专题03 完形填空（答案版）
卷01：2023年上海市虹口区高三一模
卷02：2023年上海市宝山区高三一模
卷03：2023年上海市嘉定区高三一模
卷04：2023年上海市金山区高三一模
卷05：2023年上海市闵行区高三一模
卷06：2023年上海市松江区高三一模
卷07：2023年上海市杨浦区高三一模
卷08：2023年上海市长宁区高三一模
卷09：2023年上海市黄浦区高三一模
卷10：2023年上海市静安区高三一模
卷11：2023年上海市崇明区高三一模
卷12：2023年上海市青浦区高三一模
卷13：2023年上海市浦东新区高三一模
卷14：2023年上海市奉贤区高三一模
卷15：2023年上海市普陀区高三一模
卷16：2023年上海市徐汇区高三一模
卷01：2023年上海市虹口区高三一模
Back in 1930, the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%, most of us still average 42.5 hours a week.
One of the things Keynes underestimated is the human desire to ___22___ with our peers — a drive that makes most of us work more than we need to. “We don’t measure productivity by how much we’ve harvested anymore,” says Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, visiting scholar at Stanford University. “Overworking has been part of Western society since the Industrial Revolution. When some predicted that automation would create an extra amount of ___23___ time, needless to say, that didn’t happen.
Thanks to computerization and globalization in the 1980s, managers could demand more of employees under the ___24___ that jobs could be given to someone else. So the ___25___ piled on. And we took it exhausted, but asking up the burden all the same. The psychologist Barbara Killnger writes in Workaholics: Te Respectable Addicts about how we ___26___ sacrifice our own well-being through overwork for “success”.
But far from delivering productivity, value, or personal fulfillment, overwork has been proven to lead to burnout, stress, greater risk of heart disease and even shorter lifespans. ___27___ we carried on — until COVID-19 came along.
Besides making us work longer hours from home, COVID-19 has also ___28___ the move towards the adoption of automated machine, especially tor jobs requiring much interpersonal contact-from Amazon developing delivery drones (无人机) to self-driving cars. By 2050, Michael Osborne, a professor of machine learning at the University of Oxford, predicts that at least 40% of current jobs will be lost to ___29___.
There are ____30____. Jobs that involve complex social interactions are beyond current robot skills: so teaching, social care, nursing and counselling are all likely to ____31____ the AI revolution. As are jobs that rely on creativity. The same also goes for ____32____ jobs, according to Osborne, due to the large number of different objects cleaners encounter and the variety of ways those objects need to be dealt with. Interestingly, areas of the workplace traditionally dominated by women won’t be so easily adopted by AI. Robots are unlikely to ____33____ in the “work” of taking care of children, preparing lunchboxes and doing the laundry.
Those whose work falls outside the caring, cleaning or creative field will still work in future, just ____34____. In about 60% of occupations, it is estimated that a third of the tasks can be automated, meaning changes to the way we work. A large-scale study has predicted that over the next 20 years, although 7 million jobs will be taken over by AI. 7.2 million new ones will be ____35____ as a result. So we will work in future: we just don’t know what we’ll be doing yet.
21.
A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept
22.
A. disagree B. compete C. cooperate D. identify
23.
A. working B. tough C. leisure D. active
24.
A. fantasy B. influence C. threat D. impression
25.
A. joy B. cash C. ambition D. pressure
26.
A. excitedly B. willingly C. dramatically D. hopefully
27.
A. Otherwise B. Still C. Furthermore D. Therefore
28.
A. speeded up B. followed up C. prepared for D. planned for
29.
A. overwork B. labour C. automation D. science
30.
A. dreams B. models C. expectations D. exceptions
31.
A. cause B. cease C. survive D. undergo
32.
A. caring B. cleaning C. curing D. coaching
33.
A. assist B. exist C. believe D. understand
34.
A hardly B. differently C. unfortunately D. probably
35.
A. lost B. recovered C. substituted D. created
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. D 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人类工作时间的变化以及自动化对工作方式的影响。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时。A. declined下降；B. increased增加；C. continued继续；D. kept保持。根据上文“we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now.(我们现在每周只工作15个小时)”可知，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时，while引导让步状语从句，表转折，故选A。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：凯恩斯低估的一件事是人类与同伴竞争的欲望——这种欲望使我们大多数人工作得比我们需要的更多。A. disagree不同意；B. compete比赛；C. cooperate合作；D. identify识别。根据后文“a drive that makes most of us work more than we need to”可知，人类喜欢和同伴竞争，导致大多数人工作得比我们需要的更多。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当一些人预测自动化将创造更多的闲暇时间时，不用说，这并没有发生。A. working有工作的；B. tough艰难的；C. leisure闲暇的；D. active活跃的。根据上文“automation would create an extra amount of”可知，自动化应该带来更多的闲暇时间。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于20世纪80年代的计算机化和全球化，管理人员可以在工作可能被交给别人的威胁下对员工提出更多的要求。A. fantasy幻想；B. influence影响；C. threat威胁；D. impression印象。根据后文“that jobs could be given to someone else”可知，管理人员可以在工作可能被交给别人的威胁下对员工提出更多的要求。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以压力越来越大。A. joy玩笑；B. cash现金；C. ambition抱负；D. pressure压力。根据后文“And we took it exhausted, but asking up the burden all the same.(我们尽了力，仍要担重担)”可知，人类的压力越来越大了。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：心理学家芭芭拉 基尔格在《工作狂:受人尊敬的瘾君子》一书中写道，为了“成功”，我们是如何心甘情愿地牺牲自己的幸福的。A. excitedly激动地；B. willingly愿意地；C. dramatically戏剧性地；D. hopefully有希望地。根据后文“through overwork for “success””指人类为了成功，心甘情愿地牺牲自己的幸福。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但我们还是坚持了下来，直到COVID-19出现。A. Otherwise否则；B. Still仍然；C. Furthermore此外；D. Therefore因此。根据上文“But far from delivering productivity, value, or personal fulfillment, overwork has been proven to lead to burnout, stress, greater risk of heart disease and even shorter lifespans.(但事实证明，过度工作不仅不会带来生产力、价值或个人成就感，还会导致倦怠、压力、更大的心脏病风险，甚至更短的寿命)”以及后文“we carried on”指过度工作虽然有很多坏处，但我们仍然坚持下来了。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：除了让我们在家工作更长时间外，COVID-19还加速了自动化机器的采用，特别是对于需要大量人际接触的工作——从亚马逊开发的送货无人机到自动驾驶汽车。A. speeded up加速；B. followed up跟上；C. prepared for准备；D. planned for制定计划。根据后文“the move towards the adoption of automated machine, especially tor jobs requiring much interpersonal contact-from Amazon developing delivery drones to self-driving cars.”可知，COVID-19加速了自动化机器的采用，特别是对于需要大量人际接触的工作——从亚马逊开发的送货无人机到自动驾驶汽车。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：牛津大学机器学习教授迈克尔 奥斯本预测，到2050年，目前至少40%的工作岗位将被自动化取代。A. overwork劳累过度；B. labour劳动；C. automation自动化；D. science科学。呼应上文“the move towards the adoption of automated machine”指到2050年，目前至少40%的工作岗位将被自动化取代。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：也有例外。A. dreams梦想；B. models模型；C. expectations期待；D. exceptions例外。根据后文“Jobs that involve complex social interactions are beyond current robot skills: so teaching, social care, nursing and counselling are all likely to survive the AI revolution.(涉及复杂社会互动的工作超出了当前机器人的技能范围：因此，教学、社会关怀、护理和咨询都有可能在人工智能革命中幸存下来)”可知，不是所有的工作都会被取代，有一些工作例外。故选D。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：涉及复杂社会互动的工作超出了当前机器人的技能范围：因此，教学、社会关怀、护理和咨询都有可能在人工智能革命中幸存下来。A. cause造成；B. cease终止；C. survive生存；D. undergo经历。根据上文“Jobs that involve complex social interactions are beyond current robot skills: so teaching, social care, nursing and counselling are all likely to”可知，涉及复杂社会互动的工作超出了当前机器人的技能范围：因此，教学、社会关怀、护理和咨询都有可能在人工智能革命中幸存下来。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：奥斯本表示，清洁工作也是如此，因为清洁工会遇到大量不同的物体，需要处理这些物体的方法也多种多样。A. caring关心；B. cleaning清理；C. curing治愈；D. coaching指导。根据后文“due to the large number of different objects cleaners encounter and the variety of ways those objects need to be dealt with”可知，此处指清洁工作。故选B。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：机器人不太可能协助照顾孩子、准备午餐盒和洗衣服等“工作”。A. assist帮助，协助；B. exist存在；C. believe相信；D. understand理解。根据后文“in the “work” of taking care of children, preparing lunchboxes and doing the laundry.”指机器人不太可能协助照顾孩子、准备午餐盒和洗衣服等“工作”。故选A。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：那些工作不在护理、清洁或创意领域的人将来仍然会工作，只是工作方式不同而已。A. hardly几乎不；B. differently不同地；C. unfortunately不幸地；D. probably可能。根据上文“Those whose work falls outside the caring, cleaning or creative field will still work in future, just”指辨析。句意：那些工作不在护理、清洁或创意领域的人将来仍然会工作，只是工作方式不同。故选B。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，将会产生720万个新岗位。A. lost丢失；B. recovered恢复；C. substituted代替；D. created创造。根据后文“So we will work in future: we just don’t know what we’ll be doing yet.(所以我们会在未来工作：我们只是还不知道我们要做什么)”可知，人类将来仍然会工作。说明是产生720万个新岗位。故选D。
卷02：2023年上海市宝山区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Ideally, childhood is a time of growth and learning, preparing for adulthood and also having fun. But for many children around the world, this time is cut short when they are forced to work, sometimes in dangerous conditions. 41 , the United Nations (U.N.), some national governments and other organizations 42 June 12 as the annual World Day Against Child Labor.
As of 2020, around 160 million children worked as child laborers, which means that one child in 10 was a child laborer. 43 , child labor has decreased over the past 20 years, but in recent years, this progress has stopped. Child labor is 44 from ordinary housework, helping with a family business or (for older children) working to earn pocket money when not in school. Work done by children is 45 as child labor when it harms the child physically, mentally, socially or 46 , or when it prevents the child's education.
About 79 million children are engaged in hazardous child labor. Sometimes this means the work itself is dangerous because of heavy machinery or exposure to 47 . Hazardous child labor can also involve harsh conditions, long hours, or 48 to various kinds of abuse.
The primary goal of the World Day Against Child Labor is raising 49 of the issue and encouraging individuals, organizations and governments to bating (打击) child labor is a complex task. It involves social workers who identify child laborers and take action to provide these children and their families with other 51 . But it also involves change in communities as a whole, 52 the social regulations that can lead adults to make their children work.
Child labor and poverty often go hand in hand as parents feel removing their children from school is necessary to earn money for their survival. So, measures meant to fight 53 are also tied to preventing child labor. Ensuring that children have quality educational opportunities is also important. If more opportunities were 54 , more parents might give up the immediate benefit of a child's paycheck to give that child an education.
Child labor is harmful to children and to communities, since it prevents children from growing into healthy, educated citizens who could make a(n) 55 in society. By highlighting the problem and offering a variety of solutions, the World Day Against Child Labor can make the situation a bit better.
