(共29张PPT)
知主题考频
热考主题 考频 课标链接 真题示例 1.生活、学习与工作 5年41考 ※个人、家庭、社区及学校生活 ※乐于学习，善于学习，终身学习 ※未来职业发展趋势，个人职业倾向、未来规划等 2023新课标Ⅱ卷·B 学校菜园项目
2.人物故事 5年15考 ※认识自我，丰富自我，完善自我 ※优秀品行，正确的人生态度，公民义务与社会责任 2022全国甲卷·C 南极洲之旅
3.身心健康 5年7考 ※健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度 2022新高考Ⅱ卷·D 锻炼对心脏的好处
4.历史、文化与艺术 5年30考 ※小说、戏剧、诗歌、传记、文学简史、经典演讲、文学名著等 ※绘画、建筑等领域的代表性作品和人物 ※不同民族文化习俗与传统节日 ※物质与非物质文化遗产 2023全国乙卷·D 历史的考证
5.社会现象与热点 5年10考 ※社会热点问题 2022全国乙卷·D 英国征收糖税
6.科学、探索与研究 5年25考 ※社会进步与人类文明 ※科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全 2023新课标Ⅰ卷·B 生态设计
7.生态环保 5年20考 ※自然环境、自然遗产保护 ※人与环境、人与动植物 ※人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系 2023年1月浙江卷·D 降低太阳能电池板对环境的影响
知考法考向
选材方面 关注时代发展，选择具有时代特征的语篇；重视生态环保，引导考生树立命运共同体意识；偏好具有思辨性的材料，注重思维品质的考查；选取科学研究类文章，培育乐于探究的科学精神；强化体美劳教育引导，体现运动意识、身心健康、审美情趣和劳动精神。
语篇类型方面 说明文、记叙文、应用文是主流，会涉及夹叙夹议文、议论文、书评等类型和广告、通知等非连续性文本及多模态语篇。
设题方面 加强批判性思维和辩证思维考查，批判性思维能力一般通过设置推理性、诠释性和批判性问题来考查；大部分试题考查推断、归纳和概括等高阶阅读理解能力。
知备考方向
①平时精选一些与热考主题相关的英语原版文章进行精读，积累其中的词汇，剖析长难句，要特别留意词类的活用和语篇内部的逻辑关系。
②培养语篇意识，学会分析语篇内容、语篇结构、主题意义、文体特征、语言特点、修辞手法等；主动发问，创设问题，培养比较、分析、推断、归纳、概括、质疑、评判、建构、创新等思维品质。
③无论是阅读还是做试题练习，都要注意所选文章的类型要多样化，除了常见的记叙文、说明文，也要选取一些议论文、书评等类型的文章。
④英语学科的阅读理解能力归纳为七项具体能力：理解词汇、理解具体信息、理解主旨要义、理解观点态度、理解目的、推断、理解文章结构类型。所以，在复习时要善于总结做这七类试题的技巧，提高解题能力。
热考主题1 生活、学习与工作
Passage 1
话题：数字极简主义 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约320 难度：★★★★☆
[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·C]The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
1.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching critical thinking skills. B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Solving philosophical problems. D.Promoting the use of a digital device.
2.What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
3.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A.Theoretical models. B.Statistical methods.
C.Practical examples. D.Historical analyses.
4.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A.Use them as needed. B.Recommend them to friends.
C.Evaluate their effects. D.Identify the ideas behind them.
【解析】 本文向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现数字极简主义生活方式的方法。
1.B 推断 根据第一段中的"The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism"、第二段中的"digital lives"和最后一段中的"a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle"可推知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。
2.A 理解词汇 根据第三段第二句"This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days"可知，the digital declutter要求人们远离一些线上活动，即对自己的线上活动进行"清理"。故选A项。
【考情速递】
高考命题越来越注重试题的综合性。本题既需要同学们读懂画线词declutter后的内容,从中获取信息来猜测生词大致含义，同时本题的四个选项均为复合词,需要同学们理解复合词的词义，综合起来才能推断出本题答案。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter""You’ll hear these participants’stories"可知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。
4.A 推断 根据最后一段中的"You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances"可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简主义生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A项。
Passage 2
话题:学校菜园项目 主题语境:人与自我 词数:约275 难度:★★★☆☆
Passage 2
话题：学校菜园项目 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约275 难度：★★★☆☆
提高劳动意识[2023新课标Ⅱ卷·B]Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes."We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently," Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues."They get outside," she says, "and they feel successful."
1.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A.She used to be a health worker. B.She grew up in a low-income family.
C.She owns a fast food restaurant. D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
2.What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A.The kids’parents distrusted her. B.Students had little time for her classes.
C.Some kids disliked garden work. D.There was no space for school gardens.
3.Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable. C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.
4What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape
【解析】 本文主要介绍了学校菜园项目Urban Sprouts的启动背景、目的、内容和意义。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts"可知，Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts项目的创始人。故D项正确。
2.C 理解具体信息 本题问的是在这个项目初创时Jaramillo面临的一个问题是什么。根据第二段中的"The kids...come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful""some are initially...turned off by the dirt"可知，这个项目刚开始时面临的一个问题就是她的一些学生不喜欢干菜园的活儿。故C项正确。
3.A 推断 根据最后一段可知,这个学校菜园项目不仅能让学生吃得更有营养，而且还让那些有情绪控制问题的学生感到成功。由此可推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故A项正确。
4.C 理解文章主旨要义 通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo 发起Urban Sprouts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，学生们开始对园艺感兴趣。因此C项"蔬菜种植爱好者"适合作为本文标题。
Passage 3
话题：工作与敬业 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约310 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023全国乙卷·B]Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route(路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the
place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
1.How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest
A.By teaming up with other photographers.
B.By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C.By studying the geographical conditions.
D.By creating settings in the corn fields.
2.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author
A.Proper time management. B.Good shooting techniques.
C.Adventurous spirit. D.Distinctive styles.
3.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake
A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D.They had problems with their equipment.
4.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A.Amusing. B.Satisfying. C.Encouraging. D.Comforting.
【解析】 本文叙述了美国爱荷华州的一位摄影师的拍摄日常，为了拍出优秀的风景照，摄影师付出了很多，其中不乏艰辛，当然有收获也有遗憾。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第二段的"To make some of my landscape shots...the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way"可知，作者和他的朋友们到州公园或农村去拍照，以此来应对中西部缺少地理多样性的挑战。故B项正确。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据第三段第一句可知，恰当的地点和恰当的时间对于拍摄任何风格的照片都起着决定性的作用。第三段的最后一句验证了作者所说。故A项正确。
3.C 推断 根据第四段的"However, we did not mark the route(路线)...it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time"可知，文中描述的是几乎完全错过了日落，之后安置拍摄设备的时间就非常有限了，也就是说他们比预想的到达得晚。故C项正确。
4.B 推断 根据第四段中的"Still, looking back on the photos...if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely"可知，虽然有准备不充分和时间管理不明智等方面的遗憾，作者依然认为这是一些自己拍的最好的照片。故B项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词： distinctive adj.独特的
核心短语：specialize in 专攻，专门研究 tend to do sth. 往往会做某事 on the spot在现场 a bunch of 一串，一束；大量
Passage 4
话题：英国人改变饮食习惯 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约295 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023全国乙卷·C]What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s
obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer "uncool" for boys to like cooking.
1.What do people usually think of British food
A.It is simple and plain. B.It is rich in nutrition.
C.It lacks authentic tastes. D.It deserves a high reputation.
2.Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV
A.Authoritative. B.Creative. C.Profitable. D.Influential.
3.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now
A.20%. B.24%. C.25%. D.33%.
4.What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
【解析】 英国的一些烹饪类电视节目使更多的英国人改变饮食习惯并爱上烹饪。
1.A 推断 根据第一段的"But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine"可知，英国的食物通常被认为是简单的、不吸引人的。故选A。
2.D 推断 根据第二段最后一句"It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking"可知，英国的烹饪类电视节目对观众影响很大，改变了他们对烹饪的看法。故选D。authoritative"权威性的"；creative"富有创意的"；profitable"有利可图的"；influential"有很大影响的"。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据第三段第二句"Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to"可知,近三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更丰富了，故选D。
4.B 推断 根据最后一段最后一句"With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking"可知，随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再是"不酷"的事了。因此可推断，接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。
【二次精读】
核心单词：cuisine n.烹饪；(餐厅或酒店的)特制饭菜，菜肴 frequently adv.频繁地 analyst n.分析者 expand v.扩大
核心短语： have a reputation for 以……著称 advertising campaign 广告宣传活动 turn away from sth. 停止使用某物，不再对某事物感兴趣；拒绝 apply for申请 a variety of 各种各样的 (be) confident about对……充满自信
难句分析：It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.
分析：本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是"thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign"。
译文：多亏了这些电视节目的厨师们,而不是任何广告宣传活动，英国人正在对一荤两素和现成的饭菜失去兴趣，且在烹饪习惯上变得更有冒险精神。
【考情速递】
高考阅读理解考查方式越来越灵活多变，本题将阅读理解与读后续写题型相结合，考查同学们根据文本信息推断文章后续发展的能力。
Passage 5
话题：评分原则 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约240 难度：★★☆☆☆
[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·A] Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90 100, A; 80 89, B; 70 79, C; 60 69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays(60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1=10%; Essay 2=15%; Essay 3=15%; Essay 4=20%.
Group Assignments(30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments(作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
1.Where is this text probably taken from
A.A textbook. B.An exam paper. C.A course plan. D.An academic article.
2.How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of
A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Five.
3.What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date
A.You will receive a zero.
B.You will lose a letter grade.
C.You will be given a test.
D.You will have to rewrite it.
