Unit 4 Space Exploration
Unit 4 话题 太空探索
词汇 disappointed desire independent signal lack beyond keen argue argue attach procedure vehicle universe launch mankind recycle current sufficient globe fatal shallow pattern monitor resource limited
短语 carry on result in provide for sb run out be curious about carry on on board make great progress in the hope of doing sth get out of so as to (do sth) figure out a waste of time and money result in s a result provide for sb in closing run out
句型 So/such…that It takes sb some time to do sth be+adj+enough to do sth
语法 不定式做定语和状语
写作 邀请信
考点1.Afterwards, the USSR focused on sending people into space, and on 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space．
在那之后，苏联集中精力把人类送入太空，于1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。
[剖析] 不定式短语to go into space作后置定语，修饰the first person，被修饰词与之构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
拓展
“序数词(+名词)to do (sth)”结构
若主语和不定式为主谓关系，则不定式用主动形式
若主语和不定式为动宾关系，则不定式用被动形式
经典练 单句语法填空
①I hate being the last one ________ (arrive) at a meeting.
②In 2017, the Bank of China opened a branch in Serbia, becoming the first Chinese bank ________ (operate) in the country.
答案：①to arrive ②to operate
能力提升 单句表达
③我是家里第一个去上大学的人。
I was the first in my family ___________________________________________.
答案：③to go to college
考点2．disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的
拓展
disappointed adj.失望的;沮丧的
be disappointed at/about/with ...对……失望
disappoint vt.使失望
disappointing adj.令人失望的(往往修饰物)
disappointment n.失望
to one's (great) disappointment使某人(非常)失望的是
经典练 单句语法填空
①He was so ________ (disappoint) that he drove off in a huff.
②Her expression showed her ________ (disappoint).
③The response to our advertisement has been somewhat ________ (disappoint)．
答案：①disappointed ②disappointment ③disappointing
能力提升 单句表达
④令我非常沮丧的是，他决定离开。
____________________， he decided to leave.
⑤他们对比赛结果极为失望。
They were bitterly ________________________________．
答案：④To my great disappointment ⑤disappointed at/about/with the result of the game
考点3．desire n．渴望；欲望 vt.渴望；期望
拓展
desire n.渴望;欲望
have no desire to do sth不想做某事
satisfy one's desire for...满足某人对……的欲望
at sb's desire应某人的要求
a burning/strong desire to do sth做某事的强烈愿望
Desire v渴望期望
desire to do渴望做……
desire forth渴望(得到)某物
leave much to be desired令人不满意;还有许多待改进之处
leave nothing to be desired完美无缺
经典练 单句语法填空
①There is a strong desire ________ peace among the people.
②Several people have expressed a desire ________ (see) the report.
③If you desire ________ (challenge) yourself, there is nothing to do with others' thoughts.
答案：①for ②to see ③to challenge
能力提升 单句表达
④我不想惹任何麻烦。
________________________ any trouble.
答案：④I have no desire to cause
4．carry on 继续做，坚持干
拓展
表示“继续做某事”的短语
carry on doing sth
go on with sth
carry on (with) sth
go on doing sth
continue doing/to do sth
keep (on) doing sth
经典练 单句语法填空
①He said nothing but just went on ________ (work)．
②Can the human race carry ________ expanding and growing the same way that it is now
③It's said that as the boat went down the band continued ________ (play)．
答案：①working ②on ③to play/playing
能力提升 单句表达
④她的勇敢激发了他继续生活和工作下去的意愿。
Her bravery has given him the will to ________________________________．
答案：④carry on with his life and his work
考点5．independent adj. 独立的；自立的
拓展
independent adj.独立的;自立的
an independent television station 一家独立的电视台
independently adv.独立地;自立地
independence n:独立
depend.v依靠;依赖
depend on 依靠
It all depends.看情况来定。
dependence n.依靠;依赖
经典练 单句语法填空
①Having a job gives you financial ________ (independent)．
②Each part of the organization operates ________ (independent) of the others.
答案：①independence ②independently
能力提升 单句表达
③离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
Going away to college ______________________________________________.
答案：③has made me much more independent
考点6．signal vt.& vi. 标志着；标明；发信号 n. 信号；标志
拓展
signal vt.&vi.标志着;标明; 发信号
signal to sb to do sth示意某人做某事
signal n.信号;标志
give/send a signal发出信号
a signal of ……的信号
strong signal 强信号
经典练 单句语法填空
①Chest pains can be a warning signal ________ heart problems.
②She signalled ________ Ted that she was moving forward.
答案：①of ②to
能力提升 单句表达
③她示意孩子们进来。
She ______________________________________________________________.
答案：③signalled to the children to come inside
考点7．lack n. 缺乏；短缺 vt. 没有；缺乏
拓展
Lack n.缺乏;短缺
a lack of confidence缺乏信心
Lack vt. 没有;缺乏
lack of sleep缺乏睡眠
for lack of 由于缺少…
lack confidence 缺乏自信
lacking adj.缺乏;
be lacking in 缺乏
经典练 单句语法填空
①Certain vital information is lacking ________ the report.
②They were exhausted from lack ________ sleep.
答案：①in ②of
能力提升 单句表达
③她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。
Her only problem is ____________________．
答案：③a lack of confidence/that she lacks confidence
考点8．beyond prep. 在更远处；超出
拓展
beyond prep.在更远处;超出
be beyond sb某人无法理解
beyond one's ability;非某人所能及 超出某人的能力
beyond description无法描述
beyond one's reach某人够不着
beyond control无法控制
beyond compare无可比拟
beyond belief不可思议
beyond repair 报废;无法修理
经典练 单句语法填空
①The couple has a high success rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go ________ the homeowner's expectations.