A. In addition B. As a result C. Above all D. After all
A. recognize B. discover C. choose D. consider
A. Nevertheless B. Therefore C. Overall D. Moreover
A. distinguished B. transferred C. ranged D. evolved
A. evaluated B. classified C. combined D. separated
A. sincerely B. negatively C. positively D. morally
A. chemicals B. lights C. wastes D. gases
A. harm B. pollution C. exposure D. danger
A. value B. awareness C. status D. significance
A. take place B. take care C. take over D. take action
A. options B. questions C. elements D. examples
A. promoting B. urging C. challenging D. adjusting
A. disease B. disaster C. survival D. poverty
A. available B. sustainable C. accessible D. advisable
A. choice B. difference C. effort D. decision
参考答案：41-55 BACAB DACBD ACDAB
卷03：2023年上海市嘉定区高三一模
Section A(15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
“So …tell me about yourself. ”
The toughest job interview question may seem like a softball from the interviewer's perspective: It seems___41____because it feels like a free pass: no request for real-life examples, no technical challenge, not even the feared "What's your biggest fault "Just…tell me anything.
Receiving such an open invitation invites more ___42____than opportunities, because you're given no framework for your response —just a blank, clue-free paper. I often see this__43situation in my point-making workshops: communicating without a point.
What your prospective employer most needs from you is a point ("T am an important asset (资产)to the company"), not a___44___("All about me"). But how do you get from the interviewer's broad question to a specific and___45___point
Start with realizing that your interviewer already knows your job history thanks to your resume(简历). So you should be more than your___46__. Remember that interviews are more about making strong ___47__than proving qualifications. This is a two-step process that will require some homework. First, identify what the organization specifically needs from this role. Second, __48_your response to position yourself as the best person to fill that need.
Identifying the organization's need means examining the job description like a treasure map. Phrases like “required, ”"must have, "and "highly desired"mean what they say, so___49__those in your planning. Items further down the list or labeled "preferred"may be less important, even if you meet those standards. The__50___of a job description can be telling as well. Descriptions that sound personal, or come right out and say "sense of humor preferred"indicate a workplace where people like to have fun. __51_, a very formal job posting might indicate a conservative workplace where people are expected to be serious about the work.
Pulling from these soures, write down the three personal qualities they're most looking for like“self-starter, ""team player, "or "interest in healthcare". Now change the___52___slightly to "I'm aself-starter" or “At work, my approach is . …. "Then pick a story from your professional life that53__you filling that particular need of the job. Feel free to add details, but don't__54___the primary elements. Assume they can smell a lie from a mile away, whether they can or can't.
In this way, you should do more than just widen eyes in the room. Why Because you've matched who you are and your personal story with the company's brand and primary need. You didn't just tell them about you;you pointed out why you___55___to them.
41. A. hard B. Easy C. huge D. small
42. A. missions B. joys. C. comments D. risks
43. A, unlikely B. favourable. C. problematic D. competent
44. A. book report B. phone call. C. desk lamp D. lunch break
45. A. declared B. tailored. C. rejected D. assessed
46. A. profile B. criterion C. dimension D. nickname
47. A. transitions B. judgments C. matches D. distributions
48. A. stabilize B. customize C. memorize D. authorize
49. A. diversify B. approve C. delete D, highlight
50. A. tone B. format C. picture D. length
51. A. For instance B. By contrast C. After all D. In addition
52. A. blogging B. networking C. messaging D. wording
53. A. illustrates B. suspends C. dismisses D. circulates
54. A. make up B. put off C. break down D. get through
55. A. submitted B. extended C. mattered D. shifted
参考答案：
41. B 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. B
46. A 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. A
51. B 52. D 53. A 54. A 55. C
卷04：2023年上海市金山区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Mathematics has an image problem: far too many people are put off by it and conclude that the subject just isn’t for them. But one of the biggest problems is how maths is ____41____, as cold and dry.
I have a different approach which is to relate abstract maths to questions of politics and social justice. I have taught fairly maths-phobic (恐惧) art students in this way and have seen their attitudes ____42____. They now believe maths is ____43____ them and can genuinely help them.
At a basic level, maths is founded on logic, so when I am teaching logic, I use examples from ____44____ events rather than the old-fashioned type of problem. Instead of studying the logic of a statement like “all dogs have four legs”, I might discuss the statement “all immigrants are illegal”.
But I do this with specific mathematical structures too. ____45____, I teach a type of structure called an ordered set, which is subject to an order relation such as “is less than”. We then study and ask which functions are “order-preserving”. A typical example might be the function that takes a(n) ____46____ number and maps it to the number obtained from multiplying by 2. We would then say that if x < y then also 2x < 2y, so the function is order-preserving.
____47____, rather than sticking to this type of dry mathematical example, I introduce issues like privilege and wealth. If we think of one ordered set with people ordered by status, we can make a function to another set where the people are now ordered by ____48____ instead. If someone has a higher status, are they automatically wealthier We can also ask about working hours and ____49____: if someone works more hours, do they ____50____ earn more The answer there is clearly not.
My approach is controversial because, traditionally, maths is supposed to be ____51____ and apolitical (与政治无关的). I have been ____52____ by people who think my approach will be off-putting (令人烦恼的) to those who don’t care about social justice. However, the dry approach is off-putting to those who do care. In fact, I believe that all academic disciplines should address our most important issues. Abstract maths is about making thorough logical arguments, which is linked to everything. I don’t ____53____ that students agree with me about politics, but I do ask that they construct thorough arguments to back up their thoughts and develop the crucial ability to analyze the logic of people they ____54____.
Maths isn’t just about numbers and equations (方程式); it is about studying different ____55____ systems. We can apply it to balls rolling down different hills, but we can also apply it to pressing social issues. I think we should do both, for the sake of society and to be more inclusive towards different types of students in maths education.
41. A. dismissed B. presented C. doubted D. neglected
42. A. transformed B. defined C. illustrated D. examined
43. A. credited to B. relevant to C. separated from D. independent of
44. A. economic B. mathematical C. current D. virtual
45. A. In particular B. For example C. After all D. In addition
46. A. ordinary B. odd C. absolute D. limited
47. A. However B. Moreover C. Otherwise D. Therefore
48. A. power B. wealth C. health D. intelligence
49. A. profit B. status C. income D. promotion
50. A. particularly B. specifically C. habitually D. necessarily
51. A. applicable B. neutral C. biased D. theoretical
52. A. criticized B. tolerated C. ignored D. assessed
53. A. oppose B. claim C. assume D. demand
54. A. disagree with B. run across C. rely on D. benefit from
55. A. legal B. operating C. logical D. grading
【答案】41. B 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. B 52. A 53. D 54. A 55. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于数学以及数学教学的一些心得体会、方法和感悟。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是最大的问题之一是数学是如何被冷冰冰地呈现出来的。A. dismissed解散；B. presented代表，呈现；C. doubted怀疑；D. neglected忽视。根据上文“Mathematics has an image problem: far too many people are put off by it and conclude that the subject just isn’t for them.(数学有一个形象问题：有太多的人对它望而却步，认为这门学科不适合他们)”可知，此处指数学被呈现的方式有问题，被冷冰冰地呈现出来。故选B。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我用这种方法教过一些对数学相当恐惧的艺术类学生，我看到他们的态度发生了转变。A. transformed转换；B. defined定义；C. illustrated说明；D. examined检查。根据后文“can genuinely help them”可知，态度发生了转变。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查形容词短语辨析。句意：他们现在相信数学与他们息息相关，而且能真正帮助他们。A. credited to赞扬；B. relevant to有关的；C. separated from分开；D. independent of不依赖。根据后文“can genuinely help them”可知，认为数学可以帮助到他们，即与他们息息相关。故选B。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在基本层面上，数学是建立在逻辑的基础上的，所以当我教逻辑的时候，我用时事的例子，而不是老式的问题。A. economic经济的；B. mathematical数学的；C. current目前的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据后文“events rather than the old-fashioned type of problem”可知，作者用的是时事的例子，而不是老式的问题。故选C。
【45题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，我教授一种称为有序集的结构类型，它受制于诸如“小于”之类的顺序关系。A. In particular特别；B. For example例如；C. After all毕竟；D. In addition此外。根据上文“But I do this with specific mathematical structures, too.(但我也用特定的数学结构来做)”可知，后文主要是作者对于上文提到的内容进行举例说明。故选B。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个典型的例子可能是一个函数，它接受一个普通的数字，并将其映射到乘以2得到的数字。A. ordinary普通的；B. odd奇怪的；C. absolute完全的；D. limited有限的。根据后文“number and maps it to the number obtained from multiplying by 2”以及数学相关概念，函数是接受一个普通的数字，并将其映射到乘以2得到的数字。故选A。
【47题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我并没有拘泥于这种枯燥的数学例子，而是引入了特权和财富之类的问题。A. However然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Otherwise否则；D. Therefore因此。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用however。故选A。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们考虑一个按地位排序的有序集合，我们可以对另一个按财富排序的有序集合建立一个函数。A. power力量；B. wealth财富；C. health健康；D. intelligence聪明。呼应上文“like privilege and wealth”指按财富排序的有序集合。故选B。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们也可以问关于工作时间和收入的问题：如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多？A. profit利润；B. status地位；C. income收入；D. promotion晋升。根据后文“earn more”可知，此处指工作时间和收入的问题。故选C。
【50题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们也可以问关于工作时间和收入的问题：如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多？A. particularly特别是；B. specifically专门地；C. habitually习惯地；D. necessarily必要地。根据上文“if someone works more hours, do they”以及常识，如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多。故选D。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的方法是有争议的，因为传统上，数学被认为是“中立的”和非政治性的。A. applicable适用的；B. neutral中立的；C. biased有偏见的；D. theoretical理论的。根据后文“apolitical”可知，指数学被认为是“中立的”和非政治性的。故选B。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人批评我，认为我的做法会让那些不关心社会公正的人感到不快。A. criticized批评；B. tolerated忍受；C. ignored忽视；D. assessed评估。根据后文“people who think my approach will be off-putting to those who don’t care about social justice.”可知，有人认为作者的做法会让那些不关心社会公正的人感到不快，即批评作者。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我并不要求学生们在政治问题上与我意见一致，但我确实要求他们构建全面的论据来支持他们的想法，并培养分析他们不同意的人的逻辑的关键能力。A. oppose反对；B. claim声称；C. assume认为；D. demand要求。根据后文“students agree with me about politics”可知，此处指要求学生和作者意见一致。故选D。
【54题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我并不要求学生们在政治问题上与我意见一致，但我确实要求他们构建全面的论据来支持他们的想法，并培养分析他们不同意的人的逻辑的关键能力。A. disagree with不同意；B. run across遇到；C. rely on依靠；D. benefit from受益于。上文“students agree with me about politics”提到作者不要求学生们在政治问题上与自己意见一致，即想要培养学生学会分析和自己意见不一致的人的能力。故选A。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：数学不仅仅是数字和方程式；它是关于学习不同的逻辑系统。A. legal合法的；B. operating操作的；C. logical逻辑的；D. grading动词，定等级。呼应上文“Abstract maths is about making thorough logical arguments, which is linked to everything.(抽象数学是关于进行彻底的逻辑论证，它与一切都有联系)”指数学关于学习不同的逻辑系统。故选C。
卷05：2023年上海市闵行区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Man the Hunter, a key idea in human sciences, proposes that hunting was a major driver of human evolution and that men conducted this activity, leaving women out. It holds that human ancestors had a division of ___21___, rooted in biological differences between males and females, in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties. It assumes that males are ___22___ superior to females and that pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.
Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular ___23___. It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films. The thing is, it’s ___24___.
Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains for clues to their ___25___. Neandertal females and males do not vary in ___26___ patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. Their skeletons show the same modes of wear and tear. This discovery implies that they were engaging in ___27___ activities, from hunting large game animals to processing fur for leather.
Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women ___28___hunting. Agta people of the Philippines, ___29___, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.
A recent study of cross-cultural observational data lasting the past 100 years—much of which was ___30___ by Man the Hunter contributors—found that women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food. 79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women ___31___. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.
