人教版（2019）选择性必修 第一册Unit 1 People of achievement 同步拓展阅读提升学案（含答案）
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Unit1 People of Achievement
本单元围绕“卓有成就的人”这一主题展开，而该单元学生通过阅
读屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的专题新闻报道，及爱因斯坦是如何改变我们对整
个世界的看法，学习科学家的伟大品质，树立正确的人生观和价值观。与
此同时,通过学习屠呦呦、梅兰芳和黄大年的艰辛和伟大，能通过语篇深
刻感受中国传统医药学和中国伟大科学家和艺术家对世界做出的突出贡献，
树立民族文化自信。
Reading 1 （SB）
TuYouYou awarded Nobel Prize
（新闻报道：屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖）
Reading 2（SB）
The man who changed Our understanding of the universe
（人物传记：介绍爱因斯坦的一生和成就）
Listen for reasons
The woman I admire （探索伟大的意义）
Non-restrictive relative clauses
A description of someone you admire
（说明文：学习描述一个人物）
Mei Lanfang : Great Artist,cultural Ambassador
（梅兰芳：提高民族文化自信）
1.词汇
核心词汇
crucial,vital,commit,objective,evaluate,property,distinct,boil,obtain,
acknowledge,defeat,analyse,conclude,apparently,insist,construction,infer,
consequence,encounter
核心短语：
Devote oneself to do, risk one’s life, wear and tear,take up a position,
sum up,lead to,die from,insist on,come to a conclusion,make contribution to,
due to ,out of a strong passion,come to power,as a consequence,make
achievements, be seen as ,pass away
语篇
1.掌握专题新闻报道类型语篇的主题特征、结构特征和语言特征。
2.阅读人物传记，掌握该类型语篇特点，掌握用故事说明人物品质的方法。
3.听懂并理解探讨人物成就和人物品质的对话。
表达
1.能够运用口头表达时，用填充语争取思考时间的交际策略
2.能够以口头和书面的形式，有条理地叙述人物经历和评价人物成就。
语法 Non-restrictive relative clauses
感知中外伟人的成就并学习其优秀的品质，思考自我发展和完善,
深入理解“伟大的含义”，树立远大目标。
学习了解诺贝尔奖获得者屠呦呦发现青蒿素艰辛与过程，理解我国
中医药对人类健康和世界发展的贡献。
学生能够主动收集、整合、总结人物信息和人物经历，分析其获得
成功的原因，归纳杰出人物的共同品质。
正确理解“个人成就”与“社会价值”之间的辩证关系，对照自身
成长经历，思考成长的意义和未来的努力方向。
能够把握主题，运用寻读策略快速找到语篇中描写人物外貌、品质
等特征的表达，为建构主题意义服务。
能够在听的过程中，借助表达因果关系的语言，理解语篇信息。
3.学会运用所积累的词汇及非限定性定语从句描述人物和事件。
4.用恰当的学习策略解决学习中遇到的问题。
引导学生通过了解一些伟人的事迹和成就，深度思考成为一个什么
样的人，同时帮助学生提升思辨能力，形成积极的学习态度和正确的人
生观和价值观，努力学习科学知识，传承和弘扬我国传统文化，并提升
民族文化自信。
通过本单元的学习，学生能够：
通过梳理卓有成就的人物的经历，分析杰出人物的品质，归纳其获得
成就的原因。
2.介绍卓有成就的人物的经历和我品质并进行评价。
3.讨论对“伟大”和“成功”的认识并陈述理由，以榜样为引领，树立正
确的人生观和价值观，思考自己的奋斗方向。
Reading and Thinking
TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE
6 October 2015
This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin , a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600, 000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone.
屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖
2015年10月6日
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现。这是一种治疗疟疾的关键新药物。青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，改善了数百万人的健康。全世界每年有2亿多人罹患疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分，据信仅在非洲每年就能挽救10万人的
生命。
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
屠呦呦，一位坚定而耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。毕业后，她在北京的中国中医研究院工作。1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索疟疾新疗法为目标的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。在开始的时候，屠呦呦去了海南研究疟疾患者，在那里疟疾更常见。1969年，她成为北京项目的负责人，并决定复阅中国古代医学文献，以寻找这种疾病的传统的植物疗法。她的团队查阅了2000多本古老的医学文献，并对280 ,000种植物的药用性能进行了评估。在他们的研究中，他们发现并测试了380种不同的中国古代医疗方法，这些方法为抗击疟疾带来了希望。
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
一本四世纪的医学文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。屠呦呦的团队测试了一批干艾叶，但没有发现效果。然后，他们试着把新鲜的苦艾煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。他们的计划陷入了困境。然而，屠呦呦并不承认失败。她又分析了一遍医学文献，偶然发现了一句话，建议用另一种方法来处理青蒿。她的结论是，煮青蒿显然破坏了它的医学特性。她用较低的温度提取提取物，发现了一种有效的物质。在失败了190多次之后，这个团队终于在1971年成功了。屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是安全的。后来，这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了测试，大部分受试患者都康复了。这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快成为治疗疟疾的标准药物。
According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize she said, "The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world."
屠呦呦说，青蒿素的发现是一个团队努力的结果。当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这个荣誉不仅仅属于我。在我身后有一个团队，还有我的国家的全体人民。这一成功证明了中医的巨大价值。中国的科研和中医药走向世界，确实是一种荣誉。”
基础过关
一、.单词拼写
1.Exercise is a (/ kru l/)factor in keeping healthy.
2.A man can be destroyed but not (打败).
3.Further information can be (获得)from our head office.
4.The scientists have found six (有区别的)colors of this kind of cat, which is a new breakthrough.
二、单句语法填空
1.John paused, (apparent) lost in thought.
2.We return in September for the start of the new (academy) year.
3.Here's some (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
4.After an (analyse) of the species, the research team confirmed it as a new species.
5.Building transportation infrastructure(基础设施) is vital
the country's economic development.
6.What makes the writer unique is not only his great works but also his
(commit) to what he loves.
7.Our mother insists on us (eat) healthy food.
8.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
9.First of all, I'm very grateful to my teacher, Mrs Chopra,
trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here.
三、课文语法填空
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist of great 1 (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen into a research team 2 was formed by the Chinese government with the aim of discovering a new treatment 3 malaria. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, 4 (evaluate) 280,000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a 5 (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by 6 (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even 7 (careful) thinking and research work. She drew 8 conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood destroyed 9 (it) medical properties. So she used a lower temperature 10 (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
四.阅读理解
A
Throughout history, environmentalists have had a great influence not only on natural spaces, but also on our individual lives. Here are four influential ones.
·John Muir (1838~1914)
His lifelong love for hiking began when he hiked to the Gulf of Mexico in 1867. Muir spent much of his adult life wandering in—and fighting to preserve—the wilderness of the West, especially California. His tireless efforts led to the creation of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and millions of other conservation areas.
·Rachel Carson (1907~1964)
Born in rural Pennsylvania, Rachel Carson went on to study biology at Johns Hopkins University. After working for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson published The Sea Around Us and other books. Her most famous work, however, was 1962's Silent Spring, in which she described the harmful environmental effects of pesticides (杀虫剂). After Carson's observations were proven correct, pesticides like DDT were banned.
