专题02 定语从句+口语2+完形填空
·模块一 定语从句考点归纳
·模块二 口语：情景提问
·模块三 完形填空
·模块四 高考常考词组2
·模块五 2024届上海高三名校真题速递
关系词
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as
关系副词 when, where, why
考点一：区分用关系代词还是关系副词。
先判断定语从句句子成分，若从句缺主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补，则用关系代词，指人用who或that，宾格用whom或that，指人或物的定语用whose，指物用which或that，as则用于固定搭配the same/such/so....as中；注意：关系代词作宾语时可以省略，此时容易做错题目。
若缺状语则用关系副词，先行词是时间用when，地点用where，原因用why。
This is the man who/that helped me when I was in trouble.
The doctor (whom/that) you are looking for is in the room.
The cows which/that may have been exposed to BSE will be destroyed.
That’s the students whose application we have just read.
I’m wearing the same dress as you wore yesterday. (同一类)
This is the same dress that you wore yesterday. (同一个)
They talked in such simple English as children could understand. (定语从句)
They talked in such simple English that children could understand it. (结果状语从句)
Do you know the year when The Declaration of Independence was published
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy
I know the reason (which/that) he explained at the meeting.
考点二：先行词为抽象时间和地点名词。
常考抽象时间：occasion；常考抽象地点：case, point, situation, circumstance, stage, state, position等。
There are occasions when joking is not permissible.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
考点三：关系代词只用that, which或who的情况。
用that的情况：
1、先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
2、先行词有the very, the only, the same, all, any, each, every, few, little, no, one of等词修饰时。
3、先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
4、先行词是数词或被数词修饰。
5、先行词既有人又有物时。
6、在以which，who，what引起的问句中。
7、关系代词在限定性从句中作表语。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
用which的情况：
1、非限制性定语从句中。
2、关系代词前有介词时。
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
用who的情况：
1、先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时。
2、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
3、在there be 开头的句子中。
4、一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
考点四：非限制性定语从句及其关系代词as, which的用法区别。
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用，用逗号与主句隔开。关系词只有who, whom, whose, which, as, when, where。其中as与which都可指主句整个句子。其区别为：
1、位置不同
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 引导的定语从句可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
Jack, as you know, is an honest man.
2、先行词不同
as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
He was proud, which his brother never was.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
3、as有“正如”、“就像”之意，对主句内容进行评述，which则没有此含义。
常用的结构有as we know; as often happens; as is often the case; as we all can see; as is announced/
expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。
4、which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.
考点五：介词+关系代词（which，whom，whose）的情况。
1、介词+关系代词
2、名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
3、形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
4、介词+关系代词+名词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
Mandela was the black lawyer for whose advice I asked.
He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.
考点六：the way后、分隔式和有插入语的定语从句
What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it.
The country has a river flowing through the city that plays an important part in the lives of its people.
This is the woman who the musician said was regarded as the best pianist in the country.
测量目标：能运用所学的语言功能意念知识/根据情景要求进行询问以获得所需的信息。
答题时，首先应该正确理解所给情景，其次要针对情景中需要解决的问题提问，也就是要问在点子上。尤其是当有些题目对提问的范围已做出明显的限制时，更要注意提问的有效性。另外根据指示语的要求，对每个情景所提的两个问题中，一定要有一个特殊疑问句，不能是两个一般疑问句。但两个问题都是特殊疑问句的话是可以接受的。
情景提问部分评分标准：
1分 能对所给的情景进行提问，内容恰当，问句结构正确。
0.5分 提问基本符合情景要求，但语言结构有错误。
0分 不能提问或提问不符合情景要求。
(注：1.对同一情景问两个一般疑问句，第二个问题得0.5分；2.两个问题针对同一信息，第二个问题得0.5分；3.问两个特殊疑问句不扣分。）
Directions: Ask two questions about each situation given below. At least one special question should be asked about each situation.
Questions 1-2: Your American teacher is going to give you drama lessons this semester. You ask the teacher about the lessons.
Question 1:
Question 2:
Questions 3-4: You are going to visit a royal palace in Thailand. You ask your tour guide about the royal palace.
Question 3:
Question 4:
Questions 1~2:
1. Is there anything that I can prepare in advance
2. How many lessons will we have per week
Questions 3-4
3. Where is the royal palace located
4. How many years of history does the royal palace have
1、解题步骤
1）要快速通读全文，了解文章大意，正确分析、归纳文章主旨。
2）在理解文章大意基础上，对每道题所给的词语进行剖析，考虑语境，上下呼应，运用逻辑 思维进行推理，再根据自己最有把握的、最熟悉的短语、习惯用语、动词形式和句子结构等， 先完成简单的，把难的留在后面。
3）再次细读全文，集中精力解决难点，填补空缺。
4）答题完毕，遵循由整体到局部、由局部到整体的规律，再耐心通读全文，认真复查所选答 案是否得当，语法是否正确，逻辑推理是否合理。
2、解题技巧
1）精读首句，把握主题。
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the most famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
【答案】D
2）注意句子逻辑关系。——并列、递进、对立（转折/对比/让步）、因果、例证等。
并列：
Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels, and to protect them from sun damage or other __45__ such as a spilled cup of coffee.
45. A. accidents B. appliances C. measures D. drinks
【答案】A
因果：
Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims.
Students in the study became anxious even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald’s so quickly on screen that they could not __42__ it.
42. A. recognize B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
【答案】A
对立：
Participants also preferred time-saving products like three-in-one skincare treatments rather than __49__ versions after seeing the logos.
49. A. separate B. special C. expensive D. original
【答案】A
总分：
The outcomes may well vary according to individual responses to the drugs. __47__, some research has found that while stimulants can improve test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.
47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand
【答案】A
递进：
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. ___55___, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.
55.A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. For instance
【答案】B
3）根据上下文，理解语篇。——句意理解、词汇复现、释义
词汇复现：
We are flooded by emails, texts, or the news feeds on our Facebook pages. My friend Ron refers to this technology as “weapons of mass distraction.”
But how is this mass distraction affecting our degree of presence and ability to attend to the everyday demands of life .........
The __45__ is just part of the larger picture. Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops.
45. A. attention B. association C. demand D. distraction
【答案】D
释义：
She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the ___43___, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatments, there’s a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.
43. A. media B. tradition C. reality D. textbook
【答案】D
句意理解：
Clichés can be __42__ according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or __43__ phrases.
42. A. confirmed B. quoted C. inferred D. classified
43. A. invented B. customized C. recognized D. underlined
【答案】DA
(A) 需要熟记的词组
ban sb. from doing/a ban on 禁止…做
a barrier to progress 进步的障碍
block one's progress 阻碍某人进步
be in balance 在平衡状态
a dead battery 电池没电了
bear sth. in mind 记住
be behind me in English. 英语比我差
fall behind /out of date 落后/过时了
for the time being 暂时
be beneficial to …对…有好处
beyond one's imagination 超出想象
believe in 相信
belong to 属于
blame sb. for sth. 指责…有错
bother about 为担心
boast of 对…自豪、吹嘘
go on board the plane 登上飞机
break the bad habit 改掉坏习惯
bring sb. up 养育某人
browse through a book 随便翻看书
burst into laughter 忍不住大笑
build up energy 积蓄能量
take sth. by mistake 拿错
by means of 以…为手段
rise /increase/decrease by 10% 增长10%
a barrier to progress 进步的障石
be born in 出生于
be blind in both eyes 双目失明
break out （火、战争）爆发
bring about 造成结果
(B) 单词中容易混淆的词
base / basis
beat / win
block / barrier
(C) 常考句型
It wasn’t long before sb. did sth.
当时没过多久就…
It won’t be long before sb. do / does sth.
不久后就将
It wasn’t long before he realize the mistake.
当时不久他就发现了错误
It won’t be long before we get reunited again.
不久我们就将重聚
一、定语从句
1．This is the reason he didn’t come to the meeting.
A．when B．why C．that D．who
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这就是他没有来开会的原因。空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词reason指“原因”，因此用why引导定语从句，故选B。
2．There is a girl sells China Daily around the corner.
A．who B．where C．in which D．which
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：街角有个卖《中国日报》的女孩。空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词girl是人，因此空格处用关系代词who，故选A。
3．Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded
A．which B．that C．when D．whose
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你知道中国共产党是哪一年成立的吗？分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the year，先行词在从句中表示事件发生的时间，作时间状语，因此应用关系副词when作引导词。故选C。
4．—Do you like the weekly program Readers on CCTV
— Sure. It’s a great TV program _________ can develop the habit of reading.
A．who B．that C．what D．whose
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你喜欢中央电视台的周播节目《朗读者》吗？——当然，它是一档不错的电视节目，可以培养阅读习惯。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是TV program，指物，且关系代词在定语从句中作主语，用that或者which引导。故选B。
5． is well known to us, Tianjin has a history of more than 600 years.