②Physics is completely ________ me.
答案：①beyond ②beyond
能力提升 单句表达
③瑞典的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。
Sweden is lovely in summer—cold ____________ in winter.
④我差一点儿才够得着把手。
The handle was just ____________________．
答案：③beyond belief ④beyond my reach
考点9．keen adj. 热衷的；渴望的
拓展
keen adj.热衷的;渴望的敏锐的
be keen to do sth 渴望做某事
be keen on sth 热衷于某事
be keen on doing sth 喜欢做某事
have a keen eye for对……很敏锐
经典练 单句语法填空
①I wasn't too keen ________ going to the party.
②They were very keen ________ (start) work as soon as possible.
答案：①on ②to start
能力提升 单句表达
③我对物理和化学并不太热衷。
I wasn't too _______________________________________________________.
答案：③keen on physics and chemistry
考点10．argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论
拓展
argue vt.&vi.论证;争辩;争论
argue for为..辩护
argue with sb与某人争论
argue against 据理反对.
argue about/over sth 因某事争论
have an argument about/over因……争吵
argument n.争论;争吵;论点
get into an argument with sb与某人争吵
经典练 单句语法填空
①Some people disagree with this ________ (argue).
②Gallacher continued to argue ________ the referee throughout the game.
③The report argues ________ tax increases.
答案：①argument ②with ③against
能力提升 单句表达
④我们和服务员就账单发生了争吵。
We had an ______________________________．
答案：④argument with the waiter about/over the bill
考点11．result in 导致；造成
拓展
result vi.导致;造成
result in/lead to/contribute to 导致;造成
result from起因于……
result n.后果;结果
as a result所以;结果(是)
as a result of 由于，因为
final results 最后的结果;期末成绩
经典练 单句语法填空
①You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result ________ a useful response.
②Profits have declined as a result ________ the recent drop in sales.
③His difficulty in walking results ________ a childhood illness.
答案：①in ②of ③from
能力提升 单句表达
④因此，这些作家从来没有习惯在草稿上划掉一大块，并在空白处写下修改稿。
____________， these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space.
答案：④As a result
考点12．provide for sb 提供生活所需
拓展
provide其他相关短语
provide for sb提供生活所需
provide sth for sb (=provide sb with sth)为某人提供某物
provided/providing that如果;条件是
经典练 单句语法填空
①Plants produce sugars and starch to provide themselves ________ energy.
②Provide financial aid and other benefits ________ local peoples.
答案：①with ②for
能力提升 单句表达
③如果得知他有一个具体的计划，其他的银行才会非常乐意提供帮助。
The other banks are going to be very eager to help, ____________ they see that he has a specific plan.
答案：③provided/providing that
考点13．run out 用完；耗尽
拓展
run out 用完;耗尽
find out查明;弄清;发现
help (sb) out 帮助(某人) 摆脱困境
pick out 挑出;辨别出
try out 试用;试验
give out 发出;分发;耗尽
carry out实行;实施
turn out 结果是;生产
经典练 用“动词＋out”类短语填空
①It was a difficult time, but eventually things ____________ all right.
②He got to ____________ all the new software.
③An investigation is underway to ____________ how the disaster happened.
答案：①turned out ②try out ③find out
能力提升 单句表达
④情况越来越糟，给养也快耗尽了。
Conditions are getting worse and ______________________．
答案：④supplies are running out
考点14．attach vt. 系；绑；贴
拓展
attach vt.系;绑;贴贴;重视;在一起，有联系;附属
attach ... to ... (= fasten ... to ... )把……系到……上
attach great importance to非常重视
attach oneself to sb和某人在一起;缠着某人
be attached to依恋于…;附属于……;为……工作
经典练 单句语法填空
①He is attached ________ the old ferries.
②Natasha attached ________ (she) to the film crew filming at her orphanage.
答案：①to ②herself
能力提升 单句表达
③我们在把东西归档前先给它们贴上标签。
We ____________________ before we file them away.
④(牛津高阶)我认为这项研究十分重要。
I ________________________ this research.
答案：③attach labels to things ④attach great importance to
语法点：不定式做定语和状语
①I have a lot of work to do.
②There was nothing to be done.
③To illustrate my point, I have done a comparative analysis.
④Many farmers water their crops to make them grow more quickly.
⑤We don't have enough paper to write on.
⑥To prevent it coming nearer, the government is planting trees.
⑦Can you find a proper person to finish this job in time
[我的发现]
不定式在句中作定语的句子为 ①②⑤⑦ .
不定式在句中作状语为 ③④⑥ .
由②句可知，不定式的被动式为_to be done.
动词不定式的构成
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
语 态 时 态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing ---------
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 To have been doing ----------
1.不定式的一般式∶表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时（几乎同时）发生或在谓语动词之后发生。
I hope to see you next week.我希望下周能见到你。
I'd like to be told what's going on.我希望被告知正在发生什么。
2.不定式的进行式∶表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生且正在进行。
I happened to be watching TV when she called.她打电话来时，我恰巧正在看电视。
3.不定式的完成式∶表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
They seem to have cleaned the house.他们似乎已经打扫过这座房子了。
The factory is reported to have been burnt down.据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。
4.不定式的被动语态：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者而非发出者
She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题，她很疑惑。
三、动词不定式的语法功能
一．动词不定式作定语
具体用法 例句
动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，表示尚未发生的动作。 We have much homework to do tonight. 今晚我们有许多作业要做。
名词前有first，last，next，only等词以及最高级修饰时，其后要用动词不定式。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
抽象名词attempt，ability，chance，desire，determination，decision，plan，way或不定代词something，nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。 Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work. 詹尼斯·阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用的工作。
当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。 We must find a person to do the job. 我们必须找一个做这份工作的人。
[注意]
1．动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
Attention，please.The astronaut has something important to say.