·Wangari Maathai (1940~2011)
Wangari Maathai was from Kenya. After studying biology in the US, she returned to her home country to begin a career in environmental activism. Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, which, by the early 21st century, had already planted some 30 million trees, provided jobs, and secured firewood for rural communities. In 2004, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while continuing to fight for the planet.
·David Brower (1912~2000)
David Brower was associated with wilderness preservation. He became the Sierra Club's first executive director in 1952,and then, over the next 17 years, the club membership grew from 2, 000 to 77, 000. It won many environmental victories under his leadership. After leaving the club, he went on to found other environmental groups like Friends of the Earth, and the Earth Island Institute.
1.Which of the four environmentalists is a writer
A.John Muir. B.Rachel Carson. C.Wangari Maathai. D.David Brower.
2.What did Wangari Maathai do as an environmentalist
A.She encouraged green farming. B.She funded rural communities.
C.She advocated growing trees. D.She attempted to protect wild animals.
3.What title is the most suitable one for David
A.An environmental activist. B.A great social event planner.
C.A city preservationist. D.An environmental scientist.
B
Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. William G. Kaelin Jr of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute, and Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.
“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel winners showed life's most adaptive processes,”Randall Johnson,a member of the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said.“The three physicians found the molecular switch(分子开关) that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.”
“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo(胚胎) grows and develops, and as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”
The committee said that the discoveries are vital for physiology and could exploit new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.
Kaelin was born in New York and received his doctorate in medicine from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, the United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.
Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a B.A. in biology from Harvard and his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.
4.What can we know about the three scientists
A.They studied different fields. B.They shared one prize.
C.They researched heart disease. D.They found the function of embryos.
5.What did Johnson think of the discoveries
A.Important. B.Meaningless.
C.Interesting. D.Disappointing.
6.What do the last three paragraphs mainly talk about
A.The three scientists' achievements.
B.The influence of the discoveries.
C.The example set by the three scientists.
D.The introduction of the three scientists.
五、.七选五
Maybe you're a young scientist wanting to make an influence on the world, or a more seasoned veteran of scientific study who is curious about how to get better at your job. Either way, there are several key steps to develop your ability to make positive contributions to the world.
Experiment with new ideas. An important part of scientific discovery is the result of hard work and luck. Luck has frequently played a large role in scientific discovery. 1 You never know when experimentation and luck will collide (碰撞) to create an important discovery.
Be open to failure. You may think a scientist should be smart, skilled in mathematics, and precise. 2 Being a scientist is 90% failure and 10% success.
Take charge of your ideas. Challenge yourself to come up with one idea related to your project a day. 3 As a scientist in a competitive field, you need to create your own opportunities by owning your ideas and working hard to develop them further.
Practice your writing skills. 4 Try to do a little writing every day, and put your ideas or thoughts down on the page so you get into the habit of recording your ideas, which could later end up in a published paper or in a lecture about your latest scientific theory.
5 Though hard work is necessary for you to be a good scientist, it's important to strike a balance between professional work and personal downtime. Don't let yourself get burnt out.
A.Keep a balance between hard work and rest.
B.So, don't be afraid to play around with new ideas.
C.You will do better work if you work with someone else.
D.Create a writing process that suits you and stick to it.
E.You should be open to the solutions made by others in the field.
F.Though some of them will be bad, many could lead to a new experiment or theory.
G.However, an important quality a good scientist should have is a willingness to fail.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
能力提升
阅读理解
For many years doctors have warned us about the dangers of stress (压力) and have given us advice about how to cut down our stress levels. Everyone agrees that long-term stress, for example having to look after someone who has a chronic (慢性的) illness, or stressful situations where there is nothing we can do, for example being stuck in a traffic jam, should be avoided whenever possible. However, some medical experts now believe that certain kinds of stress may actually be good for us.
Dr Marios Kyriazis, an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he calls "good stress” is beneficial to our health and may, in fact, help us stay young and attractive and even live longer. Dr Kyriazis says that “good stress” can strengthen our natural defences which protect us from illnesses common among older people, such as Alzheimer's and heart problems.
According to Dr Kyriazis, running for a bus or having to work to meet a deadline are examples of “good stress”, that is situations with short-term or low stress. The stress usually makes us react quickly, and gives us a sense of achievement — we did it! However, in both situations, the stress damages the cells(细胞) in our body or brain and they start to break down. But then the cells own repair mechanism “switches on”and it produces proteins which repair the damaged cells and remove harmful chemicals that can gradually cause disease. In fact, the body's response is greater than is needed to repair the damage, so it actually makes the cells stronger than they were before.
“As the body gets older, this self-repair mechanism of the cells starts to slow down,” says Dr Kyriazis.“The best way to keep the process working efficiently is to ‘exercise’ it, in the same way you would exercise your muscles to keep them strong. This means having a certain amount of stress in our lives.”Other stressful activities that Kyriazis suggests as being good stress include redecorating a room in your house over the weekend, packing your suitcase in a hurry to reach the airport on time, or shopping for a dinner party during your lunch break.
So next time your boss tells you that she wants to see the report finished and on her desk in 45 minutes, don't worry; just think of it as “good stress” which will benefit your long-term health!
1. What is Dr Kyriazis' opinion probably based on
A. How to get a sense of achievement.
B. How to cut down our stress levels.
C. The benefits of doing physical exercise.
D. The relationship between stress and health.
2. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. The daily stress. B. Long-term stress.
C. The increasing stress. D. Short-term or low stress.
3. According to Dr Kyriazis, which of the following may be “good stress”
A. Being stuck in a traffic jam.
B. Packing for a trip at the last minute.
C. Being late for work for several days.
D. Looking after a patient with heart trouble.
4. What would be the best title for the text
A. Stress beats success B. Stress attracts illness
C. Get stressed, stay young D. Less stress, better health
语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Agriculture has developed rapidly. In the past decades, modern science and technology ____1____(help) to greatly reduce the back-breaking labor involved in farming. These advances have benefited people in____2____(vary) countries in crop production.
Probably one of the most beneficial ____3___ (invent) is drip irrigation (滴灌), which has made ____4____ possible to develop big, green farms in the middle of the desert. ____5____there have been experiments in different places in the past to make drip irrigation a reality, it is in the Middle Eastern county of Israel ____6____ drip irrigation has become ____7____ modern success.
By means of drip irrigation, farmers can now produce crops on dry land ____8____needing much water. This irrigation method uses far____9____ (little) water than other methods. The limited and focused use of just the right amount of water also reduces water to weeds and pests, _____10_____(keep) them from harming the crops.