A．As B．What C．Where D．It
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：众所周知，天津有600多年的历史。表示“众所周知”应用as is well known to us，as引导非限制性定语从句。故选A。
6．Most women identified at least one trusted friends ________ they could turn for help.
A．to which B．on which C．to whom D．on whom
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大多数女性至少有一个可以求助的可信赖的朋友。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为friends，turn to sb.为固定搭配，意为“求助某人”，故先行词从句中作介词to的宾语，指人，用关系代词whom。故选C。
7．________ is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.
A．Which B．That C．As D．What
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：众所周知，月亮每月围绕地球一圈。此处引导定语从句，先行词为“the moon travels around the earth once every month”这件事，且意思为“正如......”，故应用as引导，故选C。
8．Mary, ________ drawings were shown at the exhibition last month, is a model student.
A．who B．which C．whom D．whose
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Mary是一个模范学生，她的画上个月在展会上展出。此处引导定语从句，先行词为Mary，指人，且从句中的drawings与Mary之间为从属关系，应用whose引导。故选D。
9．Written Chinese has also become an important means China’s present is connected with its past.
A．for which B．on which C．by which D．on that
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句和介词的用法。句意：书面汉语也成为中国现在与过去联系的重要手段。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词means，means指物，通常和介词by搭配，表示“通过……方式”，因此应用“介词+关系代词”，即by which引导定语从句。故选C。
10．Last summer holiday, I went back to my hometown, __________ the neighbors and the house __________ I used to be familiar with were gone.
A．only finding; which B．only to find; that C．to find; where D．found; that
【答案】B
【详解】考查不定式和定语从句。句意：去年暑假，我回到家乡，却发现我熟悉的邻居和房子都已经不见了。根据句子分析可知，空1：此处为结果状语，且表示出乎意料的结果，应用不定式(only) to do引导，故填only to find；空2：此处引导定语从句，先行词为the neighbors and the house，定语从句中缺少with的宾语，故应用that引导。故选B。
【点睛】
11．That boy was rude to the conductor, ______ of course, made things even worse.
A．who B．whom C．what D．which
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：那个男孩对列车长很粗鲁，当然，这使情况变得更糟。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面整个句子，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导定语从句。故选D。
12．John, a professor at the King’s College London, is one of the small but growing minority ______ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
A．what B．which C．where D．who
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：约翰是伦敦国王学院(King’s College London)的一名教授，他是因为气候变化而减少航空旅行的少数群体之一，这个群体虽然人数不多，但正在不断壮大。分析句子结构，此处考查限制性定语从句，先行词是the small but growing minority，在从句中作主语，指人，所以用关系代词who。故选D。
13．A Disney-themed airplane, ________ body huge Mickey Mouse figures were painted, appeared in Shanghai.
A．of which B．across whose C．across which D．of whose
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：上海出现了一架迪斯尼主题飞机，飞机的机身上画着巨大的米老鼠形象。此处是非限制性定语从句，whose代替先行词the airplane，在从句中作定语，修饰body；介词across意为“在……上；在各处，遍及”，介词of意为“……的；……的一部分”,分析句意，across合适，表示在飞机的机身上。故选B。
14．The absolute most important skill ________ you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions.
A．that B．what C．whether D．how
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你在下棋时学到的最重要的技巧是如何做出不错的决定。分析句子结构， ________ you learn是一个定语从句，指代先行词skill，指物，且其前有形容词最高级most important修饰，所以只能用that引导。故选A。
15．________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
A．As; whose B．It; whom C．It; whose D．As; whom
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：众所周知，那个过去生活很苦的老科学家，八十多岁仍然努力工作。分析句子可知，第一个空处应为形式主语，代替主语从句“that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.”，故应用It；第二个空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the old scientist”，在从句中作介词“for”的宾语，故应用关系代词whom。故选B。
16．She is half-way through the preparation years, ________ most foreign students completes before applying for a degree course.
A．in which B．which C．of which D．when
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她已经完成了大部分外国学生在申请学位课程之前完成的准备工作的一半。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词the preparation years，先行词指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。故选B。
17．My mother is grateful to the surgeon, without________ first aid she would never rose to her feet again.
A．whom B．his. C．which D．whose
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我母亲很感激那位外科医生，没有他的急救，她就再也站不起来了。在非限制性定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，且first aid和先行词surgeon构成所属关系，所以应用关系代词whose表示“……的”。故选D。
18．Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually.
A．what B．that C．where D．which
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：史蒂芬·霍金认为，地球不可能是唯一一个生命逐渐发展的星球。句中先行词为planet，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以空处需用关系副词where引导定语从句。故选C。
19．Celeste Ng’s latest book, plot is quite new and original, has received a lot of attention.
A．which B．where C．whose D．that
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：伍绮诗的新书情节新颖、具有原创性，受到了广泛关注。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词book作补充说明，先行词在从句中作定语，和plot之间是所属关系，因此应用关系代词whose作引导词。故选C。
20．—Do you know the girl with ________ we talked just now
—Of course. She is my best friend.
A．whose B．which C．who D．whom
【答案】D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你认识刚才和我们谈话的那个女孩吗？——当然。她是我最好的朋友。在定语从句中缺少宾语，先行词为girl，且空格前有介词with，所以应用关系代词whom。故选D。
二、完形填空
（2023上·上海松江·高三统考期末）Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry 21 , when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of 22 flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a 23 for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can 24 a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under 25 , called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably 26 a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to 27 operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired 28 predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above 29 expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n) 30 process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to 31 its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis 32 practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to 33 in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. 34 , there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience 35 only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
21．A．cooperator B．competitor C．observer D．pioneer
22．A．wind-driven B．battery-driven C．gas-driven D．solar-driven
23．A．substitute B．shelter C．treatment D．desire
24．A．regulate B．maintain C．unlock D．reverse
25．A．pressure B．attack C．development D．repair
26．A．underestimate B．update C．outpace D．overdo
27．A．rigid B．autonomous C．attentive D．illegal
28．A．daring B．discouraging C．unclear D．ordinary
29．A．technological B．unrealistic C．rewarding D．enthusiastic
30．A．efficient B．simple C．lengthy D．intelligent
31．A．put off B．speed up C．object to D．approve of
32．A．historically B．technically C．theoretically D．economically
33．A．the learned B．the disabled C．the seniors D．the masses
34．A．Furthermore B．However C．Fortunately D．Consequently
35．A．affordable B．valuable C．unbelievable D．unsuitable
【答案】
21．D 22．B 23．A 24．C 25．C 26．C 27．B 28．A 29．D 30．C 31．A 32．D 33．D 34．B 35．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。A. cooperator合作者；B. competitor竞争者；C. observer观察者；D. pioneer先锋。根据下文“launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务，这在以前是没有的，所以这是行业先驱，空格处用pioneer。故选D。
22．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在今年6月的巴黎航展上，Volocopter及其一些竞争对手展示了专为城市交通设计的新一代电池驱动飞行器。A. wind-driven风驱动的；B. battery-driven电池驱动的；C. gas-driven燃气驱动的；D. solar-driven太阳能驱动的。根据下文“The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy”可知，飞行器是电池驱动的。故选B。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：航空电气化常常被认为是白日梦，因为人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。A. substitute替代物；B. shelter庇护处；C. treatment治疗；D. desire渴望。根据上文“batteries assumed too heavy”和下文“for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle”可知，人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。故选A。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求。A. regulate调节；B. maintain保持；C. unlock开启；D. reverse预定。根据下文“a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances”可知，此处表示“像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求”，空格处意为“开启”。故选C。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：正在开发的飞行出租车的主要形式被称为电动垂直起降(eVTOL)飞机，预计最多可搭载四名乘客和一名飞行员。A. pressure压力；B. attack袭击；C. development开发；D. repair修理。根据上文“Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____1____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，这种飞行出租车明年才推出，所以现在是正在被开发。故选C。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它由电池供电，预计既能安静到减少拥挤城市中的抱怨，又能快速行驶:时速可达300公里，足以轻松超过汽车，尤其是堵车的汽车。A. underestimate低估；B. update更新；C. outpace赶过；D. overdo把……做得过分。根据上文“capable of up to 300kph”可知，时速可达300公里，可以超过汽车。故选C。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乐观主义者认为，空中交通的减少也将使eVTOLs非常适合自主操作。A. rigid严格死板的；B. autonomous自动的；C. attentive注意的，专心的；D. illegal非法的。根据上文“the absence of traffic in the sky”可知，空中交通的减少就使得eVTOL很适合自主操作。故选B。
28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一愿景激发了大胆的预测。A. daring大胆的；B. discouraging令人沮丧的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. ordinary普通的。根据下文“For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040”可知，关于eVTOLs的愿景激发了人的大胆预测，所以有人愿意花钱在eVTOL上。故选A。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管有上述热情的期望，挑战依然存在。A. technological技术的；B. unrealistic不现实的；C. rewarding值得的，有意义的；D. enthusiastic热情的。根据上文“And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____7____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too.”可知，上文所说的是对eVTOL的热情的期望。故选D。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个问题是技术认证，这是一个漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。A. efficient效率高的；B. simple简单的；C. lengthy冗长的；D. intelligent聪明的。根据上文“technical certification”和下文“aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft”可知，技术认证是很漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。故选C。
31．考查动词短语辨析。句意：去年年底，由于监管延误和其他一些因素，硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年，直到2025年。A. put off推迟；B. speed up加速；C. object to反对；D. approve of同意。根据上文“due to regulatory delays”可知，监管延误导致硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年。故选A。
32．考查副词词义辨析。句意：更大的问题是——飞行出租车在经济上可行吗？A. historically历史上地；B. technically技术上；C. theoretically理论上；D. economically在经济上。根据“EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $4 million.”可知，EVTOL很贵，所以此处问的问题是它在经济上是否可行。故选D。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：波音支持的制造商Wisk的Brian Yutko说，在不久的将来，群众将可以乘坐飞行出租车。A. the learned学识渊博的人；B. the disabled残疾人；C. the seniors老年人；D. the masses群众。根据下文“its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”可知，它的票价与普通出租车相当，那么将来普通的群众也可以乘坐这种飞行出租车。故选D。
34．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有一种相反的观点认为evtol可能仍然很昂贵。A. Furthermore另外；B. However然而；C. Fortunately幸运的是；D. Consequently结果。根据上文“Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”和下文“there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive”可知，前后两句是转折关系，因此空格处是However。故选B。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，即使没有飞行员，飞行出租车可能仍然是一种只有少数幸运儿才能负担得起的便利。A. affordable负担得起的；B. valuable有价值的；C. unbelievable难以置信的；D. unsuitable不合适的。根据上文“Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare”可知，飞行出租车票价仍然很贵，所以只有少数人才能负担得起。故选A。
（2023上·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考期中）In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing (大声吼叫的) street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs. Living in Mumbai requires a huge 36 for noise.
