(共37张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ. 在括号里写出黑体部分在句中的含义
1. Smog( ) is harmful to everyone.
2. The game, although called “Chinese checkers”, did not originate
( ) in China.
3. What can we do to help address the problem( )
4. Fossil fuels( ) such as coal, oil and gas will service our needs.
5. The car crash claimed[ ] three lives.
烟雾
起源;发源
解决问题
化石燃料
夺走,夺去(生命)
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示选择合适的句型完成句子
1. __________________ (大家都知道) air pollution is harmful to our health.
2. ______________ (我们都知道) we should take immediate measures to reduce air pollution.
Everyone knows that ...
There is no doubt that ...
Most people think that ...
We all know that ...
As is known to all, ...
It is obvious that ...
Everyone knows that
We all know that
3. ____________________ (大部分人认为) tree planting contributes to the decrease of air pollution.
4. ______________(众所周知), the government should react to pollution as quickly as possible.
5. ______________(显然) greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced.
6. __________________(毫无疑问) global warming can't be prevented only by a single country, but needs cooperation of all countries.
Most people think that
As is known to all
It is obvious that
There is no doubt that
Ⅲ. 用适当的介词填空
1. She said goodbye with tears ____ her eyes.
2. He often sleeps ____ the windows open.
3. She left the room with all the lights _______.
4. My father warned me ________ going to the west coast because it was dangerous.
in
with
on/off
against
1. originate
【观察思考】
The expression “smog” originated in Britain and means a combination of “smoke” and “fog”. (教材第30页)
“烟雾”一词起源于英国,意思是“烟”和“雾”的组合。
Those works all originate from folk life.
这些作品都来源于民间生活。
The origin of the word is unclear.
该词的来源尚不清楚。
The original plan was to hold the meeting the next week.
最初的计划是下周开这个会。
【探究总结】
(1)originate vi.&vt. _____;发源;创立
originate in/from _______
(2)______n. 起源;起因;源头
(3)original adj. 原来的;最初的;独创的
起源
起源于
origin
【应用实践】
根据汉语句意完成英语句子。
①这种疾病据说起源于热带地区。
The disease is thought to have __________ ____ the tropics.
②例如,不少物种就起源于一个很小的群体。
Many species, for example, _________ ____ ______ ___________.
③你熟悉这些有关生命起源的理论吗
Are you familiar with the theories about ____ ______ ____ ______
④我从未想过你会怀疑我的初衷,这就是你对我帮助的回报吗
I never suspected for a minute that you should doubt my ________ __________, and is this how you reward me for my help
originated in
originate in small populations
the origin of life
original
intentions
2. end up
【观察思考】
Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. (教材第32页)
越来越多的生活和商业垃圾最终流入江中,加重了水污染程度。
Our oceans are full of plastic waste and animals end up swallowing the plastic and dying as a result.
我们的海洋中充满了塑料垃圾,结果是以动物吞食塑料死亡而告终。
That debate ended in a quarrel.
那场辩论最后以争吵收场。
Be careful while you are driving, or you will end up in an accident.
你开车时要小心一些,否则早晚会出事的。
【探究总结】
end的相关短语:
①end up最终成为;最后处于
②end up doing _____________
③end in sth以……结尾;以……告终
④end up ____ ... 结果为……
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①If you try to remember everything you will end up ____________ (remember) nothing.
以……结束/告终
in
remembering
②Even a great inventor makes many experiments that end in ______ (fail).
③Whoever gets into the bad habit of taking drugs is sure to end ____ prison.
3. restore
【观察思考】
Local officials were concerned that the pollution was damaging the natural environment and felt that urgent steps should be taken to restore the river’s original beauty. (教材第32页)
地方官员担心水污染对自然环境的破坏,认为必须采取紧急措施以恢复漓江昔日的美丽。
failure
in
Police have restored the oil painting to its owner.
警察已经把这幅油画归还给了它的主人。
The doctor will restore him to health but it may take time.
医生会让他恢复健康,但可能需要一些时间。
The manager has done his best to restore our belief in his honesty, but many people still have their doubts.
这位经理竭尽全力让我们重新相信他是诚实的,但仍有许多人持怀疑态度。
The restoration of the castle took a year and cost a lot of money.
修复城堡花费了一年时间和大量的金钱。
【探究总结】
(1)restore vt. _____;使复原;修复
①restore to 使恢复;归还给……
②restore belief/faith in sth ______________
(2)__________ n. 恢复;修复;复原;复位
【应用实践】
根据汉语句意完成英语句子。
①她的工作是修复旧画。
Her job is _________ ____ __________ .