【解析】 本文介绍了文学入门这门课程的评分原则。
1.C 推断 题干问的是"这篇文章可能节选自哪里"。浏览全文可知,本文介绍了文学入门这门课程的评分原则,由此可推知,本文可能节选自一个课程计划，故选C项。
2.B 理解具体信息 题干问的是"学生的期末成绩由几部分组成"。根据文中的"Essays (60%)" "Group Assignments (30%)" "Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)" 可知，学生的期末成绩由三部分组成。故选B项。
3.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是"如果你在截止日期过后一周才提交文章会发生什么"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的最后一部分，根据"If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero"(如果没有在截止日期后的第4天之前上交，你将会得到零分)可知，如果你在截止日期过后一周才上交，你的成绩将会是零分。故选A项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：policy n. 原则 combine v. 结合 complete v. 完成 submit v. 提交 previous adj. 先前的
核心短语：vary from...to... 从……到……不同 turn in 上交
词缀变形：additionally adv. 另外，此外→additional adj. 额外的
Passage 6
话题：儿童博物馆团体游 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约235 难度：★★☆☆☆
[2022新高考Ⅱ卷·A] Children’s Discovery Museum
General Information about Group Play
Pricing
Group Play $7/person
Scholarships
We offer scholarships to low-income schools and youth organizations, subject to availability. Participation in a post-visit survey is required.
Scholarships are for Group Play admission fees and/or transportation. Transportation invoices(发票) must be received within 60 days of your visit to guarantee the scholarship.
Group Size
We require one chaperone (监护人) per ten children. Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult.
Group Play is for groups of 10 or more with a limit of 35 people. For groups of 35 or more, please call to discuss options.
Hours
The Museum is open daily from 9:30 am to 4:30 pm.
Group Play may be scheduled during any day or time the Museum is open.
Registration Policy
Registration must be made at least two weeks in advance.
Register online or fill out a Group Play Registration Form with multiple date and start time options.
Once the registration form is received and processed, we will send a confirmation email within two business days.
Guidelines
Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times.
Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.
Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits.
Use your indoor voice when at the Museum.
1.What does a group need to do if they are offered a scholarship
A.Prepay the admission fees. B.Use the Museum’s transportation.
C.Take a survey after the visit. D.Schedule their visit on weekdays.
2.How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum
A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four.
3.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum
A.Using the computer. B.Talking with each other.
C.Touching the exhibits. D.Exploring the place alone.
【解析】 本文主要介绍了儿童博物馆团体游的相关内容。
1.C 理解具体信息 题干问的是"如果一个团体被提供了奖学金，他们需要做什么 "。根据Scholarships下的"We offer scholarships... in a post-visit survey is required"可知，被提供了奖学金的团队需要参与访问后的民意调查。故选C项。
2.C 理解具体信息 根据Group Size下的"We require one chaperone(监护人) per ten children"可知，每10个孩子需要1个监护人，那么30个孩子则需要3个监护人。故选C项。
3.D 推断 根据Guidelines下的"Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum"可知，儿童在博物馆的所有区域内都必须有监护人的陪伴，即儿童不能单独探索博物馆。故选D项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：participation n.参与 guarantee v.保证，担保 schedule v.安排，预定
核心短语：subject to availability视情况而定 result in造成；导致 in advance预先，事先
熟词生义：process 常用义：n.过程；进程
Repetition can help the learning process.重复对学习过程会有所帮助。
文章义：v.处理(文件、请求)等
All university applications are processed through this system.所有大学入学申请都是由这个系统处理的。
Passage 7
话题：宠物运送员 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约345 难度：★★★☆☆
[2022年1月浙江卷·A]For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis(危机) in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate(房地产) firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1,600 miles away. It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth’s pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. He moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the California coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year before tax. She doesn’t work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless — the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must handle alone, though. Merebeth says, "When I’m on the road I’m just in my own world. I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."
1.Why did Merebeth change her job
A.She wanted to work near her home.
B.She was tired of working in the office.
C.Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D.Her former employer was out of business.
2.The word "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to .
A.make money B.try various jobs
C.be close to nature D.travel to different places
3.What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job
A.She has chances to see rare animals.
B.She works hard throughout the year.
C.She relies on herself the whole time.
D.She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
【解析】 Merebeth的新工作——宠物递送服务不仅满足了她想要四处旅游的愿望，还为她带来了可观的收入。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据题干"为什么Merebeth换了工作"可将解题信息定位在第一段。根据该段中的 "The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job"可知，她换工作是因为她原来工作的公司倒闭了，故选D。
2.D 理解词汇 根据画线词前的"pet delivery service satisfies her"及画线词后的"taken her to every state in the US... Oregon"可以推知，画线词的含义与去不同的地方的欲望有关，故选D。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"It’s a call she must handle alone"及"I’ve always been independent- spirited"可知，Merebeth一直都是靠自己。(共19张PPT)
知主题考频
热考主题 考频 课标链接 真题示例 1.生活、学习与工作 5年41考 ※个人、家庭、社区及学校生活 ※乐于学习，善于学习，终身学习 ※未来职业发展趋势，个人职业倾向、未来规划等 2023新课标Ⅱ卷·B 学校菜园项目
2.人物故事 5年15考 ※认识自我，丰富自我，完善自我 ※优秀品行，正确的人生态度，公民义务与社会责任 2022全国甲卷·C 南极洲之旅
3.身心健康 5年7考 ※健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度 2022新高考Ⅱ卷·D 锻炼对心脏的好处
4.历史、文化与艺术 5年30考 ※小说、戏剧、诗歌、传记、文学简史、经典演讲、文学名著等 ※绘画、建筑等领域的代表性作品和人物 ※不同民族文化习俗与传统节日 ※物质与非物质文化遗产 2023全国乙卷·D 历史的考证
5.社会现象与热点 5年10考 ※社会热点问题 2022全国乙卷·D 英国征收糖税
6.科学、探索与研究 5年25考 ※社会进步与人类文明 ※科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全 2023新课标Ⅰ卷·B 生态设计
7.生态环保 5年20考 ※自然环境、自然遗产保护 ※人与环境、人与动植物 ※人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系 2023年1月浙江卷·D 降低太阳能电池板对环境的影响
知考法考向
选材方面 关注时代发展，选择具有时代特征的语篇；重视生态环保，引导考生树立命运共同体意识；偏好具有思辨性的材料，注重思维品质的考查；选取科学研究类文章，培育乐于探究的科学精神；强化体美劳教育引导，体现运动意识、身心健康、审美情趣和劳动精神。
语篇类型方面 说明文、记叙文、应用文是主流，会涉及夹叙夹议文、议论文、书评等类型和广告、通知等非连续性文本及多模态语篇。
设题方面 加强批判性思维和辩证思维考查，批判性思维能力一般通过设置推理性、诠释性和批判性问题来考查；大部分试题考查推断、归纳和概括等高阶阅读理解能力。
知备考方向
①平时精选一些与热考主题相关的英语原版文章进行精读，积累其中的词汇，剖析长难句，要特别留意词类的活用和语篇内部的逻辑关系。
②培养语篇意识，学会分析语篇内容、语篇结构、主题意义、文体特征、语言特点、修辞手法等；主动发问，创设问题，培养比较、分析、推断、归纳、概括、质疑、评判、建构、创新等思维品质。
③无论是阅读还是做试题练习，都要注意所选文章的类型要多样化，除了常见的记叙文、说明文，也要选取一些议论文、书评等类型的文章。
④英语学科的阅读理解能力归纳为七项具体能力：理解词汇、理解具体信息、理解主旨要义、理解观点态度、理解目的、推断、理解文章结构类型。所以，在复习时要善于总结做这七类试题的技巧，提高解题能力。
热考主题2 人物故事
Passage 1
话题：四位女医生的非凡经历 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约235 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023全国乙卷·A] PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c. 1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.
Tan Yunxian (1461 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.
James Barry (c. 1789 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
1.What did Jacqueline and James have in common
A.Doing teaching jobs.
B.Being hired as physicians.
C.Performing surgery.
D.Being banned from medicine.
2.How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A.She wrote a book.
B.She went through trials.
C.She worked as a dentist.
D.She had formal education.
3.Who was the first African American with a medical degree
A.Jacqueline Felice de Almania.
B.Tan Yunxian.
C.James Barry.
D.Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
【解析】 本文介绍了历史上四位女医生的非凡经历。
1.C 推断 根据Jacqueline Felice de Almania中的"she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery"和James Barry中的"She qualified as a surgeon in 1813"可知，这两个人的共同之处就是她们都做手术。故选C。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据Tan Yunxian部分的介绍可知，谈允贤从小跟着爷爷奶奶学医，并通过了官方的考试，一生中为各行各业的女性诊疗。她还写了一本名为《女医杂言》的书，记录了自己的女医生涯。其他三个医生的介绍中并未提到写书，因此选A。
【干扰项分析】
第一个人物介绍中提到Jacqueline Felice de Almania因非法行医受到法庭的审判，B项属于张冠李戴，应被排除；文章没有提到谈允贤当牙医，故C项错误；谈允贤从小跟着家人学医，因此D项也是错误的。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据Rebecca Lee Crumpler中的"she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree" 可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一个获得医学学位的非裔美国人。因此答案为D。
【二次精读】
核心单词：highlight v.突出；强调 n.最好(或最精彩、最激动人心)的部分 suspicion n.怀疑 physician n.医生 unlawfully adv.非法地 qualify v.取得资格(或学历);合格
核心短语： ban sb. from (doing) sth.禁止某人(做)某事 from all walks of life来自社会各界 be dressed as打扮成
Passage 2
话题：南极洲之旅 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约305 难度：★★★☆☆
[2022全国甲卷·C]As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous. I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
1.Which of the following best explains "take the plunge" underlined in paragraph 2
A.Try challenging things. B.Take a degree.
C.Bring back lost memories. D.Stick to a promise.
2.What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica
A.Lovely penguins. B.Beautiful scenery.
C.A discount fare. D.A friend’s invitation.
3.What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey
A.It could be a home for her. B.It should be easily accessible.
C.It should be well preserved. D.It needs to be fully introduced.