参考答案
基础过关
一、1.crucial 2.defeated 3.obtained 4.distinct
二、.1.apparently 考查副词。设空处修饰其后的形容词短语lost in thought,应用副词作状语,故填apparently。
2.academic 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词year,所以此处应用形容词,故填academic。the new academic year意为“新学年”。
3.boiled 考查过去分词。句意:这是一些烧开的水。你渴的时候可以喝。boiled water意为“烧开的水,白开水”,故填boiled。
易错归因
此处有同学会填boiling,但boiling water 意为“正在沸腾的水”,这不符合本题的语境,故不能填boiling。
4.analysis 考查名词。根据空前的不定冠词an和空后的介词of可知设空处应用名词;analyse的名词形式是analysis,意为“分析”。故填analysis。句意:经过对该物种的分析,研究团队确认该物种为新物种。
5.to/for 考查介词。be vital to/for 为固定搭配,意为“对……至关重要”,故填to或for。句意:交通基础设施建设对于该国的经济发展至关重要。
6.commitment 考查名词。由设空处前面的his和后面的to可知此处应填名词commitment,one s commitment to sth.表示“某人对某事物的投入”。句意:令这位作家独一无二的不仅是他伟大的作品,还有他对所热爱事情的投入。
7.eating 考查动名词。句意:我们的母亲坚持要我们吃健康的食物。insist on sb. doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“坚决要求某人做某事”。故填eating。
8.was evaluated 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,由句中的时间状语the other day可知此处应用一般过去时,此处指“这种药的有效性在几天前被这些科学家评估过了”,The effectiveness和evaluate之间是被动关系,且主语是第三人称单数,故填was evaluated。
9.who 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。设空处无提示词,且前面有逗号,逗号前面是完整的一句话, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导非限制性定语从句,结合语境可知,“信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会”的人是Mrs Chopra,所以该非限制性定语从句的先行词即为Mrs Chopra,故此处应用引导词及其词who。句意:首先,我非常感谢我的老师,Mrs Chopra,她信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会。
三、1.achievements 考查名单复数。设空处作of的宾语且根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,achieve的名词形式为achievement;此处指屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个有伟大成就的科学家,设空处表示“成就”;achievement表示“成就”时是可数名词,空前没有冠词等限定词,应用其复数形式。故填achievements。
2.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处前为名词短语a research team, 2 was formed by the Chinese government中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,指物,故用关系代词that或which。
3.for 考查介词。a treatment for...意为“治疗……的方法”,a new treatment for malaria意为“一种治疗疟疾的新方法”,故填for。
4.evaluated 考查动词的时态。设空处和句中的examined、tested作并列谓语,应用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
5.committed 考查形容词。设空处与patient并列作定语修饰名词scientist,应用形容词。此处表示“尽心尽力的”,故填committed。
6.boiling 考查动名词。by为介词,后接名词、动名词,提示词为动词,故用动名词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”。
7.more careful 考查形容词的比较级。此处指她开始了更加仔细的思考和研究工作,含有比较的意思,且前面有even修饰,应用形容词的比较级。故填more careful。
8.a 考查冠词。draw a conclusion that...得出一个……的结论。故填a。
9.its 考查形容词性物主代词。此处指破坏了它的药用性能,设空处修饰空后的名词properties,应用形容词性物主代词its。
10.to draw 考查动词不定式。use sth. to do sth.使用某物做某事。故填to draw。
四、 A
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了四位为人类的环境改善做出贡献的环保人士,他们不仅影响了自然空间,也对我们的生活产生了影响。
1.B 细节理解题。根据Rachel Carson (1907~1964)部分中的“Carson published The Sea Around Us and other books”可知,Rachel Carson是一位作家,故选B。
2.C 细节理解题。根据Wangari Maathai (1940~2011)部分中的“Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement...planted some 30 million trees”可知,作为环境学家,Wangari Maathai倡导种树。故选C。
3.A 推理判断题。根据David Brower (1912~2000)部分中的“He became the Sierra Club s first executive director in 1952...It won many environmental victories under his leadership...he went on to found other environmental groups...” 可知,David Brower为了环境保护在不懈地努力着,成立了各种环保团体,因此最适合David Brower的称号是环保活动家。故选A。
易错归因
本题易错选B项。看到最后一段中的executive director、under his leadership和found这些表达很容易就和B项中的planner挂钩,但B项中的social event(社交活动)与David成立的各种环保团体却相差甚远,没有任何交集。
【高频词汇】 1.have an influence on 对……有影响
2.influential adj.有影响力的 3.preserve vt.保护;保存 n.保护区 preservation n.保护;保存 4.conservation n.保护 5.ban vt.禁止;取缔 n.禁令 6.be associated with与……有关 7.advocate v.提倡;拥护 n.拥护者
【熟词生义】 secure v.获得;取得;实现;保护
【差距词汇】 executive director n.执行董事
长难句
原句 Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, which, by the early 21st century, had already planted some 30 million trees, provided jobs, and secured firewood for rural communities.
分析 本句是一个主从复合句。“which, by the early 21st century, had already...rural communities”是which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Green Belt Movement;在这个非限制性定语从句中,and连接并列成分planted、provided和secured。
译文 马塔伊创立了绿带运动,到21世纪初,该运动已经种植了约3,000万棵树,提供了工作,并为农村社区提供了柴火。
B
语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道,主要报道了三位科学家因在细胞对于氧气含量的适应性方面的研究而获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
4.B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“William G. Kaelin Jr...were jointly awarded the prize.”并根据其重点信息词 jointly可知三位科学家共得同一个奖项。故选B。
易错归因
本题容易错选A项,学生容易受倒数三段中“did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins...Boston”“did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford”“did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University”的影响,认为他们研究的是不同的领域,但是这些信息只是说明他们在大学学习的专业不同,第一段第一句中的“Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels”已经非常直白地告诉我们三位科学家研究的是同一个课题,故A项错误。
5.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The meaningful discoveries by this year s Nobel winners showed life s most adaptive processes”并根据重点信息词meaningful可推断出Johnson认为这个发现非常重要,故选A。
6.D 主旨大意题。通过分析最后三段,可看到was born in, received/obtained...from..., did his specialist training in..., is the director of...等重复的信息,这些信息主要介绍三位科学家的出生信息、学术背景和现在的工作,所以这三段主要在介绍三位科学家。故选D。
易错归因
本题容易错选A项。学生容易将三位科学家厉害的学术背景与他们的成就混淆,但应知excellent academic performances ≠achievements,故A项错误。
【高频词汇】 1.adapt to 适应
2.meaningful adj.有意义的
3.regulate v.调节
4.adjust to适应;习惯
5.specialist adj.专业的;专门的n.专家
长难句
原句 The three physicians found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.