恢复
恢复对……的信任
restoration
restoring old paintings
②好好休息可以使你恢复健康。
A good rest will _______ ____ ____ ______.
③这座古塔被精心修复到原始状态。
The ancient tower ____ __________ ________ ____ its original state.
④他最近取得的成功使他恢复了对自己能力的信任。
His recent success has helped to ________ ____ _________ ____ his own ability.
restore you to health
was carefully restored to
restore his faith/belief in
4. dozen
【观察思考】
Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. (教材第32页)
几十家污染企业被关闭或搬迁。
He gave me a dozen (of) roses for my birthday.
他在我生日那天送了我许多玫瑰。
Dozens of doctors and nurses have been working day and night for weeks.
很多医生和护士已经夜以继日地工作数周了。
Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋按打卖。
【探究总结】
dozen n. (一)打;十二个
①a dozen (of) ____;____
②dozens ____很多,许多
③two/three/ ... dozen 两/三/……打
④__________ 按打计算;按打
一打
许多
of
by the dozen
(1)dozen前有数词或者具有数词意义的词,如:a、 many、 several、 some、 a few等修饰限制时,dozen要用单数形式,后面接可数名词复数,且名词前通常无须用介词of。
(2)表示“部分与整体”的关系时,dozen即使是单数形式,也要加of,这时of后面多是一个加有限定词(如:these、 those、 the、 my、 Tom’s等)的复数名词或代词。
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①I want ____ dozen of pencils, please!
②I have heard of that dozens ____ times.
③Surprisingly, in that bookstore, books are sold ____ the dozen.
④We already have ______ of pencils, but we need two ______ pens.(dozen)
a
of
by
dozens
dozen
5. carry out
【观察思考】
At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. (教材第33页)
与此同时,他们开始定期检查,并且对旅游机构的违规行为进行处罚。
Her words have given him the courage to carry on with his life and work.
她的话激发了他继续生活和工作的勇气。
In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.
尽管做了很大努力,我们还是没能完成计划。
Their faith and courage carried them through the difficulties.
他们的信念和勇气使他们渡过了难关。
【探究总结】
carry的相关短语:
①carry out 完成(任务);实施;落实
②_______ 继续(做)
③carry sth through成功完成某事,顺利实现某事
④carry sb through _______________
carry on
帮助某人渡过难关
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①I hate it when she calls me at work—I am always too busy to carry ____ a conversation with her.
②I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried ____ in the past two years.
③Not only can friends carry us ________ hard times but they can share our joy when we are happy.
④They still carried on _______ (walk) to the park in spite of the bad weather.
on
out
through
walking
6. fine
【观察思考】
At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. (教材第33页)
与此同时,他们开始定期检查,并且对旅游机构的违规行为进行处罚。
The police fined me for driving too fast.
警察因超速对我处以罚款。
She was let off with a fine instead of being sent to prison.
她没有坐牢而只是罚款了事。
You may have to pay a fine of 200 yuan if you park your car in the wrong place.
你如果把车停错了地方,就可能要缴200元的罚款。
【探究总结】
(1)fine vt. ______________
fine ... (for sth/for doing sth)(因某事/做某事)对……处以罚款
(2)fine n. 罚金;罚款
a fine ____ ……的罚款
对……处以罚款
of
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①They fined me 50 yuan ____ smoking in the public place.
②The factory ____ ______(fine) for polluting the river.
③These books are two weeks overdue. I’m sorry, you have to pay ____ fine.
for
was fined
a
7. tolerate
【观察思考】
The villagers could no longer tolerate the situation. (教材第34页)
村民再也忍受不了这种情况了。
The teacher cannot tolerate eating on the class.
老师不允许在课堂上吃东西。
They need to be tolerant of/towards different points of view.
他们需要包容不同的观点。
She had no tolerance for jokes of any kind.
她容不得开任何玩笑。
【探究总结】
(1)tolerate vt. ____;____;容许
tolerate (sb) doing sth 容忍(某人)做某事
(2)_________ n. 忍受,容忍;宽容;(痛苦、苦难等的)忍受程度,忍耐力
(3)tolerant adj. ________;容忍的
忍受
包容
tolerance
宽容的
be tolerant of/towards 对……宽容
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①I can’t tolerate _______ (work) with Kate in the same office. She just refuses to stop talking while I am working.
②He can’t tolerate ____________ (laugh) at in public.
③In order to earn enough to support his family, the young man is tolerant ____________ any hard job.
④Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a _________ (tolerate) smile and let him go.
⑤With time going by, his ________ (tolerate) is getting stronger.
working
being laughed
of/towards
tolerance
tolerant
1. 文体介绍
环保类作文的写作,一般要注重描述环境的现状,阐述环境对人类生存的重要性,并讨论加强环境保护的必要性。
具体写作时多运用夹叙夹议式的表达方法。根据题目所提供的信息,确定写作时的人称及时态,并结合现实中的实际情况,阐述环境的现状,就保护环境的必要性及重要性发表见解。
写一篇关于环境问题的作文
2. 篇章结构
(1)概述目前环境的状况(如环境污染日趋严重等)。
(2)列出具体的环境问题(如森林被砍伐、污水排放等)及其影响,提出解决问题的措施或建议,并呼吁大家关注环境保护问题。
(3)你的希望。
回顾本单元及以前学过的关于环境问题的文章,总结一下相关的常用表达。
1. 词汇
环境问题:_______________________________________________
原因:___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
采取的措施:_____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
be seriously polluted, air/water/noise pollution
waste water, cut down the trees, pour dirty water, throw away
rubbish everywhere, plastic bags
pay attention to, recycle paper and books, reduce pollution
and waste, plant more trees, pick up rubbish, save energy, make full use of,
low-carbon life, make contributions to protecting the environment,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 句型
描述现象:_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
environment-friendly, arouse/raise people’s awareness of environmental protection
①The problem of air pollution becomes even more serious.
②With the number of cars increasing fast in our city, our environment is getting worse and worse.
③Now we are living in the world of pollution. There are many kinds of pollution around us, such as water pollution and air pollution ...
④One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
⑤Many kinds of fishes have been dead because of the serious water
pollution.
分析问题:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
①There is no doubt that Earth is becoming warmer, and it is
human activity that has caused global warming.
②Many people didn’t know its importance.
③The polluted air does great harm to people’s health. The polluted water causes diseases and death.
④The flood washed away our farmland.
⑤With the development of our society, energy in the world becomes more and more limited, so it is quite important for us to save energy and to protect our environment.
解决措施:____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
①My suggestion is that we should ride bikes more often
instead of driving cars. By riding a bike, we can not only exercise our body but also protect our environment.
②We must cover these hills with green trees.
③We can turn off the light as well as other appliances when we are not using them.
④Everyone can make a great contribution to our environment.
⑤We should try our best to keep the environment clean.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
⑥Turn off the shower while we are washing hair. In these ways, we can save energy and reduce pollution.
⑦We have only one Earth. So it is necessary to protect our natural environment. We must take steps immediately to protect our Earth.
假如你是高中生李华,你校英语报将举办主题为“Protecting the Environment”的英语作文比赛,请你写一篇英语短文,内容要点如下:
(1)目前存在的环境问题;
(2)措施或建议;
(3)对未来的希冀。
注意:(1)词数80左右;
(2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【审题谋篇】
1. 审题
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文,内容为环境保护;时态以一般现在时为主;人称以第一人称为主。
2. 谋篇布局
【范文赏读】
With the development of industry and agriculture, environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious all over the world.
Vast forests have been cut down and waste water has been poured continuously into rivers. Furthermore, the whole ecological balance of nature is changing. The environmental destruction has negative effects on man’s existence. It’s high time that we should take actions to cope with environmental problems. For instance, the industrial enterprises should obey the regulations regarding environment protection. Besides, environmental protection awareness should be spread via the media.
We hope that these measures will be effective and bring us a better future.
全球变暖已经成为全人类普遍关注的问题之一。请你写一篇英语短文谈谈你对这一问题的看法,内容包括以下要点:
(1)全球变暖对地球环境造成了很大影响;
(2)引起全球变暖的原因;
(3)我们需要采取的措施。
注意:(1)词数80 左右(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
(2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
No one can deny that the world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerable because of the effects of global warming.
There are quantities of causes for this problem. On the one hand, human-related emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is causing significant global warming. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about the importance of protecting the environment has a bad effect on the solving of the problem.
It is urgent that immediate and effective measures should be taken. First, more trees need to be planted to help improve and beautify the environment. Besides, stricter laws concerning global warming have to be put into effect.