4.What is the text mainly about
A.A childhood dream.
B.An unforgettable experience.
C.Sailing around the world.
D.Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【解析】 本文讲述了Ginni Bazlinton难忘的南极洲之旅。
1.A 理解词汇 根据第二段第二句中的"she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further"可知， Ginni一直渴望进一步探索世界。由本段最后一句话 "When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge"可知，当Ginni退休，儿子们离家独立后，她决定是时候冒险尝试，踏上旅途了。故选A。
2.C 理解具体信息 根据第三段中的"it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica"可知，Ginni发现她可以赶上驶往南极洲的最后一刻的低价船票。故选C。
3.C 理解观点、态度 根据文章最后一段"The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni"可知,南极洲之旅后，Ginni意识到了那是一片净土，应该受到人类的尊重和保护，这让她深受触动。A项"南极洲可以成为她的家"；B项"南极洲理应易达"；D项"南极洲需要被全面地介绍"。故选C项。
4.B 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章提及Ginni喜欢旅行，着重介绍了Ginni难忘的南极洲奇遇。A项"一个童年梦想"，与全文主题不符；C项"环游世界"，范畴超过了本文内容；D项"遇见南极洲的动物"，以偏概全。故选B项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：kick-start v.使……尽快启动，促使……开始 last-minute adj.紧急关头的，最后一分钟才完成(或决定、安排好)的
核心短语：take the plunge 决定冒险一试，果断行事 hit home to sb. 使某人深受触动
Passage 3
话题：通过行动克服焦虑 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约345 难度：★★★☆☆
[2022北京卷·B]My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled (削弱) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-on-one with him — an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle (障碍) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action.
1.What was the main cause for Alice’s anxiety
A.Her inability to act her age. B.Her habit of consumption.
C.Her desire to be perfect. D.Her lack of inspiration.
2.How did Grant Brown’s presentation influence Alice
A.She decided to do something for nature.
B.She tasted the sweetness of friendship.
C.She learned about the harm of desire.
D.She built up her courage to speak up.
3.The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more .
A.intelligent B.confident C.innovative D.critical
4.What can we learn from this passage
A.Practice makes perfect. B.Patience is a cure of anxiety.
C.Action is worry’s worst enemy. D.Everything comes to those who wait.
【解析】 Alice曾经是一个完美主义者，凡事都追求完美，这导致她很焦虑。受野生动物保护主义者Grant Brown的启发，她决定为保护自然做贡献。通过参加活动她变得更加自信，最终也克服了焦虑。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did"可知，Alice焦虑的主要原因是她渴望完美。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"His presentation not...in the world"可知，Grant Brown的讲座不仅让她肃然起敬，鼓舞了她，也让她萌生了改变世界的想法。又结合第三段中参加保护自然的活动可知，受Grant Brown讲座的影响，她希望能为大自然做点事情。
3.B 理解具体信息 根据第三段中的"but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized" "Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence"可知，Alice参加的这些活动帮助她变得更加自信。
4.C 推断 通读全文可知，完美主义者Alice非常焦虑，受野生动物保护主义者Grant Brown的影响，她决定为保护自然做贡献，通过参加活动她变得更加自信，也克服了焦虑。由此可推知，行动是克服焦虑的好办法，故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：perfectionist n.完美主义者 emerge v.暴露，露出真相，被知晓；(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现，浮现；显露 potential adj.潜在的；可能的 n.潜力；可能性
核心短语：hang over笼罩；威胁
词缀变形：presentation n.颁奖仪式；展示会；讲座；(戏剧等的)上演，演出→present v.颁发；授予；提出；提交 n.现在；目前；礼物；礼品 adj.在场的；目前的 enthusiastically adv.热心地，满腔热情地→enthusiastic adj.热心的；热情的→enthusiasm n. 热情 impatient adj.不耐烦的；没有耐心的；急于；热切期待→impatience n.不耐烦，无耐心→patient adj.能忍耐的；有耐心的
Passage 4
话题：钢琴翻谱员 主题语境：人与自我 词数：约325 难度：★★★☆☆
[2021新高考Ⅰ卷·B]By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. "I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance."
Mr Titterman is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot," Mr Titterman explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of "nodding" to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. "I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand," Mr Titterman said. "Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back."
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
"My husband is the worst page turner," she laughed. "He’s absorbed in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say:‘Turn, turn!’ Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life."
1.What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner
A.Read music. B.Play the piano.
C.Sing songs. D.Fix the instruments.
2.Which of the following best describes Titterman’s job on stage
A.Boring. B.Well-paid. C.Demanding. D.Dangerous.
3.What does Titterman need to practise
A.Counting the pages. B.Recognizing the "nodding".
C.Catching falling objects. D.Performing in his own style.
4.Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband "the worst page turner"
A.He has very poor eyesight. B.He ignores the audience.
C.He has no interest in music. D.He forgets to do his job.
【解析】 本文主要讲述了律师Robert Titterman利用自己的业余时间去帮钢琴师翻乐谱的故事。翻乐谱看似是一份简单的工作，但是也需要进行很多练习，尤其要与每位钢琴师默契配合。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance"可知，Robert Titterman识乐谱，这使得他可以做好翻乐谱的工作，故A项正确。
2.C 推断 根据第三段中的"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot"和第四段中的"Being a page turner requires plenty of practice"可以推断，Titterman在舞台上的工作要求颇高，故C项正确。
3.B 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of ‘nodding’ to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner"可知，Titterman需要在领会钢琴师的"点头示意"上多加练习，故B项正确。
4.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"He’s absorbed in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’"可知，Raspopova女士的丈夫沉浸在音乐中以至于忘了自己的本职工作，所以Raspopova女士称其为"最糟糕的翻乐谱工作者"，故D项正确。
【二次精读】
词汇积累：indicate v.表明；暗示；示意 up-and-coming adj.积极进取的，有前途的 by day在白天；日间 be absorbed in专心致志于；全神贯注于
熟词生义：score 常用义：n.得分；分数 v.得分
He won this year’s title with a score of 9.687. 他以9.687分赢得本年度的冠军。
Congress scores low in public opinion polls. 国会在民意测验中得分很低。
文章义：n.总谱；乐谱
He recognizes enough notation to be able to follow a score.他认识足够多的乐符，能看懂乐谱。(共17张PPT)
热考主题3 身心健康
Passage 1
话题：让养老院老人养鸡 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约285 难度：★★★☆☆
关注身心健康[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·C]The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said:" I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.
"It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:"Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here."
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."
1.What is the purpose of the project
A.To ensure harmony in care homes. B.To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C.To raise money for medical research. D.To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
2.How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A.She has learned new life skills.
B.She has gained a sense of achievement.
C.She has recovered her memory.
D.She has developed a strong personality.
3.What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7
A.Improve. B.Oppose. C.Begin. D.Evaluate.
4.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A.It is well received. B.It needs to be more creative.
C.It is highly profitable. D.It takes ages to see the results.
【解析】 养老院通过让老人养鸡来使他们减少孤独感，改善健康状况。
1.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"这个项目的目的是什么 "。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第二段，根据第二段的内容可知，该项目由当地一家慈善机构想出，旨在减少老人的孤独感，改善其健康状况。故选D项。
2.B 推断 题干问的是"这个项目是如何影响Ruth Xavier的 "。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第五段，根据第五段Ruth Xavier说的对这个项目的感受"我很享受这些有创意的活动，做一些有用的事情让我感觉很好"可推知，她从这个项目中获得了成就感。故选B项。
3.C 理解词汇 题干问的是"第七段中的画线单词‘embark on’是什么意思 "。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第七段，根据第七段Wendy Wilson说的话"居民们非常欢迎这个项目的想法和这些创造性的活动。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣"并结合画线部分可推知，画线部分所在句的意思是"第一批开始这个项目的人之一"，因此画线部分的意思为"开始"，故选C项。
4.A 推断 题干问的是"从最后两段我们可以了解到关于这个项目的什么信息 "。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的最后两段，最后两段讲述了一些人参与到这个项目的感受。根据Wendy Wilson和Lynn Lewis两位负责人说的话可知，这个项目得到了好评。故选A项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：suffer v. 患有，遭受 financial adj. 财政的；财务的 connect v.把……联系起来
核心短语：look after 照顾，照看 stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 dream up 想出(尤指不同寻常的计划、主意) in use 使用中 look forward to 期待
词缀变形：reduction n.减少→reduce v.减少
高级句式：I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.
分析：本句中letting the hens out是现在分词短语作伴随状语，to see they’ve gone to bed是动词不定式短语作目的状语，they’ve gone to bed是省略了连接词that的宾语从句。
Passage 2
话题：锻炼对心脏的好处 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约350 难度：★★★☆☆
提倡体育运动[2022新高考Ⅱ卷·D]As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
"Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
"The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still
has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
1.What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A.The right way of exercising. B.The causes of a heart attack.
C.The difficulty of keeping fit. D.The aging process of the heart.
2.In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A.The diet plan. B.The professional background.
C.The exercise type. D.The previous physical condition.
3.What does Levine’s research find
A.Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B.High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C.It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D.The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
4.What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A.Making use of the findings. B.Interviewing the study participants.