Much about female exercise science and the ___32___ of prehistoric women remains to be discovered. But the idea that in the past men were hunters and women were not is absolutely ___33___ even by the limited evidence we have. Now when you think of “cave people”, we hope, you will imagine a(n) ___34___ group of hunters surrounding a deer or hitting stone tools together rather than a heavy-browed man with a heavy stick over one shoulder. Hunting may have been remade as a ___35___ activity in recent times, but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.
21. A. food B. labor C. resource D. power
22. A. technically B. socially C. physically D. intellectually
23. A. culture B. belief C. science D. awareness
24. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. simple D. reasonable
25. A. emotion B. appearance C. diet D. behavior
26. A. injury B. interaction C. growth D. settlement
27. A. various B. identical C. outdoor D. manual
28. A. taking over B. suffering from C. longing for D. participating in
29. A. in fact B. as a whole C. for instance D. as a result
30. A. quoted B. ignored C. collected D. stored
31. A. supporters B. pioneers C. leaders D. hunters
32. A. hobbies B. status C. lives D. rights
33. A. established B. unsupported C. developed D. misguided
34. A. ever-growing B. self-governing C. mixed-sex D. multi-cultural
35. A. team B. sporting C. leisure D. male
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究，该研究认为女性也是人类历史中重要的狩猎者，而不只是男性。文章详述了研究的过程
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：该理论认为，人类祖先有一种劳动分工，其根源在于男女之间的生理差异，在这种分工中，男性进化为狩猎和供养，而女性则倾向于抚养孩子和承担家务。A. food食物；B. labor劳动；C. resource资源；D. power权力。根据后文的“in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties.”可知，男性进化为狩猎和供养，而女性则倾向于抚养孩子和承担家务，这是一种劳动分工。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：它认为男性在身体上优于女性，怀孕和照顾孩子会降低或消除女性的狩猎能力。A. technically技术上；B. socially社会上；C. physically物理上；D. intellectually智力上。根据后文的“ pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.”可知，它认为男性在身体上优于女性。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人类猎人在人类进化研究中占据主导地位近半个世纪，并通过流行文化传播。A. culture文化；B. belief信念；C. science科学；D. awareness意识。根据后文的“It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films.”可知，它在博物馆展览、教科书人物、周六上午的卡通片和故事片中都有体现，即通过流行文化传播。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：问题是，这是错误的。A. wrong错误的；B. unbelievable难以置信的；C. simple简单的；D. reasonable公平的。根据前文的“Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular 3”和后文的“Neandertal females and males do not vary in 6 patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. ”和“Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women 8 hunting.”可知，妇女参与狩猎，故前面的观点是错的。故选A项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤来寻找他们行为的线索。A. emotion情绪；B. appearance外观；C. diet饮食；D. behavior行为。根据前文的“Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains”可知，损伤是行为导致的，故研究人员通过观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤来寻找他们行为的线索。故选D项。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：尼安德特人女性和男性在受伤模式上没有差异，在重复动作引起的疾病上也没有性别差异。A. injury伤害；B. interaction相互作用；C. growth生长；D. settlement解决。根据前文的“Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains”可知，研究人员观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤，故研究了女性和男性的受伤模式。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一发现意味着他们从事相同的活动，从狩猎大型野生动物到加工皮革。A. various各种的；B. identical相同的；C. outdoor室外的；D. manual手动的。根据前文的“Neandertal females and males do not vary in 6 patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions.”可知，尼安德特人女性和男性在受伤模式上没有差异，故这一发现意味着他们从事相同的活动。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：对近代和当代社会的观察提供了妇女参与狩猎的直接证据。A. taking over接管；B. suffering from遭受；C. longing for渴望；D. participating in参与。根据后文的“Agta people of the Philippines, 9, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.”可知，妇女参与狩猎。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，菲律宾的阿格塔人在怀孕和哺乳期间狩猎，她们的狩猎成功率与阿格塔男人相同。A. in fact事实上；B. as a whole作为一个整体；C. for instance例如；D. as a result因此。根据前文的“Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women 8 hunting.”和“Agta people of the Philippines”以及后文“hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.”可知，本空所在句子是对第一句进行举例说明。故选C项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近一项对过去100年的跨文化观察数据的研究发现，来自不同文化背景的女性都以捕猎动物为食，其中很多都被“男性狩猎”的贡献者忽略了。A. quoted引用；B. ignored忽略；C. collected收集；D. stored存储。根据后文的“by Man the Hunter contributors”以及“women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food”可知，来自不同文化背景的女性都以捕猎动物为食，这件事被“男性是狩猎”的贡献者忽略了。故选B项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：据报道，在63个明确描述其狩猎策略的社会中，79%的社会以女性猎人为特征。A. supporters支持者；B. pioneers先驱者；C. leaders领导者；D. hunters猎人。根据后文的“The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，女性参与狩猎故本句谈论的是女性猎人。故选D项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：关于女性运动科学和史前女性的生活还有很多有待发现。A. hobbies爱好；B. status状态；C. lives生活；D. rights权利。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，研究人员研究了女性的生活，因此关于女性运动科学和史前女性的生活还有很多有待发现。故选C项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，过去男人是猎人而女人不是的观点，即使是我们所拥有的有限证据，也绝对没有证据支持。A. established建立；B. unsupported无支撑；C. developed发展；D. misguided误导。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. ”和“in the past men were hunters and women were not”可知，过去男人是猎人而女人不是的观点是没有证据支持。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在，当你想到“穴居人”时，我们希望，你会想到一群男女混合的猎人围绕着一只鹿，或者一起敲打石器，而不是一个眉毛浓密、单肩扛着一根粗棍的男人。A. ever-growing不断增长的；B. self-governing自治；C. mixed-sex男女混合；D. multi-cultural多元文化。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，打猎是男女混合的行动。故选C项。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在最近的时代，狩猎可能已经被改造为男性的活动，但在人类历史的大部分时间里，它属于每个人。A. team团队；B. sporting体育；C. leisure休闲；D. male男性。根据后文的“but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.”可知，后文与前文构成转折，故逗号前表达“在最近的时代，狩猎可能已经被改造为男性的活动”。故选D项。
卷06：2023年上海市松江区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____21____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of____22____flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a___23___for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can____24____a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under____25____, called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably____26____a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____27____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired____28____predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above____29____expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n)____30____process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to____31____its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis___32___practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to____33____in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. ____34____, there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience____35____only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
21.
A. cooperator B. competitor C. observer D. pioneer
22.
A. wind-driven B. battery-driven C. gas-driven D. solar-driven
23.
A. substitute B. shelter C. treatment D. desire
24.
A. regulate B. maintain C. unlock D. reverse
25.
A. pressure B. attack C. development D. repair
26.
A. underestimate B. update C. outpace D. overdo
27.
A. rigid B. autonomous C. attentive D. illegal
28.
A. daring B. discouraging C. unclear D. ordinary
29.
A. technological B. unrealistic C. rewarding D. enthusiastic
30.
A. efficient B. simple C. lengthy D. intelligent
31.
A. put off B. speed up C. object to D. approve of
32.
A. historically B. technically C. theoretically D. economically
33.
A. the learned B. the disabled C. the seniors D. the masses
34.
A. Furthermore B. However C. Fortunately D. Consequently
35.
A. affordable B. valuable C. unbelievable D. unsuitable
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。A. cooperator合作者；B. competitor竞争者；C. observer观察者；D. pioneer先锋。根据下文“launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务，这在以前是没有的，所以这是行业先驱，空格处用pioneer。故选D。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在今年6月的巴黎航展上，Volocopter及其一些竞争对手展示了专为城市交通设计的新一代电池驱动飞行器。A. wind-driven风驱动的；B. battery-driven电池驱动的；C. gas-driven燃气驱动的；D. solar-driven太阳能驱动的。根据下文“The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy”可知，飞行器是电池驱动的。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：航空电气化常常被认为是白日梦，因为人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。A. substitute替代物；B. shelter庇护处；C. treatment治疗；D. desire渴望。根据上文“batteries assumed too heavy”和下文“for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle”可知，人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求。A. regulate调节；B. maintain保持；C. unlock开启；D. reverse预定。根据下文“a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances”可知，此处表示“像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求”，空格处意为“开启”。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：正在开发的飞行出租车的主要形式被称为电动垂直起降(eVTOL)飞机，预计最多可搭载四名乘客和一名飞行员。A. pressure压力；B. attack袭击；C. development开发；D. repair修理。根据上文“Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____1____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，这种飞行出租车明年才推出，所以现在是正在被开发。故选C。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它由电池供电，预计既能安静到减少拥挤城市中的抱怨，又能快速行驶:时速可达300公里，足以轻松超过汽车，尤其是堵车的汽车。A. underestimate低估；B. update更新；C. outpace赶过；D. overdo把……做得过分。根据上文“capable of up to 300kph”可知，时速可达300公里，可以超过汽车。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乐观主义者认为，空中交通的减少也将使eVTOLs非常适合自主操作。A. rigid严格死板的；B. autonomous自动的；C. attentive注意的，专心的；D. illegal非法的。根据上文“the absence of traffic in the sky”可知，空中交通的减少就使得eVTOL很适合自主操作。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一愿景激发了大胆的预测。A. daring大胆的；B. discouraging令人沮丧的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. ordinary普通的。根据下文“For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040”可知，关于eVTOLs的愿景激发了人的大胆预测，所以有人愿意花钱在eVTOL上。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管有上述热情的期望，挑战依然存在。A. technological技术的；B. unrealistic不现实的；C. rewarding值得的，有意义的；D. enthusiastic热情的。根据上文“And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____7____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too.”可知，上文所说的是对eVTOL的热情的期望。故选D。
【30题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个问题是技术认证，这是一个漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。A. efficient效率高的；B. simple简单的；C. lengthy冗长的；D. intelligent聪明的。根据上文“technical certification”和下文“aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft”可知，技术认证是很漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：去年年底，由于监管延误和其他一些因素，硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年，直到2025年。A. put off推迟；B. speed up加速；C. object to反对；D. approve of同意。根据上文“due to regulatory delays”可知，监管延误导致硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：更大的问题是——飞行出租车在经济上可行吗？A. historically历史上地；B. technically技术上；C. theoretically理论上；D. economically在经济上。根据“EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $4 million.”可知，EVTOL很贵，所以此处问的问题是它在经济上是否可行。故选D。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：波音支持的制造商Wisk的Brian Yutko说，在不久的将来，群众将可以乘坐飞行出租车。A. the learned学识渊博的人；B. the disabled残疾人；C. the seniors老年人；D. the masses群众。根据下文“its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”可知，它的票价与普通出租车相当，那么将来普通的群众也可以乘坐这种飞行出租车。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有一种相反的观点认为evtol可能仍然很昂贵。A. Furthermore另外；B. However然而；C. Fortunately幸运的是；D. Consequently结果。根据上文“Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”和下文“there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive”可知，前后两句是转折关系，因此空格处是However。故选B。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，即使没有飞行员，飞行出租车可能仍然是一种只有少数幸运儿才能负担得起的便利。A. affordable负担得起的；B. valuable有价值的；C. unbelievable难以置信的；D. unsuitable不合适的。根据上文“Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare”可知，飞行出租车票价仍然很贵，所以只有少数人才能负担得起。故选A。
卷07：2023年上海市杨浦区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Often, we know what makes us happy... but, despite this, often we don’t put the theory into action. Why do I (the person who tells you that taking breaks ____21____ stress and makes you more efficient) sit at my computer eating my lunch I know this is unhelpful for me, so what on earth is going on It all started at a time of huge pressure when I was training, and I began eating my lunch at my desk to ____22____ time. I did it over and over again until it became ____23____ to my brain.
My brain will choose this route by default (默认情况下), because it is the most learned behaviour. Something in my office ____24____ (probably my stomach rumbling (发咕咕声) will send a signal to my brain that it’s lunchtime, and I will pick up my sandwich and eat it with very little ____25____. It is a no-brainer to my brain; it’s just what it does.