In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again.(共36张PPT)
UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
语篇类型 1. 叙议结合文本:“CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD'S ATTENTION”。
2. 应用文:报告“REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER”。
3. 其他类型:图片、图表、音频、视频等
语言知识
主题
词汇 气体排放: emission release methane carbon dioxide carbon dioxide fossil fuel worldwide dozens of
生态环境: melt starve seal ecology habitable sustain sustainable footprint basin penguin tropical sensitive jungle smog garbage restore conservation waterway
问题解决: comprehensive seize broadcast harmonious moderate submit annual originate enterprise disposal
方针政策: policy restrict restriction reform undergo implement on behalf of regulation inspection fine campaign tolerate agenda
变化趋势: graph trend frequently chaos nuclear volume
语法 直接引语和间接引语
语篇 报告的语篇结构和语言特色
语言知识
语用
提到常识:
Everyone knows that ... There is no doubt that ...
Most people think that ... We all know that ...
As is known to all, ... It is obvious that ...
文化知识 1. 了解气候变暖给地球带来的变化,以及人类对自然应有的态度;
2. 通过现实生活中的环境问题,看到人类为了可持续发展的未来而做出的努力
语言技能 1. 在听的过程中注意对重要内容做笔记,便于做出准确的总结;
2. 能够掌握谈论常识的几种表达;
3. 能够通过简图的形式理解语篇大意;
4. 能够写一篇关于环境问题的报告;
5. 能够根据图片和介绍文字预测视频内容
学习策略 1. 通过绘图快速有效地想出办法、规划流程、显示因果、解释新概念;
2. 通过对重要内容所做的笔记做出准确的总结
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking (1)
Ⅰ. 在括号里写出黑体部分在句中的含义
1. There is a growing trend( ) for people to work at home instead of in an office.
2. China has adopted new stricter emission( ) standards for cars.
3. In the ecology( ) lab, communities of species can be studied experimentally under controlled conditions.
趋势
排放
生态
4. There are currency restrictions( ) on the sums allowed for foreign travel.
5. Since the policy( ) of the reform and opening up, China has changed dramatically.
6. As we use up our fossil fuel( ) supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source.
7. He was released( ) from prison after serving a sentence of five years.
8. He found that in recent years the carbon dioxide( ) in the atmosphere kept increasing.
9. One slice of bread was not going to sustain( ) me for long.
限制;法规
政策
化石燃料
释放
二氧化碳
维持
10. The website gives a comprehensive( ) list of the rules of the game.
11. In summer, young girls reapply suncream frequently
( ) to avoid being sunburnt.
12. All the events of the Olympic Games were broadcast( ) live on TV.
13. Before he could run away, she seized( ) him by the collar.
14. They would starve( ) if food was difficult to find.
15. When heated, ice will melt( ) into water.
全部的;详尽的
频繁地;经常
播送
抓住
挨饿
融化
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示补全短语
1. have an impact ____ 对……有影响
2. be ____________ 陷入;被困于
3. lead ____ 导致;通向
4. take ________ 采取行动
5. result ____ 引起;导致
6. _______ every opportunity to do 抓住每个机会做……
7. take responsibility ____ 为……负责
on
trapped in
to
actions
in
seize
for
Ⅲ. 根据汉语提示及构词法知识写出正确单词
词根 词缀 单词
1. _________ vi. & vt.
(使)挨饿;饿死 v.+-(a)tion starvation n.
饥饿;饿死
2. _________ vt.
限制;限定;束缚 3. ____________ n.
限制规定;限制法规;约束
4. ________ n.
生态;生态学 n.+-ist ecologist n.
生态学家
5. ________ vt.
维持;遭受;承受住 v.+-able 6. _____________ adj.
可持续的;合理利用的
frequent adj.
频繁的 adj.+-ly 7. ___________ adv.
频繁地;经常
starve
restrict
ecology
sustain
restriction
sustainable
frequently
Ⅳ. 根据汉语句意完成英语句子
1. 这一令人惊恐的案例反映了气温上升对地球生态造成的影响。
This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature ____ ____ ________ ____ Earth’s ecology.
2. 这一热量以更长的波长被释放回大气层。
The heat is _________ ______ ______ space at longer wave lengths.
3. 当人类由于燃烧化石燃料产生大量额外的温室气体时,更多的热能被困在大气层中,导致地表温度迅速上升。
When people produce huge ________ ____ extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy ____ ________ ____ the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly.
had an impact
on
released back into
amounts of
is trapped in
4. 如果我们不采取适当的行动,这种变暖的趋势可能会持续下去。
If we do not ______ ____________ ________ , this warming trend will probably continue.
5. 我们有责任抓住每一个机会,教育每个人了解全球变暖,包括其成因和影响。
It is our responsibility to ______ ______ ___________ to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts.
take appropriate actions
seize every opportunity
Step 1: Glance at the title, the graph and the picture and then answer the following questions.