C.Conducting further research. D.Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【解析】 研究发现，锻炼对心脏有好处。
1.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Levine想通过提到橡皮筋来解释什么 "。根据题干我们将解题信息定位到文章的第二段。根据第二段中的"Think of a rubber band...happens to the heart"可知，想想橡皮筋，一开始,它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变干，很容易断裂，这也是心脏会发生的变化。由此可知，Levine想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D项。
2.C 理解具体信息 题干问的是"就研究设计而言，两组在哪个方面有差异 "根据题干我们将解题信息定位到文章的第三段。根据第三段中的"The first group... more days a week"可知，第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。由此可知，两组在研究设计上的差异是运动类型不同，故选C项。
3.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Levine的研究发现了什么 "。根据第三段中的"The second group ... in heart health"可知，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。再根据第四段中的"We took these...35-year-old hearts"可知，我们使这些50岁的心脏回到30或35岁的心脏的状态。由此可知，Levine的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A项。
4.C 推断 题干问的是"Nieca Goldberg博士有什么建议 "。根据题干我们将解题信息定位到文章的最后一段。根据最后一段中的"But the study ... the biggest difference"可知,但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。由此可知，Nieca Goldberg博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：efficient adj.有能力的；效率高的 enthusiastic adj.热情的；热烈的；满腔热忱的 randomly adv.随意地 participate v.参与；参加 remarkable adj.显著的；引人注目的；非凡的 flexibility n.灵活性 aspect n.方面
熟词生义：age 常用义：n.年龄 文章义：v.变老；使变老
As he aged, his memory got worse.他随着年事增高，记忆力就变差了。
高级句式：Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
分析：that even if...aging heart是that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中的even if 引导让步状语从句，getting in shape是动名词短语作主语。
Passage 3
话题：女性健康研究 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约330 难度：★★★★☆
关注身体健康[2022年1月浙江卷·C]The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr Helena H rder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said:"These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia."
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher, while 92 women were in the medium fitness category. A total of 59 were of low fitness level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association," said H rder. "More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
1.What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph
A.Positive effects of doing exercise. B.Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C.Experimental studies on dementia. D.Advantages of sporty women over men.
2.Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise
A.To predict their maximum heart rate. B.To assess their cardiovascular capacity.
C.To change their habit of working out. D.To detect their potential health problems.
3.What do we know about Dr H rder’s study
A.It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B.Data collection was a lengthy process.
C.Some participants withdrew from it. D.The results were far from satisfactory.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness
【解析】 一项新的研究表明，保持身体健康的中年女性晚年患失智症的可能性能够降低将近90%。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第一段首句"The benefits of regular exercise ... the ever-growing list"可知，定期锻炼的好处在不断增加，故选A。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据题干中的"bicycle exercise"可将解题信息定位至第三段，该段的"191 women with an average age of 50... measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity"表明，研究者们要求女士们完成骑自行车测试是为了评估她们的心血管能力。
3.B 推断 根据第五段首句"These women were then tested ... the following four decades"和下文中的"44 of the women developed dementia""Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia""25 percent of the women... with low fitness"等内容可知，研究者们在进行了长达40年的跟踪测试后得到了研究数据。由此可推断，该研究的数据收集过程很长。
4.C 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 阅读全文，尤其是根据第一段中的"New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit ...a decade later than less sporty women"可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究，该研究表明保持身体健康的中年女性晚年患失智症的可能性能够降低将近90%。故C项能概括文章大意，作标题最佳。
【二次精读】
核心单词：document v.记录，记载 n.文件，公文，文献，证件 sporty adj.喜爱运动的，擅长体育运动的 capacity n.能力；容积；生产量，生产能力 criteria n.标准，准则，原则 association n.因果关系；联想，联系；社团，协会 applicable adj.适合的，适用的
Passage 4
话题：情商 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约290 难度：★★★★☆
思辨型选材[2021新高考Ⅰ卷·D]Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional(情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视)on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
2.Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2
A.To explain a rule. B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact. D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A.Its appeal to the public. B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application. D.Scientists with new perspectives.
【解析】 在某些情况下，情商的普及改变了其原来的含义。情感技巧可以促成我们身上一些优秀品质的形成,情商的普及总体上利大于弊，同时作者也希望未来对情感的研究可以更科学、更学术一些，希望科技的进步能为此类研究提供新的视角。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable ...‘people skills’"可知，许多人错误地把情商看作一个人身上几乎所有的优秀品质，故D项正确。
2.B 理解目的 根据第二段的内容可知，作者在这一段首先陈述了一个观点,即我们更喜欢将情商描述为一组既可用于好的目的，也可用于坏的目的的特定技能，然后作者通过医生和骗子的例子来阐释这个观点，故B项正确。
3.A 理解观点、态度 根据第三段中的"the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful...has helped both the public and researchers... in everyday life"可知，作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的，故A项正确。favorable "肯定的，赞同的，支持的"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 根据最后一段的内容，尤其是"we hope... study of emotion. It is our hope that... point us in the right direction"可知，本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的希望和期待，故B项正确。
【二次精读】
词汇积累：popularization n.推广，普及 regarding prep.关于，至于 reasonably adv.相当地；理性地，合理地 publicity n.关注；宣传，推广 functionality n.用途，功能 scholarly adj.学术的，学术性的 people skills 交际能力，社交技巧 contribute to 促成，造成
词缀变形：desirable adj.可取的，值得拥有的，令人向往的→desire n.& v.欲望，渴望 cheater n.骗子，作弊者→cheat v.欺骗，蒙骗 n.欺骗手段，欺诈行为 functionality n.功能，用途→functional adj.功能的→function n.功能 v.运转 adaptively adv.适应地→adaptive adj.适应的,有适应能力的→adapt v.适应
熟词生义：1.makeup 常用义：n.化妆品 文章义：n.性格，气质
She put on some makeup before the party.聚会之前她化了点妆。
His daring attitude toward risks is a major part of his makeup.敢于冒险是他的性格的一个主要特征。
2.excite 常用义：v.使激动，使兴奋 文章义：v.激发，引发，引起
His playing is technically brilliant, but it doesn’t excite me.他的演奏技巧娴熟，但并不让我激动。
The court case has excited a lot of public interest.这场官司引起了公众的极大兴趣。
难句分析：It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。It是形式主语，that引导主语从句；from which to study...their lives是"介词+which"后接不定式作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句，修饰前面的new perspectives;study后接how引导的宾语从句。
译文：我们希望在未来的几十年，科技的进步会为我们研究人们如何经营生活提供新的视角。(共32张PPT)
热考主题4 历史、文化与艺术
Passage 1
话题：自行车租赁与观光 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约210 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·A] Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day(24 hours) ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
1.What is an advantage of MacBike
A.It gives children a discount.
B.It offers many types of bikes.
C.It organizes free cycle tours.
D.It has over 2,500 rental shops.
2.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A.?15.75. B.?19.50. C.?22.75. D.?29.50.
3.Where does the guided city tour start
A.The Gooyer Windmill. B.The Skinny Bridge.
C.Heineken Brewery. D.Dam Square.
【解析】 本文介绍了MacBike公司的自行车租赁和有导游的观光。
【考情速递】
多模态语篇指那些包括文字、图形、表格、动画、符号或视频的语篇，理解这类语篇除了需要使用传统的文本阅读技能之外，还需要观察图表中的信息、理解符号和动画的意义等，综合考查同学们"读""看"的能力。本篇融入表格，需要同学们理解表格中的数字信息。此外本语篇的第2题以表格信息来设题，需要同学们在读懂表格信息的基础上，进行简单的数字计算，又考查了同学们的数学计算能力。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第二段尾句"We offer the newest bicycles...with child seats, and children’s bikes"可知，MacBike公司的一个优势是能提供各种各样的自行车，包括带脚刹的最基本的自行车、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车以及儿童自行车。故B项正确。
2.C 理解具体信息 根据Prices部分所列表格的内容可知，带手刹的三挡自行车的日租金为14.75欧元，每多一天收8欧元，故租两天为22.75欧元。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据尾段倒数第二句"The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day"可知，有导游的城市观光每天下午一点开始，每小时整点从Dam Square出发。故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：landscape n.(陆上，尤指乡村的)风景，景色 rental n.租金；出租，租赁
核心短语：make sure 确保，设法保证 (be) available for 对……是可用的 a wide variety 多种多样
词缀变形：economical adj.经济的，实惠的；节约的→economic adj.经济的，经济学的→economy n.经济；节省 sustainable adj.可持续的，不破坏环境的→sustain v.维持，保持；遭受 strategic adj.战略(性)的，策略(上)的→strategy n.策略，行动计划
Passage 2
话题：阅读一本书的启示 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约330 难度：★★★★☆
聚焦铸魂育人[2023新课标Ⅱ卷·C]Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this " book of books," artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private,"off-line" activity.
1.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book. B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings.
2.What are the selected artworks about
A.Wealth and intellect. B.Home and school.
C.Books and reading. D.Work and leisure.
3.What do the underlined words "relate to" in paragraph 2 mean
A.Understand. B.Paint. C.Seize. D.Transform.
4.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A.The printed book is not totally out of date.
B.Technology has changed the way we read.
C.Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D.People now rarely have the patience to read.
【解析】 《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》让我们看到了超越文化与时间的共同人性。网络化的生活中，电子书的推广并不能取代印刷书的使用，阅读印刷书仍然是完全私人的活动。
1.A 推断 根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句"Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration...three hundred artworks from museums around the world"可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。
2.C 理解具体信息 根据第二段第一句和第二句中的"We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school...the generations"可知，被选中的艺术品强调的是图书和阅读，故C项正确。
3.A 理解词汇 根据第二段尾句"These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to"中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为"理解"，A项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：celebration n.庆典，庆祝活动，庆祝 emphasize v.强调，着重 generation n.一代(人) demonstrate v.证明；示范，演示
核心短语：come into being 形成 deep in thought 陷入沉思
词缀变形：symbolically adv.象征性地，象征意义地→symbolic adj.象征的，符号的→symbolize v.象征，用符号表示→symbol n.象征，标志；符号
4.A 推断 根据本文尾句"And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives...offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line’ activity"可知，在我们日益网络化的生活中，我们所消费的信息被监控和跟踪，与之相反，印刷书仍然提供了一个完全私人的、"离线"活动的机会。该句强调了印刷书的价值，据此可知，作者提及电子书旨在说明印刷书并未完全过时，故A项正确。
Passage 3
话题：历史的考证 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约345 难度：★★★★★
思辨型选材[2023全国乙卷·D]If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的)societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past
achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
2What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific. B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was one-sided.
3.What does the underlined word "conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.