Habits don’t ____26____ new learning from the brain; they are stored as a sequence of activities in the brain. The brain adds a routine of behaviours together so they all happen ____27____ in sequence when activated by a signal (that rumbling stomach) to get us to a reward (my lunch), which ____28____ strengthens that learned behaviour. Your brain uses habits to ____29____ effort and save energy, and will default to these behaviours when signalled. How can we build happiness habits into our lives
Step 1: What is it that you want to do
Decide what you want to _____30_____ as small daily habits. Next, think about how and when you will do this. _____31_____, consider the habits that affect happiness negatively and that you want to break. Like me, do you want to _____32_____ eating lunch at your desk and get outside instead
Step 2: Be _____33_____ about your why
What will you gain from this new happiness habit Why is it important to you This helps you to want to make the effort to break your default habits.
Step 3: Be specific
Decide when specifically you will _____34_____ your new habit and what you will do — for example, “I want to go for a walk to connect with nature at lunchtime.” Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) _____35_____ new behaviour to a habit.
21. A. increases B. reduces C. suggests D. excludes
22. A. kill B. spend C. save D. make
23. A. habitual B. continual C. relevant D. remote
24. A. context B. council C. entry D. format
25. A. assistance B. appreciation C. appetite D. awareness
26. A. regulate B. require C. comprise D. consume
27. A. subsequently B. collectively C. automatically D. individually
28. A. in turn B. in return C. by far D. by contrast
29. A. enhance B. attain C. reverse D. minimize
30. A. bury B. change C. add D. delete
31. A. Generally B. Alternatively C. Eventually D. Initially
32. A. enjoy B. imagine C. delay D. stop
33. A. crazy B. calm C. clear D. curious
34. A. engage in B. call for C. appeal to D. give up
35. A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是大脑的习惯是如何形成的以及如何在生活中形成快乐的习惯。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为什么我(那个告诉你休息可以减轻压力、提高效率的人)要坐在电脑前吃午饭 A. increases增加；B. reduces减少；C. suggests建议；D. excludes排除，不包括。根据常识和上文的“taking breaks”可知，休息应该是可以“减少”压力。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一切都始于我训练时的巨大压力，为了节省时间，我开始在办公桌上吃午餐。A. kill杀死；B. spend花费；C. save节省；D. make制造。根据上文中的“and I began eating my lunch at my desk”可知，作者在办公桌旁吃饭应是为了“节省”时间，符合语境。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我一遍又一遍地做，直到它成为我的大脑习惯。A. habitual习惯性的；B. continual频繁的；C. relevant有关的；D. remote偏远的。根据语境以及上文中的“I did it over and over again”可知，作者一遍一遍地去做，由此可知，反复去做一件事情会形成“习惯”符合语境。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在我的办公室环境中(可能是我的胃咕咕叫)会向我的大脑发送一个信号，告诉我午餐时间到了，我会拿起我的三明治，毫无意识地吃掉它。A. context背景，语境；B. council委员会；C. entry进入；D. format格式。根据下文中的“probably my stomach rumbling”可知，肚子发出咕咕叫应是一种“情景”。故选A项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在我的办公室环境中(可能是我的胃咕咕叫)会向我的大脑发送一个信号，告诉我午餐时间到了，我会拿起我的三明治，毫无意识地吃掉它。A. assistance援助；B. appreciation感激，欣赏；C. appetite胃口；D. awareness意识。根据下文中的“It is a no-brainer to my brain; it’s just what it does.”可知，这对我来说是轻而易举的事，由此可知，此处指的是作者无“意识”地吃掉三明治。故选D项。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：习惯不需要从大脑中学习新的东西;它们以一系列活动的形式储存在大脑中。A. regulate管理；B. require需求；C. comprise构成；D. consume消耗。根据下文中的“they are stored as a sequence of activities in the brain.”可知，习惯是一系列活动储存在大脑中，由此可知，此处指的是习惯不“需要”大脑学习新东西。故选B项。
【27题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：大脑将一系列常规行为加在一起，这样当一个信号(咕噜咕噜的肚子)激活我们获得奖励(我的午餐)时，它们就会自动按顺序发生，这反过来又加强了习得的行为。A. subsequently随后；B. collectively集体地；C. automatically自动地；D. individually单独地。根据上文中的“My brain will choose this route by default (默认情况下), because it is the most learned behaviour.”以及“The brain adds a routine of behaviours together”可知，大脑会默认选择这条路线，大脑将一系列常规行为加在一起，由此可知，只要信号发出，它就会“自动地”按顺序发生。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：大脑将一系列常规行为加在一起，这样当一个信号(咕噜咕噜的肚子)激活我们获得奖励(我的午餐)时，它们就会自动按顺序发生，这反过来又加强了习得的行为。A. in turn反而；B. in return作为回报；C. by far大大地；D. by contrast相比之下。根据常识以及上文中的“The brain adds a routine of behaviours together so they all happen ____7____ in sequence when activated by a signal (that rumbling stomach) to get us to a reward (my lunch)”可知，信号激活奖励时，它们就会自动按顺序发生，结合下文“strengthens that learned behaviour.”可知，这种行为“反过来”又加强了习得的行为。故选A项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：你的大脑使用习惯来减少努力和节省能量，并且在收到信号时会默认这些行为。A. enhance提高；B. attain获得；C. reverse颠倒，彻底转变；D. minimize降低，减少。根据下文中的“and save energy”可知，大脑会用习惯节省能量，与空处为并列关系，所以此空应表示“减少”符合语境。故选D项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：决定你想要增加哪些日常小习惯。A. bury埋葬；B. change改变；C. add添加；D. delete删除。根据在上文中的“The brain adds a routine of behaviours together so they all happen ____7____ in sequence when activated by a signal (that rumbling stomach) to get us to a reward (my lunch)”可知，大脑会把这些行为加起来，在发出信号时会做出相应的行为，由此可知，要形成快乐的习惯就需要决定想要“添加”那些日常习惯。要故选C项。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：或者，考虑一下那些对幸福有负面影响的习惯，你想要改掉这些习惯。A. Generally一般，通常；B. Alternatively要不，或者；C. Eventually最终；D. Initially最初。根据上文中的“Next, think about how and when you will do this.”以及下文中的“consider the habits that affect happiness negatively and that you want to break.”可知，两者 之间为选择关系，所以此处应使用“或者”符合逻辑。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：和我一样，你也想停止在办公桌前吃午餐，到户外去吃吗？A. enjoy享受；B. imagine想象；C. delay推迟；D. stop停止。根据下文中的“and get outside instead ”可知，取而代之的是去户外吃饭，所以此处指的是“停止”在办公桌前吃饭，符合语境。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：第二步:明确你的原因。A. crazy疯狂的；B. calm冷静的；C. clear清楚的；D. curious好奇的。根据下文中的“What will you gain from this new happiness habit Why is it important to you ”可知，要知道会从这个新的快乐习惯中获得什么，为什么这很重要，由此可知，此处指的是要“清楚”自己为什么这样做。故选C项。
【34题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：决定好你要从事新习惯的具体时间和你要做的事情——例如，“我想在午餐时间去散散步，亲近大自然。”A. engage in参与，从事；B. call for需要；C. appeal to呼吁；D. give up放弃。根据上文中的“How can we build happiness habits into our lives ”和下文中的“your new habit”可知，此处讲述的是如何在生活中养成快乐的习惯，所以此处应为“从事，养成”新习惯，符合语境。故选A项。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽可能从小事做起，因为这样做更容易实现，更容易重复，更有回报——这三件事是我们从一种努力的新行为转变为习惯所需要的。A. hopeful充满希望的；B. hopeless无望的；C. effortful需要努力的；D. effortless不需费力的。根据常识和下文中的“new behaviour to a habit.”可知，养成新的习惯不是简单的事情，需要的是“努力的”行为。故选C项。
卷08：2023年上海市长宁区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The Amazon is warming three times faster than the global average
The Amazon is warming three times faster than the global average
It is perhaps the most ironic symbol of the life on our planet. The Amazon is the world’s largest and most bio-diverse tropical rainforest and a huge trap for carbon dioxide. The harms of ____21____ in this vital resource are old news. But now, the time on the clock is running out. It seems that the world’s biggest rainforest is about to turn into the world’s biggest environmental ____22____. “We are about to collapse,” says Luciana Gati at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research. “We are in a(n) ____23____, we need action now.”
Gati has spent years ____24____ the Amazon from the air. She believes we are as little as five years from a point of no return, where rainforest begins to turn into dry land. It is also the point at which billions of tons of carbon would be ____25____ into the atmosphere. “It’s a nightmare,” she says.
That nightmare situation is the well-known Amazon ____26____ point, where the ecosystem can no longer cope with the damage of the forest cutting. Like a domino game, one brick falling will ____27____ the whole tower to collapse in a heap.
Warnings that this is approaching have now taken on extreme urgency. The rate of deforestation has increased sharply and is fast approaching the theoretical ____28____. In September, a group of more than 200 experts, including Gatti, released an assessment of the situation. The conclusion: we are on the ____29____ of disaster.
Scientists first began to seriously worry about a potential Amazon tipping point in about 2000 when some studies warned that a combination of climate change and deforestation could cause the rainforest to _____30_____.
A few years later, a team of Brazilian scientists put numbers on it. They _____31_____ that in central, southern and eastern parts of the Amazon, a loss of 40% of the forest cover from pre-industrial levels, or 3°C warming would reduce rainfall so much that the rest of the forest would die of _____32_____ and turn into a dry land in less than a decade.
The scientists have since _____33_____ that prediction, partly due to the global warming that has happened since 2000. The Amazon is already 1.2°C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times and is warming three times faster than the global _____34_____. At that rate of warming, between 20 and 25% deforestation would be enough to dry up the land and destroy the Amazon completely.
“Either way, we would be wise not to exceed 20%”, says a scientist, “for the commonsense reason that there is no point in _____35_____ the precise point of limit by tipping it.”