1. What do you guess made the polar bear dead
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think we should do to help solve the problem
_______________________________________________________
Earth becomes warmer, and ice melts, making it hard for it to find enough food to eat.
We should reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Step 2: Read the third paragraph carefully and fill in the table.
Green-
house
effect (1)_________ green-
house effect Referring to heat from the sun warming Earth’s surface as (2)____________ radiation and released back at (3)_______ wave lengths Making Earth (4)__________ life
(5)___________ greenhouse effect Burning (6)_____________ Causing Earth’s surface temperature (7)_________ quickly
Natural
Man-made
short-wave
fossil fuels
sustain
to rise
longer
借助画图法理解文章内容
图表最大的优点是形象、直观。所以在我们阅读文章,尤其是一些比较抽象或复杂的文章时,可以利用画图法将文章内容、逻辑关系展现出来,让人一目了然。
根据文章的体裁,我们可以从不同的角度去注意材料的细节。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。我们可以根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用“画图列表法”,勾画出一幅完整清晰的围绕文章主题的认知图。
Step 3: Read the text again and choose the best answers.
1. Why was the polar bear found on the island of Svalbard “skin and bones”
A. Most of it was eaten by seals.
B. The climate was hot, drying it to be skin and bones.
C. It appeared to have starved to death.
D. Earth’s ecology was worse and worse.
答案:C
2. How do we know there is evidence that the rise in temperature has led to increasing damage
A.We can see it everywhere every day.
B. It is frequently broadcast in news reports.
C. Polar bears died.
D. Not mentioned in the text.
3. Who has the responsibility to help reduce global warming
A. Governments. B. No one.
C. Individuals. D. Both A and C.
答案:B
答案:D
4. What is the structure of the text
A. paragraph 1 paragraph 5
B. paragraph 1—paragraph 2—paragraph 3—paragraph 4—paragraph 5
C. paragraph 1
D. paragraph 5
答案:A
Reading and Thinking (2)
1. starve
【观察思考】
An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. (教材第26页)
一位长期研究北极熊的专家说,从尸体的姿势看,这只北极熊像是饿死的。
The poor dog looked like it had been starved.
这条可怜的狗看起来一直在挨饿。
The little girl selling matches starved to death.
卖火柴的小女孩饿死了。
Children all starve for love and friendship.
孩子们都渴望得到爱和友谊。
Over three hundred people have died of starvation since the beginning of this year.
自今年年初以来,已有三百多人被饿死。
【探究总结】
(1)starve vi. & vt. ________;_____
①starve ____ death饿死
②sb/sth be starved of/for sth某人/某物缺乏所需要的某物
(2)starvation n. 饥饿;挨饿;饿死
(使)挨饿
饿死
to
【应用实践】
根据汉语提示完成英语句子。
①The plant ____ _______ ______ (缺乏) water and died.
②The explorers _______ ____ ______ (饿死) in the desert.
③In this country, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease, __________ (饥饿) or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence.
was starved of/for
starved to death
starvation
2. release
【观察思考】
The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. (教材第27页)
这一热量以更长的波长被释放回大气层。
He was released from the hospital yesterday.
他昨天获准出院了。
The doctor gave me a treatment that could bring a release from pain.
医生对我进行了能够缓解疼痛的治疗。
The film is on general release.
这部电影正在公开上映。
【探究总结】
(1)release vt. 排放;释放;发布
①be released _____ 被释放进……
②be released ______ 从……被释放
(2)release n. 排放;释放;发布
①release ______ 释放(缓解)……
②be ____ (general) release (公开)上映/发布
into
from
from
on
【应用实践】
根据汉语句意完成英语句子。
①这些熊最终被放回野生环境中。
The bears are eventually ________ ______ the wild.
②那个男孩终于被解除隔离了。
The boy was finally ________ ______ isolation.
③很多学生把大学看成是一种解脱,可以不用承担工作的义务。
Many students regard university as a ________ ______ the obligation to work.
④这部电影自从公开上映后很受欢迎。
The movie has been very popular since it was ____ ________ ______.
released into
released from
release from
on general release
3. trend
【观察思考】
Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. (教材第27页)
气候学家已发出警告:如果我们不采取适当的行动,这种变暖的趋势可能会持续下去,而我们将为此付出更大的代价。
Larger companies are setting the trend for better benefits.
较大的公司在开创新风,提供更好的福利。
This striped dress is on trend.