When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago, friends, acquaintances and even her lawyers insisted it was 37 . “People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,” she says. “We’re a noisy country.”
But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to 38 environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival. 39 , the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship. And she has since won more than a dozen other actions both on her own and via the Awaaz Foundation (awaaz means “noise” in Hindi), which she launched in 2006.
The World Health Organization warns that noise is a top threat to human 40 , affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health. Abdulali claims Mumbai is the world’s 41 city. A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits.
In recent years, the battle against noise has become increasingly 42 , with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth. With increasing 43 , ever more people are exposed to continuous noise. In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules 44 development plans. Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive, so developers 45 installing them.
Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels (分贝) — a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Luckily, 46 can help in the fight, Vijay says. He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer 47 drivers rewards like deductions (扣除) on car insurance. Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and 48 the urge to resort to horns, he says. Local government also 49 . Mumbai decreed (颁布) India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1,000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists.
Far more important is the longer-term impact of the day-to-day noise, so that’s where Vijay believes activists should focus their energy. “In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,” he says. “But our 50 noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.”
36．A．talent B．potential C．demand D．tolerance
37．A．encouraging B．reasonable C．ridiculous D．depressing
38．A．take advantage of B．put an end to C．lay emphasis on D．throw light on
39．A．Therefore B．Similarly C．Subsequently D．However
40．A．well-being B．intelligence C．interaction D．behavior
41．A．largest B．busiest C．loudest D．richest
42．A．difficult B．successful C．diverse D．easy
43．A．availability B．capitalization C．urbanization D．convenience
44．A．in pace with B．in contact with C．in league with D．in conflict with
45．A．recommend B．justify C．resist D．advocate
46．A．government B．technology C．finance D．psychology
47．A．quiet B．brave C．safe D．alert
48．A．trigger B．satisfy C．reduce D．maintain
49．A．steps in B．takes over C．cuts in D．takes off
50．A．traffic B．construction C．ceremony D．background
【答案】
36．D 37．C 38．B 39．C 40．A 41．C 42．A 43．C 44．D 45．C 46．B 47．A 48．C 49．A 50．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孟买的噪音非常大，人们开始采取措施减少噪音污染。
36．考查名词词义辨析。句意：住在孟买需要对噪音有极大的容忍度。A. talent天赋；B. potential潜力；C. demand需求；D. tolerance容忍。根据上文“In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs.”可知，孟买的噪音很多，所以住在孟买需要对噪音有极大的容忍度。故选D。
37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：20年前，当Sumaira Abdulali开始在印度金融首都开展反对噪音污染的运动时，朋友、熟人甚至她的律师都坚称这很愚蠢。A. encouraging令人鼓舞的；B. reasonable合理的；C. ridiculous愚蠢的；D. depressing令人沮丧的。根据下文“People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,”可知，此处表示Abdulali的朋友、熟人甚至律师都认为Abdulali反对噪音污染的运动是愚蠢的。故选C。
38．考查动词短语辨析。句意：但在2003年，Abdulali赢得了一场诉讼，该诉讼旨在结束允许音乐节期间大声播放到深夜的环境规定。A. take advantage of利用；B. put an end to结束；C. lay emphasis on强调；D. throw light on阐明。根据上文“When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago,”以及下文“environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival.”可知，Abdulali反对噪音污染，所以这场诉讼是为了结束允许音乐节期间大声播放到深夜的环境规定。故选B。
39．考查副词词义辨析。句意：随后，她凭借自己和2006年成立的Awaaz基金会（Awaaz在印地语中的意思是“噪音”）赢得了十几项其他行动。A. Therefore因此；B. Similarly类似地；C. Subsequently随后；D. However然而。根据上文“But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to ___3___ environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival.”以及下文“the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship.”可知，Abdulali赢得了一场诉讼，随后又赢得了十几项其他运动。故选C。
40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界卫生组织警告说，噪音是对人类健康的最大威胁，不仅影响听力，还影响睡眠、大脑发育和心血管健康。A. well-being健康；B. intelligence智力；C. interaction相互作用；D. behavior行为。根据下文“affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health.”可知，此处表示噪音是人类健康的最大威胁。故选A。
41．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Abdulali声称孟买是世界上声音最大的城市。A. largest最大的；B. busiest最繁忙的；C. loudest最大声的；D. richest最富有的。根据下文“A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits.”可知，孟买及周边地区的噪音水平大大超过了法律限制，所以此处表示Abdulali称孟买是世界上声音最大的城市。故选C。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，与噪音的斗争变得越来越困难，Abdulali经常面临强大的利益集团，他们认为噪音是经济发展的必然副产品。A. difficult困难的；B. successful成功的；C. diverse多样的；D. easy容易的。根据下文“with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth.”可知，强大的利益集团认为噪音是经济发展的必然副产品，所以与噪音的斗争会变得越来越困难。故选A。
43．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着城市化程度的提高，越来越多的人暴露在持续的噪音中。A. availability可利用性；B. capitalization资本化；C. urbanization城市化；D. convenience方便。根据下文“In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules ___9___ development plans.”可知，此处表示城市化的程度的提高。故选C。
44．考查介词短语辨析。句意：在孟买这样一个人口超过1200万的快速扩张城市，对住房的需求使噪音规定与发展计划相冲突。A. in pace with与……步调一致；B. in contact with与……保持联系；C. in league with与……勾结；D. in conflict with与……冲突。根据上文“In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules”以及语境可知，对住房的需求使得噪音的规定和发展计划冲突。故选D。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管建筑项目需要隔音屏障，但它们价格昂贵，因此开发商拒绝安装。A. recommend推荐；B. justify证明……是正当的；C. resist抵制；D. advocate提倡。根据上文“Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive,”可知，隔音屏障价格昂贵，所以开发商会拒绝安装。故选C。
46．考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，技术可以帮助对抗，Vijay说。A. government政府；B. technology技术；C. finance金融；D. psychology心理学。根据下文“He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer ___12___ drivers rewards like deductions on car insurance.”以及“Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and ___13___ the urge to resort to horns, he says.”可知，使用设备测量喇叭使用情况，与红绿灯相连的传感器检测交通密度的动态信号改善车辆流量，即技术可以帮助对抗道路上的噪音。故选B。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他建议使用测量喇叭使用情况的设备，让官员为安静的司机提供奖励，比如汽车保险扣减。A. quiet安静的；B. brave勇敢的；C. safe安全；D. alert警觉的。根据上文“Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels(分贝)—a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure,”以及语境可知，此处表示测量司机的喇叭的使用情况，使用喇叭较少的司机产生的噪音少，即安静的司机。故选A。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说，与红绿灯相连的传感器检测交通密度的动态信号将改善车辆流量，减少使用喇叭的冲动。A. trigger触发；B. satisfy满足；C. reduce减少；D. maintain维持。根据上文“Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow”以及常识可知，车辆流量被改善之后，司机按喇叭的冲动会减少。故选C。
49．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当地政府也采取了行动。A. steps in介入；B. takes over接管；C. cuts in打断；D. takes off起飞。根据下文“Mumbai decreed India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1, 000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists.”可知，当地政府也介入，采取了行动。故选A。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们的仪式噪音本身就超出了允许的范围。A. traffic交通；B. construction建设；C. ceremony典礼，仪式；D. background背景。根据上文“In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,”以及下文“noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.”可知，此处表示庆祝活动的噪音本身就超出了被允许的范围。故选C。
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）What will you do when you are hungry Of course, anyone would go and grab something to eat. And then, what determines the 51 of food you take in You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger. The conventional concept that 52 is the key factor is open to challenge. In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake (摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our 53 need for energy. Some of the factors include our eating 54 and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown that 55 eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption. Even simple 56 clues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term 57 also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them — 58 , how much they remembered eating.