4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
【解析】 对于历史事件的考证不能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录和实物相互印证，以帮助我们重现真实的历史。
1.A 理解段落主旨要义 题干问的是首段的主旨。根据文章首段可知,如果你想讲述不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。
2.D 推断 题干问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段首句 "Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects... but in many cases we simply can’t"(理想的情况是我们在研究历史时应该将文字和实物结合起来……而很多情况下我们没能这样做)以及该段最后一句"If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports"(如果我们想要还原那天到底发生了什么，这块盾牌必须和文字记述一样经过深入而严格的质询和诠释)可知，库克船长的记录是片面的，故D项正确。
3.B 理解词汇 题干问的是画线词conversation在文中的意思。根据第三段中的"a history told through things gives them back a voice"(实物能还原历史事实)和 "all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects"(我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物)可知，conversation指的是历史，故B项正确。
【考情速递】
理解词汇是近年高考阅读理解必考题型,常见的有理解生僻词含义、理解熟词生义、理解代词含义等，本题考查课标词汇在文中的指代含义，考查角度有新意，需要同学们根据上下文语境去细细体会与揣摩，增加了试题难度。
4.C 推断 题干问的是本文最有可能摘自哪本书。根据本篇答案解析"段意梳理"部分可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史实物考证的重要性，故C项"《100件实物中的世界历史》"正确。
【干扰项分析】
A项《地图如何讲述世界的故事》和D项《艺术作品如何讲述故事》和文章内容不符；B项《澳大利亚简史》以偏概全，漏失信息。故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词： twist v.曲解，歪曲；转动，旋转；盘绕；扭伤 account n. 报告，描述； 账户
核心短语： from one’s side 从某人的观点或角度来看
熟词生义：privilege 常用义：n. 特权；优惠待遇； 荣幸 文章义：v.特别优待
We want to privilege them because without the top graduate students, we can’t remain a top university. 我们希望给予这些最顶尖的研究生特别照顾，因为没有他们，我们就无法继续处于一流大学之列。
词缀变形：reconstruct v.使重现，使再现→construct v. 建筑，建造；构建 miscomprehension n. 误解，曲解→comprehension n. 理解力，领悟能力
难句分析：If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
分析：这是一个复合句，If引导条件状语从句，同位语a history后面是一个定语从句，while表示前后两种情况的对比。
译文：如果你想讲述一个不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你不能仅仅依靠文本的历史记录，因为只有世界上的一些地方有过文字记载，然而世界上的多数地方绝大部分时候没有文字记载。
Passage 4
话题：《苏格拉底快车》 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约325 难度：★★★★★
[2023全国甲卷·C]I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
1.Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A.Foucault. B.Eric Weiner. C.Jostein Gaarder. D.A college teacher.
2.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A.To compare Weiner with them. B.To give examples of great works.
C.To praise their writing skills. D.To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
3.What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A.Its views on history are well-presented.
B.Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C.It includes comments from readers.
D.It leaves an open ending.
4.What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A.Objective and plain. B.Daring and ambitious.
C.Serious and hard to follow. D.Humorous and straightforward.
【解析】 本文重点介绍了哲学著作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段的"an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World"和第一段尾句"It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学)"可知，Jostein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的世界。故Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了哲学大门。
2.D 推断 通读第四段，特别是该段尾句"This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life"可知，在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。据此可以推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者更好地理解Weiner的这本书。
3.B 推断 根据最后一段的"The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging"可知，《苏格拉底快车》是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常生活中，故B项正确。
4.D 推断 根据第五段的"he does so with plenty of humor"可知，该书充满了幽默；根据尾段第一句"The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging" 可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知，Weiner的书幽默且易懂，故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：reawaken vt.勾起,唤起；再次引发(感情、回忆等) scene n.事发地，现场；事件，场面 conversation n.(非正式的)谈话，交谈 process n.过程，进程；步骤，程序 apparent adj.显而易见的，易懂的；貌似的，表面上的
核心短语：be full of 充满…… in search of 寻找…… pick up 拿起；学会；接人
词缀变形：invitation n.邀请；请柬；招致→invite v.邀请；征求 interpretation n.解释，理解；表演，演奏→interpretative adj.解释的；演绎的 simplicity n.简单(性)，容易(性)；简朴，朴素→simplify v.使简易，简化→simple adj.简单的，简明的；简朴的，朴素的
Passage 5
话题：艺术展 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约195 难度：★★☆☆☆
培养审美情趣[2022全国乙卷·A] Henry Raeburn(1756-1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait(肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public.They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00 DUNCAN THOMSON Raeburn’s English Contemporaries
Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10
JUDYEGERTON
Characters and Characterisationin Raeburn’s Portraits Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10 NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON Raeburnand Artist’s Training in the 18th Century
Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10
MARTIN POSTLE
Exhibition Times
Monday Saturday 10.00-17.45 Sunday 12.00-17.45
Last admission to the exhibition:17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed:24 26 December and 1 January
Admission
￡4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
1.What is the right time for attending Raeburn’s English Contemporaries
A.Sun. 26 Oct. B.Thurs. 30 Oct. C.Thurs. 6 Nov. D.Thurs. 13 Nov.
2.How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission
A.￡4. B.￡8. C.￡12. D.￡16.
3.How can full-time students get group discounts
A.They should go on Sunday mornings.
B.They should come from art schools.
C.They must be led by teachers.
D.They must have ID cards with them.
【解析】 本文介绍了艺术展及相关活动情况。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据表格中的"Raeburn’s English Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10"可知，这个讲座的时间是10月30日周四。
2.B 理解具体信息(数字计算) 根据Admission下面的内容可知，门票是4英镑，12岁以下的孩子由一位成人陪同的话可以免门票。一对夫妇带两个12岁以下的孩子应支付8英镑，故选B。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据Schools and Colleges部分"A special low entrance...in organised groups with teachers"可知，全日制学生享受群体优惠价需要老师带队。
【二次精读】
核心单词：exhibition n.展览；展出 masterpiece n.杰作；代表作；名著 collection n.收藏品 present v. (以某种方式)展现，显示 accompany v. 陪伴 charge n.收费；指控；主管 available adj. 可获得的； 可购得的；可找到的； 有空的
词缀变形：exhibit v. 展览→exhibition n.展览 enter v. 进入→entrance n.入口(处)；进入；进入权；准许加入 admit v.准许……进入(某处)→admission n.准许加入；进入权；入场费
Passage 6
话题：去山区当老师 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约315 难度：★★★☆☆
语篇类型创新[2022全国乙卷·B]In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted:The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top:"When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals:foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter."
1.Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains
A.To teach in a school. B.To study American history.
C.To write a book. D.To do sightseeing.
2.What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3
A.They enjoyed much respect. B.They had a room with a bathtub.
C.They lived with the local kids. D.They suffered severe hardships.
3.Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising
A.The extreme climate of Auburn. B.The living conditions in Elkhead.
C.The railroad building in the Rockies. D.The natural beauty of the West.
4.What is the text
A.A news report. B.A book review. C.A children’s story. D.A diary entry.
【解析】 本文介绍了Dorothy Wickenden 写的一部书的主要内容：两个富裕家庭长大的女孩子去落基山脉的一个村落当老师，她们住在当地人的家里，和他们一样过着艰辛的生活。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第一段的"In 1916, two girls of wealthy families...traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse"可知，Dorothy 和Rosamond 去落基山脉是为了到一所学校教学。
2.D 推断 根据第三段内容可知，她们和当地的一户人家一起生活，和他们一样,几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来的时候，被子上都是雪。有时候她们早上到学校后，发现孩子们冻得直哭。春天，雪被泥取代。由此可推知，他们在那里受了很多苦。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据第四段的"A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed(牵涉)drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms"可知，书中描述的惊险的部分应是在落基山脉修建铁路的过程。
4.B 推断 根据第四段中的"In Wickenden’s book, she expanded"和"The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn"以及最后一段的"Wickenden is a very good storyteller"可知，本文是一篇书评，介绍名为Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West的一本书。
【二次精读】
核心单词：instruct v.指示；教授，传授(技能等) influence v.影响；对……起作用
词缀变形：wealth n.财富→wealthy adj.富裕的 settle v.解决；定居→settlement n.村落，定居点 private adj.私有的；私人的；私下的→privacy n.隐私； 私密
高级句式：So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise.
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children was a surprise。定语从句whose shoes were held together with string对名词the children进行修饰和限定。
Passage 7
话题：城市发展不可抛弃传统 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约335 难度：★★★★☆
关注时代发展[2022全国甲卷·D]Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
"I’ll miss these old boats," he said as we parted.
"How do you mean " I asked.
"Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. "Sydney is confused about itself," she said."We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met
a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many people say that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat."
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.Sydney’s striking architecture. B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C.The key to Sydney’s development. D.Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A.He goes to work by boat. B.He looks forward to a new life.
C.He pilots catamarans well. D.He is attached to the old ferries.
3.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A.It is losing its traditions. B.It should speed up its progress.
C.It should expand its population. D.It is becoming more international.
4.Which statement will the author probably agree with
A.A city can be young and old at the same time.
B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【解析】 澳大利亚城市悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了很多传统，但作者认为城市发展不应丢弃传统，新旧交融自有其魅力。
1.C 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 根据第一段中的"a significant thing happened in Sydney...But it is the harbor that makes the city"可知，本段主要讲述了悉尼发展过程中的关键，故C项正确。
2.D 推断 根据第三段中的"I’ll miss these old boats"和第五段中的"Catamarans are faster ... they’re not fun to pilot"可以推断，Andrew Reynolds很喜欢这些旧渡船，故D项正确。
3.A 推断 根据第六段中的"Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings"和 "Sydney is confused about itself" "We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one"可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald觉得悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了太多传统，以至于现在定位有点模糊，故A项正确。
4.A 推断 根据最后两段中的"being young and old at the same time has its attractions"及"I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries"可知，作者认为新旧交融自有其魅力，希望悉尼能够保留那些旧渡船，故作者很可能认同A项"一个城市可以新旧交融在一起"。
Passage 8
话题：推动艺术教育发展 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约270 难度：★★★★☆
融入美育[2021新高考Ⅱ卷·C]A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World’s Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). "We are going to make a change," she said. "I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools."