这款条纹连衣裙正流行。
【探究总结】
(1)trend n. _____;_____; 动向
(2)常见搭配:
①____ the trend 开创潮流,开创新风
②____ trend 流行的
【应用实践】
根据汉语提示完成英语句子。
①The famous star ____ ____ ______(开创潮流) for little black dresses.
②Culottes(裙裤) are still ____ _______(流行) this year, which every lady wants to have.
趋势
趋向
set
on
set the trend
on trend
4. result in
【观察思考】
Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. (教材第27页)
温室气体的持续排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖,并带来持久的变化。
The accident that resulted in the death of two passengers resulted from careless driving.
导致两名乘客死亡的那次事故是由粗心驾驶造成的。
He fell ill as a result of too much work.
由于工作太多,他病倒了。
Alice overslept this morning. As a result, she was late for work.
艾丽斯今天早上睡过头了,结果上班迟到了。
【探究总结】
(1)result in _____
(2)result from ___________;起因于
(3)as a result 因此;结果
(4)as a result of 因为;由于
导致
由……造成
【应用实践】
单句语法填空。
①If the supply of vitamins and minerals in the diet is inadequate, this will result in changes ____ body chemistry.
②Most cases of diabetes result ______ the unhealthy lifestyle.
③As ____ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for what’s missing.
④Jenny nearly missed the flight as a result ____ doing too much shopping.
in
from
a
of
5. restrict
【观察思考】
We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. (教材第27页)
作为个人,我们可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。
Speed is restricted to 30 mph in this town.
在这个小镇,车速不得超过每小时30英里。
He is restricting himself to (drinking) two glasses of wine every day.
他限制自己每天只喝两杯葡萄酒。
We need more restrictions on industrial polluters.
我们需要对工业污染源采取更多限制措施。
【探究总结】
(1)restrict vt. ____;____; 束缚
①be restricted ____ 仅限于;限制到……
②restrict sb ____ (doing) sth 限制某人只做某事
(2)__________ n. 限制规定;限制法规;约束
restriction ____ 对……的限制
【应用实践】
根据汉语提示完成英语句子。
①Class sizes will ____ _________ ____(限制在) 20 students in the future.
②To reduce his own carbon footprint, his father ________ ________ ____ _______ (限制自己开车) only twice a week.
限制
限定
to
to
restriction
on
be restricted to
restricts himself
to driving
6. seize
【观察思考】
It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. (教材第27页)
我们有责任抓住每一个机会,教育每个人了解全球变暖,包括其成因和影响,因为这是影响这个星球上我们所有人的最严重的问题。
Maggie seized the letter from her classmate.
玛吉从同学手中抢过信。
【探究总结】
(1)seize vt. ____;____; 控制
(2)常见搭配:
①seize every/an opportunity ____ ____ 抓住机会做……
②seize sth ______ sb 从某人处抢夺某物
【应用实践】
根据汉语提示完成英语句子。
①We students should ______ ______ __________ ____ ______ (抓住每一个学习机会).
②The little boy _______ some candies ______ (从……抢夺) his sister and ran away.
抓住
夺取
to do
from
seize every opportunity to study
seized
from
7. There is little doubt that ...
【观察思考】
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). (教材第26页)
毫无疑问,地球正变得越来越温暖(如图)。
There was little doubt that Shakespeare was one of the best writers in the Renaissance.
毫无疑问,莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家之一。
【探究总结】
(1)There is/was little doubt that ...是固定句型,意为“毫无疑问……”,that引导___________,用来进一步补充说明doubt的具体内容;little亦可换成no。
同位语从句
(2)There is little/no doubt that ...
主句为否定句时,doubt后使用连词 ______。
There is some doubt whether ...
主句为肯定句时,doubt 后使用连词 _________。
【应用实践】
根据汉语句意完成英语句子。
①毫无疑问,人们迟早会找到治疗这种疾病的方法。
______ ____ ________ _______ ______ sooner or later a cure for this disease will be found.
②他是否能及时赶到值得怀疑。
______ ____ _____ _______ ________ he will come in time.
that
whether
There is no/little doubt that
There is some doubt whether
8. not only ... but also ...
【观察思考】
... an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. (教材第27页)
……全球极端天气和自然灾害增多,不仅造成严重破坏,而且使人丧命。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays.
他不但工作日工作,而且星期日也工作。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
不但学生们在欣赏这部影片,而且他们的老师也在欣赏。
Not only does she work hard but also she has a high sense of responsibility.