This difference suggests that the recall of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our 59 than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
These findings agree with the earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes 60 our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two 61 occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s 62 said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling 63 when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calories shake.
What does this mean to our eating habits Although it hardly seems practical to cheat ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benifit of focusing on our food, avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight against 64 while we are eating. By 65 mindful eating techniques, you have the opportunity to change your current eating habits by becoming more self-aware and in tune to your body’s hunger cues.
51．A．quality B．amount C．nutrient D．variety
52．A．deliciousness B．hunger C．nutrition D．flavor
53．A．occasional B．potential C．external D．biological
54．A．environment B．content C．time D．ability
55．A．habitual B．purposeful C．unfocused D．absorbed
56．A．optional B．visual C．hidden D．flexible
57．A．vacancy B．hunger C．supply D．memory
58．A．in other words B．as a whole C．by all means D．all in all
59．A．motive B．growth C．appetite D．health
60．A．advocate B．trick C．justify D．enhance
61．A．identical B．alternative C．dependent D．separate
62．A．label B．function C．usage D．material
63．A．wiser B．healthier C．happier D．fuller
64．A．distress B．waste C．distraction D．fullness
65．A．employing B．perceiving C．clarifying D．assuming
【答案】
51．B 52．B 53．D 54．A 55．C 56．B 57．D 58．A 59．C 60．B 61．D 62．A 63．D 64．C 65．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了影响食物摄入量的因素以及饮食策略。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，是什么决定了你摄入的食物量？A. quality质量；B. amount数量；C. nutrient营养物质；D. variety类别。根据第3空所在的“In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake (摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our 3 need for energy. ”可知，此处讨论的是事物的摄入量，故选B项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：饥饿是关键因素的传统观念是可以挑战的。A. deliciousness美味；B. hunger饥饿；C. nutrition营养；D. flavor味道。根据前文的“You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger.”(如果你的答案是饥饿的程度，那么你可能是不对的)可知，传统的观念认为饥饿是影响食物摄入量的关键因素，故选B项。
53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，越来越多的研究表明，我们的食欲和食物摄入量除了我们对能量的生理需求外，还受到许多因素的影响。A. occasional偶然的；B. potential潜在的；C. external外部的；D. biological生理的。此处的需求指的是饥饿，这是人的一种生理需求，故选D项。
54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中一些因素包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。A. environment环境；B. content内容；C. time时间；D. ability能力。根据第5空的“Studies have shown that 5 eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption.”( 研究表明，饮食，例如，边看电视边吃，或类似的分心行为，会增加饥饿感和食物消耗。)可知，此处指的是饮食环境会影响食物摄入量，故选A项。
55．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，不集中注意力的饮食，例如，边看电视边吃，或类似的分心行为，会增加饥饿感和食物消耗。A. habitual习惯的；B. purposeful故意的；C. unfocused心不在焉的；D. absorbed全神贯注的。根据“eating while watching TV”可知，此处指的是不集中注意力地吃饭，故选C项。
56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是简单的视觉线索，如盘子大小和照明，也被证明会影响消费。A. optional选择的；B. visual视觉的；C. hidden隐藏的；D. flexible灵活的。根据“like plate size and lighting”可知，这些指的是视觉影响，故选B项。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究表明，我们的短期记忆也可能在食欲中发挥作用。A. vacancy空缺；B. hunger饥饿；C. supply供给；D. memory记忆。根据第8空的“how much they remembered eating”可知，此处指的是短期记忆的影响，故选D项。
58．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：饭后几个小时，人们的饥饿程度不是通过他们吃了多少来预测的，而是通过他们已经看到面前有多少食物来预测的——换句话说，就是他们记得吃了多少。A. in other words换句话说；B. as a whole作为整体；C. by all means千方百计；D. all in all总而言之。根据句意可知，后半句是对前句的解释说明，“换句话说”，故选A项。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：布里斯托尔大学实验心理学教授杰弗里·M·布伦斯特罗姆说，这种差异表明，记起上一顿饭对我们的食欲的影响可能比实际饭量更大。A. motive动机；B. growth成长；C. appetite胃口；D. health健康。本文主要谈论对饭量，即胃口的影响因素，故选C项。
60．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与早期的研究一致，早期的研究表明，我们对食物的感知有时会欺骗我们身体对食物本身的反应。A. advocate倡议；B. trick欺骗；C. justify为……辩解、说明；D. enhance巩固。根据后文的“people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones ”可知，此处指的是我们对事物的感知带来的欺骗性，故选B项。
61．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，在2011年的一项研究中，在两个不同的场合喝同一杯380卡路里的奶昔的人产生了不同水平的饥饿相关激素, 这取决于奶昔的标签上说它含有620卡路里还是140卡路里。A. identical同样的；B. alternative可供选择的；C. dependent依赖的；D. separate分隔的。根据语境可知，这是一个对比实验，在不同的场合喝同样的食物，符合实验逻辑，故选D项。
62．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. label标签；B. function功能；C. usage用途；D. material材料。根据常识可知，食物的卡路里数量一般标记在标签上，故选A项。
63．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，参与者报告说，当他们认为自己摄入了更高热量的奶昔时，会感到更饱。A. wiser更明智的；B. healthier更健康的；C. happier更开心的；D. fuller更饱的。根据前文提到欺骗性可知，当参与者认为自己吃了更高热量的食物时，会觉得更饱，这正是欺骗性的一种体现，故选D项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所谓的正念饮食策略可以在我们吃饭时对抗分心。A. distress忧虑、悲伤；B. waste废物；C. distraction分散注意力；D. fullness饱。根据前文提到的不集中注意力的饮食会增加饮食消耗可知，我们需要对抗这种饮食中的分心来控制食物摄入量，故选C项。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过使用注意饮食的技巧，你有机会通过变得更加自我意识和适应身体的饥饿提示来改变你目前的饮食习惯。A. employing雇佣，运用；B. perceiving感知；C. clarifying澄清；D. assuming假定。根据“mindful eating techniques”可知，此处指的是采用正念饮食策略，故选A项。
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big 66 you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then 67 how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with 68 . Some use outlining to flesh out and 69 their ideas, but is that the best strategy If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a 70 that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) 71 is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to 72 . Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and 73 but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about
What is a mind map Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a 74 diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or 75 to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where 76 . Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s 77 . You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 78 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. 79 , it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re 80 a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
66．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
67．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
68．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
69．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
70．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
71．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
72．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
73．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
74．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
75．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
76．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
77．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
78．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
79．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
80．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
【答案】
66．C 67．D 68．B 69．A 70．C 71．B 72．A 73．D 74．C 75．A 76．B 77．C 78．B 79．A 80．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了思维导图以及思维导图在发表演讲、写研究论文或负责项目中的使用。
66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这时，你面临的最大问题是如何组织这些想法。A. purpose目的；B. change改变；C. question问题；D. project项目。根据下文“how to organize those thoughts”可知，如何组织这些想法是你面临的最大问题。故选C。
67．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你需要集思广益，想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。A. turn out结果是；B. take out取出；C. give out释放；发出；D. figure out弄清楚。根据上文“You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then”可知，你需要想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。故选D。
68．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。A. consequently结果；B. frequently频繁地；经常；C. entirely完全地；D. barely仅仅；勉强；几乎不。根据上文“just two cases”以及常识可知，这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。故选B。
69．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人用大纲来充实和组织他们的想法，但这是最好的策略吗？A. organize组织；B. express表达；C. share分享；D. spread传播。根据上文“how those ideas fit together”可知，此处指用大纲来组织想法。故选A。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：进入思维导图，这是一种显示不同想法和事实如何相互关联的技术。A. process过程；B. foundation基础；C. technique技术；技巧；D. result结果。根据下文“that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another”可知，此处指在给思维导图下定义，思维导图是一个技巧。故选C。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种二维结构旨在帮助你记住信息，因为它的格式很容易让你的大脑记住。A. route路线；B. structure结构；C. objective目的；D. direction方向。根据空前的“two-dimensional ”可知，思维导图是一个二维结构。故选B。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. remember记住；B. confirm证实；C. draw画画；D. design设计。根据下文“help you remember information”可知，思维导图的格式很容易让你的大脑记住，remember是原词复现。故选A。
73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：思维导图不仅能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。A. confidence自信心；B. capacity能力；C. efficiency效率；D. creativity创造力。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及常识可知，思维导图能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。故选D。
74．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：简单地说，就是将一个人的想法以一个中心思想开始的视觉图表的形式表达出来。A. vivid生动的；B. special特殊的；C. visual视觉的；D. normal正常的。根据下文“Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. (将这个想法放在页面中间的气泡中，线条向包含相关主题或概念的其他气泡辐射。)”可知，思维导图是以视觉图表的形式表达出来的。故选C。
75．考查名词词义辨析。句意：用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。A. images图像；形象；B. sentences句子；C. passages通道；章节；D. languages语言。根据下文“Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. (研究表明，这种使用图片、颜色和视觉排列的技术使人们对信息的回忆和记忆提高了10%至15%。)”以及常识可知，思维导图是用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。故选A。
