备战2024高考英语完形填空话题分类训练：科普知识 （含解析）
文档属性
| 名称 | 备战2024高考英语完形填空话题分类训练：科普知识 （含解析） |  | |
| 格式 | doc | ||
| 文件大小 | 401.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-03-18 13:11:33 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
备战2022高考考英语完形填空话题分类训练
(高考真题+各地模拟题)
专题26 科普知识
Passage 1
When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. 1 , they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books.
They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into 2 . The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) 3 in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.
To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the 4 have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're 5 the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 6 in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to.
According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her 7 , exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the 8 effect, the study said. In the first 9 , "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more 10 and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."
In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 11 about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the 12 model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully 13 has really sunk in. ‘‘ The 14 of 41 adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the 15 , the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.
1．A．Therefore B．Rather C．Moreover D．Besides
2．A．childhood B．neighborhood C．adolescents D．adulthood
3．A．escapes B．ends C．decreases D．changes
4．A．minorities B．majorities C．masses D．amounts
5．A．taking B．avoiding C．sending D．missing
6．A．interested B．envied C．relieved D．realized
7．A．emotions B．surroundings C．customs D．habits
8．A．wrong B．same C．opposite D．similar
9．A．event B．issue C．case D．occasion
10．A．trouble B．questions C．benefits D．diseases
11．A．respectively B．delicately C．seriously D．considerably
12．A．slower B．better C．smaller D．faster
13．A．emphasized B．related C．organized D．educated
14．A．implement B．postponement C．achievement D．payment
15．A．cause B．impact C．fact D．result
Passage 2
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 16 .
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 17 do with it We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult 18 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural 19 , of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 20 issues.
Dunbar 21 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 22 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 23 of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 24 from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 25 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 26 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 27 the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 28 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 29 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 30 contact.
16．A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language
17．A．occasionally B．habitually C．independently D．originally
18．A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural
19．A．admirers B．masters C．users D．wasters
20．A．vital B．sensitive C．ideal D．difficult
21．A．confirms B．rejects C．outlines D．broadens
22．A．for instance B．in addition C．on the contrary D．as a result
23．A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behaviour
24．A．attack B．contact C．inspection D．assistance
25．A．recalls B．denies C．concludes D．confesses
26．A．prospect B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection
27．A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease
28．A．saved B．extended C．consumed D．gained
29．A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．Thoughtful
30．A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secret
Passage 3
Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds 31 and achievable. But, 32 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 33 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become 34 . They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— 35 that the customer remains a customer.
36 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 percent of its customers every year. In constantly changing 37 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any 38 how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 39 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 40 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five percent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 41 increases of between 25 and 85 percent.
In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a 42 customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 43 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 44 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer 45 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 46 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a 47 relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 48 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 49 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 50 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
31．A．simple B．difficult C．tough D．complicated
32．A．in particular B．in reality C．at least D．first of all
33．A．emphasize B．doubt C．overlook D．believe
34．A．carried away B．carried back C．carried on D．carried through
35．A．denying B．ensuring C．arguing D．proving
36．A．Moving B．Hoping C．Starting D．Failing
37．A．markets B．tastes C．prices D．expenses
38．A．thought B．idea C．opinion D．view
39．A．culture B．social C．financial D．economical
40．A．promise B．plan C．mistake D．difference
41．A．cost B．opportunity C．profit D．budget
42．A．usual B．ordinary C．common D．regular
43．A．as a result B．on the whole C．in conclusion D．on the contrary
44．A．huge B．potential C．extra D．reasonable
45．A．beliefs B．loyalty C．habits D．interest
46．A．altering B．understanding C．keeping D．attracting
47．A．close B．distant C．deep D．shallow
48．A．Assumed B．Respected C．Established D．Unexpected
49．A．agreeable B．flexible C．friendly D．sensitive
50．A．unfair B．difficult C．essential D．convenient
Passage 4
Many early approaches to language technology — and particularly translation — get 51 in a conceptual dead end: the rules-based approach. In translation, this meant trying to write rules to analyze the text of a sentence in the language of 52 , breaking it down into a sort of abstract “interlanguage” and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language. These approaches showed early 53 . But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily 54 when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.
Nearly all language technologies began to get a lot better with the application of 55 methods, often called a “brute force” approach. This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent. 56 , in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans. It uses what it has learned to make its best 57 about a previously unseen text. In machine translation, the software scans millions of words that have already been translated by humans, again looking for patterns. In speech reorganization, the software learns from a body of recordings and the transcriptions made by humans.
Thanks to the growing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data, this approach eventually 58 . Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own, and big companies with 59 to enormous amounts of data were ready to benefit.
The final advance, which began only about five years ago, came with the arrival of deep learning through digital neural networks (DNNS). These are often claimed to have qualities similar to those of the 60 : “neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning. 61 , Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the 62 of which had already been understood for decades. What changed was the hardware being used.
Almost by chance, DNN researchers discovered that the graphical processing units (GPUs) 63 to produce graphics in applications like video games were also brilliant at handling neural networks. The technique has already produced big leaps in quality for all kinds of deep learning, including decoding handwriting, recognizing faces and classifying images. Now they are helping to improve all manner of language technologies, often bringing enhancements of up to 30%. That has shifted language technologies from being 64 in a pinch to being really rather good. But so far no one has quite 65 what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.
51．A．buried B．engaged C．absorbed D．stuck
52．A．essence B．persuasion C．origin D．practice
53．A．consideration B．thought C．promise D．exposure
54．A．laid off B．lagged behind C．broke down D．died out
55．A．experimental B．statistical C．financial D．instructional
56．A．What’s more B．In other words C．For example D．By contrast
57．A．sense B．deal C．effort D．guess
58．A．came into being B．bore fruit
C．took effect D．caught up
59．A．permission B．license C．access D．reference
60．A．human brain B．information technology
C．computer programming D．artificial intelligence
61．A．Therefore B．However C．Likewise D．Indeed
62．A．meaning B．quality C．purpose D．basis
63．A．adapted B．used C．claimed D．suited
64．A．changeable B．liable C．desirable D．usable
65．A．put out B．worked out C．watched out D．pointed out
Passage 5
Larrey, a French military surgeon, attended to the wounded at the battle of Waterloo. On the battlefield, he had to 66 which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently, 67 their military rank. In doing so, he came up with triage, a system of 68 between urgent and non-urgent patients. Triage remains as 69 today as it was in the Napoleonic campaigns.
Though most doctors today have 70 been in battlefield conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed that. In Italy there are reports of doctors 71 in hospital hallways because of the 72 they have to make. In America and Europe many doctors are faced with terrible decisions about how to 73 scarce resources such as beds, intensive care, and ventilators(呼吸机).
One general solution is to 74 that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest 75 of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy. Take the 76 of ventilators for example. If a young patient arrives needing a ventilator and none are 77 , there is a chance that one will be 78 from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.
Such framework does not 79 older patients or those with health problems. Italian doctors say that it helps if the framework is decided in 80 , and patients and families are 81 informed. Whether on the battlefield or in a 82 ICU, humans tend to treat others according to their need and chances of 83 . This framework seems broadly morally 84 . Even so, it will involve many heartbroken 85 along the way.
66．A．determine B．predict C．observe D．investigate
67．A．in honour of B．instead of C．on behalf of D．regardless of
68．A．bridging B．balancing C．distinguishing D．compromising
69．A．adventurous B．beneficial C．complex D．original
70．A．randomly B．regularly C．rapidly D．rarely
71．A．chatting B．weeping C．wandering D．sitting
72．A．efforts B．prayers C．choices D．plans
73．A．distribute B．upgrade C．reserve D．monitor
74．A．realize B．find out C．make sure D．assume
75．A．number B．means C．power D．potential
76．A．advantages B．function C．shortage D．guidelines
77．A．valid B．satisfying C．affordable D．available
78．A．removed B．purchased C．delivered D．borrowed
79．A．harm B．favor C．ignore D．respect
80．A．advance B．person C．return D．order
81．A．temporarily B．abruptly C．lately D．properly
82．A．crowded B．separate C．unique D．narrow
83．A．perfection B．victory C．survival D．sacrifice
84．A．controversial B．acceptable C．unexpected D．creative
85．A．routines B．decisions C．procedures D．betrayals
Passage 6
Humans frequently fall ill owing to me. 86 , they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own 87 . A tired person may get 88 especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in 89 is another factor. In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. They will catch a cold easily.
My latest victim is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though 90 , he still went to the cinema. Then he got back home and took a cold shower immediately.
I seized this golden chance to 91 him. He reacted, trying to 92 me, but I was already 93 deep in his throat. He kept sneezing and his nose was 94 . Although he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us. Besides, his sore throat kept 95 him, and he developed a cough to force me and my family out, but 96 .
The next day he couldn’t go to 97 . He had lost his appetite and was not as 98 as before. His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C, which would help his 99 .
For two days he was 100 by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the 101 . I knew I had to 102 him before long. But I am not the one who gives up easily, and I made every effort to fight back. 103 , it was my turn to feel 104 now, for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me. I became 105 and finally my time was over.