21. A. fertilization B. elimination C. deforestation D. frustration
22. A. program B. disaster C. protection D. regulation
23. A. evolution B. spotlight C. condition D. emergency
24. A. measuring B. observing C. protecting D. criticizing
25. A. released B. melted C. turned D. supplied
26. A. tipping B. disappointing C. awarding D. tapping
27. A. build B. turn C. cause D. make
28. A. problem B. prediction C. aspect D. limit
29. A. base B. edge C. surface D. track
30. A. dry out B. run down C. pay off D. rise up
31. A. boasted B. insisted C. estimated D. instructed
32. A. thirst B. starvation C. cold D. disease
33. A. digested B. revised C. encouraged D. previewed
34. A. strategy B. climate C. average D. system
35. A. diagnosing B. instructing C. inquiring D. discovering
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由于长期以来的森林砍伐，以及日益严重的全球变暖问题，亚马逊雨林变暖的速度是全球平均水平的三倍，雨林的情况非常危急，如果我们不及时采取行动，那么一旦达到临界点，雨林将干涸，变成环境灾难。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：森林砍伐对这一重要资源的危害已经是老生常谈了。A. fertilization施肥；B. elimination消除；C. deforestation森林砍伐；D. frustration挫折。根据上文“The Amazon is the world’s largest and most bio-diverse tropical rainforest”，下文“the ecosystem can no longer cope with the damage of the forest cutting”“The rate of deforestation”和常识可知，作为世界上最大的热带雨林，亚马逊一直面临着森林砍伐的严重问题。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界上最大的雨林似乎即将变成世界上最大的环境灾难。A. program计划；B. disaster灾难；C. protection保护；D. regulation规定。根据下文“We are about to collapse”可知，Gati认为雨林即将崩溃，因此是会变成环境灾难。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们处于紧急情况，我们需要立即采取行动。A. evolution进化；B. spotlight聚光灯；C. condition条件；D. emergency紧急情况。根据下文“we need action now”可知，Gati认为需要立即采取行动，因此是处于紧急情况中。故选D。
24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Gati花了数年时间从空中观察亚马逊。A. measuring测量；B. observing观察；C. protecting保护；D. criticizing批评。根据上文“says Luciana Gati at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research”和下文“the Amazon from the air”可推知，作为空间研究所的工作人员，Gati应该是从空中观察亚马逊雨林的情况。故选B。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：同时，数十亿吨的碳将被释放到大气中。A. released释放；B. melted融化；C. turned转变；D. supplied供应。根据上文“rainforest begins to turn into dry land”可知，雨林将变为旱地，因此枯死的植物会释放大量的碳进入大气中。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种噩梦般的情况是众所周知的亚马逊临界点，在那个地步，生态系统再也无法应对森林砍伐造成的破坏。A. tipping倾斜；B. disappointing使失望；C. awarding颁奖；D. tapping轻拍。根据下文“Like a domino game, one brick falling will ____7____ the whole tower to collapse in a heap.”和“a potential Amazon tipping point”可知，下文用多米诺骨牌游戏中的倒塌来描述雨林的毁灭，因此指的是亚马逊的临界点，那时雨林将由一种状态转变成另一种状态，tipping point是固定短语，意为“临界点，雪崩点”。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：就像多米诺骨牌游戏一样，一块砖掉下来会导致整个塔倒塌成一堆。A. build建造；B. turn转变；C. cause导致；D. make制作。根据上文“Like a domino game, one brick falling”下文“the whole tower to collapse in a heap”以及常识可知，多米诺骨牌的倒塌是连锁反应，因此一块砖掉下来会导致整个塔倒塌。故选C。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：森林砍伐的速度急剧增加，正在迅速接近理论极限。A. problem问题；B. prediction预测；C. aspect方面；D. limit极限。根据上文“That nightmare situation is the well-known Amazon ____6____ point, where the ecosystem can no longer cope with the damage of the forest cutting.”可知，在噩梦般的情况下，雨林的生态系统再也无法应对森林砍伐造成的破坏，由此推知，此处指森林砍伐的程度接近预测的理论极限。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：结论是：我们正处于灾难的边缘。A. base基础；B. edge边缘；C. surface表面；D. track轨道。根据上文“Warnings that this is approaching have now taken on extreme urgency.”可知，危机即将来临的警告现在变得极其紧迫，因此专家们的结论应该是我们处于灾难的边缘，即灾难将要发生。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：大约在2000年，科学家们第一次开始认真担心亚马逊雨林可能出现的临界点，当时一些研究警告说，气候变化和森林砍伐的结合可能导致雨林干涸。A. dry out干燥；B. run down耗尽；C. pay off奏效；D. rise up上升。根据上文“rainforest begins to turn into dry land”可知，此处指气候变化和森林砍伐的共同作用可能导致雨林干涸。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们估计，在亚马逊中部、南部和东部地区，如果森林覆盖率从工业化前的水平下降40%，或者变暖3°C，降雨量将大幅减少，其余的森林将在不到十年的时间里因缺水而死亡，变成干旱的土地。A. boasted自夸；B. insisted坚持；C. estimated估计；D. instructed指示。根据下文“in central, southern and eastern parts of the Amazon, a loss of 40% of the forest cover from pre-industrial levels, or 3°C warming would reduce rainfall so much that the rest of the forest would die of ____12____ and turn into a dry land in less than a decade”和“that prediction”指代上文可推知，这些应该是科学家们研究后对雨林未来情况的预估。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们估计，在亚马逊中部、南部和东部地区，如果森林覆盖率从工业化前的水平下降40%，或者变暖3°C，降雨量将大幅减少，其余的森林将在不到十年的时间里因缺水而死亡，变成干旱的土地。A. thirst缺水；B. starvation饥饿；C. cold寒冷；D. disease疾病。根据上文“3°C warming would reduce rainfall so much”可知，变暖会导致降雨量大幅减少，因此森林会因缺水而死亡。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学家们后来修改了这一预测，部分原因是自2000年以来发生的全球变暖。A. digested消化；B. revised修改；C. encouraged鼓励；D. previewed预览。根据下文“partly due to the global warming that has happened since 2000”可知，全球变暖会加剧雨林生态系统面临的困难，因此科学家们会修改他们的预测。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：亚马逊地区的气温已经比前工业化时代高1.2°C，变暖的速度比全球平均水平快三倍。A. strategy策略；B. climate气候；C. average平均水平；D. system系统。根据标题“The Amazon is warming three times faster than the global average”和上文“The Amazon...is warming three times faster than the global”可推知，此处是比较，把亚马逊地区变暖的速度和全球的平均水平作比较，突出其面临的危机。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一位科学家说：“不管怎样，我们最好不要超过20%，因为常识是通过突破极限来发现精确的极限点是没有意义的。”A. diagnosing诊断；B. instructing指导；C. inquiring询问；D. discovering发现。根据下文“the precise point of limit by tipping it”可推知，此处指通过突破极限，引发灾难，去发现精确的极限点，实际上没有意义。故选D。
卷09：2023年上海市黄浦区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Turkey is not my thing, but one dish I cannot live without on Thanksgiving is my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes. I start __41__ these potatoes, my annual time-release capsule of pure joy in early November. I’m pretty sure I’ve had them at every Thanksgiving since I was a kid, and bites often transport me back to different years and different dining rooms.
How and why is it that certain foods give us so much __42__ And what can be said about the kinds of foods we专题03 完形填空（答案版）
卷01：2023年上海市虹口区高三一模
卷02：2023年上海市宝山区高三一模
卷03：2023年上海市嘉定区高三一模
卷04：2023年上海市金山区高三一模
卷05：2023年上海市闵行区高三一模
卷06：2023年上海市松江区高三一模
卷07：2023年上海市杨浦区高三一模
卷08：2023年上海市长宁区高三一模
卷09：2023年上海市黄浦区高三一模
卷10：2023年上海市静安区高三一模
卷11：2023年上海市崇明区高三一模
卷12：2023年上海市青浦区高三一模
卷13：2023年上海市浦东新区高三一模
卷14：2023年上海市奉贤区高三一模
卷15：2023年上海市普陀区高三一模
卷16：2023年上海市徐汇区高三一模
卷01：2023年上海市虹口区高三一模
Back in 1930, the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%, most of us still average 42.5 hours a week.
One of the things Keynes underestimated is the human desire to ___22___ with our peers — a drive that makes most of us work more than we need to. “We don’t measure productivity by how much we’ve harvested anymore,” says Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, visiting scholar at Stanford University. “Overworking has been part of Western society since the Industrial Revolution. When some predicted that automation would create an extra amount of ___23___ time, needless to say, that didn’t happen.
Thanks to computerization and globalization in the 1980s, managers could demand more of employees under the ___24___ that jobs could be given to someone else. So the ___25___ piled on. And we took it exhausted, but asking up the burden all the same. The psychologist Barbara Killnger writes in Workaholics: Te Respectable Addicts about how we ___26___ sacrifice our own well-being through overwork for “success”.
But far from delivering productivity, value, or personal fulfillment, overwork has been proven to lead to burnout, stress, greater risk of heart disease and even shorter lifespans. ___27___ we carried on — until COVID-19 came along.
Besides making us work longer hours from home, COVID-19 has also ___28___ the move towards the adoption of automated machine, especially tor jobs requiring much interpersonal contact-from Amazon developing delivery drones (无人机) to self-driving cars. By 2050, Michael Osborne, a professor of machine learning at the University of Oxford, predicts that at least 40% of current jobs will be lost to ___29___.
There are ____30____. Jobs that involve complex social interactions are beyond current robot skills: so teaching, social care, nursing and counselling are all likely to ____31____ the AI revolution. As are jobs that rely on creativity. The same also goes for ____32____ jobs, according to Osborne, due to the large number of different objects cleaners encounter and the variety of ways those objects need to be dealt with. Interestingly, areas of the workplace traditionally dominated by women won’t be so easily adopted by AI. Robots are unlikely to ____33____ in the “work” of taking care of children, preparing lunchboxes and doing the laundry.
Those whose work falls outside the caring, cleaning or creative field will still work in future, just ____34____. In about 60% of occupations, it is estimated that a third of the tasks can be automated, meaning changes to the way we work. A large-scale study has predicted that over the next 20 years, although 7 million jobs will be taken over by AI. 7.2 million new ones will be ____35____ as a result. So we will work in future: we just don’t know what we’ll be doing yet.
21.
A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept
22.
A. disagree B. compete C. cooperate D. identify
23.
A. working B. tough C. leisure D. active
24.
A. fantasy B. influence C. threat D. impression
25.
A. joy B. cash C. ambition D. pressure
26.
A. excitedly B. willingly C. dramatically D. hopefully
27.
A. Otherwise B. Still C. Furthermore D. Therefore
28.
A. speeded up B. followed up C. prepared for D. planned for
29.
A. overwork B. labour C. automation D. science
30.
A. dreams B. models C. expectations D. exceptions
31.
A. cause B. cease C. survive D. undergo
32.
A. caring B. cleaning C. curing D. coaching
33.
A. assist B. exist C. believe D. understand
34.
A hardly B. differently C. unfortunately D. probably
35.
A. lost B. recovered C. substituted D. created
卷02：2023年上海市宝山区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Ideally, childhood is a time of growth and learning, preparing for adulthood and also having fun. But for many children around the world, this time is cut short when they are forced to work, sometimes in dangerous conditions. 41 , the United Nations (U.N.), some national governments and other organizations 42 June 12 as the annual World Day Against Child Labor.
As of 2020, around 160 million children worked as child laborers, which means that one child in 10 was a child laborer. 43 , child labor has decreased over the past 20 years, but in recent years, this progress has stopped. Child labor is 44 from ordinary housework, helping with a family business or (for older children) working to earn pocket money when not in school. Work done by children is 45 as child labor when it harms the child physically, mentally, socially or 46 , or when it prevents the child's education.
About 79 million children are engaged in hazardous child labor. Sometimes this means the work itself is dangerous because of heavy machinery or exposure to 47 . Hazardous child labor can also involve harsh conditions, long hours, or 48 to various kinds of abuse.
The primary goal of the World Day Against Child Labor is raising 49 of the issue and encouraging individuals, organizations and governments to bating (打击) child labor is a complex task. It involves social workers who identify child laborers and take action to provide these children and their families with other 51 . But it also involves change in communities as a whole, 52 the social regulations that can lead adults to make their children work.
Child labor and poverty often go hand in hand as parents feel removing their children from school is necessary to earn money for their survival. So, measures meant to fight 53 are also tied to preventing child labor. Ensuring that children have quality educational opportunities is also important. If more opportunities were 54 , more parents might give up the immediate benefit of a child's paycheck to give that child an education.
Child labor is harmful to children and to communities, since it prevents children from growing into healthy, educated citizens who could make a(n) 55 in society. By highlighting the problem and offering a variety of solutions, the World Day Against Child Labor can make the situation a bit better.
A. In addition B. As a result C. Above all D. After all
A. recognize B. discover C. choose D. consider
A. Nevertheless B. Therefore C. Overall D. Moreover
A. distinguished B. transferred C. ranged D. evolved
A. evaluated B. classified C. combined D. separated
A. sincerely B. negatively C. positively D. morally
A. chemicals B. lights C. wastes D. gases
A. harm B. pollution C. exposure D. danger
A. value B. awareness C. status D. significance
A. take place B. take care C. take over D. take action
A. options B. questions C. elements D. examples
A. promoting B. urging C. challenging D. adjusting
A. disease B. disaster C. survival D. poverty
A. available B. sustainable C. accessible D. advisable
A. choice B. difference C. effort D. decision
卷03：2023年上海市嘉定区高三一模
Section A(15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
“So …tell me about yourself. ”
The toughest job interview question may seem like a softball from the interviewer's perspective: It seems___41____because it feels like a free pass: no request for real-life examples, no technical challenge, not even the feared "What's your biggest fault "Just…tell me anything.
