2024届高三英语二轮复习定语从句课件-(共54张PPT)

(共54张PPT)
定语从句
relative clause
一.什么是定语从句
拆解概念： 定语＋从句
1. 定语：作用：修饰、限定
对象：名词或代词
e.g. a student
a tall student
a tall and hard-working student
修饰、限定 名词
所以，一般情况下，定语可以简单理解为汉语中的“……的”，即在句子中起到形容词的作用。
一.什么是定语从句
2. 从句
主语＋谓语→→句子
He cried.
I disappeared.
两个及以上主谓结构经由连词或者关系词等连接起来就可以称之为复合句。
复合句子又可分为主句（核心主干部分）和从句（从属说明部分）
I know that he will come.
主句
从句
一.什么是定语从句
3.得出结论：
所谓定语从句，就是在一个起到形容词作用的从句。
4.定语从句的分类：
限定性定语从句
（不用逗号与主句分开，通常紧跟在先行词之后对先行词进行解释说明）
非限定性定语从句
（用逗号与主句分开，通常来修饰整个句子）
二. 什么情况下需要用到定语从句
？ 思考如何表达出下边句子中的定语：
那个坐在门边的学生
那个穿红色衣服的小女孩儿
一般情况下，简单的形容词罗列就可以做定语，但是一旦定语中出现动词，用形容词无法表达出定语的准确含义，这时就需要用到定语从句。
三.如何写出一个定语从句
Harry Porter is a boy.
The boy has magic power.
第一步：观察句子，找出这两个简单句中的重合部分
三.如何写出一个定语从句
第二步：替换同类项
两个简单句中有重复内容，第二句中的the boy可以用代词指代，这就引出了定语从句中最重要的一个定义——关系词
三.如何写出一个定语从句
关系词是在英语中引导定语从句的词。它分为关系副词和关系代词，且都在定语从句中充当成分。
三.如何写出一个定语从句
第三步：合并句子
Harry Porter is a boy.
The boy has magic power.
Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.
定语从句的基本结构：
主句＋先行词＋关系词＋定语从句
先行词
关系代词
三.如何写出一个定语从句
Let’s practice:
Tianjin is a beautiful city.
The city has a long history.
Tianjin is a beautiful city which has a long history.
除上述五个常见关系代词以外， as也是常见的关系代词；因其用法较为特殊，所里在此单拎出来讲解。as 在定语从句中即可指代人和物，在定语从句中可以充当主语和宾语。
1. As引导限定性定语从句时主要用于常见的固定搭配中，如such/so...as（正如）和the same as（正像），构成 the same/ so/ such/……as 结构。
I have had so unforgettable a spring festival as they have.
I bought the same pen as you did.
2. 引导非限定性定语从句时用以指代整个句子，往往有“正如、正像”之义
As we know, China is becoming more and more powerful in the world.
He, as you can see, is one of the most hard-working teachers in our school.
Let’s practice
He was late for work this morning, __ is often the case.
The man ________ lives next to us is a policeman.
This is the book _________ I bought last week.
The man __________ I saw yesterday is a policeman.
I like the book ______ cover is red.
Such stories ____ my mother often tells sounds very interesting.
which\that
as
who\that
whom\that
whose
as
As与which引导非限定性定语从句时的区别：
①位置不同：as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后,而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。as放在句首的情况常用的句式 有as we all know, as you can see, as is mentioned above, 而which则没有这样的用法。
②搭配不同：as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用,也常用于as often happens, as is often the case（常有的事），as is expected(不出所料), as has been said before(如上所述), as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况.
As与which引导非限定性定语从句时的区别：
③含义不同：as有“正如”的含义,which没有此含义.如：
As is well known, Shanghai is a big city．
Some of the roads were flooded, which made our journey more difficult．
4. 用法不同：which可用在介词＋关系代词的用法中，as则不能。
This is the school in which I studied 3 years ago.
Let’s practice
1.The number of smokers, ______ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
2.The meeting, ______ was held in the park, was attended by 1,000 people.