她不但工作努力,而且还有高度的责任感。
【探究总结】
(1)not only ... but also ... _______________,可以连接两个并列的句子,强调后者。
(2)此结构中but和also有时可以省略其中的一个。
(3)连接两个主语时,其谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。
(4)连接两个分句时,前一分句用_____倒装,后一分句则不用倒装。
不但……而且……
部分
【应用实践】
(1)单句语法填空。
Not only Tom but also his parents ____(be) coming to visit the museum tomorrow.
(2)根据汉语句意完成英语句子。
参观这次剪纸展览,我们不但能欣赏到民间艺术作品,而且还能学到很多。
Visiting this paper-cutting exhibition, we will ________ enjoy the folk art works, ________________.
(3)句式升级。
This opportunity will not only make you happy, but also satisfy your interest in Peking Opera. (改为倒装句)
→____________________________________, but also it will satisfy your interest in Peking Opera.
are
not only
but also learn a lot
Not only will this opportunity make you happy(共22张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
直接引语和间接引语
一、概念
直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。
例:He said, “It is too late.”
间接引语:用自己的话转述他人的话,多数情况下以宾语从句的形式呈现。
例:He said that it was too late.
二、直接引语和间接引语的转换规则
1. 人称的变化
【观察思考】
She said, “I am hungry.”
→She said she was hungry.
Mum said to me, “You can clean your bedroom tomorrow.”
→Mum told me that I could clean my bedroom the next day.
Mr Smith said, “He is a good worker.”
→Mr Smith said that he was a good worker.
【探究总结】
(1)直接引语中的第一人称(如I、 me、 my、 mine、 we、 us、 our、 ours)变为间接引语时应与主句中的____保持一致。
(2)直接引语中的第二人称(you、 your、 yours)变为间接引语时,应与主句中的____保持一致,若主句中无宾语,可根据上下文确定一个宾语。
(3)直接引语中的第三人称(he、 him、 his、 she、 her、 hers、 it、 its、 they、 them、 their、 theirs)变为间接引语时,人称不变。
人称变化规则
一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。
主语
宾语
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①He said, “I like it very much.”
→He said that ____ liked it very much.
②He said to me, “You told me this story.”
→He told me that ____ had told ____ that story.
③He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room.”
→He told me that ____ had left ____ book in my room.
he
I
him
she
her
2. 时态的变化
【观察思考】
“I am very glad to visit your school,” she said.
→She said that she was very glad to visit our school.
People said, “We were shocked by the news photo of a dead polar bear.”
→People said that they had been shocked by the news photo of a dead polar bear.
Tom said, “I’ll do it after class.”
→Tom said that he would do it after class.
The boy said, “I’m learning English.”
→The boy said that he was learning English.
Mother said, “I have not washed your shirt.”
→Mother said that she had not washed my shirt.
The boy said, “I had finished my homework before watching TV.”
→The boy said that he had finished his homework before watching TV.
【探究总结】
(1)如果主句是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句在时态方面要做出相应的变化。具体变化见下表:
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 ①__________
一般过去时 ②__________
一般将来时 ③__________
现在进行时 ④__________
现在完成时 ⑤__________
过去完成时 ⑥__________
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去将来时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成时
(2)下面几种情况,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态不发生变化:
①直接引语如果是科学真理、名言警句或谚语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
②直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
③如果主句是一般现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态通常不变。
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”
→Tom said that they ______ _________ to the pop music.
were listening
②The expert said, “We human beings can save the polar bears from extinction.”
→The expert said that we human beings ______ _____ the polar bears from extinction.
③She often says, “All men and women are equal under the law.”
→She often says that all men and women ____ equal under the law.
④“I took the little bird home,” she said.
→She said that she ____ ______ the little bird home.
⑤Mr Li said, “I’ll leave for Shanghai.”
→Mr Li said that he ______ ______ for Shanghai.
could save
are
had taken
would leave
3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
【观察思考】
The lawyer said, “I will come this morning.”
→The lawyer said that she/he would go that morning.
He said, “These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
She said, “It is nine o’clock now.”
→She said that it was nine o’clock then.
Bob said, “My sister was here three days ago.”
→Bob said that his sister had been here three days before/earlier.
David said, “I haven’t seen her today.”
→David said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
She said, “I went there yesterday.”
→She said that she had gone there the day before.
She said, “I’ll go there tomorrow.”
→She said that she would go there the next/following day.
The captain said, “They will arrive the day after tomorrow.”
→The captain said that they would arrive in two days’ time.
She said, “I came here to see the doctor the day before yesterday.”
→She said that she had gone there to see the doctor two days before/earlier.