Receiving such an open invitation invites more ___42____than opportunities, because you're given no framework for your response —just a blank, clue-free paper. I often see this__43situation in my point-making workshops: communicating without a point.
What your prospective employer most needs from you is a point ("T am an important asset (资产)to the company"), not a___44___("All about me"). But how do you get from the interviewer's broad question to a specific and___45___point
Start with realizing that your interviewer already knows your job history thanks to your resume(简历). So you should be more than your___46__. Remember that interviews are more about making strong ___47__than proving qualifications. This is a two-step process that will require some homework. First, identify what the organization specifically needs from this role. Second, __48_your response to position yourself as the best person to fill that need.
Identifying the organization's need means examining the job description like a treasure map. Phrases like “required, ”"must have, "and "highly desired"mean what they say, so___49__those in your planning. Items further down the list or labeled "preferred"may be less important, even if you meet those standards. The__50___of a job description can be telling as well. Descriptions that sound personal, or come right out and say "sense of humor preferred"indicate a workplace where people like to have fun. __51_, a very formal job posting might indicate a conservative workplace where people are expected to be serious about the work.
Pulling from these soures, write down the three personal qualities they're most looking for like“self-starter, ""team player, "or "interest in healthcare". Now change the___52___slightly to "I'm aself-starter" or “At work, my approach is . …. "Then pick a story from your professional life that53__you filling that particular need of the job. Feel free to add details, but don't__54___the primary elements. Assume they can smell a lie from a mile away, whether they can or can't.
In this way, you should do more than just widen eyes in the room. Why Because you've matched who you are and your personal story with the company's brand and primary need. You didn't just tell them about you;you pointed out why you___55___to them.
41. A. hard B. Easy C. huge D. small
42. A. missions B. joys. C. comments D. risks
43. A, unlikely B. favourable. C. problematic D. competent
44. A. book report B. phone call. C. desk lamp D. lunch break
45. A. declared B. tailored. C. rejected D. assessed
46. A. profile B. criterion C. dimension D. nickname
47. A. transitions B. judgments C. matches D. distributions
48. A. stabilize B. customize C. memorize D. authorize
49. A. diversify B. approve C. delete D, highlight
50. A. tone B. format C. picture D. length
51. A. For instance B. By contrast C. After all D. In addition
52. A. blogging B. networking C. messaging D. wording
53. A. illustrates B. suspends C. dismisses D. circulates
54. A. make up B. put off C. break down D. get through
55. A. submitted B. extended C. mattered D. shifted
卷04：2023年上海市金山区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Mathematics has an image problem: far too many people are put off by it and conclude that the subject just isn’t for them. But one of the biggest problems is how maths is ____41____, as cold and dry.
I have a different approach which is to relate abstract maths to questions of politics and social justice. I have taught fairly maths-phobic (恐惧) art students in this way and have seen their attitudes ____42____. They now believe maths is ____43____ them and can genuinely help them.
At a basic level, maths is founded on logic, so when I am teaching logic, I use examples from ____44____ events rather than the old-fashioned type of problem. Instead of studying the logic of a statement like “all dogs have four legs”, I might discuss the statement “all immigrants are illegal”.
But I do this with specific mathematical structures too. ____45____, I teach a type of structure called an ordered set, which is subject to an order relation such as “is less than”. We then study and ask which functions are “order-preserving”. A typical example might be the function that takes a(n) ____46____ number and maps it to the number obtained from multiplying by 2. We would then say that if x < y then also 2x < 2y, so the function is order-preserving.
____47____, rather than sticking to this type of dry mathematical example, I introduce issues like privilege and wealth. If we think of one ordered set with people ordered by status, we can make a function to another set where the people are now ordered by ____48____ instead. If someone has a higher status, are they automatically wealthier We can also ask about working hours and ____49____: if someone works more hours, do they ____50____ earn more The answer there is clearly not.
My approach is controversial because, traditionally, maths is supposed to be ____51____ and apolitical (与政治无关的). I have been ____52____ by people who think my approach will be off-putting (令人烦恼的) to those who don’t care about social justice. However, the dry approach is off-putting to those who do care. In fact, I believe that all academic disciplines should address our most important issues. Abstract maths is about making thorough logical arguments, which is linked to everything. I don’t ____53____ that students agree with me about politics, but I do ask that they construct thorough arguments to back up their thoughts and develop the crucial ability to analyze the logic of people they ____54____.
Maths isn’t just about numbers and equations (方程式); it is about studying different ____55____ systems. We can apply it to balls rolling down different hills, but we can also apply it to pressing social issues. I think we should do both, for the sake of society and to be more inclusive towards different types of students in maths education.
41. A. dismissed B. presented C. doubted D. neglected
42. A. transformed B. defined C. illustrated D. examined
43. A. credited to B. relevant to C. separated from D. independent of
44. A. economic B. mathematical C. current D. virtual
45. A. In particular B. For example C. After all D. In addition
46. A. ordinary B. odd C. absolute D. limited
47. A. However B. Moreover C. Otherwise D. Therefore
48. A. power B. wealth C. health D. intelligence
49. A. profit B. status C. income D. promotion
50. A. particularly B. specifically C. habitually D. necessarily
51. A. applicable B. neutral C. biased D. theoretical
52. A. criticized B. tolerated C. ignored D. assessed
53. A. oppose B. claim C. assume D. demand
54. A. disagree with B. run across C. rely on D. benefit from
55. A. legal B. operating C. logical D. grading
卷05：2023年上海市闵行区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Man the Hunter, a key idea in human sciences, proposes that hunting was a major driver of human evolution and that men conducted this activity, leaving women out. It holds that human ancestors had a division of ___21___, rooted in biological differences between males and females, in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties. It assumes that males are ___22___ superior to females and that pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.
Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular ___23___. It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films. The thing is, it’s ___24___.
Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains for clues to their ___25___. Neandertal females and males do not vary in ___26___ patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. Their skeletons show the same modes of wear and tear. This discovery implies that they were engaging in ___27___ activities, from hunting large game animals to processing fur for leather.
Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women ___28___hunting. Agta people of the Philippines, ___29___, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.
A recent study of cross-cultural observational data lasting the past 100 years—much of which was ___30___ by Man the Hunter contributors—found that women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food. 79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women ___31___. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.
Much about female exercise science and the ___32___ of prehistoric women remains to be discovered. But the idea that in the past men were hunters and women were not is absolutely ___33___ even by the limited evidence we have. Now when you think of “cave people”, we hope, you will imagine a(n) ___34___ group of hunters surrounding a deer or hitting stone tools together rather than a heavy-browed man with a heavy stick over one shoulder. Hunting may have been remade as a ___35___ activity in recent times, but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.
21. A. food B. labor C. resource D. power
22. A. technically B. socially C. physically D. intellectually
23. A. culture B. belief C. science D. awareness
24. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. simple D. reasonable
25. A. emotion B. appearance C. diet D. behavior
26. A. injury B. interaction C. growth D. settlement
27. A. various B. identical C. outdoor D. manual
28. A. taking over B. suffering from C. longing for D. participating in
29. A. in fact B. as a whole C. for instance D. as a result
30. A. quoted B. ignored C. collected D. stored
31. A. supporters B. pioneers C. leaders D. hunters
32. A. hobbies B. status C. lives D. rights
33. A. established B. unsupported C. developed D. misguided
34. A. ever-growing B. self-governing C. mixed-sex D. multi-cultural
35. A. team B. sporting C. leisure D. male
卷06：2023年上海市松江区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____21____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of____22____flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a___23___for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can____24____a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under____25____, called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably____26____a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____27____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired____28____predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above____29____expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n)____30____process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to____31____its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis___32___practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to____33____in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. ____34____, there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience____35____only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
21.
A. cooperator B. competitor C. observer D. pioneer
22.
A. wind-driven B. battery-driven C. gas-driven D. solar-driven
23.
A. substitute B. shelter C. treatment D. desire
24.
A. regulate B. maintain C. unlock D. reverse
25.
A. pressure B. attack C. development D. repair
26.
A. underestimate B. update C. outpace D. overdo
27.
A. rigid B. autonomous C. attentive D. illegal
28.
A. daring B. discouraging C. unclear D. ordinary
29.
A. technological B. unrealistic C. rewarding D. enthusiastic
30.
A. efficient B. simple C. lengthy D. intelligent
31.
A. put off B. speed up C. object to D. approve of
32.
A. historically B. technically C. theoretically D. economically
33.
A. the learned B. the disabled C. the seniors D. the masses
34.
A. Furthermore B. However C. Fortunately D. Consequently
35.
A. affordable B. valuable C. unbelievable D. unsuitable
卷07：2023年上海市杨浦区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Often, we know what makes us happy... but, despite this, often we don’t put the theory into action. Why do I (the person who tells you that taking breaks ____21____ stress and makes you more efficient) sit at my computer eating my lunch I know this is unhelpful for me, so what on earth is going on It all started at a time of huge pressure when I was training, and I began eating my lunch at my desk to ____22____ time. I did it over and over again until it became ____23____ to my brain.
My brain will choose this route by default (默认情况下), because it is the most learned behaviour. Something in my office ____24____ (probably my stomach rumbling (发咕咕声) will send a signal to my brain that it’s lunchtime, and I will pick up my sandwich and eat it with very little ____25____. It is a no-brainer to my brain; it’s just what it does.
Habits don’t ____26____ new learning from the brain; they are stored as a sequence of activities in the brain. The brain adds a routine of behaviours together so they all happen ____27____ in sequence when activated by a signal (that rumbling stomach) to get us to a reward (my lunch), which ____28____ strengthens that learned behaviour. Your brain uses habits to ____29____ effort and save energy, and will default to these behaviours when signalled. How can we build happiness habits into our lives
Step 1: What is it that you want to do
Decide what you want to _____30_____ as small daily habits. Next, think about how and when you will do this. _____31_____, consider the habits that affect happiness negatively and that you want to break. Like me, do you want to _____32_____ eating lunch at your desk and get outside instead
Step 2: Be _____33_____ about your why
What will you gain from this new happiness habit Why is it important to you This helps you to want to make the effort to break your default habits.
Step 3: Be specific
Decide when specifically you will _____34_____ your new habit and what you will do — for example, “I want to go for a walk to connect with nature at lunchtime.” Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) _____35_____ new behaviour to a habit.
21. A. increases B. reduces C. suggests D. excludes
22. A. kill B. spend C. save D. make
23. A. habitual B. continual C. relevant D. remote
24. A. context B. council C. entry D. format
25. A. assistance B. appreciation C. appetite D. awareness
26. A. regulate B. require C. comprise D. consume
27. A. subsequently B. collectively C. automatically D. individually
28. A. in turn B. in return C. by far D. by contrast
29. A. enhance B. attain C. reverse D. minimize
30. A. bury B. change C. add D. delete
31. A. Generally B. Alternatively C. Eventually D. Initially
32. A. enjoy B. imagine C. delay D. stop
33. A. crazy B. calm C. clear D. curious
34. A. engage in B. call for C. appeal to D. give up
35. A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless
卷08：2023年上海市长宁区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The Amazon is warming three times faster than the global average
The Amazon is warming three times faster than the global average
It is perhaps the most ironic symbol of the life on our planet. The Amazon is the world’s largest and most bio-diverse tropical rainforest and a huge trap for carbon dioxide. The harms of ____21____ in this vital resource are old news. But now, the time on the clock is running out. It seems that the world’s biggest rainforest is about to turn into the world’s biggest environmental ____22____. “We are about to collapse,” says Luciana Gati at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research. “We are in a(n) ____23____, we need action now.”