请注意，这名宇航员有重要的事情要说。
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。但当动词不定式修饰的名词是time，place或way时，不定式中的介词一般可以省去。
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
给我一张纸写字。
He had money and no place to live.
二、动词不定式作状语
1．表示目的
She went to the hospital to/ in order to/ so as to see her grandfather yesterday.
昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。
To/ In order to keep up with others，the intelligent young man has been working very hard.
为了赶上别人，这个聪明的年轻人一直在努力学习。
总结：作目的状语的不定式前，常加上in order或so as，但so as不能位于句首。
2．表示结果
He is not so intelligent as to do that.
他还没有聪明到做那种事。
The astronaut is such a hard-working person as to make great achievements.
这名飞行员如此勤奋，结果他取得了巨大成就。
The girl is old enough to do her own things independently.
这个女孩足够大了，可以独立地做自己的事情了。
The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.
加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。
He hurried to the agency，only to find the manager had left.
他匆忙赶到代理处，却发现经理已经离开了。
总结：动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构：
so＋形容词/副词＋as to do如此……以致……
such＋形容词＋名词＋as to do如此……以致……
enough＋名词＋to do / 形容词/副词＋enough＋to do足够去做……
too＋形容词/副词＋to do太……以致不能……
不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。
3．表示原因
I’m disappointed to hear you lack the patience. 听到你缺乏耐心我很失望。
I am more than delighted to hear that you have won the first prize in the contest.
我非常高兴地得知你在比赛中获得了一等奖。
总结：不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。
4．“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中
The procedure is difficult to carry on. 这个步骤不易继续。
I am easy to get along with, so I will be fit for the position.
我容易相处，因此，我胜任这个职位。
总结：“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中的不定式用主动形式表被动意义，如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，需要加上相应的介词，常见的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，interesting，heavy，pleasant，light，good，fit，comfortable，safe，dangerous，impossible等
跟踪练习
一、用单词的适当形式完成句子
1．If I have any further news, you will be the first person________(know).
2．The teenager at last found a way________ (improve) his spoken English.
3．With so much homework ________(do), she will have no time to attend the party.
4．I have an urge________(help)people out when they’re in trouble.
5．She was a superb player, but had a tendency________(show) excitement.
6．Once more people are wired, the potential____________(change)the mainstream media will be huge.
7．Failure________(produce)proof of identity could result in prosecution.
8．We all have challenges, but the key is to have the courage__________(face)what’s bad about them and still find what’s good.
9．It is an important subject to help students develop the ability___________(inquire)for the reforms in scientific education.
10．Basically there is nothing_____________(criticize) in his works.
11．Though he has shortcomings, he is a person ________(rely) on.
12．I have an appointment ________(see) my lawyer next Saturday.
13．The findings show a critical need________(invest) in disaster prevention.
14．When it comes to work-leisure conflicts, everyone must try to find a way ________(avoid) them.
15．The decision ________(keep) a balanced diet was made on the basis of the information we had got.
16．We don’t have the freedom ________（do）just what we like.
17．She has the determination _________(overcome)all the difficulties.
18．Policemen have the power ________ (arrest) people who do not obey the laws.
19．He works so hard that he doesn't have the energy ________（exercise）.
20．His first novel________（publish）next month is based on a true story.
21．The researcher can’t control the desire ______ (figure) out the mystery.
22．Many view these meetings as an occasion ________ (refresh) friendship.
23．South Africa has submitted an application ________（host）the World Cup.
24．China’s efforts ________(give) timely treatment to those infected with the virus are being praised by the rest of the world.
25．The question is very difficult________ (answer)．
26．Credibility is hard to earn but easy _____（lose）, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
27．I’m afraid we’ll have to work extra hours, for some problems are hard ________ (settle).
28．We will be more than happy ________(receive) materials, such as clothes, quilts and school supplies.
29．We were astonished _________(see) the building still in its original condition.
30．He is not suitable________________(drive)an ambulance.
31．He hurried to the station only ______ (find) that the train had left.
32．He left home when he was young, never ______ (hear) from again.
33．He was desperate ________(know) who had got the scholarship.
34．We waited for two hours only ________ (tell) to come the next day.
35．Every team is free ________(choose) its own route from control point to check point.
36．They set up a scientific organization ________ (explore) the unknown world.
37．You can still avoid holiday weight gain by taking every opportunity ___________(stay) physically active.
38．However, larger and more precise studies were needed ____(confirm) the benefits.
39．________ (keep) the air fresh, we should often open the window.
40．As far as I am concerned, we are supposed to take steps ________ (prevent) this from happening again.
二、完成句子
41．为了谋生，他必须每天早起。
______________________，he must get up very early every day.
42．She bought a digital camera online________.
她为了节省时间在网上买了一个数码相机。
43．他回到家，却发现妻子在等他。
He returned home____________________________.
44．小汤姆幸运地逃脱了惩罚。（escape）
Little Tom was lucky to ________________.