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort — whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star — into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years."I’ve seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by — their eyes are shining and their faces light up,"she said. "We need artists more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: "Andria’s brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. "It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries."
1.What will Zafirakou do with her prize money
A.Make a movie. B.Build new schools.
C.Run a project. D.Help local musicians.
2.What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools
A.It is particularly difficult. B.It increases artists’income.
C.It opens children’s mind. D.It deserves greater attention.
3.What should be stressed in school education according to Schama
A.Moral principles. B.Interpersonal skills.
C.Creative abilities. D.Positive worldviews.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.Bring Artists to Schools B.When Historians Meet Artists
C.Arts Education in Britain D.The World’s Best Arts Teacher
【解析】 一位英国女教师用自己的奖金开展了一个项目。该项目旨在将艺术人士引进校园，以推动学校的艺术教育发展。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools"和第二段中的"I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools"可知，Zafirakou用她的奖金开展了一个把艺术人士引进校园的项目。故C项正确。
2.D 推断 根据第五段尾句可知，Craig-Martin认为，把艺术当作不必要的课程是错误的。也就是说他认为艺术教育应该得到更多的关注。故D项正确。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据第六段中的"The future depends on creativity ... for centuries"可知，他认为学校教育应该强调创造力。故C项正确。
4.A 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 本文主要讲述一位英国女教师把获得的奖金用于开展把艺术人士引进校园的项目，以推动学校艺术教育发展。故A项正确。
【二次精读】
难句分析：What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries.
分析：and连接两个并列分句；what引导主语从分句；when引导时间状语从句；it is ... that ...是强调句型。
译文：当人工智能接管时，留给我们的将是我们的创造力。我们的创造精神，我们对新鲜事物的远见，数百年来一直是我们的优势。(共17张PPT)
热考主题5 社会现象与热点
Passage 1
话题：可持续的生活方式 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约345 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023年1月浙江卷·B]Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
1.What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first paragraph
A.Share an apartment with you. B.Join you in what you’re doing.
C.Transform your way of living. D.Help you to make the decision.
2.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A.He disapproved of it. B.He was sympathetic to it.
C.He was tolerant of it. D.He didn’t care about it.
3.What can we infer about the author
A.She is quite good at cooking. B.She respects others’privacy.
C.She enjoys being a housewife. D.She is a determined person.
4.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
【解析】 作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。
1.B 理解词汇 根据画线部分前的"Live with roommates ""Have friends and family around you "及"looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle"提及的对更加可持续的生活方式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中，故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2.A 理解观点、态度 根据第三段中的"my dad commented on...jars everywhere"可知，父亲对作者在"零浪费"生活方式上做的尝试并不赞同，故A项正确。
3.D 推断 根据第三段中的"how silly it was""a bit discouraging"可知，作者在最开始尝试可持续生活方式时并不顺利，未获得家人支持。根据第二段中的"I experienced this...zero waste like me"及下文内容可知，作者仍然坚持自己的"零浪费"生活方式。由此可知，虽然在生活方式上的转变未获得家人的支持，但她依然坚持，可见她是一个意志坚定的人，故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的
核心短语：comment on 作出评论 portion sth. out 把……分成若干份 speak up for 明确表态；说好话，辩护 on board 支持
词缀变形：sustainable adj. 不破坏生态平衡的；可持续的→sustain v. 维持，使保持 personalise v. 为个人特制→personalised adj. 个性化的
难句分析：I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging
非限制性定语从句
if you’re doing your best to figure out (how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household).
条件状语从句 how引导的宾语从句
译文：然而，在这一过程中，我学到了一些东西。如果你正尽最大努力弄明白如何在一个并非总是支持你的家庭中做出改变的话，我希望你能从中得到鼓舞。
4.C 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时，你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议，再根据第二段尾句中的"how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪费"生活方式有关，故C项正确。
Passage 2
话题：英国征收糖税 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约290 难度：★★★★☆
具有探讨性[2022全国乙卷·D]The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
1.Why was the sugar tax introduced
A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children’s health. D.To encourage research in education.
2.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products’sugar content.
3.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
4.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers.
【解析】 本文介绍了英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收含糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖)"可知，征收含糖税是为了保护孩子的健康。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商)so they can avoid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据第五段中的"However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola"以及"Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax"可知，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料是免征含糖税的，而可口可乐公司是一些高含糖量饮料的生产商，由此推断出Classic Coke是需要缴税的。
【二次精读】
核心单词：consume v. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始；最初
核心短语：bring in 赚得；挣 apply to适用于；申请 for fear of唯恐，以免
词缀变形：adoption n. 采用；领养→adopt v. 正式通过，表决采纳；采用； 领养
熟词生义：content 常用义：n. 内容；目录
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents. 她没有看过那封信，所以对其内容一无所知。
文章义：n. 含量；容量
Don’t choose food with a high fat content. 不要选择脂肪含量高的食物。
4.B 推断 根据最后一段首句可以推测出含糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。
Passage 3
话题：天才 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约295 难度：★★★★☆
具有思辨性[2021全国甲卷·D]Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly:Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club — women,or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are "really, really smart." Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really,really smart."Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors(因
素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors’standards for joining the genius club
A.They’re unfair. B.They’re conservative.
C.They’re objective. D.They’re strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A.Improved global communication. B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors’concepts. D.Changes in people’s social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius and Luck
【解析】 本文首先讲述了过去人们对于天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，但是，随着时代的发展、全球交流的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人。
1.A 推断 根据第三段"In the sciences and arts...women, or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others"可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女人或不同肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平，故A项正确。conservative adj."保守的"；objective adj."客观的"。
2.D 推断 根据第四段中的"A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are ‘really, really smart.’ Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief... smart’"可知，研究发现女孩受到社会观念的影响，从六岁起就不怎么说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"，也会避免参加一些据说是"针对非常非常聪明的孩子"的活动，故D项正确。look up to"仰慕"。
3.A 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear"可知,现代社会的全球通信使得越来越多的天才能够为人所知，故A项正确。discrimination n."歧视"。
【二次精读】
核心单词：wired adj.(与计算机系统)联网的；(设备、网络)有线的
核心短语：be praised as被誉为 act on对……起作用；按照……行事
词缀变形：admission n.承认；入场费；进入许可→admit v.承认；准许进入；可容纳
难句分析：A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。recently published by Science为过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的名词study;that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say..."really, really smart."为动词found的宾语从句；that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."为动词say的宾语从句。
译文：最近发表在《科学》上的一项研究发现，比起男孩来，早在六岁，女孩就不太可能说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 本文在第一段提出了数百年来人们一直关注的问题：什么是天才。接着作者讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，最后作者讲到随着时代的发展、全球通信的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人，故B项适合作本文的标题。
Passage 4
话题：影片Project Wild Thing 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约310 难度：★★★★☆
[2021年6月浙江卷·B]We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today’s children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago,film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:
"We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author’s children
A.They often annoy the neighbours. B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with. D.They stay in front of screens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea
A.By making a documentary film. B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media. D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Let Children Have Fun B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children D.David Bond:A Role Model for Children
【解析】 文章讲述了电影制作人David Bond看到许多孩子沉迷于电子产品，于是他通过影片，鼓励孩子们走进大自然。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据文章第一段中的"However, what my children...pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产品(屏幕)，这引起了作者的担忧，故答案选D项。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据文章第二段中的"He realised that something needed to change...He documented his journey ...The result was Project Wild Thing"可知,为了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bond利用自身的职业优势，制作了纪录片Project Wild Thing，故选A项。
3.A 理解词汇 根据文章第二段中的"a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations"可知，这部纪录片记录了Wild Network的诞生，chart此处意为"记录，跟踪"，意思同record，故选A项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 chart v. 记录
核心短语：an average of 平均 get into the habit of... 养成……的习惯
难句分析：The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
分析：本句是复合句，主句是The result was Project Wild Thing，而a film是Project Wild Thing的同位语，其后which引导定语从句，修饰a film；与此同时，a group of organisations...是the Wild Network的同位语。
译文：其结果是Project Wild Thing的诞生，这是一部记录Wild Network诞生的电影。Wild Network是一个以让孩子们走出来并进入大自然为共同目标的组织团体。
4.C 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 根据文章内容尤其是最后一段可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故C项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。(共26张PPT)
热考主题6 科学、探索与研究
Passage 1
话题：生态设计 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约340 难度：★★★☆☆
鼓励创新精神[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·B]When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does."Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says."You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone.
C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor.
2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem.
C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine.
3.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4.What is the basis for John’s work
A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive.
C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【解析】 John Todd从小就喜欢观察大自然，并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，发明出了"生态设计"，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。
【考情速递】
高考语篇在选材上积极引导同学们关注人类社会所面临的热点问题——环境问题，使同学们能够增强责任感、紧迫感和使命感。本篇阅读就以个人发明对环境作出的贡献为主题，旨在倡导考生为环保贡献自己的力量。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"observing how nature solved problems"和"When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"和第二段中的"John went back to observing nature and asking questions"以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项正确。long to do sth. "渴望做某事"。
2.D 推断 根据第三段中的"The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥)...placed them in the tanks"可知，John修建水箱是为了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植物。第四段中的"all that was left was pure water"表明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。
【考情速递】
本题属于跨语段综合推断的漂移题，同学们需要综合两段信息进行推断，增加了推断题的难度。
3.B 推断 上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心句"Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs"可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。A"为了回顾John的研究计划"；B"为了展示John的理念的实际应用"；C"为了比较John的不同工作"；D"为了消除对John的发明的怀疑"。
4.A 推断 本文主要围绕John的疑问"A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived...if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了"生态设计"，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力，且最后一段中的"Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair"也印证了John的工作依据就在于"自我修复"这一理念，故A项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：fishery n.水产业 substance n.物质；物品；东西 fiberglass n.玻璃纤维 tank n.(贮放液体或气体的)箱，槽，罐 digest v.消化 canal n.运河
核心短语：a series of一系列 take...as把……当作 take on承担
难句分析：When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes
时间状语从句 主句 宾语从句
(people were making).