Gati has spent years ____24____ the Amazon from the air. She believes we are as little as five years from a point of no return, where rainforest begins to turn into dry land. It is also the point at which billions of tons of carbon would be ____25____ into the atmosphere. “It’s a nightmare,” she says.
That nightmare situation is the well-known Amazon ____26____ point, where the ecosystem can no longer cope with the damage of the forest cutting. Like a domino game, one brick falling will ____27____ the whole tower to collapse in a heap.
Warnings that this is approaching have now taken on extreme urgency. The rate of deforestation has increased sharply and is fast approaching the theoretical ____28____. In September, a group of more than 200 experts, including Gatti, released an assessment of the situation. The conclusion: we are on the ____29____ of disaster.
Scientists first began to seriously worry about a potential Amazon tipping point in about 2000 when some studies warned that a combination of climate change and deforestation could cause the rainforest to _____30_____.
A few years later, a team of Brazilian scientists put numbers on it. They _____31_____ that in central, southern and eastern parts of the Amazon, a loss of 40% of the forest cover from pre-industrial levels, or 3°C warming would reduce rainfall so much that the rest of the forest would die of _____32_____ and turn into a dry land in less than a decade.
The scientists have since _____33_____ that prediction, partly due to the global warming that has happened since 2000. The Amazon is already 1.2°C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times and is warming three times faster than the global _____34_____. At that rate of warming, between 20 and 25% deforestation would be enough to dry up the land and destroy the Amazon completely.
“Either way, we would be wise not to exceed 20%”, says a scientist, “for the commonsense reason that there is no point in _____35_____ the precise point of limit by tipping it.”
21. A. fertilization B. elimination C. deforestation D. frustration
22. A. program B. disaster C. protection D. regulation
23. A. evolution B. spotlight C. condition D. emergency
24. A. measuring B. observing C. protecting D. criticizing
25. A. released B. melted C. turned D. supplied
26. A. tipping B. disappointing C. awarding D. tapping
27. A. build B. turn C. cause D. make
28. A. problem B. prediction C. aspect D. limit
29. A. base B. edge C. surface D. track
30. A. dry out B. run down C. pay off D. rise up
31. A. boasted B. insisted C. estimated D. instructed
32. A. thirst B. starvation C. cold D. disease
33. A. digested B. revised C. encouraged D. previewed
34. A. strategy B. climate C. average D. system
35. A. diagnosing B. instructing C. inquiring D. discovering
卷09：2023年上海市黄浦区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Turkey is not my thing, but one dish I cannot live without on Thanksgiving is my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes. I start __41__ these potatoes, my annual time-release capsule of pure joy in early November. I’m pretty sure I’ve had them at every Thanksgiving since I was a kid, and bites often transport me back to different years and different dining rooms.
How and why is it that certain foods give us so much __42__ And what can be said about the kinds of foods we consider most comforting Science tells us that taste and nutritional content affect how foods make us feel, but certain foods are especially __43__ satisfying for reasons that have little to do with their taste or nutritional content. Much of the happiness we get from our favorite foods comes from the memories they stimulate for us and the people we’re with while we __44__ them. Past and present __45__ shape the foods we find comforting.
Often, we love food because we have __46__ memories associated with it. My mom’s mashed potatoes (土豆泥) remind me of holiday joy and past reunions with extended family. We are also drawn to foods we were given early in life by people who cared for us, which can help explain our __47__ love for chicken noodle soup, which many parents feed their sick children to make them feel better.
The smell of food can __48__ powerful memories, too. The part of the brain responsible for processing smell directly connects to the amygdala, a brain region that processes emotions, and the hippocampus, which handles memory. And our memory for smells is __49__ and precise, especially when it comes to smell we were first exposed to in childhood. That’s why you might catch the smell of pumpkin pie baking in the oven and be transported back to the first time you baked it with your grandmother.
These __50__ can go the other way, too. Sometimes you might feel __51__ when you eat foods that remind you of loved ones you miss. We may also __52__ foods that we associate with bad experiences.
In addition to past memories, the __53__ in which we eat foods shapes how much we enjoy them in the moment, and our gustatory(味觉的) experiences can be __54__ by a sense of community, a sense of warmth and enjoying it together. I __55__ my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes that much more today because I got to eat them with my husband and two children, the three people I love most in the world.
41. A. cutting down on B. looking forward to C. making for D. putting away
42. A. perspective B. pleasure C. space D. transition
43. A. emotionally B. financially C. physically D. visually
44. A. enjoy B. memorize C. order D. recall
45. A. company B. menus C. outlook D. recipes
46. A. cultural B. fond C. photographic D. shared
47. A. collective B. creative C. lost D. parental
48. A. awake B. correct C. preserve D. record
49. A. bitter-sweet B. fresh C. long-lasting D. selective
50. A. associations B. experiences C. foods D. memories
51. A. alert B. amazed C. disappointed D. sad
52. A. avoid B. consume C. store D. swallow
53. A. area B. background C. context D. emotion
54．A. enhanced B. offered C. reflected D. weakened
55. A. adapted B. appreciated C. copied D. digested
卷10：2023年上海市静安区高三一模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite. 41 , recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts. They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most 42 about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year. 43 , investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year.
Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this 44 with the help of cognitive sciences and, in particular, using Kahneman and Tversky's concept of representativeness. Decision makers, according to this view, 45 the representative features of a group or a phenomenon. These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.
After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them 46 . The problem is that “Googles” are very 47 in absolute terms. As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance 48 . A model of stock prices in which investor beliefs follow this logic can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the beliefs of analysts and the dynamics(动态变化) of stock returns.
In related work, the authors also show that the same model can 49 booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.
These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at 50 them into economic models. Kahneman and Tversky's concept of “representativeness” lies at the heart of this effort. “In a classical example, we 51 to think of Irishmen as redheads because red hair is much more frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world,” Prof. Gennaioli says. “However, only 10 percent of Irishmen are redheads. In our work, we develop models of belief formation that show this logic and study the 52 of this important psychological force in different fields.”
Representativeness helps describe 53 and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets. One such field is the formation of stereotypes about social groups. In a recent experimental paper, Gennaioli and colleagues show that representativeness can explain self-confidence, and in particular the 54 of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics. A slight prevalence of 55 male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.
41. A. Consequently B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Meanwhile
42. A. curious B. controversial C. concerned D. optimistic
43. A. In brief B. By contrast C. In addition D. Without doubt
44. A. engagement B. concentration C. puzzle D. definition
45. A. memorize B. prioritize C. modernize D. fertilize
46. A. representative B. argumentative C. executive D. sensitive
47. A. harsh B. adaptable C. crucial D. rare
48. A. cheers B. disappoints C. stabilizes D. improves
49. A. account for B. count on C. suffer from D. hold up
50. A. pouring B. admitting C. integrating D. tempting
51. A. pretend B. afford C. offer D. tend
52. A. effects B. delights C. intervals D. codes
53. A. companions B. scales C. expectations D. findings
54. A. necessity B. involvement C. perseverance D. reluctance
55. A. equivalent B. exceptional C. mysterious D. distressing
41-45 CDBCB 46-50 ADBAC 51-55 DACDB
卷11：2023年上海市崇明区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Sea levels along coastlines in the United States will rise about one foot by 2050, with larger increases on the East and Gulf coasts, according to a comprehensive new report by climate scientists.
Oceans have already risen about one foot in the last century, as climate change melts glaciers (冰川) and ice caps around the world. But the pace is ___41___ scientists warn, and the next 30 years will see the same amount of sea level rise as the previous 100.
The report gives the most concrete and certain sea level ___42___ ever published for the U.S. And advances in computer models and real-world information about rising seas make it possible to see the future more ___43___ than ever.
Sea level rise ___44___ dramatically for different parts of the U.S. coast. The ocean is not like a bucket of water that rises at the same time as more liquid is ___45___. Ocean ___46___ push more water into some areas than others. Ice in different regions melts at different rates. In many parts of the world, sea level rise is ___47___ because coastal land is sinking.
The new report adds up all those factors to give ___48___ estimates for different parts of the U.S. The authors predict about a foot and a half of sea level rise for the Gulf Coast by 2050, with particular hot spots from Texas to Mississippi, where exploitation of underground oil, gas and drinking water is causing the land to rapidly ___49___ into the rising ocean water. There are ___50___ hot spots in the Mid-Atlantic region, including Annapolis, Md. and Norfolk, Va. Overall, the East Coast is ___51___ to experience a little more than a foot of sea level rise in the next 30 years.
Sea level rise is happening more ___52___ on the West Coast, including much of southern and western Alaska, the report finds. The authors predict about six inches of sea level rise by 2050.
William Sweet, a sea level rise expert with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and one of the authors of the new report, says cities that are not yet flooded should ___53___ now. Quickening sea level rise may require that humans ___54___ where and how we build homes, offices, roads and anything else that is better dry than wet. Right now, development in flood-prone (易发洪水的) areas is increasing, despite climate change.
Beyond 2050, the report makes clear that humans have a ___55___: reduce greenhouse gas emissions and control sea level rise, or keep burning fossil fuels and face oceans that are two, three or even 10 feet higher than today.
41. A. dying down B. paying back C. holding on D. speeding up
42. A. records B. extremes C. predictions D. solutions
43. A. flexibly B. clearly C. randomly D. incredibly
44. A. continues B. impacts C. multiplies D. varies
45. A. added B. drained C. spilt D. needed
46. A. creatures B. currents C. ecosystems D. voyages
47. A. stable B. crucial C. unlikely D. worse
48. A. national B. regional C. apparent D. approximate
49. A. dig B. turn C. collapse D. dive
50. A. similar B. scenery C. distant D. diverse
51. A. projected B. obliged C. permitted D. noticed
52. A. sharply B. mysteriously C. unexpectedly D. slowly
53. A. make sense B. take notice C. keep pace D. stay proud
54. A. scheme B. cancel C. change D. delay
55. A. promise B. quarrel C. choice D. protest
卷12：2023年上海市青浦区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
I’m pretty good at sticking with things even when they get hard. Bad relationships, unpleasant workplaces, __41__ sports — I’ve hung on for months and even years longer than I should have, convinced the situation would __42__ if I refused to give up.
After all, isn’t every success story littered with __43__ Didn’t Beyoncé lose Star Search, and didn’t Oprah get fired from her first TV job Quitting is a sign that you lack patience and strong will, or so I was raised to believe.
__44__, if I look back on all the things I eventually quit, my only regret is that I didn’t do it sooner. I’ve wasted immeasurable time and energy dragging my heels, determined that I could __45__ everyone if I just kept going.
All of us are constantly making tricky choices between going further into familiar territory and __46__ to expand our horizons. This is known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. When we are younger, it’s advantageous to go far on the side of exploration, trying lots of new things because we have plenty of time to __47__ later. But as we age, it’s often smarter to double down.
Of course, this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t quit something just because you’ve put a lot of time into it. Economists call this the sunk cost fallacy (谬误): People are more likely to __48__ something if they’ve invested a lot of money or effort into it, even when it’s clear that they should __49__ their losses and jump ship. This practice is normal and __50__, but it’s also unreasonable. If an activity or relationship is making you miserable, that’s important information you shouldn’t ignore.
If you don’t get energy out of doing something, it can be a(n) __51__ that this is not for you or that there’s something better you could be doing. Or it could be a sign that you should __52__ your goals. Maybe your yogurt startup might not win over investors, but you could still make and sell yogurt at the farmers’ market on weekends.
In fact, dogged persistence in the face of energy-sucking disappointment can __53__ depression, and then make you suffer from diseases in the long run.