45．他出国后发现新的环境难以忍受。
After he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard __________.
46．她大学一毕业就找到了工作,真是幸运。
She was__________a job as soon as she graduated from the university.
47．每当数学老师提出问题，他总是第一个举手的人。
Every time the math teacher asks questions, ________.
48．如果没有人可以求教，就难以作出恰当的选择。
Without anyone ________， making an appropriate choice can be difficult.
49．林巧稚是第一位在人民代表大会中担任重要职位的女性。
LinQiaozhi was the first woman________in the National People’s Congress.
50．While waiting for ________, Henry did his best to perform his duty.
当等待机会被提升的时候，亨利尽力履行好他的职责。
答案
1．to know 2．to improve 3．to do 4．to help 5．to show 6．to change 7．to produce 8．to face
9．to inquire 10．to criticize 11．to rely 12．to see 13．to invest 14．to avoid 15．to keep
16．to do 17．to overcome 18．to arrest 19．to exercise 20．to be published 21．to figure
22．to refresh 23．to host 24．to give 25．to answer 26．to lose 27．to settle 28．to receive
29．to see 30．to drive 31．to find 32．to be heard 33．to know 34．to be told 35．to choose
36．to explore 37．to stay 38．to confirm 39．To keep 40．to prevent
41．To earn a living /To earn his living
42．in order to save a lot of time
43．only to find his wife waiting for him
44．escape from being punished
45．to tolerate
46．fortunate enough to find
47．he is always the first one to put up his hand
48．to turn to for help
49．to take up an important position
50．the opportunity to get promoted
写作升华【写作指导--如何写邀请信】
典例分析
假定你是李华，想邀请外教Maria一起参观 “厉害了，我的国”摄影展。请给她写封信，内容包括：
1. 展览时间、地点；
2. 展览内容。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Maria，
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
步骤一：审题构思——分析透彻很关键
一、审题
1. 确定体裁：本文是应用文（邀请信），内容为邀请对方参观“厉害了，我的国”摄影展；
2. 确定人称：本文的主要人称为第一人称；
3. 确定时态：以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。
二、构思
第一段：开门见山，点明主题；
第二段：介绍时间、地点及展览内容；
第三段：期盼回复。
步骤二：精挑细选——核心词汇想周全
1. ____________________参观
2. ____________________主题为……
3. ____________________举行；发生
4. ____________________ 也；还
5. ____________________参加
6. ____________________各种各样的
7. ____________________ ……的发展
8. ____________________对……有更好的了解
步骤三：遣词造句——由词扩句雏形现
1. 我写信邀请您和我一起参观摄影展。（invite sb. to do sth.）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. 展览将在我们学校举行，主题为“厉害了，我的国”。（定语从句）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. 展览将于10月1日早上8点至10点在画廊举行。（主谓状）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. 我们学校的老师和学生都会参加。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. 我们将欣赏各种各样精彩的照片。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. 它们展现了我国在科学、太空探索和交通方面的快速发展。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. 你将有一个很好的机会来更好地了解中国。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
步骤四：斟酌打磨——句式升级造亮点
1. 把第1、2句升级为含不定式的被动式和过去分词作定语的句子
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. 用be intended to do升级第3句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. 用as well as和be expected to do升级第4句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. 把第5、6句升级为含定语从句的句子
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. 用it作形式主语升级第7句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________步骤五：连句成文——逻辑衔接连成篇
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
答案
步骤二
1. pay a visit to 2. be themed on 3. take place 4. as well as 5. take part in 6. a variety of
7. the development of 8. have a better understanding of
步骤三
1. I’m writing to invite you to pay a visit to the photographic exhibition together with me.
2.It is themed on Amazing China which is to be held in our school.
3.The event will take place in the gallery from 8：00 am to 10：00 am on October 1.
4.All the teachers and the students of our school will take part in it.
5. We’ll enjoy a variety of wonderful photos.
6.They show the rapid development of my country in science，space exploration and transportation.
7.You will have a good opportunity to have a better understanding of China.
步骤四
1. I’m writing to invite you to pay a visit to the photo-graphic exhibition themed on Amazing China to be held in our school together with me.
2.The event is intended to take place in the gallery from 8：00 am to 10：00 am on October 1.
3. All the teachers as well as the students of our school are expected to take part in it.
4.We’ll enjoy a variety of wonderful photos which show the rapid development of China in science，space exploration and transportation.
5. It is a good opportunity for you to have a better understanding of my country.
步骤五
Dear Maria，
I’m writing to invite you to pay a visit to the photo-graphic exhibition themed on Amazing China to be held in our school together with me.
The event is intended to take place in the gallery from 8：00 am to 10：00 am on October 1. All the teachers as well as the students of our school are expected to take part in it. We’ll enjoy a variety of wonderful photos which show the rapid development of China in science，space exploration and transportation. I believe it is a good opportunity for you to have a better understanding of my country.