分析 该句为主从复合句。The three physicians found the molecular switch为主句,that regulates...drop为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the molecular switch,且关系词that指代先行词,在定语从句中作主语,在该定语从句中,regulates后面为how引导的宾语从句,when引导的是时间状语从句。
译文 这三位医生发现了分子开关,这个分子开关能够在氧气含量下降时调节我们细胞的适应性。
五、语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要为想要为世界做出积极贡献的从事科学研究工作的人提供了几个提高能力的关键方法。
1.B 细节句。根据本段主旨句“Experiment with new ideas.(尝试新想法)”再结合选项可知B项(所以,不要害怕尝试新的想法)符合本段主旨,B选项中的“new ideas”和主旨句中的“new ideas”对应,是原词复现,且B项和空上句“Luck has frequently played a large role in scientific discovery.(运气在科学发现中经常扮演重要角色)”构成因果关系,符合语境。故选B。
2.G 过渡句。根据空上句“You may think a scientist should be smart, skilled in mathematics, and precise.(你可能认为科学家应该聪明,擅长数学,而且细致)”和空下句“Being a scientist is 90% failure and 10% success.(作为一名科学家,失败占90%,成功占10%)”再结合选项可知,G项(然而,一名优秀的科学家应该具备的一个重要品质是愿意失败)承上启下,对空上句进行语意上的转折,说明科学家也会失败,同时引出下文,进一步说明科学家失败是常事,符合语境。G项中的“fail”和下句中的“failure”对应。故选G。
3.F 细节句。根据本段主旨句“Take charge of your ideas.(对你的想法负责)”及空上句“Challenge yourself to come up with one idea related to your project a day.”可知本段是在建议要努力想出各种点子。分析选项可知,F项(虽然其中一些会是不好的,但许多可能会导致一个新的实验或学说)符合本段主要内容,且与空上句衔接紧密,符合语境。故选F。
4.D 细节句。根据主旨句“Practice your writing skills.(练习你的写作技巧)”可知,D项(创造一个适合自己的写作过程,并坚持下去)符合语境,是对练习写作技能的具体说明,“writing”是关键词。故选D。
5.A 主旨句。根据文章结构及其他段的主旨句位置可推知设空处为本段主旨句。根据本段中的“it s important to strike a balance between professional work and personal downtime(使专业工作和个人休息达到平衡很重要)”和“Don t let yourself get burnt out.(别把自己累垮)”可知本段主要讨论要平衡工作和休息。A项(努力工作和休息之间要保持平衡)符合本段主旨,可以作为本段中心句。故选A。
【高频词汇】 1.be curious about对……好奇 2.make positive contributions to...为……做出积极的贡献
3.take charge of负责 4.challenge v.挑战 5.come up with提出 6.(be) related to与……有关 7.strike/keep a balance between...and...保持……和……之间的平衡 8.stick to坚持
【差距词汇】 1.seasoned adj.富有经验的
2.veteran n.经验丰富的人;老手
3.downtime n.休息;停工;停机时间
长难句
原句 Try to do a little writing every day, and put your ideas or thoughts down on the page so you get into the habit of recording your ideas, which could later end up in a published paper or in a lecture about your latest scientific theory.
分析 本句是一个并列复合句。and连接两个并列的祈使句“Try to do a little writing every day”和“put your ideas or thoughts down on the page”;so后面省略了that,引导目的状语从句,从句中,“which could later...scientific theory”为which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词ideas,其中or连接两个并列的介词短语“in a published paper”和“in a lecture about your latest scientific theory”。
译文 试着每天写一点东西,把你的主意或想法写在纸上,以便养成记录想法的习惯,这些想法以后可能最终会出现在发表的论文中或者关于你的最新科学理论的讲座中。
能力提升
阅读理解
【答案】1. D 2. D 3. B 4. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了“良好的压力”对我们的健康有益”，事实上，“良好的压力”可能有助于我们保持年轻、有魅力，甚至活得更长。
【详解】1.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Dr Marios Kyriazis， an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he. calls "good stress" is beneficial to our health and may,in fact, help us stayyoung and attractive and even live longer.”（抗衰老专家 Marios Kyriazis 博士指出，他所谓的“良好压力”有益于我们的健康，事实上，可能帮助我们保持年轻，有魅力，甚至活得更久。）可知，Kyriazis博士的观点可能基于压力和健康之间的关系。故选D。
2. 词句猜测题。根据上文中“According to Dr Kyriazis, running for a bus or having to work to meet a deadline are examples of “good stress”, that is situations with short-term or low stress. The stress usually makes us react quickly, and gives us a sense of achievement — we did it!（就是短期或低压力的情况。压力通常会让我们反应迅速，给我们一种成就感——我们做到了！）根据上文‘“In fact, the body's response is greater than is needed to repair the damage”可知，事实上，人体的反应大于修复损伤所需的反应，所以短期或低压力实际上使细胞比以前更强壮。）可以推知，此处“it”指的是“短期或低压力”。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据“Other stressful activities that Kyriazis suggests as feeing good stress includeredecoratinga roomin your house over the weekend, packing your suitcasein ahurry toreach the airport on time,or shopping for a dinner party during your lunch break.”（Kyriazis 建议的其他有压力的活动包括感觉良好的压力，周末在家里装修房间，快速打包你的西装准时到达机场，或者在午休时间去参加一个晚宴。）可知，在最后一分钟打包行李去旅行可能是好的压力。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, some medical experts now believe that certain kinds of stress may actually be good for us.”然而，一些医学专家现在相信，某些种类的压力实际上可能对我们有益。根据第二段“Dr Marios Kyriazis, an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he calls "good stress” is beneficial to our health and may, in fact, help us stay young and attractive and even live longer. ”抗衰老专家马里奥斯·基里亚齐斯博士指出，他所说的“良好的压力”对我们的健康有益，事实上，可能有助于我们保持年轻、有魅力，甚至活得更长。所以短文的最佳标题为“ 承受压力，保持年轻”。故选C。
语法填空
【答案】
1. have helped
2. various##varied
3. inventions
4. it
5. Although##While##Though
6. that
7. a
8. without
9. less
10. keeping
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了现代科技尤其滴灌方法给农业带来的很多好处。
【1题详解】
考查谓语动词时态。句意：在过去几十年，现代科技帮助极大地减少了农业所需的使人疲劳至极的劳动。分析句意可知，此处时间状语为in the past decades“过去几十年”，故谓语动词需要使用现在完成时，且主语是由and连接的两个名词，视为复数，故填have helped。
2题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这些进步使得许多国家从事粮食生产的人获益。分析句意可知，此处动词vary“变化”，需要改为形容词形式various/varied“各种各样的，许多的”形式作定语，修饰名词countries“国家”。故填various/varied。
【3题详解】
考查名词。句意：其中最有益的发明可能是滴灌，它使得在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场成为可能。分析句意可知，此处动词invent“发明”，需要使用可数名词复数形式inventions“发明”作主语，因为前有one of the most“最……之一”表示复数概念。故填inventions。
【4题详解】
考查形式宾语。句意：其中最有益的发明可能是滴灌，它使得在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场成为可能。分析句意可知，此非限定性定语从句的真正宾语为不定式to develop big, green farms in the middle of the desert“在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场”，为避免头重脚轻，后置，需要在谓语动词后加形式宾语it。故填it。
【5题详解】
考查从属连词。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，本句复合句前后句存在让步转折关系，即虽然尝试过许多次实验，后面才取得成功，故需要使用从属连词引导让步状语从句，可用although，while和though。故填Although/While/Though。
【6题详解】
考查强调句。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，此处使用了强调句句型，即it is +被强调部分+ that + 其他成分，本句强调地点状语，故空格处需要填写that。故填that。
【7题详解】
考查不定冠词。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，此处可数名词单数success“成功”前需要填不定冠词表泛指，且modern发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【8题详解】
考查介词。句意：通过滴灌技术，农民可以在不需要许多水的干旱土地生产粮食。分析句意可知，此处指的干旱的土地，语义为“不需要许多水”，故因添加介词without“没有”。故填without。
【9题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这种灌溉方法比其他方法使用少得多的水。分析句意可知，此处包含了比较级的标志词than，且语义也是在对比滴灌和其他方式用水量的多少，故形容词little“少的”改为比较级less。故填less。
【10题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：有限和集中地使用适量的水也可以减少杂草和害虫的水分，防止它们伤害作物。分析句意可知，此处动词keep“保持”，使用现在分词形式，表示主句主语发出谓语表示的动作reduces“减少”，而导致的自然而然的结果。故填keeping。
本单元围绕“卓有成就的人”这一主题展开，而该单元学生通过阅
读屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的专题新闻报道，及爱因斯坦是如何改变我们对整
个世界的看法，学习科学家的伟大品质，树立正确的人生观和价值观。与
此同时,通过学习屠呦呦、梅兰芳和黄大年的艰辛和伟大，能通过语篇深
刻感受中国传统医药学和中国伟大科学家和艺术家对世界做出的突出贡献，
树立民族文化自信。
Reading 1 （SB）
TuYouYou awarded Nobel Prize
（新闻报道：屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖）