76．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些关联通常会导致其他想法，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。A. obvious明显的；B. appropriate合适的；C. meaningful有意义的； D. empty空的。根据空前“in smaller branches”可知，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。故选B。
77．考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。A. function功能；B. extension拓展；延申；C. connection联系；D. determination决心。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 13 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.”可知，使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。connection与是links and associations同义词复现。故选C。
78．考查动词词义辨析。句意：空间的安排激发了创造力，使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想。A. encouraging鼓励；B. enabling使能够；C. reminding提醒；D. informing告知。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”可知，空间的安排激发了创造力，从而使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想，此处是现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
79．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还提高了一个人的生产力，因为思维导图可以更容易地更快地学习，同时更有效地交流。A. Additionally此外；B. Sincerely真诚地；C. Briefly简要地；D. Generally通常。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及下文“it increases one’s productivity”可知，此处应用additionally表示递进关系。故选A。
80．考查介词短语辨析。句意：所以，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！A. in love with爱上；B. in terms of就……而言；C. in favour of赞成；D. in charge of负责。根据上文“You have to make a speech. You have done your research.”可知，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！故选D。
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）It is Nobel Prize week, the one week every year when people from all corners of the globe celebrate science, read about ribosomes (核糖体), and give their best shot at trying to understand particle physics. It is also the one week when science is guaranteed some prime headline space on mainstream news outlets. And yet the science Nobels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) 81 view of science.
The problem starts with the 82 of prize-winners selected every year. The rules governing the Nobel Prize 83 it to just three winners in each category. This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being 84 .
As a matter of fact, science has never been a(n) 85 effort. Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others to 86 advance the boundaries of human knowledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries without 87 work by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several others.
To make matters worse, typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the 88 was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher. It is precisely these 89 researchers who are in greater need of the Nobel Prize money than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisors.
More basically, awarding the prizes to only three scientists spreads a vision of science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are not given 90 recognition, the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat. This can only 91 gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further along in an academic career.
Any one of these reasons is sufficient to 92 the Nobel Prizes. Here is one idea: Award the Nobel Prizes not to 93 but for discoveries; donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research.
A science-oriented Nobel, rather than a scientist-oriented one, would educate the public in the most important scientific developments and, 94 , stimulate new scientific progress by using the prize money to fund the next generation of researchers. Science works best when the 95 of one generation of scientists are paid forward to drive the next to even greater heights. That is to say, scientists of different generations work with joint efforts to support future scientific advancements for the betterment of society as a whole.
81．A．strange B．outdated C．all-round D．advanced
82．A．quality B．diversity C．discipline D．figure
83．A．restrict B．extend C．relate D．apply
84．A．employed B．ignored C．respected D．nominated
85．A．terrific B．constant C．intellectual D．individual
86．A．naturally B．rapidly C．gradually D．personally
87．A．previous B．subsequent C．physical D．commercial
88．A．employees B．addressees C．awardees D．refugees
89．A．chief-position B．early-career C．senior-management D．academic-world
90．A．due B．immediate C．literary D．governmental
91．A．turn down B．level off C．take away D．step up
92．A．claim B．reform C．present D．announce
93．A．organizers B．researchers C．sponsors D．supervisors
94．A．in fact B．in comparison C．in theory D．in turn
95．A．legends B．spirits C．achievements D．mysteries
【答案】
81．B 82．D 83．A 84．B 85．D 86．C 87．A 88．C 89．B 90．A 91．D 92．B 93．B 94．D 95．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章分析了诺贝科学奖存在的问题，并给出了解决办法。作者认为当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。
81．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，诺贝尔科学奖(医学奖、物理学奖和化学奖)却呈现出一种过时的科学观。A. strange奇怪的；B. outdated陈旧的；过时的；C. all-round多才多艺的；D. advanced高级的。根据下文“The problem starts with the 2 of prize-winners selected every year.”可知，此处说明是一个问题，因此推断诺贝尔和平奖呈现出一种过时的科学观点。故选B。
82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题始于每年选出的获奖者的数量。 A. quality质量；B. diversity多样性；多样化；C. discipline纪律；训练；D. figure数字。根据下文“just three winners in each category”可知，此处说的是获奖者的数量。故选D。
83．考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理诺贝尔奖的法规限制在每个类别中只有三名获奖者。A. restrict限制；B. extend延长；C. relate联系；D. apply申请。根据下文“This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being 4 .”可知，管理规定限制每个类别只有三名获奖者。故选A。
84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，对于每一个被授予诺贝尔奖的发现，大多数有贡献的科学家最终都被忽视。A. employed雇佣；B. ignored忽视；C. respected尊重；D. nominated提名；任命。根据前文“just three winners in each category”可知，每个类别仅有三名获奖者，因此大部分有贡献的科学家被忽视。故选B。
85．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学从来不是个人的努力。A. terrific极好的；B. constant不断的；C. intellectual智力的；D. individual个人的。根据下文“Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists.( 艾萨克·牛顿站在“巨人的肩膀上”;尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”是成千上万工程师和科学家实现的梦想。)”可知，科学不是个人的努力。故选D。
86．考查副词词义辨析。句意：科学一直以来都是一个重复的过程，在这个过程中，个人利用他人的发现，逐步推进人类知识的边界。A. naturally自然地；B. rapidly快速地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. personally亲自地。根据上文“Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others”可知，科学是个人利用他人的发现逐渐提高的。故选C。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦凭借他独自撰写的一篇论文获得了诺贝尔奖，但如果没有马克斯·普朗克、詹姆斯·麦克斯韦和其他几个人以前的工作，他就不可能有这些发现。A. previous以前的；B. subsequent随后的；C. physical身体的；D. commercial商业的。根据前文“Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries”可知，爱因斯坦利用了其他科学家以前的所做的工作。故选A。
88．考查名词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，诺贝尔奖的典型特点是，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的任何出版物的第一作者。A. employees雇员；B. addressees地址；C. awardees受奖者；D. refugees难民。根据下文“The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.( 一篇科学论文的第一作者通常是亲自做实验室工作的人，通常是研究生或年轻的博士后研究员。)”可知，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的出版物的第一作者。故选C。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是这些初入职场的研究人员比他们的终身导师更需要诺贝尔奖奖金。A. chief-position首席位置；B. early-career早期职业生涯；C. senior-management高级管理人员；D. academic-world学术界。根据上文“usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher”可知，这些都是初入职场的研究人员。故选B。
90．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过确保研究生没有得到应有的认可，这些奖项强化了科学家作为一个穿着实验室大褂的白人老头的错误形象。A. due预期的、应有的；B. immediate立刻的；C. literary文学的；D. governmental政府的。根据上文“typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the 8 was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.”可知，研究生不能获得应有的认可，获得奖项。故选A。
91．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这只会加剧科学领域的性别和种族不平等，尤其是在以后的学术生涯中。A. turn down拒绝；B. level off趋平；C. take away剥夺；拿走；D. step up使加快速度、加剧。根据前文“the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat”可推断，这也加剧了科学领域的性别和种族不平等。故选D。
92．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些理由中的任何一个都足以改革诺贝尔奖。A. claim声称、索取；B. reform改革；C. present赠送；D. announce宣布。上文讲述了诺贝奖项存在问题，结合下文内容“Here is one idea:…”可推断，诺贝尔奖需要改革。故选B。
93．考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖不是颁给研究人员，而是颁给发现；将奖金捐赠给一个国际科学基金，以促进每年获奖研究领域的进一步探索。A. organizers组织者；B. researchers研究人员；C. sponsors赞助商；D. supervisors监督者。根据下文“donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research”可知，诺贝尔奖不要颁发给研究者个人。故选B。
94．考查介词短语辨析。句意：一个以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖，而不是以科学家为导向的诺贝尔奖，将在最重要的科学发展中教育公众，转而，通过使用奖金资助下一代研究人员，刺激新的科学进步。A. in fact实际上；B. in comparison比较；C. in theory理论上；D. in turn转而。根据前后文语境可知，以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖可以教育公众，转而奖金可以资助下一代研究人员，刺激科学进步。故选D。
95．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。A. legends传说；B. spirits精神；C. achievements成就；D. mysteries神秘。根据下文“to drive the next to even greater heights”可知，要发扬广大一代科学家的成就，推动下一代科学家，科学才能发挥最好的作用。故选C。
（2023上·上海·高三校考期中）Is a Science-Based Education the Way to Go
In this present age when we are heavily dependent on science and technology, a science-based education system naturally becomes prevalent to equip the young with knowledge of the 96 of our world around them. The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy, certainly help us to grasp not only the 97 of Earth, but also the significance of human beings in the universe. Moreover, as people naturally have an inborn desire to control the environment, a science-based education seems to be well 98 to humanity’s inquisitive nature. 99 , it remains questionable whether a science-based education is able to paint a complete picture of the专题02 定语从句+口语2+完形填空
·模块一 定语从句考点归纳
·模块二 口语：情景提问
·模块三 完形填空
·模块四 高考常考词组2
·模块五 2024届上海高三名校真题速递
关系词
关系代词
关系副词
考点一：区分用关系代词还是关系副词。
先判断定语从句句子成分，若从句缺主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补，则用关系代词，指人用who或that，宾格用whom或that，指人或物的定语用whose，指物用which或that，as则用于固定搭配the same/such/so....as中；注意：关系代词作宾语时可以省略，此时容易做错题目。
若缺状语则用关系副词，先行词是时间用when，地点用where，原因用why。
This is the man who/that helped me when I was in trouble.