We’d appreciate it if you could come and join us.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
单元要点 词汇 部分 重 点 词 形 变 化 mental adj. 精神的；思想的→mentally adv. 精神上，智力上；心理上 intelligent adj. 有智慧的；聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n. 智力；智慧；情报工作；情报机关 determine vt. 查明；确定；决定→determined adj. 有决心的；意志坚定的→determination n. 决心；果断；测定 disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的→disappoint v. 使失望；使破灭→disappointment n. 失望，沮丧；令人失望的人，让人扫兴的事 independent adj. 独立的；自立的→independently adv. 独立地；自立地→independence n. 独立，自主；(国家的)独立 argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论→argument n. 争论；争吵；论点
重 点 词 汇 astronaut n. 宇航员；太空人 rocket n. 火箭；火箭弹 gravity n. 重力；引力 frontier n. 边境；国界；边远地区 satellite n. 人造卫星；卫星 orbit n. (环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道；势力范围 vt.& vi. 沿轨道运行；环绕……运行 giant adj. 巨大的；伟大的 n. 巨人；巨兽；伟人 leap n. 跳跃；剧增；剧变 vi.& vt. 跳过；跃过 agency n. (政府的)专门机构；服务机构；代理处 transmit vt.& vi. 传输；发送 data n. [pl.]__资料；数据 ongoing adj. 持续存在的；仍在进行的；不断发展的 spacecraft n. 航天器；宇宙飞船 spacewalk n. 太空行走；太空行走的时间 jade n. 玉；翡翠；玉器 dock vi.& vt. (两架航天器)对接；(使)……进港 n. 码头；船坞 muscle n. 肌肉；实力；影响力 float vi. 浮动；漂流；漂浮 vt. 使浮动；使漂流 solar adj. 太阳的；太阳能的 soap n. 肥皂 towel n. 毛巾；抹布 microwave n. 微波炉 tissue n. 纸巾；(人、动植物细胞的)组织 facility n. 设施；设备 analysis n. (对事物的)分析；分析结果 high end adj. 高端的 foam n. 泡沫橡胶；泡沫 pillow n. 枕头 smartphone n. 智能手机 closing adj. 结尾的；结束的 n. 停业；关闭；倒闭 oxygen n. 氧；氧气Unit 4 Space Exploration
Unit 4 话题 太空探索
词汇 disappointed desire independent signal lack beyond keen argue argue attach procedure vehicle universe launch mankind recycle current sufficient globe fatal shallow pattern monitor resource limited
短语 carry on result in provide for sb run out be curious about carry on on board make great progress in the hope of doing sth get out of so as to (do sth) figure out a waste of time and money result in s a result provide for sb in closing run out
句型 So/such…that It takes sb some time to do sth be+adj+enough to do sth
语法 不定式做定语和状语
写作 邀请信
考点1.Afterwards, the USSR focused on sending people into space, and on 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space．
在那之后，苏联集中精力把人类送入太空，于1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。
[剖析] 不定式短语to go into space作后置定语，修饰the first person，被修饰词与之构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
拓展
“序数词(+名词)to do (sth)”结构
若主语和不定式为主谓关系，则不定式用主动形式
若主语和不定式为动宾关系，则不定式用被动形式
经典练 单句语法填空
①I hate being the last one ________ (arrive) at a meeting.
②In 2017, the Bank of China opened a branch in Serbia, becoming the first Chinese bank ________ (operate) in the country.
能力提升 单句表达
③我是家里第一个去上大学的人。
I was the first in my family ___________________________________________.
考点2．disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的
拓展
disappointed adj.失望的;沮丧的
be disappointed at/about/with ...对……失望
disappoint vt.使失望
disappointing adj.令人失望的(往往修饰物)
disappointment n.失望
to one's (great) disappointment使某人(非常)失望的是
经典练 单句语法填空
①He was so ________ (disappoint) that he drove off in a huff.
②Her expression showed her ________ (disappoint).
③The response to our advertisement has been somewhat ________ (disappoint)．
能力提升 单句表达
④令我非常沮丧的是，他决定离开。
____________________， he decided to leave.
⑤他们对比赛结果极为失望。
They were bitterly ________________________________．
考点3．desire n．渴望；欲望 vt.渴望；期望
拓展
desire n.渴望;欲望
have no desire to do sth不想做某事
satisfy one's desire for...满足某人对……的欲望
at sb's desire应某人的要求
a burning/strong desire to do sth做某事的强烈愿望
Desire v渴望期望
desire to do渴望做……
desire forth渴望(得到)某物
leave much to be desired令人不满意;还有许多待改进之处
leave nothing to be desired完美无缺
经典练 单句语法填空
①There is a strong desire ________ peace among the people.
②Several people have expressed a desire ________ (see) the report.
③If you desire ________ (challenge) yourself, there is nothing to do with others' thoughts.
能力提升 单句表达
④我不想惹任何麻烦。
________________________ any trouble.
4．carry on 继续做，坚持干
拓展
表示“继续做某事”的短语
carry on doing sth
go on with sth
carry on (with) sth
go on doing sth
continue doing/to do sth
keep (on) doing sth
经典练 单句语法填空
①He said nothing but just went on ________ (work)．
②Can the human race carry ________ expanding and growing the same way that it is now
③It's said that as the boat went down the band continued ________ (play)．
能力提升 单句表达
④她的勇敢激发了他继续生活和工作下去的意愿。
Her bravery has given him the will to ________________________________．
考点5．independent adj. 独立的；自立的
拓展
independent adj.独立的;自立的
an independent television station 一家独立的电视台
independently adv.独立地;自立地
independence n:独立
depend.v依靠;依赖
depend on 依靠
It all depends.看情况来定。
dependence n.依靠;依赖
经典练 单句语法填空
①Having a job gives you financial ________ (independent)．
②Each part of the organization operates ________ (independent) of the others.
能力提升 单句表达
③离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
Going away to college ______________________________________________.