Reading 2（SB）
The man who changed Our understanding of the universe
（人物传记：介绍爱因斯坦的一生和成就）
Listen for reasons
The woman I admire （探索伟大的意义）
Non-restrictive relative clauses
A description of someone you admire
（说明文：学习描述一个人物）
Mei Lanfang : Great Artist,cultural Ambassador
（梅兰芳：提高民族文化自信）
1.词汇
核心词汇
crucial,vital,commit,objective,evaluate,property,distinct,boil,obtain,
acknowledge,defeat,analyse,conclude,apparently,insist,construction,infer,
consequence,encounter
核心短语：
Devote oneself to do, risk one’s life, wear and tear,take up a position,
sum up,lead to,die from,insist on,come to a conclusion,make contribution to,
due to ,out of a strong passion,come to power,as a consequence,make
achievements, be seen as ,pass away
语篇
1.掌握专题新闻报道类型语篇的主题特征、结构特征和语言特征。
2.阅读人物传记，掌握该类型语篇特点，掌握用故事说明人物品质的方法。
3.听懂并理解探讨人物成就和人物品质的对话。
表达
1.能够运用口头表达时，用填充语争取思考时间的交际策略
2.能够以口头和书面的形式，有条理地叙述人物经历和评价人物成就。
语法 Non-restrictive relative clauses
感知中外伟人的成就并学习其优秀的品质，思考自我发展和完善,
深入理解“伟大的含义”，树立远大目标。
学习了解诺贝尔奖获得者屠呦呦发现青蒿素艰辛与过程，理解我国
中医药对人类健康和世界发展的贡献。
学生能够主动收集、整合、总结人物信息和人物经历，分析其获得
成功的原因，归纳杰出人物的共同品质。
正确理解“个人成就”与“社会价值”之间的辩证关系，对照自身
成长经历，思考成长的意义和未来的努力方向。
能够把握主题，运用寻读策略快速找到语篇中描写人物外貌、品质
等特征的表达，为建构主题意义服务。
能够在听的过程中，借助表达因果关系的语言，理解语篇信息。
3.学会运用所积累的词汇及非限定性定语从句描述人物和事件。
4.用恰当的学习策略解决学习中遇到的问题。
引导学生通过了解一些伟人的事迹和成就，深度思考成为一个什么
样的人，同时帮助学生提升思辨能力，形成积极的学习态度和正确的人
生观和价值观，努力学习科学知识，传承和弘扬我国传统文化，并提升
民族文化自信。
通过本单元的学习，学生能够：
通过梳理卓有成就的人物的经历，分析杰出人物的品质，归纳其获得
成就的原因。
2.介绍卓有成就的人物的经历和我品质并进行评价。
3.讨论对“伟大”和“成功”的认识并陈述理由，以榜样为引领，树立正
确的人生观和价值观，思考自己的奋斗方向。
Reading and Thinking
TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE
6 October 2015
This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin , a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600, 000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone.
屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖
2015年10月6日
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现。这是一种治疗疟疾的关键新药物。青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，改善了数百万人的健康。全世界每年有2亿多人罹患疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分，据信仅在非洲每年就能挽救10万人的
生命。
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
屠呦呦，一位坚定而耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。毕业后，她在北京的中国中医研究院工作。1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索疟疾新疗法为目标的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。在开始的时候，屠呦呦去了海南研究疟疾患者，在那里疟疾更常见。1969年，她成为北京项目的负责人，并决定复阅中国古代医学文献，以寻找这种疾病的传统的植物疗法。她的团队查阅了2000多本古老的医学文献，并对280 ,000种植物的药用性能进行了评估。在他们的研究中，他们发现并测试了380种不同的中国古代医疗方法，这些方法为抗击疟疾带来了希望。
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
一本四世纪的医学文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。屠呦呦的团队测试了一批干艾叶，但没有发现效果。然后，他们试着把新鲜的苦艾煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。他们的计划陷入了困境。然而，屠呦呦并不承认失败。她又分析了一遍医学文献，偶然发现了一句话，建议用另一种方法来处理青蒿。她的结论是，煮青蒿显然破坏了它的医学特性。她用较低的温度提取提取物，发现了一种有效的物质。在失败了190多次之后，这个团队终于在1971年成功了。屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是安全的。后来，这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了测试，大部分受试患者都康复了。这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快成为治疗疟疾的标准药物。
According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize she said, "The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world."
屠呦呦说，青蒿素的发现是一个团队努力的结果。当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这个荣誉不仅仅属于我。在我身后有一个团队，还有我的国家的全体人民。这一成功证明了中医的巨大价值。中国的科研和中医药走向世界，确实是一种荣誉。”
基础过关
一、.单词拼写
1.Exercise is a (/ kru l/)factor in keeping healthy.
2.A man can be destroyed but not (打败).
3.Further information can be (获得)from our head office.
4.The scientists have found six (有区别的)colors of this kind of cat, which is a new breakthrough.
二、单句语法填空
1.John paused, (apparent) lost in thought.
2.We return in September for the start of the new (academy) year.
3.Here's some (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
4.After an (analyse) of the species, the research team confirmed it as a new species.
5.Building transportation infrastructure(基础设施) is vital
the country's economic development.
6.What makes the writer unique is not only his great works but also his
(commit) to what he loves.
7.Our mother insists on us (eat) healthy food.
8.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
9.First of all, I'm very grateful to my teacher, Mrs Chopra,
trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here.
三、课文语法填空
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist of great 1 (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen into a research team 2 was formed by the Chinese government with the aim of discovering a new treatment 3 malaria. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, 4 (evaluate) 280,000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a 5 (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by 6 (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even 7 (careful) thinking and research work. She drew 8 conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood destroyed 9 (it) medical properties. So she used a lower temperature 10 (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
四.阅读理解
A
Throughout history, environmentalists have had a great influence not only on natural spaces, but also on our individual lives. Here are four influential ones.
·John Muir (1838~1914)
His lifelong love for hiking began when he hiked to the Gulf of Mexico in 1867. Muir spent much of his adult life wandering in—and fighting to preserve—the wilderness of the West, especially California. His tireless efforts led to the creation of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and millions of other conservation areas.
·Rachel Carson (1907~1964)
Born in rural Pennsylvania, Rachel Carson went on to study biology at Johns Hopkins University. After working for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson published The Sea Around Us and other books. Her most famous work, however, was 1962's Silent Spring, in which she described the harmful environmental effects of pesticides (杀虫剂). After Carson's observations were proven correct, pesticides like DDT were banned.
·Wangari Maathai (1940~2011)
Wangari Maathai was from Kenya. After studying biology in the US, she returned to her home country to begin a career in environmental activism. Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, which, by the early 21st century, had already planted some 30 million trees, provided jobs, and secured firewood for rural communities. In 2004, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while continuing to fight for the planet.