Do you know what I am
86．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Then D．However
87．A．duty B．responsibility C．fault D．excuse
88．A．blamed B．punished C．caught D．killed
89．A．season B．place C．temperature D．condition
90．A．excited B．exhausted C．late D．hurt
91．A．injure B．bother C．attack D．destroy
92．A．get on with B．get rid of C．put up with D．take hold of
93．A．waiting B．disappearing C．hiding D．reproducing
94．A．running B．blowing C．flowing D．going
95．A．influencing B．reminding C．comforting D．upsetting
96．A．escaped B．failed C．regretted D．succeeded
97．A．school B．work C．bed D．hospital
98．A．peaceful B．tired C．happy D．dynamic
99．A．recovery B．development C．enthusiasm D．growth
100．A．cured B．protected C．nursed D．treated
101．A．loss B．pressure C．operation D．movement
102．A．boycott B．overcome C．beat D．abandon
103．A．Unexpectedly B．Unfortunately C．Unusually D．Unsuccessfully
104．A．awful B．disappointed C．nervous D．ashamed
105．A．smaller B．bigger C．weaker D．stronger
参考答案
1．B
2．D
3．C
4．B
5．D
6．A
7．B
8．C
9．C
10．D
11．C
12．A
13．D
14．B
15．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么在美国现在越来越少的青少年推迟那些长期被视为成人仪式的活动，主要的原因还是在于生活模式的不同。
1．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们坚持做G级活动，如攀岩或谈论书籍。A. Therefore因此；B. Rather相反；C. Moreover而且；D. Besides另外。此处参加G级活动“攀岩或谈论书籍”与前文“they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates（他们不会喝啤酒，也不会和约会对象开着车到处兜风）”前后转折。故选B项。
2．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究显示，青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。A. childhood童年；B. neighborhood邻居；C. adolescents青少年；D. adulthood成年。根据下文“The ___14___ of “ adult activities”” 可知，此处为“成年仪式的活动”。故选D项。
3．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：周二发表在《儿童发展》杂志上的研究发现，自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例急剧下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。A. escapes逃跑；B. ends结束；C. decreases减少；下降；D. changes变化。根据下文“The declines appeared”可知，此处为“比例下降”。故选C项。
4．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍在从事这些活动，但大多数人已大幅减少。A. minorities少数；B. majorities多数；C. masses大量；D. amounts金额。根据空前“To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities（可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍然从事这些活动）”，在结合“but”可知，前后为转折关系，可以推断，此处应指“大多数”已经大幅减少了。故选B项。
5．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们说，“哦，这是因为青少年更负责任、更懒惰、更无聊”，但是他们没有看到这个更大的趋势。A. taking采用；B. avoiding避免；C. sending发送；D. missing错过。根据后文指明更大趋势是“because in today's society, they no longer need to（因为在今天的社会，他们不再需要这样做了）”可知，此空前后都是分析原因，故此处为人们“忽略”了更大趋势。故选D项。
6．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，她说，孩子们可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣，因为在当今社会，他们不再需要这样做。A. interested感兴趣的；B. envied羡慕的；C. relieved解除；D. realized实现。根据前文“the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous decreases in the past decade.（自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例直线下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。）”可以推断，此处应为“青少年可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣”，且“be interested in”意为“对……感兴趣”，是固定搭配。故选A项。
7．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. emotions情绪；B. surroundings周围环境；C. customs风俗；D. habits习惯。根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。
8．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. wrong错误的；B. same相同的；C. opposite对面的；D. similar类似的。前文“a "harsh and unpredictable" environment（“严酷和不可预测的”环境）”与“ a more resource-rich and secure environment （资源更丰富和安全的环境）”形成对比，可以推断，此处为“产生相反的效果”。故选C项。
9．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在第一种情况下，你会有很多孩子，处于生存模式中。A. event事件；B. issue发行；C. case案例，情况；D. occasion场合。根据后文“fewer resources（更少的资源）”可知，此句是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境”的举例，故此处应指“第一种情况”。故选C项。
10．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：会有更多的疾病和更少的资源。A. trouble麻烦；B. questions问题；C. benefits好处；D. diseases疾病。此处是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境发展”的举例，应与“fewer resources（更少的资源）”并列，突出环境的恶劣和不可预测，可以推断，此处为“更多的疾病”。故选D项。
11．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在这种模式下，十几岁的男孩可能会更认真地考虑结婚问题，研究称，开车和打工对于“在获取资源的基础上建立配偶价值”很重要。A. respectively分别；B. delicately精致地；C. seriously认真地；D. considerably相当大。根据前文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”，且此处为在恶劣和不可预测环境的情况，可以推断，此处应为“更认真地考虑结婚问题”。故选C项。
12．
考查形容词比较级词义辨析。句意：特温格说，但美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式，而且这种变化在各个社会经济阶层都很明显。A. slower慢一点；B. better更好；C. smaller较小；D. faster更快。上文是发展快的例子，结合空前“But America is shifting more toward”可知，美国人开始转变了，前后转折，与上文“发展快”是相反的情况，可以推断，此处为“美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式”。故选A项。
13．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：家庭变小了，孩子需要被仔细教育的观念已经深入人心。A. emphasized强调；B. related相关；C. organized组织；D. educated教育。根据前文“Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education（即使是在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭）”可以推断，此处应表示“即使在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭里，仍然重视教育”。故选D项。
14．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“成人活动”的推迟不能归因于更多的作业或课外活动。A. implement实施；B. postponement延期；C. achievement 成就；D. payment付款。根据前文“teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into adulthood.（青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。）”可以推断，此处为“成人活动的推迟”。故选B项。
15．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：报告称，智能手机和互联网的使用也不完全是原因，因为智能手机和互联网的使用在普及之前就已经开始减少了。A. cause原因；B. impact影响；C. fact事实；D. result结果。根据前文“could not be attributed to”可知，此处讲的是“成人活动推迟的原因”。故选A项。
【点睛】
完形填空的解题技巧之一就是要根据上下文来学会“推理”出最佳选项。同学们要遵循“上下求索”的原则来查找信息。例如，第7小题，根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。
16．C
17．B
18．A
19．D
20．A
21．B
22．C
23．D
24．A
25．C
26．D
27．D
28．B
29．B
30．C
【分析】
本文是说明文。研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，人类谈话的三分之二不是关于当今的文化或政治问题，也不是关于我们刚刚看过的电影或刚读完的书的激烈辩论，而是简单明了的闲话。A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据“ not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple ”可知，我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语，下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。
17．考查副词词义辨析。句意：语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据“We gossip. ”,得知，前面是提问我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选B。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于他人的行为和私人生活，比如谁和谁做了什么，谁在里面，谁在外面，以及为什么；如何处理涉及孩子、爱人和同事的困难情况。A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文“involving children, lovers, and colleagues.”包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？。A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文“So why are we keen on gossiping ”我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，是浪费时间和语言的人。所以选D。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这位心理学家在他的新书《修饰、八卦和语言的进化》中说，八卦是其中一个真正的问题。A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据上文“It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.”可知，Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点。A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓宽，根据“ Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. ”可知，Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统观点的，所以选B。
22．考查词组词义辨析。句意：邓巴认为，我们不会因为会说话而花三分之二的时间八卦，语言是专门进化来让我们八卦的。A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根据“We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,”可知，前后表示转折，正相反的是，语言进化是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选C。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：邓巴是通过研究像猴子这样更高的灵长类动物的行为得到他的理论的。A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的“By means of grooming”可知，教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以选D。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过刷毛来清洁毛发，猴子与其他个体组成群体，当群体内或群体外发生冲突时，它们可以依靠这些个体来寻求支持。A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据“ in the event of some kind of conflict within the group”的conflict可知，猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。
25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，。A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. 承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，这是教授下的结论，所以选C。
26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：分组是有意义的，因为群体越大，它提供的保护就越大;另一方面，群体越大，与他人生活在一起的压力就越大。A. 前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保护，根据下文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”可知，因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来。A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，所以选D。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果。A.拯救，B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗，D.获得，根据“But as the groups got bigger and bigger,”得知，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长，所以选B。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很明显，需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到的，根据上文“ to maintain its effectiveness. ”的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，通过在更广泛的个人网络上交换信息，而不是通过一对一的身体接触，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系。A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的，根据“By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, ”得知，梳理毛发需要身体接触的，所以选C。
31．A
32．B
33．C
34．A
35．B
36．D
37．A
38．B
39．C
40．D
41．C
42．D
43．A
44．B
45．B
46．C
47．A
48．C
49．D
50．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了很多公司把很多精力放在了吸引顾客的方面，而很少去关注如何留住老客户，并说明留住老客户的重要性。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来简单易行。A. simple简单的；B. difficult困难的；C. tough艰难的；D. complicated复杂的。根据 achievable.可知，虽听起来简单易行。但在现实中，智慧的话语很快就会被遗忘。故选A。
32．考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在现实中，智慧的话语很快就会被遗忘。A. in particular特殊地，特别地；B. in reality事实上；C. at least至少；D. first of all首先。根据前文Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers以及空前的but判断应事实并不那么简单。选B。
