的事 7.repository [r p z t( )ri] n. 存放库，仓库 8.launch [l nt ] vt. 启动 9.ferret [ fer t] n. 雪貂 10.particle [ pɑ t k l] n. 微小的颗粒 11.potential [p ten l] adj. 可能的，潜在的 12.circumstance [ s k mstɑ ns] n. 情形 13.virologist [va r l d ist] n. 病毒学家 14.enterprise [ ent pra z] n. 大型的、复杂的项目；
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语篇拓展阅读
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Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 作为学生应该了解并跟上人工智能发展的一些相关信息。 ★★★★
During the past decade, artificial intelligence has been rapidly evolving and changing our daily lives. From virtual personal assistants like Siri and Alexa to self-driving cars, AI has not only improved our efficiency but also created new industries and new possibilities. As students, it’s critical to understand and keep up with the latest developments in artificial intelligence. Let’s take a closer look.
AI is defined as the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. Thanks to rapid improvements in computer hardware and software, AI has been widely applied to a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and education. For example, AI-powered medical devices can detect illnesses and provide personalized treatment recommendations. AI algorithms can also help financial institutions to detect fraud and improve investing decisions.
However, AI is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is the impact of AI on employment. As AI continues to replace human workers, many argue that it could lead to job displacement and income inequality. Additionally, there are growing concerns about the ethical implications of AI. For example, AI algorithms could reinforce societal biases or be used in malicious ways, such as cyber-crime or warfare.
How can we ensure that AI is being developed and used ethically One solution is to promote collaborative efforts between AI developers, policymakers, and the general public. Transparency and openness in AI development could help to mitigate potential biases and ensure that AI algorithms are being developed in line with social values.
The rise of AI has the potential for both positives and negatives. It’s critical for students to stay informed and contribute to the conversation on the ethical development and usage of AI.
1．Which of the following industries have undergone a significant transformation thanks to the swift and potent advancement of AI
A．Predominantly the transportation and technologies sector
B．Solely the financial sector and the medical field
C．The construction and hospitality industry
D．The automobile and fashion industry
2．What is the paramount apprehension regarding the proliferation of artificial intelligence
A．the potential impact of AI on the environment
B．the potential impact on the general labor market and income inequality
C．AI compromising national security measures
D．the effects of AI on public healthcare
3．Artificial intelligence is best defined as which of the following
A．The capability of machines to perform tasks that require robust manual labor.
B．The capability of machines to perform creative tasks.
C．The capability of machines to perform efficient teamwork.
D．The capability of machines to process and analyze data in order to generate predictions and decisions.
Passage 2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学精神 作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes, and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。 ★★★
Learning to say “yes, and”
When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class, I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D．, so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.
During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong.
The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it.
The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.
I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.”
4．Why did the author attend the improvisation class
A．To get a different experience.
B．To finish her Ph.D．at university.
C．To give up her job as a science communicator.
D．To improve her speaking and communicating ability.
5．What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class
A．She formed her own idea quickly.
B．She came up with lots of creative responses.
C．She paid more attention to the logic of answers.
D．She became a good listener before giving an opinion.
6．The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ________.
A．explain the process of using the method
B．prove the benefits of the improvisation class
C．share her own research experiences with readers
D．attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class
7．What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph
A．They should attend the improvisation class.
B．They should question all preconceived ideas.
C．They should carry on research by admitting earlier data.
D．They should try to improve their academic knowledge.
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学精神 论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。 ★★★★
In a classic episode of The Simpsons, Homer’s class reunion ends in shame when one of Homer’s guilty secrets is exposed: he never graduated from high school. To get his diploma, he must pass a science test. As he sits down to retake the exam, he holds one of his trademark dialogues with his brain. “All right, brain. You don’t like me and I don’t like you. But let’s just do this and I can get back to killing you with beer.”
Many a true word is spoken as a joke. Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work. It is so much easier to quit and let the brain’s autopilot take over.
And no wonder. Evolution has blessed the human brain with all kinds of mental shortcuts that make life manageable. If we had to think about every action or weigh up every decision, we would break down. As a result, certain ideas and modes of thinking come naturally to us, such as effortless thinking.
But at huge cost. Our mental shortcuts work fine at the level of individuals and small-scale societies, but in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, they are a danger to society. Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism. All are caused by people disengaging their critical thinking and going with their gut (非理性的) feeling.