4.______is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.
5.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ______ uses it differently.
as
which
As
which
四. 关系副词
when 时间状语
Where 地点状语
Why 原因状语
The reason why he was late was that his car broke down.
I still remember the day when my brother joined the army.
状语
When引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，其先行词常是time, day, night, week, month, year等，并在定语从句中做时间状语，相当于介词＋which。
I never forget the day when( on which ) I joined the army
Where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的名词，其先行词常为place, city, country, school等表示地点的词汇，并且在定语从句中充当地点状语，相当于介词＋which。此外，field, area, situation, position, occasion, point, activity等均可视为抽象意义上的地点。
This is the house where(in which) I lived two years ago.
You reach a point where(at which) medicine can't help.
why引导定语从句修饰先行词reason，相当于for＋which，在定语从句中充当原因状语，常用在the reason why 的结构中。　　
　　I don't know the reason why(for which) he came so late.
　　我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
　　That is the reason why(for which) I don't want to go.
　　那就是我不想去的理由。
　
五. 如何判断使用关系代词还是关系副词：
1.分清主句和从句
2. 确定先行词
3. 判断关系词在从句中充当的成分
一般情况下：
当定语从句中缺少主语、宾语、定语时，选择关系代词
当定语从句中缺少状语（时间、地点、原因）时，选择关系副词。
Let’s practice
The day ____ I met Linda was my sister’s birthday.
The reason _____ he cried was ridiculous.
The company _____ I worked is far away form my home.
I knew the girl ____ was talking to Jim yesterday.
when
why
where
who
I still remember those days ____ we spent together
I’ll never forget the days ____ I visited New York with you.
Mary is so lovely a girl ____ everybody loves her.
Mary is so lovely a girl ___ everybody loves.
Is this the library __________ you visited yesterday
Do you know the young man _____ we met at the gate？
I know the boy ___ mother is a professor.
This is the village ______ he was born.
This is the village _____ grew wheat.
that
when
that
as
whom
which\that
whose
where
which
PS:有同学在做题过程中会出现对先行词概念不明确的问题。
比如：Is this library that you visited yesterday 这句话中最大的问题就是有同学会将“this library”看作先行词，从而觉得这句话没有问题。
把这句话转换成陈述语气后，this library 是主句主语， is 是主句系动词， that 引导的是定语从句，但没有先行词，故应补加先行词the one。
Is this library the one that you visited yesterday
思考这句话表达的对不对？
Is the boy who you met last week
选用哪个关系代词
which/whom
六.关系副词转换成介词＋关系代词
关系副词转换成介词＋which\whom时，若先行词为人，关系代词用whom；若先行词为物，关系代词用Which.
The school in which(where) he studied is very famous.
I’ll never forget the day on which(when) we met
The woman to whom he was speaking is my mother.
The professor for whom I have great respect is retiring.
PS. 定语从句中的介词＋whom可以放到句子末尾，变成whom＋介词的形式。
The woman whom he was speaking to is my mother.
选用什么介词
in of on for ......
介词的选择
Group 1
Is this the car ________ which you paid a high price
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.
The man ________ whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher.
Group 1
This is the car {for which you paid a high price}
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person {to whom she could turn for help}.
The man {with whom you shook hands just now} is our English teacher.
小结1. 根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，构成动词短语。
介词的选择
Group 2
The two things ________ which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.
The teacher ________ whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teacher.
Group 2
The two things {about which Karl Marx was not sure} were the grammar and some of the idioms.
The teacher {with whom the students in our class are popular} is Mr Wang, our English teacher.
小结2. 根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。
介词的选择
Group 3
I’ll never forget the day ________ which I joined the army.
The factory ________ which his father works is far away from my hometown.
I don’t know the reason _______ which he was late for school.
This is the camera ________ which he often takes photos.
Group 3
I’ll never forget the day {on which I joined the army}.
The factory {in which his father works} is far away from my hometown.
I don’t know the reason {for which he was late for school}.
This is the camera {with which he often takes photos}.