33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦公司吸引了顾客，他们往往忽略了故事的后半部分。A. emphasize强调；B. doubt怀疑；C. overlook俯瞰，眺望，忽略；D. believe相信。根据下文They forget可知，成功吸引顾客之后，常常会忽略故事的另一部分。故选C。
34．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在击败竞争对手、谈判价格、获得订单和交付产品的兴奋中，经理们往往变得忘乎所以。A. carried away忘乎所以；B. carried back回想；C.carried on坚持，继续；D. carried through进行。根据下文They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— ___5___ that the customer remains a customer. 他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。由此可知，此处表示经理会忘乎所以。故选A。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。A. denying拒绝；B. ensuring确信，确保；C. arguing争吵；D. proving 证明。他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。故选B。
36．考查动词词义辨析。句意：未能像吸引顾客那样保留住顾客，真地让公司损失大量资金。A. Moving移动；B. Hoping希望；C. Starting开始；D. Failing未能。fail to do sth未能做某事。如果不能集中精力留住和吸引客户，每年都会给企业带来巨额损失。故选D。
37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在持续变化的市场上，这是不令人吃惊的。A. markets市场；B. tastes味道；C. prices价格；D. expenses花费。此文讲的是公司做生意，故应是市场。选A。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。A. thought 想法；B. idea主意；C. opinion看法；D. view观点。have an/any idea为固定搭配，意为“知道”。这里指很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。故选B。
39．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：直到现在，组织才开始意识到那些失去的机会，并计算其对财务的影响。A. culture文化；B. social社交的，社会的；C. financial金融的；D. economical经济的。根据上文可知，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。所以会对财务产生影响。financial implication财务影响。故选C。
40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：减少一个公司失去的客户数量会对它的业绩产生很大的影响。A. promise承诺；B. plan计划；C. mistake错误；D. difference区别，意义。make a difference有影响，有关系。这里指对业绩有很大的影响。故选D。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：百分之十五的流失的客户导致预算增长在25 - 85%之间。A. cost 费用；B. opportunity机会；C. profit利润；D. budget预算。根据常识可知，顾客的流失会带来公司预算的增加，故选C。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在美国，多米诺比萨估计一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5000美元。A. usual 通常的； B. ordinary 不同的；C. common共同的； D. regular惯常的。根据下文A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and ___13___ never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in ___14___ profits。如果客户第一次来公司就收到了质量很差的产品或服务，结果就再也不回来了，公司就会损失数千美元的潜在利润，可知，此处讲的是老顾客的重要性。regular customers为固定用法，意为“老顾客；常客”。故选D。
43．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：如果一个顾客第一次拜访就得到了质量差的产品或服务，结果就是在也不会回来。A. as a result结果；B. on the whole总体来讲；C. in conclusion总之；D. on the contrary相反。空后是前文的结果，故应选A。
44．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么他就会让公司损失数千美元的潜在利润。A. huge巨大的；B. potential潜在的；C. extra额外的；D. reasonable 合情合理的。由上文可知，一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5000美元。所以没有回头客，会损失潜在的利润。故选B。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：培养客户忠诚度背后的逻辑是不可否认的。A. beliefs相信；B. loyalty忠诚；C. habits习惯；D. interest兴趣。根据上文可知，留不住老客户让公司损失数千美元的潜在利润，所以要培养客户忠诚度。故选B。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：实际上，大多数公司的营销努力都集中在争取客户上，而很少注意到如何留住客户。A. altering改变；B. understanding理解；C. keeping保持，留住；D. attracting吸引。根据focused on getting customers, with little attention paid可知，此处应留住顾客。故选C。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“研究表明，在留住客户和盈利之间存在着一种密切的关系。A. close亲密的；B. distant远处的；C. deep深的；D. shallow浅的。根据下文___18___ customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers.可知，留住老客户，与客户维护好关系非常重要。故选A。
48．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与新客户相比，老客户倾向于购买更多、可预测且通常服务成本更低。A. Assumed假定的，假想的；B. Respected受尊重的；C. Established已建立的；D. Unexpected意想不到的。根据than new customers这里指已建立的顾客，也就是老顾客。故选C。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，他们往往对价格不太敏感，可能会提供免费的口碑广告。A. agreeable一致的；B. flexible灵活的；C. friendly友好的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据啥常识和购物经验可知，老顾客往往对价格不太敏感。price sensitive价格敏感性。故选D。
50．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：留住客户也使得竞争对手很难进入一个市场或增加他们的市场份额。A. unfair不公平的；B. difficult困难的；C. essential重要的；D. convenient方便的。根据Retaining customers 可知，留住客户也使得竞争对手很难进入一个市场或增加他们的市场份额。故选B。
51．D
52．C
53．C
54．C
55．B
56．C
57．D
58．B
59．C
60．A
61．B
62．D
63．B
64．D
65．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语言技术通过不断的发展变得越来越优秀。
51．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多语言技术的早期方法——尤其是翻译——陷入了一个概念上的死胡同：基于规则的方法。A. buried埋葬；B. engaged卷入；C. absorbed吸收；D. stuck钉住。get stuck被困住。根据“in a conceptual dead end”可知，早期的语言技术陷入了概念上的死胡同。故选D。
52．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在翻译中，这意味着试图编写规则来分析原文中的句子，将其分解为一种抽象的“中介语”，并根据译入语的规则重新构建。A. essence本质；B. persuasion说服；C. origin起源；D. practice练习。根据“and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法，首先来分析原文中的句子。故选C。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些方法显示出了早期的前途。A. consideration考虑；B. thought想法；C. promise前途；有希望；D. exposure暴露。根据“But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily ____4____ when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，基于规则的方法在初期还是有前途的。故选C。
54．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但是语言中充满了歧义和异常，所以这样的系统非常复杂，当测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时，很容易崩溃。A. laid off解雇；B. lagged behind落后；C. broke down分解；崩溃；D. died out灭绝。根据“when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法的缺陷，使得测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时会容易崩溃。故选C。
55．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：几乎所有的语言技术都开始随着统计方法的应用而变得更好，统计方法通常被称为“蛮力”方法。A. experimental实验的；B. statistical统计的；C. financial金融的；D. instructional指导的。根据“This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent.”可知，这里是运用统计方法使得语言技术变得更好。故选B。
56．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：例如，在解析语言(将其分解成语法成分)时，软件从已经被人类解析过的大量文本中学习。 A. What’s more另外；B. In other words换句话说；C. For example例如；D. By contrast相反。根据“in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans.”可知，这里是从先例中学习所举的例子。故选C。
57．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它利用自己所学到的知识，对之前未见过的文本做出最佳猜测。A. sense感觉；B. deal交易；C. effort努力；D. guess猜。根据“about a previously unseen text.”可知，软件利用自己所学到的知识对未见过的文本进行最佳猜测。故选D。
58．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：由于处理器的能力不断增强，数据存储价格不断下降，最重要的是，可用数据的爆炸式增长，这种方法最终取得了成果。A. came into being存在；B. bore fruit结果实；C. took effect生效； 起作用；D. caught up赶上。根据“Thanks to the growing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data,”可知，随着发展，统计方法最终取得了丰硕的成果。故选B。
59．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：几十年来众所周知的数学技术开始发挥自己的作用，能够获取大量数据的大公司随时准备从中受益。A. permission允许；B. license许可证；C. access入口；接触；D. reference参考。根据“Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own,”可知，数学技术的运用，大公司能够获取大量的数据。故选C。
60．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些神经元通常被认为具有与人类大脑相似的特性：“神经元”通过软件连接，在学习过程中，这种连接会变得更强或更弱。A. human brain人脑；B. information technology信息技术；C. computer programming计算机程序设计；D. artificial intelligence人工智能。根据““neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning.”可知，神经元具有与人类大脑相似的特性。故选A。
61．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，一家语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。 A. Therefore因此；B. However然而；C. Likewise同样地；D. Indeed的确。根据“Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the ____12____ of which had already been understood for decades.”可知，前后句之间为转折关系。故选B。
62．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，一家语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。A. meaning意义；B. quality质量；C. purpose目的；D. basis基础。根据“DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,”可知，这里指的是DNN这种数学模型的基础。故选D。
63．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎是偶然的是，DNN的研究人员发现，用于在视频游戏等应用程序中生成图形的图形处理单元(GPU)在处理神经网络方面也很出色。A. adapted适应；B. used使用；C. claimed宣称；D. suited适合。根据“the graphical processing units (GPUs)”可知，这里指图形处理单元(GPU)在视频游戏等应用程序中的使用。故选B。
64．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这使得语言技术从必要时可用转变为相当好的。A. changeable易变的；B. liable有义务的；C. desirable有吸引力的；D. usable可用的。这里指语言技术从可用的变得相当好。故选D。
65．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但到目前为止，还没有人完全弄清楚，是什么让它从“仅仅好”变成“可靠的伟大”。A. put out扑灭；B. worked out锻炼；可以解决；想出；C. watched out当心；D. pointed out指出。根据“what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.”可知，没有人弄清楚语言技术发展得如此的迅速。故选B。
66．A
67．D
68．C
69．B
70．D
71．B
72．C
73．A
74．C
75．D
76．C
77．D
78．A
79．B
80．A
81．D
82．A
83．C
84．B
85．B
【分析】
本文是说明文，介绍了Larrey在拿破仑时期发明分诊法和它在今天COVID-19大流行期间的运用和影响。
66．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在战场上，他必须确定哪些士兵最需要医疗照顾，无论他们的军衔如何。A. determine确定，判定；B. predict预测；C. observe观察；D. investigate调查。根据下文“which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently”中which soldiers可知，在战场上，Larrey需要选出最需要医疗照顾的士兵进救治，所以他需要先确定人员。故选A项。
67．
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：在战场上，他必须确定哪些士兵最需要医疗照顾，无管他们是什么军衔。A. in honour of为纪念；B. instead of代替，相反；C. on behalf of代表；D. regardless of不管，不顾。根据上文“which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently”可知，人员的确定是按需要救治的紧急程度确定的，与military rank(军衔)无关。故选D项。
68．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在此过程中，他提出了分诊法，一种区分紧急和非紧急病人的方法。A. bridging架桥；B. balancing平衡；C. distinguishing区分；D. compromising妥协。根据上文可知Larrey需要选出最需要医疗照顾的士兵，所以他想到的方法也是如何区分病人的伤情或病情，如何区分紧急和非紧急病人。故选C项。
69．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：时至今日，分诊法仍与拿破仑战役时一样有益。A. adventurous爱冒险的，大胆的；B. beneficial有益的；C. complex复杂的；D. original首创的，最初的。由上文可知，Larrey发明的分诊法是战场上有效区分病人的方法，根据本句“Triage remains as ___4___ today as it was in the Napoleonic campaigns.”中同级比较可推知，现在分诊法与过去一样，仍然有益。 故选B项。
70．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管今天大多数医生很少在战场上，但新冠肺炎大流行改变了这一点。A. randomly随机，任意；B. regularly有规律地；C. rapidly快速地；D. rarely很少。上文Larrey是拿破仑时代的战地医生，结合常识可知，今天的医生很少有机会上战场。故选D项。