The doctor (whom/that) you are looking for is in the room.
The cows which/that may have been exposed to BSE will be destroyed.
That’s the students whose application we have just read.
I’m wearing the same dress as you wore yesterday. (同一类)
This is the same dress that you wore yesterday. (同一个)
They talked in such simple English as children could understand. (定语从句)
They talked in such simple English that children could understand it. (结果状语从句)
Do you know the year when The Declaration of Independence was published
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy
I know the reason (which/that) he explained at the meeting.
考点二：先行词为抽象时间和地点名词。
常考抽象时间：occasion；常考抽象地点：case, point, situation, circumstance, stage, state, position等。
There are occasions when joking is not permissible.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
考点三：关系代词只用that, which或who的情况。
用that的情况：
1、先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
2、先行词有the very, the only, the same, all, any, each, every, few, little, no, one of等词修饰时。
3、先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
4、先行词是数词或被数词修饰。
5、先行词既有人又有物时。
6、在以which，who，what引起的问句中。
7、关系代词在限定性从句中作表语。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
用which的情况：
1、非限制性定语从句中。
2、关系代词前有介词时。
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
用who的情况：
1、先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时。
2、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
3、在there be 开头的句子中。
4、一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
考点四：非限制性定语从句及其关系代词as, which的用法区别。
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用，用逗号与主句隔开。关系词只有who, whom, whose, which, as, when, where。其中as与which都可指主句整个句子。其区别为：
1、位置不同
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 引导的定语从句可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
Jack, as you know, is an honest man.
2、先行词不同
as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
He was proud, which his brother never was.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
3、as有“正如”、“就像”之意，对主句内容进行评述，which则没有此含义。
常用的结构有as we know; as often happens; as is often the case; as we all can see; as is announced/
expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。
4、which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.
考点五：介词+关系代词（which，whom，whose）的情况。
1、介词+关系代词
2、名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
3、形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
4、介词+关系代词+名词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
Mandela was the black lawyer for whose advice I asked.
He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.
考点六：the way后、分隔式和有插入语的定语从句
What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it.
The country has a river flowing through the city that plays an important part in the lives of its people.
This is the womanwho the musician said was regarded as the best pianist in the country.
测量目标：能运用所学的语言功能意念知识/根据情景要求进行询问以获得所需的信息。
答题时，首先应该正确理解所给情景，其次要针对情景中需要解决的问题提问，也就是要问在点子上。尤其是当有些题目对提问的范围已做出明显的限制时，更要注意提问的有效性。另外根据指示语的要求，对每个情景所提的两个问题中，一定要有一个特殊疑问句，不能是两个一般疑问句。但两个问题都是特殊疑问句的话是可以接受的。
情景提问部分评分标准：
1分 能对所给的情景进行提问，内容恰当，问句结构正确。
0.5分 提问基本符合情景要求，但语言结构有错误。
0分 不能提问或提问不符合情景要求。
(注：1.对同一情景问两个一般疑问句，第二个问题得0.5分；2.两个问题针对同一信息，第二个问题得0.5分；3.问两个特殊疑问句不扣分。）
Directions: Ask two questions about each situation given below. At least one special question should be asked about each situation.
Questions 1-2: Your American teacher is going to give you drama lessons this semester. You ask the teacher about the lessons.
Question 1:
Question 2:
Questions 3-4: You are going to visit a royal palace in Thailand. You ask your tour guide about the royal palace.
Question 3:
Question 4:
1、解题步骤
1）要快速通读全文，了解文章大意，正确分析、归纳文章主旨。
2）在理解文章大意基础上，对每道题所给的词语进行剖析，考虑语境，上下呼应，运用逻辑 思维进行推理，再根据自己最有把握的、最熟悉的短语、习惯用语、动词形式和句子结构等， 先完成简单的，把难的留在后面。
3）再次细读全文，集中精力解决难点，填补空缺。
4）答题完毕，遵循由整体到局部、由局部到整体的规律，再耐心通读全文，认真复查所选答 案是否得当，语法是否正确，逻辑推理是否合理。
2、解题技巧
1）精读首句，把握主题。
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the most famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2）注意句子逻辑关系。——并列、递进、对立（转折/对比/让步）、因果、例证等。
并列：
Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels, and to protect them from sun damage or other __45__ such as a spilled cup of coffee.
45. A. accidents B. appliances C. measures D. drinks
因果：
Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims.
Students in the study became anxious even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald’s so quickly on screen that they could not __42__ it.
42. A. recognize B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
对立：
Participants also preferred time-saving products like three-in-one skincare treatments rather than __49__ versions after seeing the logos.
49. A. separate B. special C. expensive D. original
总分：
The outcomes may well vary according to individual responses to the drugs. __47__, some research has found that while stimulants can improve test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.
47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand
递进：
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. ___55___, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.
55.A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. For instance
3）根据上下文，理解语篇。——句意理解、词汇复现、释义
词汇复现：
We are flooded by emails, texts, or the news feeds on our Facebook pages. My friend Ron refers to this technology as “weapons of mass distraction.”
But how is this mass distraction affecting our degree of presence and ability to attend to the everyday demands of life .........
The __45__ is just part of the larger picture. Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops.
45. A. attention B. association C. demand D. distraction
释义：
She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the ___43___, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatments, there’s a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.
43. A. media B. tradition C. reality D. textbook
句意理解：
Clichés can be __42__ according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or __43__ phrases.
42. A. confirmed B. quoted C. inferred D. classified
43. A. invented B. customized C. recognized D. underlined
(A) 需要熟记的词组
ban sb. from doing/a ban on 禁止…做
a barrier to progress 进步的障碍
block one's progress 阻碍某人进步
be in balance 在平衡状态
a dead battery 电池没电了
bear sth. in mind 记住
be behind me in English. 英语比我差
fall behind /out of date 落后/过时了
for the time being 暂时
be beneficial to …对…有好处
beyond one's imagination 超出想象
believe in 相信
belong to 属于
blame sb. for sth. 指责…有错
bother about 为担心
boast of 对…自豪、吹嘘
go on board the plane 登上飞机
break the bad habit 改掉坏习惯
bring sb. up 养育某人
browse through a book 随便翻看书
burst into laughter 忍不住大笑
build up energy 积蓄能量
take sth. by mistake 拿错
by means of 以…为手段
rise /increase/decrease by 10% 增长10%
a barrier to progress 进步的障石
be born in 出生于
be blind in both eyes 双目失明
break out （火、战争）爆发
bring about 造成结果
(B) 单词中容易混淆的词
base / basis
beat / win
block / barrier
(C) 常考句型
It wasn’t long before sb. did sth.
当时没过多久就…
It won’t be long before sb. do / does sth.
不久后就将
It wasn’t long before he realize the mistake.
当时不久他就发现了错误
It won’t be long before we get reunited again.
不久我们就将重聚
一、定语从句
1．This is the reason he didn’t come to the meeting.