But the good news is that people can learn to pay better attention to these moments when they’re happening and make __54__. The art of quitting isn’t about just letting go whenever there’s an obstacle. It’s about being able to let go when there’s no __55__ to success anymore.
41. A. engaging B. demanding C. inevitable D. leisure
42. A. worsen B. occur C. improve D. continue
43. A. frustrations B. determinations C. attempts D. inspirations
44. A. Therefore B. Additionally C. For example D. However
45. A. amaze B. scare C. distress D. compliment
46. A. breaking up B. looking up C. standing up D. backing up
47. A. venture B. specialize C. explore D. relax
48. A. benefit from B. approve of C. stick with D. withdraw from
49. A. evaluate B. avoid C. overlook D. cut
50. A. human B. crazy C. sensible D. tricky
51. A. indication B. desire C. occasion D. recognition
52. A. accomplish B. upgrade C. modify D. maintain
53. A. prevent B. trigger C. relieve D. contract
54. A. researches B. choices C. changes D. resolutions
55. A. shortcut B. barrier C. guarantee D. pathway
卷13：2023年上海市浦东新区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
A skywell, or “tian jing”, is a typical feature of a traditional home in China. ____41_____ a northern Chinese courtyard, or “yuan zi”, a skywell is smaller and less exposed to the outdoor environment. They are ____42_____ seen in homes dating to Ming and Qing dynasties, which were designed to ____43_____ different generations of relatives.
Although a skywell’s size and design vary from region to region, it is always rectangular and located in the core of a house, either ____44_____ by rooms on four sides or three sides plus a wall.
Skywells were designed to cool buildings before air-conditioning existed. When wind blows above a skywell house, it can enter the indoor space through the opening. Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air, the____45_____breeze travels down the walls to the lower storeys and create air ____46_____ by replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.
The main purpose of a skywell is to allow in light, improve ventilation (通风) and ____47_____ rainwater. In Huizhou, a skywell is small but tall, and the rooms around it can ____48_____ sunlight on hot days, enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool. ____49_____, hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell, which “works just like a ____50_____”.
As a(n) ____51_____ space between indoor life and the outdoor environment, a skywell acts as an effective heat buffer (缓冲) to shield residents from the hot air outside. But the largest part of skywell’s cooling effect actually comes when there are bodies of water in the enclosure.
Evaporated water cools hot air, a process known as evaporative cooling which is____52_____ in Huizhou skywells. In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed this could safeguard and boost their wealth. Skywells therefore have channels around them to____53_____ rainwater coming from the roofs.
Though existing in China for hundreds of years, in recent times they have often been forgotten by people who prefer modern ____54_____. Over the past two decades, however, due to a ____55_____ of traditional Chinese architecture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.
41. A. Parallel with B. Different from C. Close to D. Symbolic of
42. A. commonly B. rarely C. apparently D. currently
43. A. bind B. gather C. house D. honor
44. A. enclosed B. separated C. accompanied D. replaced
45. A. calming B. refreshing C. incoming D. upcoming
46. A. pollution B. pressure C. current D. circulation
47. A. promise B. harvest C. stop D. process
48. A. block out B.bathe in C. allow for D. let out
49. A. Nevertheless B. Meanwhile C. Similarly D. Rather
50. A. well B. column C. chimney D. ceiling
51. A. ideal B. leisure C. alternative D. transition
52. A. well-reflected B. well-shaded C. well-developed D. well-organized
53. A. collect B. purify C. drain D. evaporate
54. A. techniques B. facilities C. styles D. inventions
55. A. reunion B. reminder C. renewal D. rearrangement
卷14：2023年上海市奉贤区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Like anything built by evolution, the human body has many downsides, teeth without exception. Adult humans only get one set of teeth, which must last about 60 years. However, a(n) 41 of poverty, sugar-rich diets and poor hygiene means 2.5bn people globally suffer from tooth decay, in which acid produced by mouth-living bacteria eats away the hard enamel(牙釉质) that 42 the outside of a tooth, leading to further infection and damage. Once decay has set in, all a dentist can do is to fill the gap with artificial filling.
But in a paper published in Cell, Hannele Ruohola-Baker, a stem-cell biologist at the University of Washington, and her colleagues offer a possible 43 . Stem cells have the 44 to turn themselves into any other type of cell in the body. It may soon be possible, the researchers claim, to use those 45 cells to regrow a tooth's enamel naturally.
The first step was to work out how enamel is produced. As enamel-making cells, known as ameloblasts, disappear soon after a person's adult teeth have finished growing, the researchers 46 samples of tissue from human foetuses(胚胎), which contain plenty of functioning ameloblasts. 47 , they checked to see which genes were especially active in the enamel-producing cells. It turned out that genes designed to bind to calcium were particularly busy.
48 that information, Dr Ruohola-Baker and her colleagues next checked to see whether the stem cells could be persuaded to 49 ameloblasts. The team devised various drugs designed to activate the genes expressed in functioning ameloblasts. That worked, with the engineered ameloblasts producing the same proteins as the natural sort.
For now, the work is more concept than a medical treatment. The next step is to boost enamel production further, with a view to 50 beginning clinical trials. The hope is that, one day, medical versions of the team's findings could be used as biological implants, to 51 a patient's decayed teeth.
Stem-cell-based therapies are not the only ones heading to clinical trials. Another treatment, known as biomimetic repair, involves rebuilding the tooth crown using synthetic (人工合成的) proteins, which are similar, but not quite 52 , to human enamel. The proteins could be included in toothpaste and even cough drops. But synthetic formulations can be less 53 than human enamel.
It will take time for either technology to become reality. One question is how durable the enamel made by stem-cell-derived ameloblasts is. Another is how best to deliver the stem cells to a patient’s mouth. But these findings are 54 . As any dentist will tell you, prevention is better than cure. 55 , a better cure would be always welcome. There is no doubt that this research offers a new prospect for future dental care.
41. A. combination B. absence C. application D. coincidence
42. A. contains B. coats C. floats D. fills
43. A. procedure B. alternative C. variation D. recipe
44. A. opportunity B. obligation C. capacity D. intention
45. A. changeable B. noticeable C. complicated D. practical
46. A. appealed to B. objected to C. applied to D. turned to
47. A. Then B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Still
48. A. Pleased by B. Puzzled by C. Armed with D. Covered with
49. A. transform into B. break down C. speed up D. respond to
50. A. exclusively B. permanently C. inevitably D. eventually
51. A. resemble B. reform C. regenerate D. recycle
52. A. identical B. subject C. relevant D. unique
53. A. accessible B. diverse C. durable D. influential
54. A. fulfilling B. stimulating C. initiating D. promising
55. A. Likewise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Instead
卷15：2023年上海市普陀区高三一模
Section A
Global surface temperatures last month were 2.25 degrees warmer than the 20th century average of 60.1 degrees, breaking previous records, from August 2016, by more than half a degree, according to NOAA researchers. "That to me is a really huge (41) ___________ from one record to the next," said Ellen Bartow, a physical scientist with NOAA'S National Centers for Environmental Information.
The report (42) ___________ what millions of people have experienced in recent months, including record-breaking heatwaves that have touched almost every corner of the globe. Asia, Africa, North America and South America had their warmest August on record, as did the Arctic, Europe and Oceania — a region that (43) ___________ Australia - had their second-warmest August on record, the report said.
It wasn't just the land that (44) ___________ August set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature abnormally --- 1.85 degrees above average. The warming oceans (45) ___________ experiencing its fourth continuous month with the (46) ___________ shrinking sea ice, with Antarctica sea ice extent on record. Globally, sea ice extent in August was about 550,000 square miles less than the previous record low, set in August 2019.
"We've seen unheard-of warmth in the global ocean, and that's definitely alarming because its effects (47) ___________ beyond just the scope of the ocean," Bartow-Gillies said. "Not only are you (48) ___________ marine habitats, but you're affecting storm creation, you're creating more instability in some areas, and you're creating flooding events in other areas. There's a whole host of (49) ___________ that come along with these warmer ocean surface temperatures that we're seeing."
In fact, the report comes after a series of severe natural (50) ___________ that span the globe. This week, a Mediterranean storm caused serious flooding in Libya, killing more than 11,000 people. In Canada, wildfires burned through more than 42 million acres of forests this summer, and several are still burning. (51) ___________ global warming was not the singular cause of any of these disasters, heating of the Earth continues to (52) ___________ the likelihood of extreme weather events and wildfire worldwide.
"The scientific evidence is (53) ___________ --- we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events impacting society and ecosystems, until we stop (54) ___________ greenhouse gases," read a statement from Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service, which also (55) ___________ that this summer was the hottest on record.
41. A. distance B. jump C. travel D. flight
42. A. confirms B. emerges C. quotes D. argues
43. A. holds B. touches C. surrounds D. includes
44. A. boiled B. cooled C. stricken D. disappeared
45. A. contributed to B. suffered from C. resulted from D. devoted to
46. A. slowest B. lowest C. highest D. fastest
47. A. enlarge B. discharge C. extend D. undertake
48. A. creating B. saving C. remaining D. disturbing
49. A. issues B. debates C. events D. proposals
50. A. floods B. disasters C. storms D. earthquakes
51. A. Though B. Because C. Unless D. When
52. A. damage B. destroy C. decrease D. increase
53. A. irresistible B. unchangeable C. inaccessible D. unbearable
54. A. conveying B. releasing C. relieving D. dismissing
55. A. predicted B. expected C. doubted D. determined
卷16：2023年上海市徐汇区高三一模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Acupuncture(针灸), an ancient Chinese medical practice, has been the remedy for countless patients for thousands of years. Before modern medicine came to life, ancient Chinese used stone tools to ___41___ pain. Over time, this primitive practice ___42___ evolved into a comprehensive and profound medical system and ___43___ the root of acupuncture.
Acupuncture is a treatment that aims to ___44___ the body’s self-regulating functions. Its therapeutic principles are in line with the ___45___ concepts of traditional Chinese medicine, which emphasizes all-inclusive treatment, meridian(经络) adjustment, balance of bodily functions and overall physiological well-being.
Practices can ___46___ in forms, including needle insertion, cupping and scraping. Needle insertion, the most common method, is___47___ by inserting hair-thin needles into meridians, ___48___ specific points on the body that ___49___ vital energy (the qi). Practitioners lift, twirl and rotate needles to unblock the flow of energy; ___50___ yin and yang balance; and stimulate the body’s innate ___51___ to heal itself.
Looking beyond China, acupuncture has become a global ___52___. Over the years, acupuncture has seen many advancements in scientific research and modern medicine. It is now a mainstream ___53___ and complementary treatment for a variety of weaknesses. According to a 2019 WHO report, acupuncture is used in 113 of its 120 member countries, ___54___ its widespread recognition and application.
As an ancient Chinese medical ___55___ with a rich history and deep cultural significance, acupuncture is an embodiment of profound cultural heritage and a holistic path to healing.
41. A. relieve B. resume C. release D. rebel
42. A. radically B. gradually C. reluctantly D. randomly
43. A. cultivated B. evaluated C. shaped D. eliminated
44. A. promote B. reflect C. alternate D. perform
45. A. occasional B. philosophical C. considerable D. mechanical
46. A. arise B. heal C. vary D. survive
47. A. taken over B. ended up C. figured out D. carried out
48. A. or B. and C. while D. with
49. A. block B. generate C. motivate D. channel
50. A. terrify B. stimulate C. reserve D. restore
51. A. willingness B. instinct C. potential D. nutrient
52. A. liberty B. therapy C. curiosity D. wonderland
53. A. proportion B. alternative C. procedure D. affection
54. A. illustrating B. predicting C. featuring D. nominating
55. A. assessment B. occupation C. practice D. obedience