71．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在意大利，有报道称，由于不得不做出的选择，医生们在医院的走廊上哭泣。A. chatting聊天；B. weeping哭泣；C. wandering闲逛；D. sitting坐。根据下文“many doctors are faced with terrible decisions”和“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”和“Even so, it will involve many heartbroken ___20___ along the way.”可知医生的决定意味着放弃特定的病人，作这样的决定是很艰难的，让人心碎，所以医生做选择会伤心落泪。故选B项。
72．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在意大利，有报道称，由于不得不做出的选择，医生们在医院的走廊上哭泣。A. efforts努力；B. prayers选手；C. choices选择；D. plans计划。根据下文“In America and Europe many doctors are faced with terrible decisions about how to ___8___ scarce resources such as beds, intensive care, and ventilators(呼吸机).”可知医生要决定把稀缺资源分配给谁，选择救谁和放弃谁。故选C项。
73．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在美国和欧洲，许多医生面临着如何解决诸如床位、重症监护和呼吸机等稀缺资源的可怕决定。A. distribute分配；B. upgrade升级；C. reserve预订；D. monitor监视。根据句中scarce resources(稀缺资源)可知，医生面临的决定就是稀缺资源的分配问题。故选A项。
74．
考查动词和动词短语词义辨析。句意：一个普遍的解决方案是确保资源被用于最有可能成功治疗的患者，以及最有预期寿命的患者。A. realize意识到；B. find out找出；C. make sure确保；D. assume假设。根据语意可知，医生要根据病人情况决定救谁和放弃谁，要确保把稀缺资源用到有治疗价值的病人身上。故选C项。
75．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个通用的解决方案是确保资源被用于最有可能成功治疗的患者，以及存活机率最高的患者。A. number数字；B. means方法；C. power权力；D. potential可能性，潜力。根据空格后并列定语从句“and who have the greatest life expectancy.”可推知，医生会把稀缺资源用到存活机率最高和最有可能治疗成功的患者身上。故选D项。
76．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：以呼吸机短缺为例。A. advantages优点；B. function功能；C. shortage缺乏；D. guidelines指导方针。根据下文“If a young patient arrives needing a ventilator”可知是用ventilator(呼吸机)举例。故选C项。
77．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果一个年轻的病人到医院时需要呼吸机，而没有一台可用的，那么就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。A. valid有效的；B. satisfying满意的；C. affordable负担得起的；D. available可获得的，可用的。根据下文“there is a chance that one will be ___13___ from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.”中“可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台”这一解决办法可推知，无呼吸机可用。故选D项。
78．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果一个年轻的病人到医院时需要呼吸机，而没有一台可用的，那么就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。A. removed摘下，拿开；B. purchased购买；C. delivered递送；D. borrowed借。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”中所说解决办法，在无呼吸机可用的情况下，就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。故选A项。
79．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种机制对老年患者或有健康问题的患者不利。A. harm伤害；B. favor偏袒，有利于；C. ignore忽视；D. respect尊重。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”和“there is a chance that one will be ___13___ from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.”可知，在医疗资源不足的情况下，年老的、孱弱的病人很可能就成为被放弃的对象，所以对他们不利。故选B项。
80．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：意大利医生表示，如果提前确定机制，并恰当地通知患者和家属，将会有帮助。A. in advance提前；B. in person亲自；C. in return作为报答；D. in order秩序井然。根据上文可知，在医疗资源不足的情况，有的病人会被放弃，这种情况对于患者和家属而言是无法接受的。但如果能提前制定并告知这一机制，患者和家属就会有心理准备，情况会发一些。故选A项。
81．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：意大利医生表示，如果提前确定机制，并恰当地通知患者和家属，将会有帮助。A. temporarily暂时；B. abruptly突然；C. lately近来；D. properly恰当。知道被放弃救治，对于患者和家属而言是很难接受的，所以告知时，要讲方法与策略，要用并恰当的方法。故选D项。
82．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论是在战场上还是在拥挤的重症监护室里，人们往往根据自己的需要和生存机会来治疗他人。A. crowded拥挤的；B. separate分开的；C. unique独一无二的；D. narrow狭窄的。根据上文可知在COVID-19大流行期间，医疗资源不足，ICU(重症监护室)人满为患。故选A项。
83．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论是在战场上还是在拥挤的重症监护室里，人们往往根据自己的需要和生存机会来治疗他人。A. perfection完美；B. victory胜利；C. survival幸存；D. sacrifice牺牲。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”可知，治疗和医疗资源的分配是按病人的生存机率来决定的。故选C项。
84．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个机制似乎在道德上是可以接受的。A. controversial有争议的；B. acceptable可接受的；C. unexpected出乎意料的；D. creative有创造力的。从理性的角度出发，“救治存活机率最高和最有可能治疗成功的病人”这一办法在道德上是明智的，可以接受的。故选B项。
85．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：即便如此，这一路上也会涉及许多令人心碎的决定。A. routines常规，惯例；B. decisions决定；C. procedures程序；D. betrayals背叛。文中提到的解决办法就是理性地选择救谁和放弃谁，无论作何选择，都是令人痛苦和心碎的。故选B项。
86．D
87．C
88．C
89．C
90．B
91．C
92．B
93．D
94．A
95．D
96．B
97．A
98．D
99．A
100．C
101．B
102．D
103．B
104．A
105．C
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章以病毒的角度描述病毒如何让一个学生感冒，并且学生如何抗击病毒的。
86．
考考查副词词义辨析。句意：人们经常生病是因为我，然而却很少责怪我。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides除此之外；C. Then然后；D. However然而。根据“Humans frequently fall ill owing to me.”可知，人们生病因为我，却很少责怪我，所以前后句是转折关系。故选D项。
87．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这大部分是他们自己的错。 A. duty责任；B. responsibility责任；C. fault过错；D. excuse借口。根据“they can hardly blame me;”可知，这里不能责怪我，所以是人类的错。故选C项。
88．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个疲惫的人可能会被感染，特别是当他去拥挤的地方和有污染的空气的地方。A. blamed责怪；B. punished惩罚；C. caught 抓住，感染；D. killed 杀死。根据“when he goes to crowded places with polluted air”可知，疲惫的人特别是去拥挤的地方和有污染的空气的地方可能会被感染。故选C项。
89．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：温度上的突然改变是另外一个因素。A. season 季节；B. place地方；C. temperature温度；D. condition 情况。根据“In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home.”可知，有些人在夏天一回家就吹空调从而感冒，说明是温度骤变导致的。故选C项。
90．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管很疲惫，他仍然去了电影院。A. excited激动的；B. exhausted疲惫的；C. late迟到的；D. hurt受伤的。根据“After school, he played football hard for two hours.”可知，学生打完球，所以这里是很疲惫。故选B项。
91．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我抓住这个黄金机会去攻击他 。A. injure受伤；B. bother 打扰；C. attack攻击；D. destroy破坏。这里表示病毒攻击人类，与第19空后面defense以及all-out attack呼应。故选C项。
92．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：他作出反应，试图摆脱我，但我已经在他的喉咙深处繁殖。A. get on with与……相处；B. get rid of避免；C. put up with忍受；D. take hold of握住。根据“He reacted,”可知，这里做出反应是要摆脱病毒。故选B项。
93．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他作出反应，试图摆脱我，但我已经在他的喉咙深处繁殖。A. waiting等待；B. disappearing消失；C. hiding隐藏；D. reproducing再生产，繁殖。根据“for there were too many of us.”可知，病毒已经在喉咙深处繁殖。故选D项。
94．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他不停地打喷嚏，还流鼻涕。A. running跑；流；B. blowing吹；C. flowing流动；D. going去。根据“He kept sneezing”可知，他不停地打喷嚏和流鼻涕。故选A项。
95．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，他的喉咙痛一直困扰着他，他开始咳嗽，想要强迫我和我的家人出去，但没有成功。A. influencing影响；B. reminding 提醒；C. comforting 安慰；D. upsetting使心烦意乱，困扰。根据“his sore throat”可知，喉咙痛困扰着他。故选D项。
96．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，他的喉咙痛一直困扰着他，他开始咳嗽，想要强迫我和我的家人出去，但没有成功。A. escaped逃跑；B. failed失败；C. regretted后悔；D. succeeded成功。根据“and he developed a cough to force me and my family out,”可知，想要病毒和它的家人出去，有but作转折，所以这里是失败了。故选B项。
97．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二天，他不能上学了。A. school学校；B. work工作；C. bed床；D. hospital医院。根据前文“My latest victim is an energetic student”可知，他是一个学生，所以是不能上学。故选A项。
98．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他失去了胃口，并且不像以前那样有活力。A. peaceful 和平的；B. tired累的；C. happy高兴的；D. dynamic有活力的。根据前文“My latest victim is an energetic student”可知，因为生病了，所以没有活力 。故选D项。
99．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的妈妈每个几个小时给他喝橙汁补充维C，这可以帮助他恢复。A. recovery恢复；B. development发展；C. enthusiasm热情；D. growth成长。根据“His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C,”可知，维C有助于恢复。故选A项。
100．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这两天，他都被他妈妈照顾着。A. cured治愈；B. protected保护；C. nursed护理，照顾；D. treated对待，款待。根据“His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C,”可知，这里照应前文的妈妈给他喝果汁，生病了要照顾。故选C项。
101．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着他休息地更多，他的抵抗力增强了，我感到更多的压力 。A. loss失去；B. pressure压力；C. operation手术；D. movement移动。根据“As he rested more, his defense strengthened”可知，人的防御力增强了，所以病毒很难侵入，更有压力。故选B项。
102．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我知道我不久之后不得不遗弃他。 A. boycott联合抵制；B. overcome克服；C. beat打败；D. abandon遗弃。根据“As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the _____16_____.”可知，人的抵抗力增强，所以病毒呆不下去，不得不丢弃。故选D项。
103．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸地是，现在轮到我感到痛苦。A. Unexpectedly意外地；B. Unfortunately不幸地；C. Unusually不寻常地；D. Unsuccessfully不成功地。因为他的防御体系足以攻击我，现在轮到我感觉痛苦了，所以是不幸地。故选B项。
104．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不幸地是，现在轮到我感到痛苦。A. awful糟糕的，痛苦的；B. disappointed失望的；C. nervous紧张的；D. ashamed 羞耻的。根据“for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me.”可知，因为他的防御体系足以攻击我，现在轮到我感觉痛苦了，病毒和病人互换了，我感到病人之前的痛苦。故选A项。
105．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我变得更虚弱，我的末日到了。A. smaller更小的；B. bigger更大的；C. weaker更虚弱的；D. stronger更强壮的。根据“and finally my time was over.”可知，我的末日到了，需要这里是更加虚弱。故选C项。
(高考真题+各地模拟题)
专题26 科普知识
Passage 1
When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. 1 , they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books.
They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into 2 . The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) 3 in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.
To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the 4 have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're 5 the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 6 in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to.
According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her 7 , exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the 8 effect, the study said. In the first 9 , "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more 10 and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."
In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 11 about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the 12 model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully 13 has really sunk in. ‘‘ The 14 of 41 adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the 15 , the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.