A．when B．why C．that D．who
2．There is a girl sells China Daily around the corner.
A．who B．where C．in which D．which
3．Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded
A．which B．that C．when D．whose
4．—Do you like the weekly program Readers on CCTV
— Sure. It’s a great TV program _________ can develop the habit of reading.
A．who B．that C．what D．whose
5． is well known to us, Tianjin has a history of more than 600 years.
A．As B．What C．Where D．It
6．Most women identified at least one trusted friends ________ they could turn for help.
A．to which B．on which C．to whom D．on whom
7．________ is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.
A．Which B．That C．As D．What
8．Mary, ________ drawings were shown at the exhibition last month, is a model student.
A．who B．which C．whom D．whose
9．Written Chinese has also become an important means China’s present is connected with its past.
A．for which B．on which C．by which D．on that
10．Last summer holiday, I went back to my hometown, __________ the neighbors and the house __________ I used to be familiar with were gone.
A．only finding; which B．only to find; that C．to find; where D．found; that
11．That boy was rude to the conductor, ______ of course, made things even worse.
A．who B．whom C．what D．which
12．John, a professor at the King’s College London, is one of the small but growing minority ______ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
A．what B．which C．where D．who
13．A Disney-themed airplane, ________ body huge Mickey Mouse figures were painted, appeared in Shanghai.
A．of which B．across whose C．across which D．of whose
14．The absolute most important skill ________ you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions.
A．that B．what C．whether D．how
15．________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
A．As; whose B．It; whom C．It; whose D．As; whom
16．She is half-way through the preparation years, ________ most foreign students completes before applying for a degree course.
A．in which B．which C．of which D．when
17．My mother is grateful to the surgeon, without________ first aid she would never rose to her feet again.
A．whom B．his. C．which D．whose
18．Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually.
A．what B．that C．where D．which
19．Celeste Ng’s latest book, plot is quite new and original, has received a lot of attention.
A．which B．where C．whose D．that
20．—Do you know the girl with ________ we talked just now
—Of course. She is my best friend.
A．whose B．which C．who D．whom
二、完形填空
（2023上·上海松江·高三统考期末）Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry 21 , when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of 22 flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a 23 for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can 24 a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under 25 , called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably 26 a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to 27 operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired 28 predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above 29 expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n) 30 process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to 31 its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis 32 practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to 33 in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. 34 , there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience 35 only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
21．A．cooperator B．competitor C．observer D．pioneer
22．A．wind-driven B．battery-driven C．gas-driven D．solar-driven
23．A．substitute B．shelter C．treatment D．desire
24．A．regulate B．maintain C．unlock D．reverse
25．A．pressure B．attack C．development D．repair
26．A．underestimate B．update C．outpace D．overdo
27．A．rigid B．autonomous C．attentive D．illegal
28．A．daring B．discouraging C．unclear D．ordinary
29．A．technological B．unrealistic C．rewarding D．enthusiastic
30．A．efficient B．simple C．lengthy D．intelligent
31．A．put off B．speed up C．object to D．approve of
32．A．historically B．technically C．theoretically D．economically
33．A．the learned B．the disabled C．the seniors D．the masses
34．A．Furthermore B．However C．Fortunately D．Consequently
35．A．affordable B．valuable C．unbelievable D．unsuitable
（2023上·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考期中）In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing (大声吼叫的) street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs. Living in Mumbai requires a huge 36 for noise.
When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago, friends, acquaintances and even her lawyers insisted it was 37 . “People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,” she says. “We’re a noisy country.”
But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to 38 environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival. 39 , the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship. And she has since won more than a dozen other actions both on her own and via the Awaaz Foundation (awaaz means “noise” in Hindi), which she launched in 2006.
The World Health Organization warns that noise is a top threat to human 40 , affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health. Abdulali claims Mumbai is the world’s 41 city. A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits.
In recent years, the battle against noise has become increasingly 42 , with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth. With increasing 43 , ever more people are exposed to continuous noise. In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules 44 development plans. Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive, so developers 45 installing them.
Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels (分贝) — a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Luckily, 46 can help in the fight, Vijay says. He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer 47 drivers rewards like deductions (扣除) on car insurance. Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and 48 the urge to resort to horns, he says. Local government also 49 . Mumbai decreed (颁布) India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1,000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists.
Far more important is the longer-term impact of the day-to-day noise, so that’s where Vijay believes activists should focus their energy. “In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,” he says. “But our 50 noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.”
36．A．talent B．potential C．demand D．tolerance
37．A．encouraging B．reasonable C．ridiculous D．depressing
38．A．take advantage of B．put an end to C．lay emphasis on D．throw light on
39．A．Therefore B．Similarly C．Subsequently D．However
40．A．well-being B．intelligence C．interaction D．behavior
41．A．largest B．busiest C．loudest D．richest
42．A．difficult B．successful C．diverse D．easy
43．A．availability B．capitalization C．urbanization D．convenience
44．A．in pace with B．in contact with C．in league with D．in conflict with
45．A．recommend B．justify C．resist D．advocate
46．A．government B．technology C．finance D．psychology
47．A．quiet B．brave C．safe D．alert
48．A．trigger B．satisfy C．reduce D．maintain
49．A．steps in B．takes over C．cuts in D．takes off
50．A．traffic B．construction C．ceremony D．background
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）What will you do when you are hungry Of course, anyone would go and grab something to eat. And then, what determines the 51 of food you take in You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger. The conventional concept that 52 is the key factor is open to challenge. In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake (摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our 53 need for energy. Some of the factors include our eating 54 and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown that 55 eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption. Even simple 56 clues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term 57 also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them — 58 , how much they remembered eating.
This difference suggests that the recall of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our 59 than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
These findings agree with the earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes 60 our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two 61 occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s 62 said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling 63 when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calories shake.
What does this mean to our eating habits Although it hardly seems practical to cheat ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benifit of focusing on our food, avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight against 64 while we are eating. By 65 mindful eating techniques, you have the opportunity to change your current eating habits by becoming more self-aware and in tune to your body’s hunger cues.
51．A．quality B．amount C．nutrient D．variety
52．A．deliciousness B．hunger C．nutrition D．flavor
53．A．occasional B．potential C．external D．biological
54．A．environment B．content C．time D．ability
55．A．habitual B．purposeful C．unfocused D．absorbed
56．A．optional B．visual C．hidden D．flexible
57．A．vacancy B．hunger C．supply D．memory
58．A．in other words B．as a whole C．by all means D．all in all
59．A．motive B．growth C．appetite D．health
60．A．advocate B．trick C．justify D．enhance
61．A．identical B．alternative C．dependent D．separate
62．A．label B．function C．usage D．material
63．A．wiser B．healthier C．happier D．fuller
64．A．distress B．waste C．distraction D．fullness
65．A．employing B．perceiving C．clarifying D．assuming
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big 66 you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then 67 how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with 68 . Some use outlining to flesh out and 69 their ideas, but is that the best strategy If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a 70 that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) 71 is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to 72 . Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and 73 but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about
What is a mind map Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a 74 diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or 75 to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where 76 . Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s 77 . You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 78 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. 79 , it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re 80 a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
66．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
67．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
68．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
69．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
70．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
71．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
72．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
73．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
74．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
75．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
76．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
77．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
78．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
79．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
80．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）It is Nobel Prize week, the one week every year when people from all corners of the globe celebrate science, read about ribosomes (核糖体), and give their best shot at trying to understand particle physics. It is also the one week when science is guaranteed some prime headline space on mainstream news outlets. And yet the science Nobels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) 81 view of science.
The problem starts with the 82 of prize-winners selected every year. The rules governing the Nobel Prize 83 it to just three winners in each category. This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being 84 .
As a matter of fact, science has never been a(n) 85 effort. Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others to 86 advance the boundaries of human knowledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries without 87 work by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several others.
To make matters worse, typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the 88 was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher. It is precisely these 89 researchers who are in greater need of the Nobel Prize money than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisors.
More basically, awarding the prizes to only three scientists spreads a vision of science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are not given 90 recognition, the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat. This can only 91 gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further along in an academic career.
Any one of these reasons is sufficient to 92 the Nobel Prizes. Here is one idea: Award the Nobel Prizes not to 93 but for discoveries; donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research.
A science-oriented Nobel, rather than a scientist-oriented one, would educate the public in the most important scientific developments and, 94 , stimulate new scientific progress by using the prize money to fund the next generation of researchers. Science works best when the 95 of one generation of scientists are paid forward to drive the next to even greater heights. That is to say, scientists of different generations work with joint efforts to support future scientific advancements for the betterment of society as a whole.