考点6．signal vt.& vi. 标志着；标明；发信号 n. 信号；标志
拓展
signal vt.&vi.标志着;标明; 发信号
signal to sb to do sth示意某人做某事
signal n.信号;标志
give/send a signal发出信号
a signal of ……的信号
strong signal 强信号
经典练 单句语法填空
①Chest pains can be a warning signal ________ heart problems.
②She signalled ________ Ted that she was moving forward.
能力提升 单句表达
③她示意孩子们进来。
She ______________________________________________________________.
考点7．lack n. 缺乏；短缺 vt. 没有；缺乏
拓展
Lack n.缺乏;短缺
a lack of confidence缺乏信心
Lack vt. 没有;缺乏
lack of sleep缺乏睡眠
for lack of 由于缺少…
lack confidence 缺乏自信
lacking adj.缺乏;
be lacking in 缺乏
经典练 单句语法填空
①Certain vital information is lacking ________ the report.
②They were exhausted from lack ________ sleep.
能力提升 单句表达
③她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。
Her only problem is ____________________．
考点8．beyond prep. 在更远处；超出
拓展
beyond prep.在更远处;超出
be beyond sb某人无法理解
beyond one's ability;非某人所能及 超出某人的能力
beyond description无法描述
beyond one's reach某人够不着
beyond control无法控制
beyond compare无可比拟
beyond belief不可思议
beyond repair 报废;无法修理
经典练 单句语法填空
①The couple has a high success rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go ________ the homeowner's expectations.
②Physics is completely ________ me.
能力提升 单句表达
③瑞典的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。
Sweden is lovely in summer—cold ____________ in winter.
④我差一点儿才够得着把手。
The handle was just ____________________．
考点9．keen adj. 热衷的；渴望的
拓展
keen adj.热衷的;渴望的敏锐的
be keen to do sth 渴望做某事
be keen on sth 热衷于某事
be keen on doing sth 喜欢做某事
have a keen eye for对……很敏锐
经典练 单句语法填空
①I wasn't too keen ________ going to the party.
②They were very keen ________ (start) work as soon as possible.
能力提升 单句表达
③我对物理和化学并不太热衷。
I wasn't too _______________________________________________________.
考点10．argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论
拓展
argue vt.&vi.论证;争辩;争论
argue for为..辩护
argue with sb与某人争论
argue against 据理反对.
argue about/over sth 因某事争论
have an argument about/over因……争吵
argument n.争论;争吵;论点
get into an argument with sb与某人争吵
经典练 单句语法填空
①Some people disagree with this ________ (argue).
②Gallacher continued to argue ________ the referee throughout the game.
③The report argues ________ tax increases.
能力提升 单句表达
④我们和服务员就账单发生了争吵。
We had an ______________________________．
考点11．result in 导致；造成
拓展
result vi.导致;造成
result in/lead to/contribute to 导致;造成
result from起因于……
result n.后果;结果
as a result所以;结果(是)
as a result of 由于，因为
final results 最后的结果;期末成绩
经典练 单句语法填空
①You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result ________ a useful response.
②Profits have declined as a result ________ the recent drop in sales.
③His difficulty in walking results ________ a childhood illness.
能力提升 单句表达
④因此，这些作家从来没有习惯在草稿上划掉一大块，并在空白处写下修改稿。
____________， these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space.
考点12．provide for sb 提供生活所需
拓展
provide其他相关短语
provide for sb提供生活所需
provide sth for sb (=provide sb with sth)为某人提供某物
provided/providing that如果;条件是
经典练 单句语法填空
①Plants produce sugars and starch to provide themselves ________ energy.
②Provide financial aid and other benefits ________ local peoples.
能力提升 单句表达
③如果得知他有一个具体的计划，其他的银行才会非常乐意提供帮助。
The other banks are going to be very eager to help, ____________ they see that he has a specific plan.
考点13．run out 用完；耗尽
拓展
run out 用完;耗尽
find out查明;弄清;发现
help (sb) out 帮助(某人) 摆脱困境
pick out 挑出;辨别出
try out 试用;试验
give out 发出;分发;耗尽
carry out实行;实施
turn out 结果是;生产
经典练 用“动词＋out”类短语填空
①It was a difficult time, but eventually things ____________ all right.
②He got to ____________ all the new software.
③An investigation is underway to ____________ how the disaster happened.
能力提升 单句表达
④情况越来越糟，给养也快耗尽了。
Conditions are getting worse and ______________________．
考点14．attach vt. 系；绑；贴
拓展
attach vt.系;绑;贴贴;重视;在一起，有联系;附属
attach ... to ... (= fasten ... to ... )把……系到……上
attach great importance to非常重视
attach oneself to sb和某人在一起;缠着某人
be attached to依恋于…;附属于……;为……工作
经典练 单句语法填空
①He is attached ________ the old ferries.
②Natasha attached ________ (she) to the film crew filming at her orphanage.
能力提升 单句表达
③我们在把东西归档前先给它们贴上标签。
We ____________________ before we file them away.
④(牛津高阶)我认为这项研究十分重要。
I ________________________ this research.
语法点：不定式做定语和状语
①I have a lot of work to do.
②There was nothing to be done.
③To illustrate my point, I have done a comparative analysis.
④Many farmers water their crops to make them grow more quickly.
⑤We don't have enough paper to write on.
⑥To prevent it coming nearer, the government is planting trees.
⑦Can you find a proper person to finish this job in time
[我的发现]
不定式在句中作定语的句子为 ①②⑤⑦ .
不定式在句中作状语为 ③④⑥ .