1．A．Therefore B．Rather C．Moreover D．Besides
2．A．childhood B．neighborhood C．adolescents D．adulthood
3．A．escapes B．ends C．decreases D．changes
4．A．minorities B．majorities C．masses D．amounts
5．A．taking B．avoiding C．sending D．missing
6．A．interested B．envied C．relieved D．realized
7．A．emotions B．surroundings C．customs D．habits
8．A．wrong B．same C．opposite D．similar
9．A．event B．issue C．case D．occasion
10．A．trouble B．questions C．benefits D．diseases
11．A．respectively B．delicately C．seriously D．considerably
12．A．slower B．better C．smaller D．faster
13．A．emphasized B．related C．organized D．educated
14．A．implement B．postponement C．achievement D．payment
15．A．cause B．impact C．fact D．result
Passage 2
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 16 .
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 17 do with it We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult 18 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural 19 , of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 20 issues.
Dunbar 21 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 22 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 23 of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 24 from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 25 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 26 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 27 the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 28 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 29 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 30 contact.
16．A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language
17．A．occasionally B．habitually C．independently D．originally
18．A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural
19．A．admirers B．masters C．users D．wasters
20．A．vital B．sensitive C．ideal D．difficult
21．A．confirms B．rejects C．outlines D．broadens
22．A．for instance B．in addition C．on the contrary D．as a result
23．A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behaviour
24．A．attack B．contact C．inspection D．assistance
25．A．recalls B．denies C．concludes D．confesses
26．A．prospect B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection
27．A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease
28．A．saved B．extended C．consumed D．gained
29．A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．Thoughtful
30．A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secret
Passage 3
Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds 31 and achievable. But, 32 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 33 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become 34 . They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— 35 that the customer remains a customer.
36 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 percent of its customers every year. In constantly changing 37 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any 38 how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 39 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 40 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five percent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 41 increases of between 25 and 85 percent.
In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a 42 customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 43 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 44 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer 45 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 46 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a 47 relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 48 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 49 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 50 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
31．A．simple B．difficult C．tough D．complicated
32．A．in particular B．in reality C．at least D．first of all
33．A．emphasize B．doubt C．overlook D．believe
34．A．carried away B．carried back C．carried on D．carried through
35．A．denying B．ensuring C．arguing D．proving
36．A．Moving B．Hoping C．Starting D．Failing
37．A．markets B．tastes C．prices D．expenses
38．A．thought B．idea C．opinion D．view
39．A．culture B．social C．financial D．economical
40．A．promise B．plan C．mistake D．difference
41．A．cost B．opportunity C．profit D．budget
42．A．usual B．ordinary C．common D．regular
43．A．as a result B．on the whole C．in conclusion D．on the contrary
44．A．huge B．potential C．extra D．reasonable
45．A．beliefs B．loyalty C．habits D．interest
46．A．altering B．understanding C．keeping D．attracting
47．A．close B．distant C．deep D．shallow
48．A．Assumed B．Respected C．Established D．Unexpected
49．A．agreeable B．flexible C．friendly D．sensitive
50．A．unfair B．difficult C．essential D．convenient
Passage 4
Many early approaches to language technology — and particularly translation — get 51 in a conceptual dead end: the rules-based approach. In translation, this meant trying to write rules to analyze the text of a sentence in the language of 52 , breaking it down into a sort of abstract “interlanguage” and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language. These approaches showed early 53 . But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily 54 when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.
Nearly all language technologies began to get a lot better with the application of 55 methods, often called a “brute force” approach. This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent. 56 , in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans. It uses what it has learned to make its best 57 about a previously unseen text. In machine translation, the software scans millions of words that have already been translated by humans, again looking for patterns. In speech reorganization, the software learns from a body of recordings and the transcriptions made by humans.
Thanks to the growing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data, this approach eventually 58 . Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own, and big companies with 59 to enormous amounts of data were ready to benefit.
The final advance, which began only about five years ago, came with the arrival of deep learning through digital neural networks (DNNS). These are often claimed to have qualities similar to those of the 60 : “neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning. 61 , Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the 62 of which had already been understood for decades. What changed was the hardware being used.
Almost by chance, DNN researchers discovered that the graphical processing units (GPUs) 63 to produce graphics in applications like video games were also brilliant at handling neural networks. The technique has already produced big leaps in quality for all kinds of deep learning, including decoding handwriting, recognizing faces and classifying images. Now they are helping to improve all manner of language technologies, often bringing enhancements of up to 30%. That has shifted language technologies from being 64 in a pinch to being really rather good. But so far no one has quite 65 what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.
51．A．buried B．engaged C．absorbed D．stuck
52．A．essence B．persuasion C．origin D．practice
53．A．consideration B．thought C．promise D．exposure
54．A．laid off B．lagged behind C．broke down D．died out
55．A．experimental B．statistical C．financial D．instructional
56．A．What’s more B．In other words C．For example D．By contrast
57．A．sense B．deal C．effort D．guess
58．A．came into being B．bore fruit
C．took effect D．caught up
59．A．permission B．license C．access D．reference
60．A．human brain B．information technology
C．computer programming D．artificial intelligence
61．A．Therefore B．However C．Likewise D．Indeed
62．A．meaning B．quality C．purpose D．basis
63．A．adapted B．used C．claimed D．suited
64．A．changeable B．liable C．desirable D．usable
65．A．put out B．worked out C．watched out D．pointed out
Passage 5
Larrey, a French military surgeon, attended to the wounded at the battle of Waterloo. On the battlefield, he had to 66 which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently, 67 their military rank. In doing so, he came up with triage, a system of 68 between urgent and non-urgent patients. Triage remains as 69 today as it was in the Napoleonic campaigns.
Though most doctors today have 70 been in battlefield conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed that. In Italy there are reports of doctors 71 in hospital hallways because of the 72 they have to make. In America and Europe many doctors are faced with terrible decisions about how to 73 scarce resources such as beds, intensive care, and ventilators(呼吸机).
One general solution is to 74 that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest 75 of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy. Take the 76 of ventilators for example. If a young patient arrives needing a ventilator and none are 77 , there is a chance that one will be 78 from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.
Such framework does not 79 older patients or those with health problems. Italian doctors say that it helps if the framework is decided in 80 , and patients and families are 81 informed. Whether on the battlefield or in a 82 ICU, humans tend to treat others according to their need and chances of 83 . This framework seems broadly morally 84 . Even so, it will involve many heartbroken 85 along the way.
66．A．determine B．predict C．observe D．investigate
67．A．in honour of B．instead of C．on behalf of D．regardless of
68．A．bridging B．balancing C．distinguishing D．compromising
69．A．adventurous B．beneficial C．complex D．original
70．A．randomly B．regularly C．rapidly D．rarely
71．A．chatting B．weeping C．wandering D．sitting
72．A．efforts B．prayers C．choices D．plans
73．A．distribute B．upgrade C．reserve D．monitor
74．A．realize B．find out C．make sure D．assume
75．A．number B．means C．power D．potential
76．A．advantages B．function C．shortage D．guidelines
77．A．valid B．satisfying C．affordable D．available
78．A．removed B．purchased C．delivered D．borrowed
79．A．harm B．favor C．ignore D．respect
80．A．advance B．person C．return D．order
81．A．temporarily B．abruptly C．lately D．properly
82．A．crowded B．separate C．unique D．narrow
83．A．perfection B．victory C．survival D．sacrifice
84．A．controversial B．acceptable C．unexpected D．creative
85．A．routines B．decisions C．procedures D．betrayals
Passage 6
Humans frequently fall ill owing to me. 86 , they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own 87 . A tired person may get 88 especially when he goes to crowded places with polluted air. A sudden change in 89 is another factor. In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. They will catch a cold easily.
My latest victim is an energetic student. After school, he played football hard for two hours. Though 90 , he still went to the cinema. Then he got back home and took a cold shower immediately.
I seized this golden chance to 91 him. He reacted, trying to 92 me, but I was already 93 deep in his throat. He kept sneezing and his nose was 94 . Although he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us. Besides, his sore throat kept 95 him, and he developed a cough to force me and my family out, but 96 .
The next day he couldn’t go to 97 . He had lost his appetite and was not as 98 as before. His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C, which would help his 99 .
For two days he was 100 by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the 101 . I knew I had to 102 him before long. But I am not the one who gives up easily, and I made every effort to fight back. 103 , it was my turn to feel 104 now, for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me. I became 105 and finally my time was over.