81．A．strange B．outdated C．all-round D．advanced
82．A．quality B．diversity C．discipline D．figure
83．A．restrict B．extend C．relate D．apply
84．A．employed B．ignored C．respected D．nominated
85．A．terrific B．constant C．intellectual D．individual
86．A．naturally B．rapidly C．gradually D．personally
87．A．previous B．subsequent C．physical D．commercial
88．A．employees B．addressees C．awardees D．refugees
89．A．chief-position B．early-career C．senior-management D．academic-world
90．A．due B．immediate C．literary D．governmental
91．A．turn down B．level off C．take away D．step up
92．A．claim B．reform C．present D．announce
93．A．organizers B．researchers C．sponsors D．supervisors
94．A．in fact B．in comparison C．in theory D．in turn
95．A．legends B．spirits C．achievements D．mysteries
（2023上·上海·高三校考期中）Is a Science-Based Education the Way to Go
In this present age when we are heavily dependent on science and technology, a science-based education system naturally becomes prevalent to equip the young with knowledge of the 96 of our world around them. The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy, certainly help us to grasp not only the 97 of Earth, but also the significance of human beings in the universe. Moreover, as people naturally have an inborn desire to control the environment, a science-based education seems to be well 98 to humanity’s inquisitive nature. 99 , it remains questionable whether a science-based education is able to paint a complete picture of the world.
Certainly, it equips us with the knowledge of 100 which is necessary for us to make sense of the world. By laying the foundation of the skills in students, they will be equipped with the necessary skills to discover the world as 101 by science today. A classic example is Gregor Mendel’s famous pea plant experiment. Without this, we would not have understood the 102 of our genes, nor the reasons why offspring may look strikingly similar to their parents.
Additionally, the scientific method highlights the importance of 103 , which is instrumental in the acquisition of knowledge. In a typical science-based educational system, students are taught to objectively analyze empirical data and derive scientific principles. Besides, a science-based education empowers us to 104 preconceived(预想的) concepts instead of merely accepting “facts” at face value.
Despite its 105 , a science-based education does not always enlighten us about certain aspects of the world that can’t be rationalized through the scientific method. Though it explains how the world works, it is lacking as it does not 106 much about why things happen. For example, science can provide a neurological explanation on how we perceive breathtaking scenery, but it can’t explain what constitutes beauty or why we are so innately drawn to it. Thus, to 107 , the Arts offer us insightful perspectives on the role of science and the world at large.
Moreover, science may have great emphasis on progress that may come at a great 108 to the world. A science-based education that focuses solely on the latest scientific breakthroughs may well 109 the study of ethical controversies and significant historical events. For instance, it remains to be seen whether cloning is morally acceptable.
In conclusion, a science-based education coupled with adequate exposure to ethics, values and the humanities would 110 students with a deeper insight into the complex nature of the world.
96．A．mechanics B．inventions C．truths D．objectives
97．A．significance B．evolution C．composition D．prospect
98．A．subjected B．reduced C．entitled D．tailored
99．A．Nevertheless B．Moreover C．Instead D．Therefore
100．A．doubt B．suspicion C．inquiry D．consultation
101．A．framed B．explained C．assessed D．justified
102．A．dependence B．burst C．consciousness D．function
103．A．objectivity B．illustration C．curiosity D．inquiry
104．A．deny B．challenge C．dismiss D．highlight
105．A．margins B．expenses C．initiatives D．virtues
106．A．worry B．care C．reveal D．enclose
107．A．draw a parallel B．make ends meet C．strike a balance D．make a comparison
108．A．cost B．advantage C．discount D．angle
109．A．underline B．prioritize C．further D．neglect
110．A．assist B．furnish C．occupy D．engage
（2023上·上海·高三上海交大附中校考期中）History suggests that societies generally overestimate the short-term implications of new technologies while underestimating longer-term ones. Current experience with artificial intelligence — the technology enabled by machine-learning — suggests we are getting it 111 this time. There’s too much talk about the potential “ 112 risk” to humanity posed by AI, and too little about our experience of it so far and corporate plans for exploiting the technology.
Although AI has been hiding in plain sight for a decade, it took most people by surprise. The appearance of ChatGPT last November signaled that the world had discovered a powerful new technology. Not for nothing is this new “generative AI” called “ 113 ”: it provides the base on which the next wave of digital innovation will be built.
It is also transformational in innumerable ways: it weakens centuries-old conceptions of intellectual property, 114 , and it has the potential radically to increase productivity, reshape industries, change the nature of some kinds of work and so on. On top of that, though, it also raises troubling questions about the 115 of humans and their capabilities.
The continuing dispute between the Hollywood studios and screenwriters’ and actors’ unions perfectly illustrates the 116 of the challenges posed by AI. Both groups are up in arms about the way online streaming has reduced their earnings. But the writers also fear their role will be 117 simply to rewriting AI-generated scripts; and actors are concerned that detailed digital scanning 118 by new movie contracts will allow studios to create persuasive deepfakes of them that studios will be able to own and use “for the rest of eternity (永久), in any project they want, with no permission and no compensation”.
So the key question for democracies is: how can we ensure AI is used for human flourishing 119 corporate gain On this question, the news from 120 is not good. A recent study by two renowned economists, Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson, of 1,000 years of technological progress shows that although some benefits have usually trickled (流) down to the 121 , the rewards have — with one exception — invariably gone to those who own and control the technology.
The “ 122 ” was a period in which democracies fostered countervailing powers (抵消力量) — civil-society organisations, free media, activists, trade unions and other progressive, technically informed institutions that supplied a steady flow of ideas about how technology could be repurposed for 123 rather than exclusively for private profit. This is the lesson from history that societies confronted by the AI challenge need to relearn.
There are some signs that governments may finally have realized the problem. The EU, for example, has an ambitious and far-reaching AI Act that is making its way through the union’s processes. In the US, the Biden administration recently published a “Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights”, which looks impressive but is 124 just a list of aspirations that some of the big tech companies claim to share.
It’s a start — provided governments don’t forget that leaving the implementation of powerful new technologies solely to corporations is always a(n) 125 idea.
111．A．the other way round B．all the way back C．one way or the other D．just in the way
112．A．economical B．existential C．economic D．commercial
113．A．distinguished B．prosperous C．pioneering D．foundational
114．A．for example B．by contrast C．in turn D．at most
115．A．prospects B．inspirations C．virtues D．uniqueness
116．A．origin B．extent C．implication D．constitution
117．A．credited B．attributed C．reduced D．exposed
118．A．enabled B．facilitated C．implemented D．possessed
119．A．as well as B．in exchange for C．rather than D．as opposed to
120．A．society B．frontier C．press D．history
121．A．corporations B．masses C．governments D．industries
122．A．exception B．reminder C．outcome D．benefit
123．A．scientific discoveries B．energy conservation C．social good D．job security
124．A．supposedly B．essentially C．necessarily D．commonly
125．A．impressive B．sensible C．outdated D．bad
（2023上·上海·高三上海市行知中学校考期中）A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay, right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical (词汇的) content,” notes linguist Barbara A．Fox, “they can play a strategic syntactic (句法的) role in a(n) 126 conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字) 127 the context. “Hey, hey, shh, shh, e on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional 128 . Um, you know, I am, I’m fine with that, but...other people”.
Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these “hesitation forms”—the sounds of stammering (uh), stuttering (um, um), throat-clearing (ahem!), stalling (well, um, that is), interjected when the speaker is searching words or 129 for the next thought. You know that “y’know” is among the most common of these 130 forms. Its meaning is not the imperious “you understand” or even the old interrogatory “do you get it ” It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase, 131 to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word.
These staples of modern filler communication—I mean, y’know, like—can also be used as “tee-up words”. In old times, pointer phrases or tee-up words were “get this, would you believe and are you ready ”. The 132 of these rib-nudging phrases was—are you ready—to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow... If the 133 is to tee up a point, we should accept “y’ know” and its friends as a mildly 134 spoken punctuation, the articulated colon (冒号) that signals “focus on this”… If the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all What 135 the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all
Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker 136 . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason. Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when 137 for the next word. To investigate this 138 , they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices 139 to the speaker. They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy, where the subject matter is less 140 and more open to word choices.
126．A．undertaking B．discovering C．disliking D．unfolding
127．A．depending on B．holding up C．taking over D．arranging for
128．A．appliances B．substances C．disturbances D．finances
129．A．on the contrary B．at a loss C．at dawn D．on no account
130．A．perseverance B．complexity C．hesitation D．obligation
131．A．intended B．attended C．pretended D．extended
132．A．interest B．experience C．advantage D．function
133．A．architecture B．purpose C．completion D．random
134．A．annoying B．striking C．entertaining D．embarrassing
135．A．oppresses B．recycles C．highlights D．motivates
136．A．danger B．anxiety C．figure D．sculpture
137．A．bothering B．inspecting C．searching D．accomplishing
138．A．idea B．chance C．basis D．feedback
139．A．feasible B．credible C．considerable D．available
140．A．well-matched B．well-defined C．well-bred D．well-perceived