·David Brower (1912~2000)
David Brower was associated with wilderness preservation. He became the Sierra Club's first executive director in 1952,and then, over the next 17 years, the club membership grew from 2, 000 to 77, 000. It won many environmental victories under his leadership. After leaving the club, he went on to found other environmental groups like Friends of the Earth, and the Earth Island Institute.
1.Which of the four environmentalists is a writer
A.John Muir. B.Rachel Carson. C.Wangari Maathai. D.David Brower.
2.What did Wangari Maathai do as an environmentalist
A.She encouraged green farming. B.She funded rural communities.
C.She advocated growing trees. D.She attempted to protect wild animals.
3.What title is the most suitable one for David
A.An environmental activist. B.A great social event planner.
C.A city preservationist. D.An environmental scientist.
B
Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. William G. Kaelin Jr of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute, and Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.
“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel winners showed life's most adaptive processes,”Randall Johnson,a member of the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said.“The three physicians found the molecular switch(分子开关) that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.”
“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo(胚胎) grows and develops, and as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”
The committee said that the discoveries are vital for physiology and could exploit new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.
Kaelin was born in New York and received his doctorate in medicine from Duke University. He did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, the United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.
Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a B.A. in biology from Harvard and his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.
4.What can we know about the three scientists
A.They studied different fields. B.They shared one prize.
C.They researched heart disease. D.They found the function of embryos.
5.What did Johnson think of the discoveries
A.Important. B.Meaningless.
C.Interesting. D.Disappointing.
6.What do the last three paragraphs mainly talk about
A.The three scientists' achievements.
B.The influence of the discoveries.
C.The example set by the three scientists.
D.The introduction of the three scientists.
五、.七选五
Maybe you're a young scientist wanting to make an influence on the world, or a more seasoned veteran of scientific study who is curious about how to get better at your job. Either way, there are several key steps to develop your ability to make positive contributions to the world.
Experiment with new ideas. An important part of scientific discovery is the result of hard work and luck. Luck has frequently played a large role in scientific discovery. 1 You never know when experimentation and luck will collide (碰撞) to create an important discovery.
Be open to failure. You may think a scientist should be smart, skilled in mathematics, and precise. 2 Being a scientist is 90% failure and 10% success.
Take charge of your ideas. Challenge yourself to come up with one idea related to your project a day. 3 As a scientist in a competitive field, you need to create your own opportunities by owning your ideas and working hard to develop them further.
Practice your writing skills. 4 Try to do a little writing every day, and put your ideas or thoughts down on the page so you get into the habit of recording your ideas, which could later end up in a published paper or in a lecture about your latest scientific theory.
5 Though hard work is necessary for you to be a good scientist, it's important to strike a balance between professional work and personal downtime. Don't let yourself get burnt out.
A.Keep a balance between hard work and rest.
B.So, don't be afraid to play around with new ideas.
C.You will do better work if you work with someone else.
D.Create a writing process that suits you and stick to it.
E.You should be open to the solutions made by others in the field.
F.Though some of them will be bad, many could lead to a new experiment or theory.
G.However, an important quality a good scientist should have is a willingness to fail.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
能力提升
阅读理解
For many years doctors have warned us about the dangers of stress (压力) and have given us advice about how to cut down our stress levels. Everyone agrees that long-term stress, for example having to look after someone who has a chronic (慢性的) illness, or stressful situations where there is nothing we can do, for example being stuck in a traffic jam, should be avoided whenever possible. However, some medical experts now believe that certain kinds of stress may actually be good for us.
Dr Marios Kyriazis, an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he calls "good stress” is beneficial to our health and may, in fact, help us stay young and attractive and even live longer. Dr Kyriazis says that “good stress” can strengthen our natural defences which protect us from illnesses common among older people, such as Alzheimer's and heart problems.
According to Dr Kyriazis, running for a bus or having to work to meet a deadline are examples of “good stress”, that is situations with short-term or low stress. The stress usually makes us react quickly, and gives us a sense of achievement — we did it! However, in both situations, the stress damages the cells(细胞) in our body or brain and they start to break down. But then the cells own repair mechanism “switches on”and it produces proteins which repair the damaged cells and remove harmful chemicals that can gradually cause disease. In fact, the body's response is greater than is needed to repair the damage, so it actually makes the cells stronger than they were before.
“As the body gets older, this self-repair mechanism of the cells starts to slow down,” says Dr Kyriazis.“The best way to keep the process working efficiently is to ‘exercise’ it, in the same way you would exercise your muscles to keep them strong. This means having a certain amount of stress in our lives.”Other stressful activities that Kyriazis suggests as being good stress include redecorating a room in your house over the weekend, packing your suitcase in a hurry to reach the airport on time, or shopping for a dinner party during your lunch break.
So next time your boss tells you that she wants to see the report finished and on her desk in 45 minutes, don't worry; just think of it as “good stress” which will benefit your long-term health!
1. What is Dr Kyriazis' opinion probably based on
A. How to get a sense of achievement.
B. How to cut down our stress levels.
C. The benefits of doing physical exercise.
D. The relationship between stress and health.
2. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. The daily stress. B. Long-term stress.
C. The increasing stress. D. Short-term or low stress.
3. According to Dr Kyriazis, which of the following may be “good stress”
A. Being stuck in a traffic jam.
B. Packing for a trip at the last minute.
C. Being late for work for several days.
D. Looking after a patient with heart trouble.
4. What would be the best title for the text
A. Stress beats success B. Stress attracts illness
C. Get stressed, stay young D. Less stress, better health
语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Agriculture has developed rapidly. In the past decades, modern science and technology ____1____(help) to greatly reduce the back-breaking labor involved in farming. These advances have benefited people in____2____(vary) countries in crop production.
Probably one of the most beneficial ____3___ (invent) is drip irrigation (滴灌), which has made ____4____ possible to develop big, green farms in the middle of the desert. ____5____there have been experiments in different places in the past to make drip irrigation a reality, it is in the Middle Eastern county of Israel ____6____ drip irrigation has become ____7____ modern success.
By means of drip irrigation, farmers can now produce crops on dry land ____8____needing much water. This irrigation method uses far____9____ (little) water than other methods. The limited and focused use of just the right amount of water also reduces water to weeds and pests, _____10_____(keep) them from harming the crops.