Do you know what I am
86．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Then D．However
87．A．duty B．responsibility C．fault D．excuse
88．A．blamed B．punished C．caught D．killed
89．A．season B．place C．temperature D．condition
90．A．excited B．exhausted C．late D．hurt
91．A．injure B．bother C．attack D．destroy
92．A．get on with B．get rid of C．put up with D．take hold of
93．A．waiting B．disappearing C．hiding D．reproducing
94．A．running B．blowing C．flowing D．going
95．A．influencing B．reminding C．comforting D．upsetting
96．A．escaped B．failed C．regretted D．succeeded
97．A．school B．work C．bed D．hospital
98．A．peaceful B．tired C．happy D．dynamic
99．A．recovery B．development C．enthusiasm D．growth
100．A．cured B．protected C．nursed D．treated
101．A．loss B．pressure C．operation D．movement
102．A．boycott B．overcome C．beat D．abandon
103．A．Unexpectedly B．Unfortunately C．Unusually D．Unsuccessfully
104．A．awful B．disappointed C．nervous D．ashamed
105．A．smaller B．bigger C．weaker D．stronger
参考答案
1．B
2．D
3．C
4．B
5．D
6．A
7．B
8．C
9．C
10．D
11．C
12．A
13．D
14．B
15．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么在美国现在越来越少的青少年推迟那些长期被视为成人仪式的活动，主要的原因还是在于生活模式的不同。
1．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们坚持做G级活动，如攀岩或谈论书籍。A. Therefore因此；B. Rather相反；C. Moreover而且；D. Besides另外。此处参加G级活动“攀岩或谈论书籍”与前文“they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates（他们不会喝啤酒，也不会和约会对象开着车到处兜风）”前后转折。故选B项。
2．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究显示，青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。A. childhood童年；B. neighborhood邻居；C. adolescents青少年；D. adulthood成年。根据下文“The ___14___ of “ adult activities”” 可知，此处为“成年仪式的活动”。故选D项。
3．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：周二发表在《儿童发展》杂志上的研究发现，自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例急剧下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。A. escapes逃跑；B. ends结束；C. decreases减少；下降；D. changes变化。根据下文“The declines appeared”可知，此处为“比例下降”。故选C项。
4．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍在从事这些活动，但大多数人已大幅减少。A. minorities少数；B. majorities多数；C. masses大量；D. amounts金额。根据空前“To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities（可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍然从事这些活动）”，在结合“but”可知，前后为转折关系，可以推断，此处应指“大多数”已经大幅减少了。故选B项。
5．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们说，“哦，这是因为青少年更负责任、更懒惰、更无聊”，但是他们没有看到这个更大的趋势。A. taking采用；B. avoiding避免；C. sending发送；D. missing错过。根据后文指明更大趋势是“because in today's society, they no longer need to（因为在今天的社会，他们不再需要这样做了）”可知，此空前后都是分析原因，故此处为人们“忽略”了更大趋势。故选D项。
6．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，她说，孩子们可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣，因为在当今社会，他们不再需要这样做。A. interested感兴趣的；B. envied羡慕的；C. relieved解除；D. realized实现。根据前文“the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous decreases in the past decade.（自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例直线下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。）”可以推断，此处应为“青少年可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣”，且“be interested in”意为“对……感兴趣”，是固定搭配。故选A项。
7．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. emotions情绪；B. surroundings周围环境；C. customs风俗；D. habits习惯。根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。
8．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. wrong错误的；B. same相同的；C. opposite对面的；D. similar类似的。前文“a "harsh and unpredictable" environment（“严酷和不可预测的”环境）”与“ a more resource-rich and secure environment （资源更丰富和安全的环境）”形成对比，可以推断，此处为“产生相反的效果”。故选C项。
9．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在第一种情况下，你会有很多孩子，处于生存模式中。A. event事件；B. issue发行；C. case案例，情况；D. occasion场合。根据后文“fewer resources（更少的资源）”可知，此句是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境”的举例，故此处应指“第一种情况”。故选C项。
10．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：会有更多的疾病和更少的资源。A. trouble麻烦；B. questions问题；C. benefits好处；D. diseases疾病。此处是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境发展”的举例，应与“fewer resources（更少的资源）”并列，突出环境的恶劣和不可预测，可以推断，此处为“更多的疾病”。故选D项。
11．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在这种模式下，十几岁的男孩可能会更认真地考虑结婚问题，研究称，开车和打工对于“在获取资源的基础上建立配偶价值”很重要。A. respectively分别；B. delicately精致地；C. seriously认真地；D. considerably相当大。根据前文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”，且此处为在恶劣和不可预测环境的情况，可以推断，此处应为“更认真地考虑结婚问题”。故选C项。
12．
考查形容词比较级词义辨析。句意：特温格说，但美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式，而且这种变化在各个社会经济阶层都很明显。A. slower慢一点；B. better更好；C. smaller较小；D. faster更快。上文是发展快的例子，结合空前“But America is shifting more toward”可知，美国人开始转变了，前后转折，与上文“发展快”是相反的情况，可以推断，此处为“美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式”。故选A项。
13．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：家庭变小了，孩子需要被仔细教育的观念已经深入人心。A. emphasized强调；B. related相关；C. organized组织；D. educated教育。根据前文“Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education（即使是在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭）”可以推断，此处应表示“即使在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭里，仍然重视教育”。故选D项。
14．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“成人活动”的推迟不能归因于更多的作业或课外活动。A. implement实施；B. postponement延期；C. achievement 成就；D. payment付款。根据前文“teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into adulthood.（青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。）”可以推断，此处为“成人活动的推迟”。故选B项。
15．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：报告称，智能手机和互联网的使用也不完全是原因，因为智能手机和互联网的使用在普及之前就已经开始减少了。A. cause原因；B. impact影响；C. fact事实；D. result结果。根据前文“could not be attributed to”可知，此处讲的是“成人活动推迟的原因”。故选A项。
【点睛】
完形填空的解题技巧之一就是要根据上下文来学会“推理”出最佳选项。同学们要遵循“上下求索”的原则来查找信息。例如，第7小题，根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。
16．C
17．B
18．A
19．D
20．A
21．B
22．C
23．D
24．A
25．C
26．D
27．D
28．B
29．B
30．C
【分析】
本文是说明文。研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，人类谈话的三分之二不是关于当今的文化或政治问题，也不是关于我们刚刚看过的电影或刚读完的书的激烈辩论，而是简单明了的闲话。A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据“ not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple ”可知，我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语，下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。
17．考查副词词义辨析。句意：语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据“We gossip. ”,得知，前面是提问我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选B。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于他人的行为和私人生活，比如谁和谁做了什么，谁在里面，谁在外面，以及为什么；如何处理涉及孩子、爱人和同事的困难情况。A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文“involving children, lovers, and colleagues.”包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？。A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文“So why are we keen on gossiping ”我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，是浪费时间和语言的人。所以选D。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这位心理学家在他的新书《修饰、八卦和语言的进化》中说，八卦是其中一个真正的问题。A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据上文“It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.”可知，Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点。A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓宽，根据“ Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. ”可知，Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统观点的，所以选B。
22．考查词组词义辨析。句意：邓巴认为，我们不会因为会说话而花三分之二的时间八卦，语言是专门进化来让我们八卦的。A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根据“We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,”可知，前后表示转折，正相反的是，语言进化是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选C。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：邓巴是通过研究像猴子这样更高的灵长类动物的行为得到他的理论的。A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的“By means of grooming”可知，教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以选D。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过刷毛来清洁毛发，猴子与其他个体组成群体，当群体内或群体外发生冲突时，它们可以依靠这些个体来寻求支持。A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据“ in the event of some kind of conflict within the group”的conflict可知，猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。
25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，。A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. 承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，这是教授下的结论，所以选C。
26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：分组是有意义的，因为群体越大，它提供的保护就越大;另一方面，群体越大，与他人生活在一起的压力就越大。A. 前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保护，根据下文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”可知，因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来。A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，所以选D。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果。A.拯救，B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗，D.获得，根据“But as the groups got bigger and bigger,”得知，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长，所以选B。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很明显，需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到的，根据上文“ to maintain its effectiveness. ”的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，通过在更广泛的个人网络上交换信息，而不是通过一对一的身体接触，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系。A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的，根据“By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, ”得知，梳理毛发需要身体接触的，所以选C。
31．A
32．B
33．C
34．A
35．B
36．D
37．A
38．B
39．C
40．D
41．C
42．D
43．A
44．B
45．B
46．C
47．A
48．C
49．D
50．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了很多公司把很多精力放在了吸引顾客的方面，而很少去关注如何留住老客户，并说明留住老客户的重要性。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来简单易行。A. simple简单的；B. difficult困难的；C. tough艰难的；D. complicated复杂的。根据 achievable.可知，虽听起来简单易行。但在现实中，智慧的话语很快就会被遗忘。故选A。