由②句可知，不定式的被动式为_to be done.
动词不定式的构成
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
语 态 时 态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing ---------
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 To have been doing ----------
1.不定式的一般式∶表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时（几乎同时）发生或在谓语动词之后发生。
I hope to see you next week.我希望下周能见到你。
I'd like to be told what's going on.我希望被告知正在发生什么。
2.不定式的进行式∶表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生且正在进行。
I happened to be watching TV when she called.她打电话来时，我恰巧正在看电视。
3.不定式的完成式∶表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
They seem to have cleaned the house.他们似乎已经打扫过这座房子了。
The factory is reported to have been burnt down.据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。
4.不定式的被动语态：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者而非发出者
She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题，她很疑惑。
三、动词不定式的语法功能
一．动词不定式作定语
具体用法 例句
动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，表示尚未发生的动作。 We have much homework to do tonight. 今晚我们有许多作业要做。
名词前有first，last，next，only等词以及最高级修饰时，其后要用动词不定式。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
抽象名词attempt，ability，chance，desire，determination，decision，plan，way或不定代词something，nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。 Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work. 詹尼斯·阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用的工作。
当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。 We must find a person to do the job. 我们必须找一个做这份工作的人。
[注意]
1．动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
Attention，please.The astronaut has something important to say.
请注意，这名宇航员有重要的事情要说。
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。但当动词不定式修饰的名词是time，place或way时，不定式中的介词一般可以省去。
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
给我一张纸写字。
He had money and no place to live.
二、动词不定式作状语
1．表示目的
She went to the hospital to/ in order to/ so as to see her grandfather yesterday.
昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。
To/ In order to keep up with others，the intelligent young man has been working very hard.
为了赶上别人，这个聪明的年轻人一直在努力学习。
总结：作目的状语的不定式前，常加上in order或so as，但so as不能位于句首。
2．表示结果
He is not so intelligent as to do that.
他还没有聪明到做那种事。
The astronaut is such a hard-working person as to make great achievements.
这名飞行员如此勤奋，结果他取得了巨大成就。
The girl is old enough to do her own things independently.
这个女孩足够大了，可以独立地做自己的事情了。
The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.
加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。
He hurried to the agency，only to find the manager had left.
他匆忙赶到代理处，却发现经理已经离开了。
总结：动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构：
so＋形容词/副词＋as to do如此……以致……
such＋形容词＋名词＋as to do如此……以致……
enough＋名词＋to do / 形容词/副词＋enough＋to do足够去做……
too＋形容词/副词＋to do太……以致不能……
不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。
3．表示原因
I’m disappointed to hear you lack the patience. 听到你缺乏耐心我很失望。
I am more than delighted to hear that you have won the first prize in the contest.
我非常高兴地得知你在比赛中获得了一等奖。
总结：不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。
4．“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中
The procedure is difficult to carry on. 这个步骤不易继续。
I am easy to get along with, so I will be fit for the position.
我容易相处，因此，我胜任这个职位。
总结：“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中的不定式用主动形式表被动意义，如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，需要加上相应的介词，常见的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，interesting，heavy，pleasant，light，good，fit，comfortable，safe，dangerous，impossible等
跟踪练习
一、用单词的适当形式完成句子
1．If I have any further news, you will be the first person________(know).
2．The teenager at last found a way________ (improve) his spoken English.
3．With so much homework ________(do), she will have no time to attend the party.
4．I have an urge________(help)people out when they’re in trouble.
5．She was a superb player, but had a tendency________(show) excitement.
6．Once more people are wired, the potential____________(change)the mainstream media will be huge.
7．Failure________(produce)proof of identity could result in prosecution.
8．We all have challenges, but the key is to have the courage__________(face)what’s bad about them and still find what’s good.
9．It is an important subject to help students develop the ability___________(inquire)for the reforms in scientific education.
10．Basically there is nothing_____________(criticize) in his works.
11．Though he has shortcomings, he is a person ________(rely) on.
12．I have an appointment ________(see) my lawyer next Saturday.
13．The findings show a critical need________(invest) in disaster prevention.
14．When it comes to work-leisure conflicts, everyone must try to find a way ________(avoid) them.
15．The decision ________(keep) a balanced diet was made on the basis of the information we had got.
16．We don’t have the freedom ________（do）just what we like.
17．She has the determination _________(overcome)all the difficulties.
18．Policemen have the power ________ (arrest) people who do not obey the laws.
19．He works so hard that he doesn't have the energy ________（exercise）.
20．His first novel________（publish）next month is based on a true story.
21．The researcher can’t control the desire ______ (figure) out the mystery.
22．Many view these meetings as an occasion ________ (refresh) friendship.
23．South Africa has submitted an application ________（host）the World Cup.
24．China’s efforts ________(give) timely treatment to those infected with the virus are being praised by the rest of the world.
25．The question is very difficult________ (answer)．
26．Credibility is hard to earn but easy _____（lose）, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
27．I’m afraid we’ll have to work extra hours, for some problems are hard ________ (settle).
28．We will be more than happy ________(receive) materials, such as clothes, quilts and school supplies.
29．We were astonished _________(see) the building still in its original condition.
30．He is not suitable________________(drive)an ambulance.
31．He hurried to the station only ______ (find) that the train had left.
32．He left home when he was young, never ______ (hear) from again.
33．He was desperate ________(know) who had got the scholarship.
34．We waited for two hours only ________ (tell) to come the next day.
35．Every team is free ________(choose) its own route from control point to check point.