参考答案
基础过关
一、1.crucial 2.defeated 3.obtained 4.distinct
二、.1.apparently 考查副词。设空处修饰其后的形容词短语lost in thought,应用副词作状语,故填apparently。
2.academic 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词year,所以此处应用形容词,故填academic。the new academic year意为“新学年”。
3.boiled 考查过去分词。句意:这是一些烧开的水。你渴的时候可以喝。boiled water意为“烧开的水,白开水”,故填boiled。
易错归因
此处有同学会填boiling,但boiling water 意为“正在沸腾的水”,这不符合本题的语境,故不能填boiling。
4.analysis 考查名词。根据空前的不定冠词an和空后的介词of可知设空处应用名词;analyse的名词形式是analysis,意为“分析”。故填analysis。句意:经过对该物种的分析,研究团队确认该物种为新物种。
5.to/for 考查介词。be vital to/for 为固定搭配,意为“对……至关重要”,故填to或for。句意:交通基础设施建设对于该国的经济发展至关重要。
6.commitment 考查名词。由设空处前面的his和后面的to可知此处应填名词commitment,one s commitment to sth.表示“某人对某事物的投入”。句意:令这位作家独一无二的不仅是他伟大的作品,还有他对所热爱事情的投入。
7.eating 考查动名词。句意:我们的母亲坚持要我们吃健康的食物。insist on sb. doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“坚决要求某人做某事”。故填eating。
8.was evaluated 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,由句中的时间状语the other day可知此处应用一般过去时,此处指“这种药的有效性在几天前被这些科学家评估过了”,The effectiveness和evaluate之间是被动关系,且主语是第三人称单数,故填was evaluated。
9.who 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。设空处无提示词,且前面有逗号,逗号前面是完整的一句话, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导非限制性定语从句,结合语境可知,“信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会”的人是Mrs Chopra,所以该非限制性定语从句的先行词即为Mrs Chopra,故此处应用引导词及其词who。句意:首先,我非常感谢我的老师,Mrs Chopra,她信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会。
三、1.achievements 考查名单复数。设空处作of的宾语且根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,achieve的名词形式为achievement;此处指屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个有伟大成就的科学家,设空处表示“成就”;achievement表示“成就”时是可数名词,空前没有冠词等限定词,应用其复数形式。故填achievements。
2.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处前为名词短语a research team, 2 was formed by the Chinese government中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,指物,故用关系代词that或which。
3.for 考查介词。a treatment for...意为“治疗……的方法”,a new treatment for malaria意为“一种治疗疟疾的新方法”,故填for。
4.evaluated 考查动词的时态。设空处和句中的examined、tested作并列谓语,应用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
5.committed 考查形容词。设空处与patient并列作定语修饰名词scientist,应用形容词。此处表示“尽心尽力的”,故填committed。
6.boiling 考查动名词。by为介词,后接名词、动名词,提示词为动词,故用动名词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”。
7.more careful 考查形容词的比较级。此处指她开始了更加仔细的思考和研究工作,含有比较的意思,且前面有even修饰,应用形容词的比较级。故填more careful。
8.a 考查冠词。draw a conclusion that...得出一个……的结论。故填a。
9.its 考查形容词性物主代词。此处指破坏了它的药用性能,设空处修饰空后的名词properties,应用形容词性物主代词its。
10.to draw 考查动词不定式。use sth. to do sth.使用某物做某事。故填to draw。
四、 A
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了四位为人类的环境改善做出贡献的环保人士,他们不仅影响了自然空间,也对我们的生活产生了影响。
1.B 细节理解题。根据Rachel Carson (1907~1964)部分中的“Carson published The Sea Around Us and other books”可知,Rachel Carson是一位作家,故选B。
2.C 细节理解题。根据Wangari Maathai (1940~2011)部分中的“Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement...planted some 30 million trees”可知,作为环境学家,Wangari Maathai倡导种树。故选C。
3.A 推理判断题。根据David Brower (1912~2000)部分中的“He became the Sierra Club s first executive director in 1952...It won many environmental victories under his leadership...he went on to found other environmental groups...” 可知,David Brower为了环境保护在不懈地努力着,成立了各种环保团体,因此最适合David Brower的称号是环保活动家。故选A。
易错归因
本题易错选B项。看到最后一段中的executive director、under his leadership和found这些表达很容易就和B项中的planner挂钩,但B项中的social event(社交活动)与David成立的各种环保团体却相差甚远,没有任何交集。
【高频词汇】 1.have an influence on 对……有影响
2.influential adj.有影响力的 3.preserve vt.保护;保存 n.保护区 preservation n.保护;保存 4.conservation n.保护 5.ban vt.禁止;取缔 n.禁令 6.be associated with与……有关 7.advocate v.提倡;拥护 n.拥护者
【熟词生义】 secure v.获得;取得;实现;保护
【差距词汇】 executive director n.执行董事
长难句
原句 Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, which, by the early 21st century, had already planted some 30 million trees, provided jobs, and secured firewood for rural communities.
分析 本句是一个主从复合句。“which, by the early 21st century, had already...rural communities”是which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Green Belt Movement;在这个非限制性定语从句中,and连接并列成分planted、provided和secured。
译文 马塔伊创立了绿带运动,到21世纪初,该运动已经种植了约3,000万棵树,提供了工作,并为农村社区提供了柴火。
B
语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道,主要报道了三位科学家因在细胞对于氧气含量的适应性方面的研究而获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
4.B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“William G. Kaelin Jr...were jointly awarded the prize.”并根据其重点信息词 jointly可知三位科学家共得同一个奖项。故选B。
易错归因
本题容易错选A项,学生容易受倒数三段中“did his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins...Boston”“did his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford”“did his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University”的影响,认为他们研究的是不同的领域,但是这些信息只是说明他们在大学学习的专业不同,第一段第一句中的“Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels”已经非常直白地告诉我们三位科学家研究的是同一个课题,故A项错误。
5.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The meaningful discoveries by this year s Nobel winners showed life s most adaptive processes”并根据重点信息词meaningful可推断出Johnson认为这个发现非常重要,故选A。
6.D 主旨大意题。通过分析最后三段,可看到was born in, received/obtained...from..., did his specialist training in..., is the director of...等重复的信息,这些信息主要介绍三位科学家的出生信息、学术背景和现在的工作,所以这三段主要在介绍三位科学家。故选D。
易错归因
本题容易错选A项。学生容易将三位科学家厉害的学术背景与他们的成就混淆,但应知excellent academic performances ≠achievements,故A项错误。
【高频词汇】 1.adapt to 适应
2.meaningful adj.有意义的
3.regulate v.调节
4.adjust to适应;习惯
5.specialist adj.专业的;专门的n.专家
长难句
原句 The three physicians found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.