32．考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在现实中，智慧的话语很快就会被遗忘。A. in particular特殊地，特别地；B. in reality事实上；C. at least至少；D. first of all首先。根据前文Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers以及空前的but判断应事实并不那么简单。选B。
33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦公司吸引了顾客，他们往往忽略了故事的后半部分。A. emphasize强调；B. doubt怀疑；C. overlook俯瞰，眺望，忽略；D. believe相信。根据下文They forget可知，成功吸引顾客之后，常常会忽略故事的另一部分。故选C。
34．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在击败竞争对手、谈判价格、获得订单和交付产品的兴奋中，经理们往往变得忘乎所以。A. carried away忘乎所以；B. carried back回想；C.carried on坚持，继续；D. carried through进行。根据下文They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— ___5___ that the customer remains a customer. 他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。由此可知，此处表示经理会忘乎所以。故选A。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。A. denying拒绝；B. ensuring确信，确保；C. arguing争吵；D. proving 证明。他们忘记了他们认为是无聊一面却正是确保留住客户的一个方面。故选B。
36．考查动词词义辨析。句意：未能像吸引顾客那样保留住顾客，真地让公司损失大量资金。A. Moving移动；B. Hoping希望；C. Starting开始；D. Failing未能。fail to do sth未能做某事。如果不能集中精力留住和吸引客户，每年都会给企业带来巨额损失。故选D。
37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在持续变化的市场上，这是不令人吃惊的。A. markets市场；B. tastes味道；C. prices价格；D. expenses花费。此文讲的是公司做生意，故应是市场。选A。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。A. thought 想法；B. idea主意；C. opinion看法；D. view观点。have an/any idea为固定搭配，意为“知道”。这里指很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。故选B。
39．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：直到现在，组织才开始意识到那些失去的机会，并计算其对财务的影响。A. culture文化；B. social社交的，社会的；C. financial金融的；D. economical经济的。根据上文可知，很少有公司知道他们失去了多少客户。所以会对财务产生影响。financial implication财务影响。故选C。
40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：减少一个公司失去的客户数量会对它的业绩产生很大的影响。A. promise承诺；B. plan计划；C. mistake错误；D. difference区别，意义。make a difference有影响，有关系。这里指对业绩有很大的影响。故选D。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：百分之十五的流失的客户导致预算增长在25 - 85%之间。A. cost 费用；B. opportunity机会；C. profit利润；D. budget预算。根据常识可知，顾客的流失会带来公司预算的增加，故选C。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在美国，多米诺比萨估计一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5000美元。A. usual 通常的； B. ordinary 不同的；C. common共同的； D. regular惯常的。根据下文A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and ___13___ never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in ___14___ profits。如果客户第一次来公司就收到了质量很差的产品或服务，结果就再也不回来了，公司就会损失数千美元的潜在利润，可知，此处讲的是老顾客的重要性。regular customers为固定用法，意为“老顾客；常客”。故选D。
43．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：如果一个顾客第一次拜访就得到了质量差的产品或服务，结果就是在也不会回来。A. as a result结果；B. on the whole总体来讲；C. in conclusion总之；D. on the contrary相反。空后是前文的结果，故应选A。
44．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么他就会让公司损失数千美元的潜在利润。A. huge巨大的；B. potential潜在的；C. extra额外的；D. reasonable 合情合理的。由上文可知，一个老顾客在十年内价值超过5000美元。所以没有回头客，会损失潜在的利润。故选B。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：培养客户忠诚度背后的逻辑是不可否认的。A. beliefs相信；B. loyalty忠诚；C. habits习惯；D. interest兴趣。根据上文可知，留不住老客户让公司损失数千美元的潜在利润，所以要培养客户忠诚度。故选B。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：实际上，大多数公司的营销努力都集中在争取客户上，而很少注意到如何留住客户。A. altering改变；B. understanding理解；C. keeping保持，留住；D. attracting吸引。根据focused on getting customers, with little attention paid可知，此处应留住顾客。故选C。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“研究表明，在留住客户和盈利之间存在着一种密切的关系。A. close亲密的；B. distant远处的；C. deep深的；D. shallow浅的。根据下文___18___ customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers.可知，留住老客户，与客户维护好关系非常重要。故选A。
48．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与新客户相比，老客户倾向于购买更多、可预测且通常服务成本更低。A. Assumed假定的，假想的；B. Respected受尊重的；C. Established已建立的；D. Unexpected意想不到的。根据than new customers这里指已建立的顾客，也就是老顾客。故选C。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，他们往往对价格不太敏感，可能会提供免费的口碑广告。A. agreeable一致的；B. flexible灵活的；C. friendly友好的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据啥常识和购物经验可知，老顾客往往对价格不太敏感。price sensitive价格敏感性。故选D。
50．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：留住客户也使得竞争对手很难进入一个市场或增加他们的市场份额。A. unfair不公平的；B. difficult困难的；C. essential重要的；D. convenient方便的。根据Retaining customers 可知，留住客户也使得竞争对手很难进入一个市场或增加他们的市场份额。故选B。
51．D
52．C
53．C
54．C
55．B
56．C
57．D
58．B
59．C
60．A
61．B
62．D
63．B
64．D
65．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语言技术通过不断的发展变得越来越优秀。
51．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多语言技术的早期方法——尤其是翻译——陷入了一个概念上的死胡同：基于规则的方法。A. buried埋葬；B. engaged卷入；C. absorbed吸收；D. stuck钉住。get stuck被困住。根据“in a conceptual dead end”可知，早期的语言技术陷入了概念上的死胡同。故选D。
52．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在翻译中，这意味着试图编写规则来分析原文中的句子，将其分解为一种抽象的“中介语”，并根据译入语的规则重新构建。A. essence本质；B. persuasion说服；C. origin起源；D. practice练习。根据“and rebuilding it according to the rules of the target language.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法，首先来分析原文中的句子。故选C。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些方法显示出了早期的前途。A. consideration考虑；B. thought想法；C. promise前途；有希望；D. exposure暴露。根据“But language is full of ambiguities and exceptions, so such systems were hugely complicated and easily ____4____ when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，基于规则的方法在初期还是有前途的。故选C。
54．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但是语言中充满了歧义和异常，所以这样的系统非常复杂，当测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时，很容易崩溃。A. laid off解雇；B. lagged behind落后；C. broke down分解；崩溃；D. died out灭绝。根据“when tested on sentences beyond the simple set they had been designed for.”可知，这里指基于规则的方法的缺陷，使得测试的句子超出了它们设计的简单集合时会容易崩溃。故选C。
55．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：几乎所有的语言技术都开始随着统计方法的应用而变得更好，统计方法通常被称为“蛮力”方法。A. experimental实验的；B. statistical统计的；C. financial金融的；D. instructional指导的。根据“This relies on software scanning vast amounts of data, looking for patterns and learning from precedent.”可知，这里是运用统计方法使得语言技术变得更好。故选B。
56．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：例如，在解析语言(将其分解成语法成分)时，软件从已经被人类解析过的大量文本中学习。 A. What’s more另外；B. In other words换句话说；C. For example例如；D. By contrast相反。根据“in parsing language (breaking it down into its grammatical components), the software learns from large bodies of text that have already been parsed by humans.”可知，这里是从先例中学习所举的例子。故选C。
57．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它利用自己所学到的知识，对之前未见过的文本做出最佳猜测。A. sense感觉；B. deal交易；C. effort努力；D. guess猜。根据“about a previously unseen text.”可知，软件利用自己所学到的知识对未见过的文本进行最佳猜测。故选D。
58．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：由于处理器的能力不断增强，数据存储价格不断下降，最重要的是，可用数据的爆炸式增长，这种方法最终取得了成果。A. came into being存在；B. bore fruit结果实；C. took effect生效； 起作用；D. caught up赶上。根据“Thanks to the growing power of processors, falling prices for data storage and, most crucially, the explosion in available data,”可知，随着发展，统计方法最终取得了丰硕的成果。故选B。
59．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：几十年来众所周知的数学技术开始发挥自己的作用，能够获取大量数据的大公司随时准备从中受益。A. permission允许；B. license许可证；C. access入口；接触；D. reference参考。根据“Mathematical techniques that had been known for decades came into their own,”可知，数学技术的运用，大公司能够获取大量的数据。故选C。
60．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些神经元通常被认为具有与人类大脑相似的特性：“神经元”通过软件连接，在学习过程中，这种连接会变得更强或更弱。A. human brain人脑；B. information technology信息技术；C. computer programming计算机程序设计；D. artificial intelligence人工智能。根据““neurons” are connected in software, and connections can become stronger or weaker in the process of learning.”可知，神经元具有与人类大脑相似的特性。故选A。
61．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，一家语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。 A. Therefore因此；B. However然而；C. Likewise同样地；D. Indeed的确。根据“Nils Lenke, head of research for a language technology company, explains matter-of-factly that “DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,” the ____12____ of which had already been understood for decades.”可知，前后句之间为转折关系。故选B。
62．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，一家语言技术公司的研究主管尼尔斯·伦克实事求是地解释说，“DNN只是另一种数学模型”，其基础已经被人们理解了几十年。改变的是使用的硬件。A. meaning意义；B. quality质量；C. purpose目的；D. basis基础。根据“DNNs are just another kind of mathematical model,”可知，这里指的是DNN这种数学模型的基础。故选D。
63．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎是偶然的是，DNN的研究人员发现，用于在视频游戏等应用程序中生成图形的图形处理单元(GPU)在处理神经网络方面也很出色。A. adapted适应；B. used使用；C. claimed宣称；D. suited适合。根据“the graphical processing units (GPUs)”可知，这里指图形处理单元(GPU)在视频游戏等应用程序中的使用。故选B。
64．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这使得语言技术从必要时可用转变为相当好的。A. changeable易变的；B. liable有义务的；C. desirable有吸引力的；D. usable可用的。这里指语言技术从可用的变得相当好。故选D。
65．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但到目前为止，还没有人完全弄清楚，是什么让它从“仅仅好”变成“可靠的伟大”。A. put out扑灭；B. worked out锻炼；可以解决；想出；C. watched out当心；D. pointed out指出。根据“what will move it forward from being merely good to reliably great.”可知，没有人弄清楚语言技术发展得如此的迅速。故选B。
66．A
67．D
68．C
69．B
70．D
71．B
72．C
73．A
74．C
75．D
76．C
77．D
78．A
79．B
80．A
81．D
82．A
83．C
84．B
85．B
【分析】
本文是说明文，介绍了Larrey在拿破仑时期发明分诊法和它在今天COVID-19大流行期间的运用和影响。
66．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在战场上，他必须确定哪些士兵最需要医疗照顾，无论他们的军衔如何。A. determine确定，判定；B. predict预测；C. observe观察；D. investigate调查。根据下文“which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently”中which soldiers可知，在战场上，Larrey需要选出最需要医疗照顾的士兵进救治，所以他需要先确定人员。故选A项。
67．