省略关系词的定语从句
译文：当John长大后，他开始想要知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱。
Passage 2
话题：集体商议的智慧 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约340 难度：★★★★☆
[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·D]On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the
group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
2.Navajas’study found that the average accuracy could increase even if __________.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
3.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates.
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
【解析】 作者从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。
【考情速递】
高考的选材注重启发考生独立思考与判断，运用科学的思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力，着眼于考查考生在逻辑性、批判性和创新性等方面的思维品质。本篇以"群体智慧效应"为话题，展示人们对该效应的不同角度的理解，而在试题的设计上，强调对重点信息的纵深性理解，注重考查语篇能力，鼓励同学们以系统和辩证的视角进行篇章解读，挖掘篇章的深层含义，读懂言外之意，领会文章的主旨要义。
1.B 理解段落主旨要义 第二段主要解释了为什么大量独立估算的平均值在某些情况下可以相当准确，这是由于人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多,并被平均开来时，它们会互相抵消，从而得出更准确的估算值，这就是群体智慧效应的基本逻辑。故选B项。
2.D 推断 结合第二段中的"In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent"和第三段中的"when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion...independent individuals"可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D项。
【考情速递】
高考在命题形式上注重灵活性和创新性。本题题干并非以往的疑问式题干，而是在复合句中挖空的陈述式题干，这是自2020年新高考以来在高考卷中首次出现。
【二次精读】
核心单词： illustrate v.阐明 correlated adj.相互关联的 follow-up adj.后续的 dominant adj.占优势的，占支配地位的 implication n.可能的影响；暗示 enormous adj.巨大的
核心短语：capitalize on利用，从……中获得好处 cancel sth. out 抵消
熟词生义：average 常用义：n.平均水平；平均数 adj.平均的；一般的 文章义：v.计算出……的平均数
Earnings are averaged over the whole period.所计算的是整个时期的平均收入。
难句分析：The key fingding of the study was that｛when crowds were further divided into smaller groups
that引导表语从句，其中when引导时间状语从句
(that were allowed to have a discussion)}, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from
that引导定语从句
an equal number of independent individuals.
译文：该项研究的核心发现是,当人群被进一步分成更小的组，并且允许进行讨论的时候，这些小组得出的平均估计比同样数量的独立个体的估计更准确。
3.C 理解具体信息 第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员发现，团队讨论中起决定作用的是队员们能一起讨论和推理(shared arguments and reasoned together)，因此选C。
4.D 理解观点、态度 最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性和很多问题，但对团队讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
Passage 3
话题：人类语音的演变 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约335 难度：★★★★★
培育探究精神[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·D]Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution. C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results. B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A.It is key to effective communication. B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system. D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
【解析】 本文介绍人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。
1.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Damián Blasi的研究集中在人类语音的哪个方面 "，通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知，Damián Blasi的研究集中在语音的发展。故选D项。
2.C 理解具体信息 题干问的是"为什么古代成年人很难发出唇齿音 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第三段。根据第三段的内容可知,他们发现古代成人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。后来，我们的下巴变成了覆咬合结构，这让我们更容易产生这样的声音。由此可知，他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
3.A 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 题干问的是"第五段主要讲的是什么 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第五段。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。故第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。故选A项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 confirm v. 证实 overturn v. 推翻 complex adj.复杂的
词缀变形：remarkably adv.不寻常地，惊人地→remarkable adj.非凡的，引人注目的
难句分析：This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300, 000 years ago.
分析：本句是主从复合句。that all human speech sounds...ago是同位语从句。从句中含有when 引导的时间状语从句。
译文：这项研究推翻了这种流行的观点，即在大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都已经存在。
4.C 推断 题干问的是"Steven Moran对人类语音有什么看法 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的最后一段。Steven Moran认为：自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音是生物变化和文化进化之类的事物的一种复杂的相互作用的产物。由此可推知，它是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
Passage 4
话题：Textalyzer设备的使用 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约280 难度：★★★★☆
科技应用[2022新高考Ⅱ卷·C]Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior," said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. "If the Textalyzer bill becomes law," he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
1.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’texting in the US
A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.
2.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A.Where a driver came from.
B.Whether a driver used their phone.
C.How fast a driver was going.
D.When a driver arrived at the scene.
3.What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.
4.What is a suitable title for the text
A.To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B.Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D.The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
【解析】 为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用 Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
1.A 推断 根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信,公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段第一句"Yet the problem...to be getting worse"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了。所以这些方法是无效的。故选A项。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据第五段最后一句"The technology could... hands-free driving laws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知， Textalyzer能够帮警官查明司机是否使用了手机。故选B项。
3.D 理解词汇(代词指代) 根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由此可推知，something在此处指代的是法律。故选D项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：ban v. 明令禁止；取缔 distinctly adv.清楚地，明显地；很，十分
核心短语：refer to 提到，谈及，说起 push for 反复要求，施压争取
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故B项最适合作本文标题。
Passage 5
话题：无人机在铁路中的应用 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约315 难度：★★★★★
鼓励科技创新[2022全国乙卷·C]Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very
small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
3.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
4.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【解析】 无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
1.A 理解具体信息 题干问什么使无人机在铁路线路中的应用成为可能。根据文章第二段中的"Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure"可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】
B、C、D项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故B和D项都可排除；C项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。
2.C 理解词汇 题干问"maintenance"是什么意思。根据画线词出现的语境"节省______费用"以及该词在下文中的语境，即第三段第二句"It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"(据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施)可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。
3.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time"(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题,这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，
【干扰项分析】
B项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中的"programmed to run autonomously"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项"为全体工作人员挣得利润"和D项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 题干问的是本文最佳标题是什么。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：guarantee v.保证； 担保；保障 precisely adv.恰好地；正是；精确地 inspect v.检查；查看； 审视；视察
词缀变形：reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的→reliability n.可靠性 operate v. 工作；操作；控制；使运行; (被)使用；(使)运转；经营，营业；动手术→operator n. 操作人员；技工；经营者→operation n. (有组织的)活动；手术；运转；操作 maintain v. 维持；维修；保养→maintenance n. 维护，保养
期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。
Passage 6
话题：鹦鹉识别物体形状 主题语境：人与社会 词数：约250 难度：★★★★☆
科学精神[2022全国甲卷·B]Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的)shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A.By following instructions. B.By using a tool.
C.By turning the box around. D.By removing the lid.
2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A.Using a key to unlock a door.
B.Telling parrots from other birds.
C.Putting a ball into a round hole.
D.Grouping toys of different shapes.
3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A.How far they are able to see.
B.How they track moving objects.
C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【解析】 实验表明，一种生长于澳大拉西亚的凤头鹦鹉擅长识别物体的形状。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Though not known...the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage"和"the birds were given five differently shaped...let out the nut"可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里时可以熟练地使用工具，给它们不同形状的"钥匙"以供选择，插入正确的"钥匙"就能拿到盒子里的果仁。由此可知，实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁，故选B项。
2.C 推断 根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知,在大约一岁时，婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中，由此可推知C项正确。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段信息可知，研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索，还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
【名师点津】
题干中的follow-up意为"进一步的"，与最后一段中的next吻合。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文，尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知，文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故D项作文章标题最佳。
【二次精读】
核心单词：visual adj.视觉的 trial-and-error n. 反复试验，不断摸索
核心短语：shape-recognition abilities 识别形状的能力
难句分析：This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference".
分析：全句的主要结构为This ability is called an "allocentric frame of reference" 。句中动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰句子主语This ability,recognize后的宾语从句中包含一个时间状语从句。
译文：这种辨别形状在装入前需要从特定方向转动的能力被叫作"物体参照系"。(共23张PPT)
热考主题7 生态环保
Passage 1
话题：四个护林员项目 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约255 难度：★★★☆☆
[2023新课标Ⅱ卷·A]Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops(June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills — join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19 Waterfalls & Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10–Wildflowers & White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
1.Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A.Photography Workshops.
B.Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C.Canyon Talks at Artist Point.
D.Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
2.What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A.Works of famous artists.
B.Protection of wild animals.
C.Basic photography skills.
D.History of the canyon area.
3.Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop
A.Artist Point.
B.Washburn Trailhead.
C.Canyon Village Store.
D.Visitor Education Center.
【解析】 本文主要介绍了美国黄石国家公园的四个护林员项目。
1.D 理解具体信息 对比四个项目的时间信息可知，Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone是最早开始的(May 26)。故D项正确。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据Canyon Talks at Artist Point部分中的"while learning about the area’s natural and human history"及本段最后的"for this short talk"可知，这个简短的演讲是关于Canyon这个地方的历史的。故D项正确。
3.B 理解具体信息 根据Photography Workshops部分中的"7/10...meet at Washburn Trailhead"可知，7月10日参加者要在这里碰面。故B项正确。
Passage 2
话题：人类与大自然互动 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约255 难度：★★★★☆
重视生态环保[2023新课标Ⅱ卷·D]As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories "sitting at beach"and "listening to waves."
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature language" began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown
during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature.
2.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A.To compare different types of park-goers. B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C.To analyze the main features of the park. D.To find patterns in the visitors’summaries.
3.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
4.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication.