分析 该句为主从复合句。The three physicians found the molecular switch为主句,that regulates...drop为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the molecular switch,且关系词that指代先行词,在定语从句中作主语,在该定语从句中,regulates后面为how引导的宾语从句,when引导的是时间状语从句。
译文 这三位医生发现了分子开关,这个分子开关能够在氧气含量下降时调节我们细胞的适应性。
五、语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要为想要为世界做出积极贡献的从事科学研究工作的人提供了几个提高能力的关键方法。
1.B 细节句。根据本段主旨句“Experiment with new ideas.(尝试新想法)”再结合选项可知B项(所以,不要害怕尝试新的想法)符合本段主旨,B选项中的“new ideas”和主旨句中的“new ideas”对应,是原词复现,且B项和空上句“Luck has frequently played a large role in scientific discovery.(运气在科学发现中经常扮演重要角色)”构成因果关系,符合语境。故选B。
2.G 过渡句。根据空上句“You may think a scientist should be smart, skilled in mathematics, and precise.(你可能认为科学家应该聪明,擅长数学,而且细致)”和空下句“Being a scientist is 90% failure and 10% success.(作为一名科学家,失败占90%,成功占10%)”再结合选项可知,G项(然而,一名优秀的科学家应该具备的一个重要品质是愿意失败)承上启下,对空上句进行语意上的转折,说明科学家也会失败,同时引出下文,进一步说明科学家失败是常事,符合语境。G项中的“fail”和下句中的“failure”对应。故选G。
3.F 细节句。根据本段主旨句“Take charge of your ideas.(对你的想法负责)”及空上句“Challenge yourself to come up with one idea related to your project a day.”可知本段是在建议要努力想出各种点子。分析选项可知,F项(虽然其中一些会是不好的,但许多可能会导致一个新的实验或学说)符合本段主要内容,且与空上句衔接紧密,符合语境。故选F。
4.D 细节句。根据主旨句“Practice your writing skills.(练习你的写作技巧)”可知,D项(创造一个适合自己的写作过程,并坚持下去)符合语境,是对练习写作技能的具体说明,“writing”是关键词。故选D。
5.A 主旨句。根据文章结构及其他段的主旨句位置可推知设空处为本段主旨句。根据本段中的“it s important to strike a balance between professional work and personal downtime(使专业工作和个人休息达到平衡很重要)”和“Don t let yourself get burnt out.(别把自己累垮)”可知本段主要讨论要平衡工作和休息。A项(努力工作和休息之间要保持平衡)符合本段主旨,可以作为本段中心句。故选A。
【高频词汇】 1.be curious about对……好奇 2.make positive contributions to...为……做出积极的贡献
3.take charge of负责 4.challenge v.挑战 5.come up with提出 6.(be) related to与……有关 7.strike/keep a balance between...and...保持……和……之间的平衡 8.stick to坚持
【差距词汇】 1.seasoned adj.富有经验的
2.veteran n.经验丰富的人;老手
3.downtime n.休息;停工;停机时间
长难句
原句 Try to do a little writing every day, and put your ideas or thoughts down on the page so you get into the habit of recording your ideas, which could later end up in a published paper or in a lecture about your latest scientific theory.
分析 本句是一个并列复合句。and连接两个并列的祈使句“Try to do a little writing every day”和“put your ideas or thoughts down on the page”;so后面省略了that,引导目的状语从句,从句中,“which could later...scientific theory”为which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词ideas,其中or连接两个并列的介词短语“in a published paper”和“in a lecture about your latest scientific theory”。
译文 试着每天写一点东西,把你的主意或想法写在纸上,以便养成记录想法的习惯,这些想法以后可能最终会出现在发表的论文中或者关于你的最新科学理论的讲座中。
能力提升
阅读理解
【答案】1. D 2. D 3. B 4. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了“良好的压力”对我们的健康有益”，事实上，“良好的压力”可能有助于我们保持年轻、有魅力，甚至活得更长。
【详解】1.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Dr Marios Kyriazis， an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he. calls "good stress" is beneficial to our health and may,in fact, help us stayyoung and attractive and even live longer.”（抗衰老专家 Marios Kyriazis 博士指出，他所谓的“良好压力”有益于我们的健康，事实上，可能帮助我们保持年轻，有魅力，甚至活得更久。）可知，Kyriazis博士的观点可能基于压力和健康之间的关系。故选D。
2. 词句猜测题。根据上文中“According to Dr Kyriazis, running for a bus or having to work to meet a deadline are examples of “good stress”, that is situations with short-term or low stress. The stress usually makes us react quickly, and gives us a sense of achievement — we did it!（就是短期或低压力的情况。压力通常会让我们反应迅速，给我们一种成就感——我们做到了！）根据上文‘“In fact, the body's response is greater than is needed to repair the damage”可知，事实上，人体的反应大于修复损伤所需的反应，所以短期或低压力实际上使细胞比以前更强壮。）可以推知，此处“it”指的是“短期或低压力”。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据“Other stressful activities that Kyriazis suggests as feeing good stress includeredecoratinga roomin your house over the weekend, packing your suitcasein ahurry toreach the airport on time,or shopping for a dinner party during your lunch break.”（Kyriazis 建议的其他有压力的活动包括感觉良好的压力，周末在家里装修房间，快速打包你的西装准时到达机场，或者在午休时间去参加一个晚宴。）可知，在最后一分钟打包行李去旅行可能是好的压力。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, some medical experts now believe that certain kinds of stress may actually be good for us.”然而，一些医学专家现在相信，某些种类的压力实际上可能对我们有益。根据第二段“Dr Marios Kyriazis, an anti-ageing expert, points out that what he calls "good stress” is beneficial to our health and may, in fact, help us stay young and attractive and even live longer. ”抗衰老专家马里奥斯·基里亚齐斯博士指出，他所说的“良好的压力”对我们的健康有益，事实上，可能有助于我们保持年轻、有魅力，甚至活得更长。所以短文的最佳标题为“ 承受压力，保持年轻”。故选C。
语法填空
【答案】
1. have helped
2. various##varied
3. inventions
4. it
5. Although##While##Though
6. that
7. a
8. without
9. less
10. keeping
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了现代科技尤其滴灌方法给农业带来的很多好处。
【1题详解】
考查谓语动词时态。句意：在过去几十年，现代科技帮助极大地减少了农业所需的使人疲劳至极的劳动。分析句意可知，此处时间状语为in the past decades“过去几十年”，故谓语动词需要使用现在完成时，且主语是由and连接的两个名词，视为复数，故填have helped。
2题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这些进步使得许多国家从事粮食生产的人获益。分析句意可知，此处动词vary“变化”，需要改为形容词形式various/varied“各种各样的，许多的”形式作定语，修饰名词countries“国家”。故填various/varied。
【3题详解】
考查名词。句意：其中最有益的发明可能是滴灌，它使得在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场成为可能。分析句意可知，此处动词invent“发明”，需要使用可数名词复数形式inventions“发明”作主语，因为前有one of the most“最……之一”表示复数概念。故填inventions。
【4题详解】
考查形式宾语。句意：其中最有益的发明可能是滴灌，它使得在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场成为可能。分析句意可知，此非限定性定语从句的真正宾语为不定式to develop big, green farms in the middle of the desert“在沙漠中心开发大型，绿色的农场”，为避免头重脚轻，后置，需要在谓语动词后加形式宾语it。故填it。
【5题详解】
考查从属连词。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，本句复合句前后句存在让步转折关系，即虽然尝试过许多次实验，后面才取得成功，故需要使用从属连词引导让步状语从句，可用although，while和though。故填Although/While/Though。
【6题详解】
考查强调句。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，此处使用了强调句句型，即it is +被强调部分+ that + 其他成分，本句强调地点状语，故空格处需要填写that。故填that。
【7题详解】
考查不定冠词。句意：尽管过去在不同的地方已经进行了实现滴灌的实验，但是在中东的以色列，滴灌在现代才取得了成功。分析句意可知，此处可数名词单数success“成功”前需要填不定冠词表泛指，且modern发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【8题详解】
考查介词。句意：通过滴灌技术，农民可以在不需要许多水的干旱土地生产粮食。分析句意可知，此处指的干旱的土地，语义为“不需要许多水”，故因添加介词without“没有”。故填without。
【9题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这种灌溉方法比其他方法使用少得多的水。分析句意可知，此处包含了比较级的标志词than，且语义也是在对比滴灌和其他方式用水量的多少，故形容词little“少的”改为比较级less。故填less。
【10题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：有限和集中地使用适量的水也可以减少杂草和害虫的水分，防止它们伤害作物。分析句意可知，此处动词keep“保持”，使用现在分词形式，表示主句主语发出谓语表示的动作reduces“减少”，而导致的自然而然的结果。故填keeping。