Everybody is capable of gut feeling, but also of the critical thinking. Both thinking styles are needed to make the world go round. Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.
One of the bright spots in 2017 was the start of a movement called the March For Science. Those who believe in the power of science need to keep on marching, or give more power to people who don’t much like their own brains — or other people’s.
8．What does the author want to convey through Homer’s story
A．Feeling is very important.
B．Drinking beer is harmful to one’s brain.
C．High school seniors should work hard.
D．Most people hate effortful thinking like Homer.
9．How do you read between the lines of the underlined sentence according to the passage
A．Most people would rather tell jokes than tell the truth.
B．Most people don’t want to toil through scientific tests.
C．Most people would love to have their brains controlled by a pilot.
D．Most people like Simpson’s ordinary character are willing to think simple.
10．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．Our mental shortcuts function well.
B．Effortless thinking is expensive for people.
C．Effortless thinking is dangerous to society.
D．People prefer effortless thinking to critical thinking.
11．What does the author think of critical thinking
A．It makes the world go round.
B．It needs necessary training.
C．It works fine at the level of personal affairs.
D．It leads to the March For Science in 2017.
12．What is the best title for the text
A．Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed
B．Effortless Thinking Is Out of Date
C．We Need to March Towards Science
D．Thinking Contributes to Social Problems
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教材语篇研读
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I. 教材语篇梳理
THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE What is the text type of the passage narration
Main idea of each paragraph Paragraph 1: What is King Cholera Who is John Snow Paragraph 2&3: How did John Snow defeat King Cholera Paragraph 4: What's the truth of King Cholera Paragraph 5:What are the contributions and significance of John Snow's work
Main idea of the text The text is mainly about John Snow and ____how__ he defeats King Cholera
II. 课文语法填空
John Snow was a pioneer in the use of maps and statistics when 1. （study） cholera. Snow began the investigation by marking on a map the exact places 2. all those who died had lived. There were multiple 3. （dead） near the water pump in Broad Street 4. no one died in some households. The survivors 5. （give） free beer and had not drunk the pump water. Another woman away from the water pump had the water 6. （deliver） to her house so that she as well as her daughter died of cholera. As a consequence 7. the evidence，Snow announced the water pump was 8.___________（blame）. His 9. （intervene） of removing the pump handle stopped the disease in its tracks. Snow also showed a link between cholera and water companies，10. （make） them sell clean water. Therefore，the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
课文语法填空 (2)
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact 1. China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Born in Hangzhou in 1911，Qian attended schools in Beijing and entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However，he switched his major to aviation 2. （advance）China’s aerospace after the Songhu Battle broke out. After finishing his graduate studies in the United States，Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology and founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with several other people.
Qian returned to China in 1955 after he 3. （overcome）some difficulties and was put in charge of not only 4. （develop）China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. Under Qian’s leadership，China made many 5. （breakthrough）in aerospace. Therefore he earned the name of “6. father of China’s aerospace”.
Qian was 7. （extreme）knowledgeable， especially in the area of frontier science research. 8. might have made him so outstanding and creative was probably his extensive interests. His deep 9. （appreciate）for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. The whole country10. （sad）by Qian’s death in 2009 and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
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教考衔接演练
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阅读微技能 1. Skim 略读 You can find main ideas by first taking a quick look at the title, picture(s), key words and phrases, and topic sentences. 2. Find the topic sentence 找主题句 The topic sentence is normally, but not always, the first sentence of a paragraph. It gives the main idea of the paragraph.
Passage 1
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 中国的“小麦之母”张道荣和她的团队努力拼搏培育新小麦品种的事迹。 ★★★★★
As the Chinese saying goes, a seed can change the world; a variety can benefit a nation.
Zhang Daorong, who has spent the last 26 years 1 13 new varieties of wheat and contributing to national food security, has done both. The 50-year-old, who is called the “mother of wheat”, is a 2 at the Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Xiangyang city.
The research into new varieties requires strict standards and 3 experiments. “The first 4 is to find suitable parental types for a specific cultivation purpose. Then we try a hybrid combination,” Zhang explained. “After several generations of 5 and selection, and when characteristics remain stable, we 6 a two-year process of yield testing and disease identification.” And after several more rounds of tests, a(n) 7 for evaluation and approval can be made for market production.