小结3. 根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。
介词的选择
Group 4
This is the pilot ________ whom I bought a camera.
This is the pilot ________ whom my brother has worked for ten years.
This is the pilot ________ whom my son was saved.
Group 4
This is the pilot {for whom I bought a camera}.
This is the pilot {with whom my brother has worked for ten years}.
This is the pilot {by whom my son was saved}.
小结4. 根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。
其他规则？
Group 1
Yesterday we paid a visit to the house in which Lu Xun lived.
Yesterday we paid a visit to the house which Lu Xun lived in.
This is the pen which I’m looking for.
This is the pen for which I’m looking.
其它用法
小结1. 介词若与从句中的动词词组有关，可前置于关系代词前，也可置于动词后，但若此介词与动词为固定词组，则此介词一般不前置。
小结2. 限定性定语从句中，介词前置时，关系代词不能用that，且不能省略；若介词后置，则可以用that，也可以省略。
Group 2
This is the school in which I studied 3 years ago.
This is the school (which/that) I studied in 3 years ago.
其它用法
小结3. 表示所属关系时，介词应用of，关系代词为which /whom, 即n.+ of + which / whom，可转换为whose+ n. 。
Group 3
He lives in a room, whose window faces west.
He lives in a room, the window of which faces west.
The child was saved by a man, whose name was not known.
The child was saved by a man, the name of whom was not known.
其它用法
小结4. 表示“整体中的一部分或……中最……”的，介词一般也用of。
Group 4
The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students.
China has many rivers, the longest of which is the Yangtze River.
其它用法
Let’s practice
Practice
The student ________ whom I’m grateful is Tom.
Yesterday we visited the West Lake ________ which Hangzhou is famous.
The naughty boy made a hole in the hole __________ which he could see what is happening outside.
The man, __________ whom I learned the news, is an engineer.
They live in a house, the door of ________ opens to the south.
Is that the newspaper for ________ you often write articles
to
for
from
through
which
which
Practice
My computer, without ________ I can’t play games, broke down yesterday.
I have found the book in _______ the names of all the early satellites are mentioned.
He has three children, one of _________ children is studying abroad now.
There are a lot of students here, none of ________ like the film.
which
which
whose
whom
七. 选择关系代词时只用that的情况
① 序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时
Tom is the cleverest boy that I have ever known.
This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.
③　everything, something, nothing, all,
anything, little, much等不定代词作先行词时
Everything that we saw in this film was true.
②先行词被every, some, no, all, any, little, much等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that you lend me.
④ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
This is the very book that belongs to him.
⑤ 主句已有who或which时
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.
⑥ 当先行词同时指人和物时
I’ve never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now.
Let’s practice
1. All _____ is needed is a supply of oil.
A. which B. that C. what
2. Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which B. what C. that
先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything只能用that引导
3. It’s the most boring film ___ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. whose
4. This is the first car ___ arrived this morning.
A. which B. who C. that
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时只能用that引导
5. I know all people ___ are from that village.
A. who B. that C. whose
6. There is no water ___ is needed badly.
A. which B. who C. that
7. Please take any seat ___ is free.
A. which B. that C. in which
先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰时只能用that引导
8. That is the very book ___ I was looking for.
A. who B. that C. which
9. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing ___ he owns.
A. who B. that C. which
先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时只能用that引导
10. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books ___ were popular then.
A. who B. that C. which
先行词被既有人又有物时只能用that引导
11. Who is the worker ___ took some pictures of the factory.
A. who B. that C. which
主句已有who或which时,只能用that 引导
八. 选择关系代词时只用which的情况
1. 关系代词前面有介词时只能用which引导定语从句。
I never forget the day when( on which ) I joined the army
。
2. 先行词本身为that、those时，关系代词要用which。
You must find out that\those which may be ignored by us.你必须找到那些可能被我们忽略的东西。
3. 非限定性定语从句只能用which，不用that.
Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.
PS: that和why不能引导非限定性定语从句。
让我看看谁还没有学会！