36．They set up a scientific organization ________ (explore) the unknown world.
37．You can still avoid holiday weight gain by taking every opportunity ___________(stay) physically active.
38．However, larger and more precise studies were needed ____(confirm) the benefits.
39．________ (keep) the air fresh, we should often open the window.
40．As far as I am concerned, we are supposed to take steps ________ (prevent) this from happening again.
二、完成句子
41．为了谋生，他必须每天早起。
______________________，he must get up very early every day.
42．She bought a digital camera online________.
她为了节省时间在网上买了一个数码相机。
43．他回到家，却发现妻子在等他。
He returned home____________________________.
44．小汤姆幸运地逃脱了惩罚。（escape）
Little Tom was lucky to ________________.
45．他出国后发现新的环境难以忍受。
After he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard __________.
46．她大学一毕业就找到了工作,真是幸运。
She was__________a job as soon as she graduated from the university.
47．每当数学老师提出问题，他总是第一个举手的人。
Every time the math teacher asks questions, ________.
48．如果没有人可以求教，就难以作出恰当的选择。
Without anyone ________， making an appropriate choice can be difficult.
49．林巧稚是第一位在人民代表大会中担任重要职位的女性。
LinQiaozhi was the first woman________in the National People’s Congress.
50．While waiting for ________, Henry did his best to perform his duty.
当等待机会被提升的时候，亨利尽力履行好他的职责。
写作升华【写作指导--如何写邀请信】
典例分析
假定你是李华，想邀请外教Maria一起参观 “厉害了，我的国”摄影展。请给她写封信，内容包括：
1. 展览时间、地点；
2. 展览内容。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Maria，
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
步骤一：审题构思——分析透彻很关键
一、审题
1. 确定体裁：本文是应用文（邀请信），内容为邀请对方参观“厉害了，我的国”摄影展；
2. 确定人称：本文的主要人称为第一人称；
3. 确定时态：以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。
二、构思
第一段：开门见山，点明主题；
第二段：介绍时间、地点及展览内容；
第三段：期盼回复。
步骤二：精挑细选——核心词汇想周全
1. ____________________参观
2. ____________________主题为……
3. ____________________举行；发生
4. ____________________ 也；还
5. ____________________参加
6. ____________________各种各样的
7. ____________________ ……的发展
8. ____________________对……有更好的了解
步骤三：遣词造句——由词扩句雏形现
1. 我写信邀请您和我一起参观摄影展。（invite sb. to do sth.）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. 展览将在我们学校举行，主题为“厉害了，我的国”。（定语从句）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. 展览将于10月1日早上8点至10点在画廊举行。（主谓状）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. 我们学校的老师和学生都会参加。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. 我们将欣赏各种各样精彩的照片。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. 它们展现了我国在科学、太空探索和交通方面的快速发展。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. 你将有一个很好的机会来更好地了解中国。（主谓宾）
_______________________________________________________________________________________
步骤四：斟酌打磨——句式升级造亮点
1. 把第1、2句升级为含不定式的被动式和过去分词作定语的句子
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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2. 用be intended to do升级第3句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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3. 用as well as和be expected to do升级第4句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. 把第5、6句升级为含定语从句的句子
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. 用it作形式主语升级第7句
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________步骤五：连句成文——逻辑衔接连成篇
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单元要点 词汇 部分 重 点 词 形 变 化 mental adj. 精神的；思想的→mentally adv. 精神上，智力上；心理上 intelligent adj. 有智慧的；聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n. 智力；智慧；情报工作；情报机关 determine vt. 查明；确定；决定→determined adj. 有决心的；意志坚定的→determination n. 决心；果断；测定 disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的→disappoint v. 使失望；使破灭→disappointment n. 失望，沮丧；令人失望的人，让人扫兴的事 independent adj. 独立的；自立的→independently adv. 独立地；自立地→independence n. 独立，自主；(国家的)独立 argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论→argument n. 争论；争吵；论点
重 点 词 汇 astronaut n. 宇航员；太空人 rocket n. 火箭；火箭弹 gravity n. 重力；引力 frontier n. 边境；国界；边远地区 satellite n. 人造卫星；卫星 orbit n. (环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道；势力范围 vt.& vi. 沿轨道运行；环绕……运行 giant adj. 巨大的；伟大的 n. 巨人；巨兽；伟人 leap n. 跳跃；剧增；剧变 vi.& vt. 跳过；跃过 agency n. (政府的)专门机构；服务机构；代理处 transmit vt.& vi. 传输；发送 data n. [pl.]__资料；数据 ongoing adj. 持续存在的；仍在进行的；不断发展的 spacecraft n. 航天器；宇宙飞船 spacewalk n. 太空行走；太空行走的时间 jade n. 玉；翡翠；玉器 dock vi.& vt. (两架航天器)对接；(使)……进港 n. 码头；船坞 muscle n. 肌肉；实力；影响力 float vi. 浮动；漂流；漂浮 vt. 使浮动；使漂流 solar adj. 太阳的；太阳能的 soap n. 肥皂 towel n. 毛巾；抹布 microwave n. 微波炉 tissue n. 纸巾；(人、动植物细胞的)组织 facility n. 设施；设备 analysis n. (对事物的)分析；分析结果 high end adj. 高端的 foam n. 泡沫橡胶；泡沫 pillow n. 枕头 smartphone n. 智能手机 closing adj. 结尾的；结束的 n. 停业；关闭；倒闭 oxygen n. 氧；氧气