【解析】 作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。
1.B 理解具体信息 题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的"access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find"(城市居民越来越难以接触大自然)以及"it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild"(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)可知，在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。
2.D 推断 题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一句话"Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories...began to emerge"(在320份提交的材料中，一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现)可知，研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。
3.C 推断 题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break"可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，周内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。
4.B 理解具体信息 题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前，我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段Kahn的话 "And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it"(为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便与之互动)可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然，故B项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：access n.通道，通路，入径；(使用或见到的)机会，权利 submission n.提交(或呈递)的文件、建议等；(向法官提出的)看法，意见 established adj.已确立的，已获确认的，确定的 domestic adj.本国的，国内的；家用的；享受家庭乐趣的 generate vt.产生，引起
核心短语：focus on专注于，关注 take part in参加，参与
熟词生义：balloon 常用义：n.气球，热气球 文章义：vi.(突然)膨胀，涨大
The sheet flapped and ballooned in the wind.被单在风中飘动，被吹得鼓鼓的。
难句分析：Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take
动词-ing形式作主语 which引导的非限制性定语从句
part in the activities (that are most satisfying and meaningful to them).
that引导的限制性定语从句
译文：命名每一种自然体验都会创造出一种可用的语言，这种语言帮助人们识别并参与对他们来说非常满意、非常有意义的活动。
Passage 3
话题：降低太阳能电池板对环境的影响 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约320 难度：★★★★★
环保与农业[2023年1月浙江卷·D]According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
"Solar projects need to be good neighbors," says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. "They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy." InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to "low-impact" solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities —and now there are guidelines
for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. "These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape," says Macknick.
1.What do solar developers often ignore
A.The decline in the demand for solar energy. B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D.The most recent advances in solar technology.
2.What does InSPIRE aim to do
A.Improve the productivity of local farms. B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
3.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A.To conserve pollinators. B.To restrict solar development.
C.To diversify the economy. D.To ensure the supply of energy.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D.Solar Farms: A New Development
【解析】 随着太阳能的普及，越来越多的太阳能电池板被安装在各个社区，这不可避免地给环境，尤其是农业环境，带来消极影响。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第二段内容可知，太阳能开发者们想要尽可能快速和廉价地安装太阳能电池板，所以他们不太考虑如何处理电池板下的环境。他们往往会在下面放一些碎石，而且用除草剂除草，这给环境带来了破坏。所以B项"安装太阳能电池板的消极影响"符合题意。
2.C 理解具体信息 根据第三段中的"InSPIRE is investigating...to the land"可知，InSPIRE项目正在寻求对环境影响小的发展太阳能的方式，力求做到"对土地友好"。所以C项"使太阳能项目环保"符合题意。
3.A 理解具体信息 明题意：本题问"第四段中提到的法律的目的是什么 "→做推断：根据第四段第二句可知，有超过28个州通过了与传粉昆虫栖息地保护和杀虫剂使用有关的法律→定答案：所以A项"保护传粉昆虫"符合题意。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 文章第一、二段主要指出目前存在的问题：太阳能电池板对环境尤其是农业环境的消极影响。第三段给出了解决方案：建立和经营对土地更友好的太阳能农场。第四、五段介绍了传粉昆虫友好型太阳能农场建设的积极影响。所以纵观全文，关键词应该是solar farms，所以D项是最佳选项。
【易错点拨】
A项是比较容易误选的干扰项，因为文章后半部分有很大篇幅专注于pollinators。但是从全文的角度看，pollinators是solar farms这个关键词下的次要关键词，不足以统领全文。
Passage 4
话题：减少食物浪费 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约340 难度：★★★★☆
[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·B]Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries
Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat," Curtin says.
1.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A.We pay little attention to food waste.
B.We waste food unintentionally at times.
C.We waste more vegetables than meat.
D.We have good reasons for wasting food.
2.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text
A.Moral decline. B.Environmental harm.
C.Energy shortage. D.Worldwide starvation.
3.What does Curtin’s company do
A.It produces kitchen equipment. B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C.It helps local farmers grow fruits. D.It makes meals out of unwanted food.
4.What does Curtin suggest people do
A.Buy only what is needed. B.Reduce food consumption.
C.Go shopping once a week. D.Eat in restaurants less often.
【解析】 在每年有近8亿人挨饿的世界上，"食物浪费违背了道德准则"。令人瞠目结舌的是，很多很好的食物被扔掉了——从"丑陋"(但还可以吃)的被食品杂货店店主丢弃的蔬菜，到大量没食用就被扔进餐馆垃圾桶的菜肴。作者用种种事例呼吁人们不要浪费食物。
1.B 推断 题干问的是"作者想要通过讲芝麻菜的故事表达什么 "。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第一段。根据第一段的最后一句可知，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地买了太多；作者本可以用扔掉的芝麻菜做六份沙拉。由此可推知，我们有时会无意中浪费食物。故选B项。
2.B 理解具体信息 题干问的是"根据文本内容，食物浪费的一个后果是什么 "。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第三段。根据第三段第一句可知，生产没人吃的食物会浪费种植食物所消耗的水、燃料和其他资源，这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。由此可知，食物浪费的一个后果是环境危害。故选B项。
3.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Curtin的公司是做什么的 "。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第四段。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO...rotted in fields"可知，该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食物。去年它通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，回收了超过807 500磅的食物，否则这些农产品会在地里腐烂。由此可知，Curtin的公司把一些人们不需要的食物变成可以吃的健康食物。故选D项。
4.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Curtin建议人们做什么 "。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的最后一段。根据最后一段中Curtin说的话可知，Curtin建议人们通过仅购买所需食品，以及要求餐馆不提供顾客不吃的配菜来减少食物浪费。故选A项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：mindful adj. 留心的；记住的；警觉的 reject v.拒绝 rot v. 腐烂
核心短语：round out 完成 end up doing sth. 以……而告终 throw out 扔掉 turn sth. into sth.将某物转变为某物
词缀变形：donate v. 捐赠→donation n. 捐赠物
难句分析：Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it.
分析：Producing food是动名词短语作主语，that no one eats是that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，过去分词短语used to grow it 是the water, fuel, and other resources的后置定语。
译文：生产没人吃的食物会浪费种植食物所消耗的水、燃料和其他资源。
Passage 5
话题：照顾两只幼虎 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约315 难度：★★★☆☆
[2021新高考Ⅱ卷·B]I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs (幼兽) that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don’t make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I’ve got two children — the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving — but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn’t worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up "tiger milk", washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren’t there.
I’m not sad about it. I’m hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
1.Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home
A.To ensure their survival.
B.To observe their differences.
C.To teach them life skills.
D.To let them play with his kids.
2.What do the underlined words "get up to mischief" mean in paragraph 3
A.Behave badly. B.Lose their way.
C.Sleep soundly. D.Miss their mom.
3.What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home
A.Boring. B.Tiring. C.Costly. D.Risky.
4.Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo
A.They frightened the children.
B.They became difficult to contain.
C.They annoyed the neighbours
D.They started fighting each other.
【解析】 作者是动物园的饲养员。由于在动物园出生的幼虎死亡率太高，作者决定把两只幼虎带回家看养，全家齐上阵照顾这两只幼虎。幼虎四个月大的时候不再适合圈养了，作者不得不把它们送回动物园。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Globally, a third of Sumatran...care at home"可知，在动物园出生的苏门答腊幼虎死亡率太高，所以作者才把两只幼虎带回家照顾，从而确保它们存活。故A项正确。
2.A 理解词汇 根据第三段尾句可知，这两只幼虎很顽皮，把房间搞得天翻地覆。由此可推知，作者一家人睡觉的时候会把两只幼虎放在大房间里，否则，它们会捣乱。故A项正确。B项"迷路"；C项"酣睡"；D项"思念妈妈"。
3.B 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"There were...extremely tired"可知，作者认为看养幼虎是令人疲惫的。故B项正确。
4.B 推断 根据第三段和第五段的内容可知,当这两只幼虎长到4个月大时，它们学会了开门和翻篱笆。由此可推知，很难再把它们圈养起来，所以作者决定把它们送回动物园。故B项正确。
Passage 6
话题：用废旧塑料做雕塑 主题语境：人与自然 词数：约275 难度：★★★★☆
重视生态环保[2021全国乙卷·C]You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse," a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers
A.Calming. B.Disturbing. C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A.Artists’Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【解析】 艺术家Benjamin Von Wong关注塑料污染导致的环境问题，他用回收而来的废旧塑料制品创作雕塑作品，以期唤起人们对塑料制品的关注，提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段的最后一句"He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products"可知，艺术家Von Wong制作雕塑的目的是迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料制品的关系，即关注塑料废弃物造成的问题。
2.A 推断 根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的"Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution...because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled"可知，全球仅有9%的塑料废弃物被回收利用，而且作者特别说明了塑料吸管因为小和轻而无法被回收。由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管的问题是为了说明塑料吸管回收的困难。故选A。
3.B 推断 根据第四段的内容可知，通过2018年的一件作品，Von Wong想要说明一项明确的数据：每60秒就有一卡车的塑料进入海洋。为了这件名为"Truckload of Plastic"的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了一万多件塑料，然后这些塑料被捆到一起，就像它们是一起从卡车上倒下来的一样。这一作品直观展现了塑料污染的严重性，会令人不安，故选B。disturbing"令人不安的，令人震惊的"。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 通览全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作雕塑以期唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此最佳标题为D。
【二次精读】
词汇积累：massive adj.巨大的；大而重的；结实的 cleanup n. 清扫；扫除 recycle v. 回收利用；再利用 make a difference 有影响，有关系 by no means 绝不 come under fire 受到严厉批评
熟词生义：pressure 常用义：n.压力；挤压
The pressure on doctors is increasing steadily. 医生的压力越来越大。
文章义：v.逼迫；使迫不得已
They’re pressuring him to make a decision. 他们在逼迫他做出决定。
难句分析：For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.
分析：titled "Truckload of Plastic,"作this work的后置定语，相当于which was titled "Truckload of Plastic,"；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰more than 10,000 pieces of plastic，该定语从句中的like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once是表语从句。
译文：为了这件名为"Truckload of Plastic"的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了一万多件塑料，然后这些塑料被捆到一起，就像它们是一起从卡车上倒下来的一样。