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：在战场上，他必须确定哪些士兵最需要医疗照顾，无管他们是什么军衔。A. in honour of为纪念；B. instead of代替，相反；C. on behalf of代表；D. regardless of不管，不顾。根据上文“which soldiers needed medical attention most urgently”可知，人员的确定是按需要救治的紧急程度确定的，与military rank(军衔)无关。故选D项。
68．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在此过程中，他提出了分诊法，一种区分紧急和非紧急病人的方法。A. bridging架桥；B. balancing平衡；C. distinguishing区分；D. compromising妥协。根据上文可知Larrey需要选出最需要医疗照顾的士兵，所以他想到的方法也是如何区分病人的伤情或病情，如何区分紧急和非紧急病人。故选C项。
69．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：时至今日，分诊法仍与拿破仑战役时一样有益。A. adventurous爱冒险的，大胆的；B. beneficial有益的；C. complex复杂的；D. original首创的，最初的。由上文可知，Larrey发明的分诊法是战场上有效区分病人的方法，根据本句“Triage remains as ___4___ today as it was in the Napoleonic campaigns.”中同级比较可推知，现在分诊法与过去一样，仍然有益。 故选B项。
70．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管今天大多数医生很少在战场上，但新冠肺炎大流行改变了这一点。A. randomly随机，任意；B. regularly有规律地；C. rapidly快速地；D. rarely很少。上文Larrey是拿破仑时代的战地医生，结合常识可知，今天的医生很少有机会上战场。故选D项。
71．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在意大利，有报道称，由于不得不做出的选择，医生们在医院的走廊上哭泣。A. chatting聊天；B. weeping哭泣；C. wandering闲逛；D. sitting坐。根据下文“many doctors are faced with terrible decisions”和“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”和“Even so, it will involve many heartbroken ___20___ along the way.”可知医生的决定意味着放弃特定的病人，作这样的决定是很艰难的，让人心碎，所以医生做选择会伤心落泪。故选B项。
72．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在意大利，有报道称，由于不得不做出的选择，医生们在医院的走廊上哭泣。A. efforts努力；B. prayers选手；C. choices选择；D. plans计划。根据下文“In America and Europe many doctors are faced with terrible decisions about how to ___8___ scarce resources such as beds, intensive care, and ventilators(呼吸机).”可知医生要决定把稀缺资源分配给谁，选择救谁和放弃谁。故选C项。
73．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在美国和欧洲，许多医生面临着如何解决诸如床位、重症监护和呼吸机等稀缺资源的可怕决定。A. distribute分配；B. upgrade升级；C. reserve预订；D. monitor监视。根据句中scarce resources(稀缺资源)可知，医生面临的决定就是稀缺资源的分配问题。故选A项。
74．
考查动词和动词短语词义辨析。句意：一个普遍的解决方案是确保资源被用于最有可能成功治疗的患者，以及最有预期寿命的患者。A. realize意识到；B. find out找出；C. make sure确保；D. assume假设。根据语意可知，医生要根据病人情况决定救谁和放弃谁，要确保把稀缺资源用到有治疗价值的病人身上。故选C项。
75．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个通用的解决方案是确保资源被用于最有可能成功治疗的患者，以及存活机率最高的患者。A. number数字；B. means方法；C. power权力；D. potential可能性，潜力。根据空格后并列定语从句“and who have the greatest life expectancy.”可推知，医生会把稀缺资源用到存活机率最高和最有可能治疗成功的患者身上。故选D项。
76．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：以呼吸机短缺为例。A. advantages优点；B. function功能；C. shortage缺乏；D. guidelines指导方针。根据下文“If a young patient arrives needing a ventilator”可知是用ventilator(呼吸机)举例。故选C项。
77．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果一个年轻的病人到医院时需要呼吸机，而没有一台可用的，那么就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。A. valid有效的；B. satisfying满意的；C. affordable负担得起的；D. available可获得的，可用的。根据下文“there is a chance that one will be ___13___ from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.”中“可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台”这一解决办法可推知，无呼吸机可用。故选D项。
78．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果一个年轻的病人到医院时需要呼吸机，而没有一台可用的，那么就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。A. removed摘下，拿开；B. purchased购买；C. delivered递送；D. borrowed借。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”中所说解决办法，在无呼吸机可用的情况下，就有可能从另一个被认为存活几率较低的人身上取下一台。故选A项。
79．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种机制对老年患者或有健康问题的患者不利。A. harm伤害；B. favor偏袒，有利于；C. ignore忽视；D. respect尊重。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”和“there is a chance that one will be ___13___ from someone else that is identified as being less likely to survive.”可知，在医疗资源不足的情况下，年老的、孱弱的病人很可能就成为被放弃的对象，所以对他们不利。故选B项。
80．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：意大利医生表示，如果提前确定机制，并恰当地通知患者和家属，将会有帮助。A. in advance提前；B. in person亲自；C. in return作为报答；D. in order秩序井然。根据上文可知，在医疗资源不足的情况，有的病人会被放弃，这种情况对于患者和家属而言是无法接受的。但如果能提前制定并告知这一机制，患者和家属就会有心理准备，情况会发一些。故选A项。
81．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：意大利医生表示，如果提前确定机制，并恰当地通知患者和家属，将会有帮助。A. temporarily暂时；B. abruptly突然；C. lately近来；D. properly恰当。知道被放弃救治，对于患者和家属而言是很难接受的，所以告知时，要讲方法与策略，要用并恰当的方法。故选D项。
82．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论是在战场上还是在拥挤的重症监护室里，人们往往根据自己的需要和生存机会来治疗他人。A. crowded拥挤的；B. separate分开的；C. unique独一无二的；D. narrow狭窄的。根据上文可知在COVID-19大流行期间，医疗资源不足，ICU(重症监护室)人满为患。故选A项。
83．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论是在战场上还是在拥挤的重症监护室里，人们往往根据自己的需要和生存机会来治疗他人。A. perfection完美；B. victory胜利；C. survival幸存；D. sacrifice牺牲。根据上文“One general solution is to ___9___ that resources are directed to the patients who have the greatest ___10___ of successful treatment, and who have the greatest life expectancy.”可知，治疗和医疗资源的分配是按病人的生存机率来决定的。故选C项。
84．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个机制似乎在道德上是可以接受的。A. controversial有争议的；B. acceptable可接受的；C. unexpected出乎意料的；D. creative有创造力的。从理性的角度出发，“救治存活机率最高和最有可能治疗成功的病人”这一办法在道德上是明智的，可以接受的。故选B项。
85．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：即便如此，这一路上也会涉及许多令人心碎的决定。A. routines常规，惯例；B. decisions决定；C. procedures程序；D. betrayals背叛。文中提到的解决办法就是理性地选择救谁和放弃谁，无论作何选择，都是令人痛苦和心碎的。故选B项。
86．D
87．C
88．C
89．C
90．B
91．C
92．B
93．D
94．A
95．D
96．B
97．A
98．D
99．A
100．C
101．B
102．D
103．B
104．A
105．C
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章以病毒的角度描述病毒如何让一个学生感冒，并且学生如何抗击病毒的。
86．
考考查副词词义辨析。句意：人们经常生病是因为我，然而却很少责怪我。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides除此之外；C. Then然后；D. However然而。根据“Humans frequently fall ill owing to me.”可知，人们生病因为我，却很少责怪我，所以前后句是转折关系。故选D项。
87．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这大部分是他们自己的错。 A. duty责任；B. responsibility责任；C. fault过错；D. excuse借口。根据“they can hardly blame me;”可知，这里不能责怪我，所以是人类的错。故选C项。
88．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个疲惫的人可能会被感染，特别是当他去拥挤的地方和有污染的空气的地方。A. blamed责怪；B. punished惩罚；C. caught 抓住，感染；D. killed 杀死。根据“when he goes to crowded places with polluted air”可知，疲惫的人特别是去拥挤的地方和有污染的空气的地方可能会被感染。故选C项。
89．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：温度上的突然改变是另外一个因素。A. season 季节；B. place地方；C. temperature温度；D. condition 情况。根据“In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home.”可知，有些人在夏天一回家就吹空调从而感冒，说明是温度骤变导致的。故选C项。
90．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管很疲惫，他仍然去了电影院。A. excited激动的；B. exhausted疲惫的；C. late迟到的；D. hurt受伤的。根据“After school, he played football hard for two hours.”可知，学生打完球，所以这里是很疲惫。故选B项。
91．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我抓住这个黄金机会去攻击他 。A. injure受伤；B. bother 打扰；C. attack攻击；D. destroy破坏。这里表示病毒攻击人类，与第19空后面defense以及all-out attack呼应。故选C项。
92．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：他作出反应，试图摆脱我，但我已经在他的喉咙深处繁殖。A. get on with与……相处；B. get rid of避免；C. put up with忍受；D. take hold of握住。根据“He reacted,”可知，这里做出反应是要摆脱病毒。故选B项。
93．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他作出反应，试图摆脱我，但我已经在他的喉咙深处繁殖。A. waiting等待；B. disappearing消失；C. hiding隐藏；D. reproducing再生产，繁殖。根据“for there were too many of us.”可知，病毒已经在喉咙深处繁殖。故选D项。
94．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他不停地打喷嚏，还流鼻涕。A. running跑；流；B. blowing吹；C. flowing流动；D. going去。根据“He kept sneezing”可知，他不停地打喷嚏和流鼻涕。故选A项。
95．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，他的喉咙痛一直困扰着他，他开始咳嗽，想要强迫我和我的家人出去，但没有成功。A. influencing影响；B. reminding 提醒；C. comforting 安慰；D. upsetting使心烦意乱，困扰。根据“his sore throat”可知，喉咙痛困扰着他。故选D项。
96．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，他的喉咙痛一直困扰着他，他开始咳嗽，想要强迫我和我的家人出去，但没有成功。A. escaped逃跑；B. failed失败；C. regretted后悔；D. succeeded成功。根据“and he developed a cough to force me and my family out,”可知，想要病毒和它的家人出去，有but作转折，所以这里是失败了。故选B项。
97．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二天，他不能上学了。A. school学校；B. work工作；C. bed床；D. hospital医院。根据前文“My latest victim is an energetic student”可知，他是一个学生，所以是不能上学。故选A项。
98．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他失去了胃口，并且不像以前那样有活力。A. peaceful 和平的；B. tired累的；C. happy高兴的；D. dynamic有活力的。根据前文“My latest victim is an energetic student”可知，因为生病了，所以没有活力 。故选D项。
99．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的妈妈每个几个小时给他喝橙汁补充维C，这可以帮助他恢复。A. recovery恢复；B. development发展；C. enthusiasm热情；D. growth成长。根据“His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C,”可知，维C有助于恢复。故选A项。
100．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这两天，他都被他妈妈照顾着。A. cured治愈；B. protected保护；C. nursed护理，照顾；D. treated对待，款待。根据“His mother made him orange juice every few hours for more vitamin C,”可知，这里照应前文的妈妈给他喝果汁，生病了要照顾。故选C项。
101．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着他休息地更多，他的抵抗力增强了，我感到更多的压力 。A. loss失去；B. pressure压力；C. operation手术；D. movement移动。根据“As he rested more, his defense strengthened”可知，人的防御力增强了，所以病毒很难侵入，更有压力。故选B项。
102．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我知道我不久之后不得不遗弃他。 A. boycott联合抵制；B. overcome克服；C. beat打败；D. abandon遗弃。根据“As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the _____16_____.”可知，人的抵抗力增强，所以病毒呆不下去，不得不丢弃。故选D项。
103．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸地是，现在轮到我感到痛苦。A. Unexpectedly意外地；B. Unfortunately不幸地；C. Unusually不寻常地；D. Unsuccessfully不成功地。因为他的防御体系足以攻击我，现在轮到我感觉痛苦了，所以是不幸地。故选B项。
104．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不幸地是，现在轮到我感到痛苦。A. awful糟糕的，痛苦的；B. disappointed失望的；C. nervous紧张的；D. ashamed 羞耻的。根据“for his defense system was starting an all-out attack against me.”可知，因为他的防御体系足以攻击我，现在轮到我感觉痛苦了，病毒和病人互换了，我感到病人之前的痛苦。故选A项。
105．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我变得更虚弱，我的末日到了。A. smaller更小的；B. bigger更大的；C. weaker更虚弱的；D. stronger更强壮的。根据“and finally my time was over.”可知，我的末日到了，需要这里是更加虚弱。故选C项。