“Generally speaking, a good new 8 should produce high yields, have stable production, and 9 good resistance to bad conditions,” she added. “ 10 , it also should be accepted by the market.”
Zhang added that the team 11 70,000 to 80,000 seedlings (幼苗) each year. All year round they were busy with 12 experiments on the growth of the new seedlings and making records and analyses.
“Agricultural research work is 13 and complicated. Sometimes your efforts do not 14 . All we can do then is think more, discuss more and find 15 on the land,” she said.
1．A．advertising B．cultivating C．discussing D．observing
2．A．journalist B．teacher C．researcher D．manager
3．A．precise B．efficient C．simple D．expensive
4．A．way B．attempt C．step D．question
5．A．encouragement B．support C．management D．trial
6．A．begin B．continue C．follow D．repeat
7．A．practice B．application C．declaration D．invitation
8．A．environment B．machine C．farmland D．variety
9．A．produce B．enhance C．show D．develop
10．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Otherwise
11．A．watered B．bought C．protected D．planted
12．A．reporting B．designing C．conducting D．studying
13．A．normal B．tough C．varied D．specific
14．A．end up B．run out C．break up D．pay off
15．A．answers B．comfort C．dreams D．courage
Passage2
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 显微镜是一种科学仪器，同时介绍了显微镜镜片的发展史，其在生物学研究中一直很重要。 ★★★★★
A microscope is a scientific instrument that reveals objects which are normally too small for the human eyes to see. Microscopes use several lenses(镜片) to provide a large image of a tiny object and they have been important in the study of biology.
16 . People noticed that single lenses could make objects larger and also that they could focus the sun’s rays to start a fire. These early lenses were called burning glasses. This led to the development of eye-glasses or spectacles in the early 1300s.
In the late 1500s, two Dutch spectacle makers, Hans and Zaccharias Janssen, invented the first true microscope. 17 , and they were surprised to discover that they could make objects look many times bigger. Galileo, an Italian scientist, improved the quality of the lenses to produce better quality microscopes and telescopes.
Anthony Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723) and Robert Hooke(1635-1703) were two early users of the microscope. 18 . Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and showed how a drop of water is full of living creatures. Robert Hooke wrote a book Micrographia which described this new world of micro- organisms with drawings that amazed the world.
For two hundred years, there was little development of the microscope until new industrial techniques produced accurate and powerful lenses. 19 , so they were often inaccurate. In the early twentieth century, the USA and Germany produced powerful microscopes in large numbers for export around the world.
Nowadays, scientists still use microscopes that use light to see small objects such as cells and micro-organisms. 20 . These electron microscopes have a magnification(放大) of a million times and now we can see molecules(分子)and atoms.
A．They used several lenses together in a tube
B．Microscopes were expensive in their early days
C．Before this time, people made the lenses by hand
D．They made many important discoveries for mankind by using it
E．The word microscope comes from the New Latin word microscopium
F．But they also have so powerful microscopes that use a different technology
G．The discovery of glass over 2000 years ago led to early experiments with lenses
Passage 3
主题语境 主题群 话题 推荐指数
人与社会 科学技术 文章主要介绍了高级AI聊天机器人ChatGPT。 ★★★★
ChatGPT is an advanced AI chatbot trained by OpenAI 21 interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format allows ChatGPT to answer follow-up questions, admit mistakes, challenge incorrect premises (假设), 22 reject inappropriate requests. It has reached 100 million users just two months since 23 (it) launching, according to 24 (analyst).
GPT technology can help people write code quickly and correctly by using natural language as a prompt. GPT can take a text prompt and generate code 25 (tailor) to the given task. This technology can potentially reduce development time, as it can quickly and 26 (accurate) generate code. It can also help reduce 27 risk of errors, as GPT can generate code that can be tested and used immediately.
Google 28 (feed) coding interview questions to ChatGPT last month and, based on the AI’s answers, determined it would be hired for a level-three engineering position, according to an internal document.
In 29 (add), it is reported that researchers recently put ChatGPT through the United States Medical Licensing exam. In a December report, ChatGPT “performed at or near the passing threshold (门槛) for all three exams 30 any training or reinforcement.”