【探究总结】
用词 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this ①______
these ②______
时间状语 now ③______
ago ④____________
today ⑤__________
yesterday ⑥______________
tomorrow ⑦________________________
the day after tomorrow ⑧_____________________
the day before yesterday ⑨_______________________
tonight that night
last night the night before
next week the next/following week
this morning that morning
地点状语 here ⑩______
方向性动词 come ____
bring take
that
those
then
before/earlier
that day
the day before
the next/following day
in two days’ time
two days before/earlier
there
go
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①Mr Li said, “This is my seat.”
→Mr Li said that _____ was his seat.
②Miss Zhao said, “These problems are easy.”
→Miss Zhao said that ______ problems were easy.
③She said, “I haven’t finished my work today.”
→She said that she hadn’t finished her work ____ ____.
④Tom said, “I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.”
→Tom said that he would visit the Great Wall ____ _____________ ____.
that
those
that day
the next/following day
⑤Bob said, “My wife returned 40 minutes ago.”
→Bob said that his wife had returned 40 minutes ____________.
⑥She said to me, “I’ll bring the boys here to help you this afternoon.”
→She told me that she would ______ the boys ______ to help me ______ __________.
4. 句式变化
【观察思考】
Tom said to me, “I have been to Japan twice.”
→Tom told me that he had been to Japan twice.
before/earlier
take
there
that afternoon
He said, “Do you know the reason for global warming ”
→He asked if/whether we knew the reason for global warming.
“Why has Earth got warmer and warmer ” he asked.
→He asked why Earth had got warmer and warmer.
【探究总结】
(1)如果直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,常变成由连接词_____引导的宾语从句,该词在从句中不作成分,在口语中可以省略。主句谓语said to常改为told。
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句时,间接引语中常用____或________引导。主句谓语said常改为______。
that
if
whether
asked
(3)直接引语是特殊疑问句时,变为间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词引导,并将疑问语序变为____语序。其余成分的变化遵循直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①He said, “I will be doing my homework then.”
→He said _____ he would be doing his homework then.
②“Did you see her last week ” he said.
→He asked __________ I had seen her the week before.
③“Where have you been these days ” he asked.
→He asked me ______ I had been those days.
陈述
that
if/whether
where
三、祈使句变间接引语
1. 基本变化规则
【观察思考】
She said to us, “Please have a rest.”
→She asked us to have a rest.
The old man said, “Don’t smoke in the hall.”
→The old man told me not to smoke in the hall.
【探究总结】
引述祈使句多采用“动词+宾语+带____的不定式”结构,如果祈使句为否定句,在不定式的前面加____或 never。
to
not
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①“Do be careful with your handwriting,” he said.
→He told me ____ ____ careful _____ ____ handwriting.
②“Don’t take off your coats,” she said to the children.
→She told the children ____ ____ take off ______ coats.
③Father said, “Don’t stay up late, Lily.”
→Father told Lily ____ ____ stay up late.
to be
with my
not to
their
not to
2. 谓语动词的变化
【观察思考】
Father said to me, “Open the window.”
→Father told me to open the window.
“Never come here again!” the officer said to the villagers.
→The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Let’s go out for a walk,” he said to us.
→He advised us to go out for a walk.
“Please pass me that book,” she said to John.
→She asked John to pass her that book.
【探究总结】
(1)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示命令,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用____、______、command等。
(2)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示建议、劝告,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用 ______。
(3)如果直接引语中的祈使句表示请求,变为间接引语时,引述动词需用____、beg、request等。
(4)如果直接引语中的祈使句中有please或will you please,变为间接引语时,需将其去掉。
tell
order
advise
ask
巧记祈使句变间接引语
去掉引号要加to;ask、order须记住,
直引若是否定式;not加在to前部。
【应用实践】
句型转换。
①The officer said, “Go away.”
→The officer _______ us ____ ____ away.
ordered
to go
②“Go and wash your face, Tom,” mother said.
→Mother _____ Tom ____ ____ and ______ his face.
③“Let me go out to play for a while, Mum,” Tom said.
→Tom ______ his mum ____ ____ ____ go out to play for a while.
④“Don’t touch my book, please,” Wei Fang said to him.
→Wei Fang ______ ____ ____ ____ touch ____ book.
⑤Mother said to me, “Eat more vegetables.”
→Mother _______ me ____ ____ more vegetables.
⑥Mother said to me, “Come back before 10:00.”
→Mother ____ me ____ ____ back before 10:00.
told
to go
wash
asked
to let him
asked him not to
her
advised
to eat
told
to go
