高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题1：名词、冠词
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
Group1 名词
1. We should make sure that our expectations are the same as our ______________ (friend) ones.
2. The nursery team switches him every few ______________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle fed....
3. Recent ______________ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
4. There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ______________ (effect)such as overweight and heart disease--the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
5. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _____________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ____________ (cause).
7. Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ____________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily (day) routines.
8. ____________ (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
9. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ____________ (human) are.
10. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ____________ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Keys: 1. friends’ 2. days 3. studies 4. effects 5. crowds 6. causes 7. watchtowers
8. Activities 9. humans 10. populations
Group2 冠词
1. Nowadays, how we can take good care of _________ old is becoming a hot and serious topic.
2. If I were ever short of cash and couldn’t afford to do anything much, which in those days was usually the case, I could always go outside and take ____________ look around.
3. It was a burning hot, summer’s day and I was longing to go swimming at the local pool. Instead, I was riding in _____ back seat of the car as my parents drove to a friend’s house.
4. But he had only ______________ 80 yuan note.
5. He was ____________ European billionaire who got everything he wanted.
6. That day I didn’t learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt ______________ impressive lesson about gravity!
7. As ____________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
8. This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _____________ top.
9. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
10. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at __________ top of her lungs.
11. Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as __________ model in New York.
12. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, __________ other is with mum.
13. Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for __________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
14. The adobe dwellings(土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are
admired by even __________ most modern of architects and engineers.
15. Now, years later, this river is one of __________ most outstanding examples of environmental
cleanup.
Keys: 1. the 2. a 3. the 4. an 5. a 6. an 7. a 8. the 9. the 10. the 11. a 12. the 13. a 14. the 15. the
【要点精讲】
名词
目标分解：
（1）掌握可数名词复数的规则变化
（2）掌握可数名词复数的不规则变化
（3）熟悉高考常考的不可数名词
（4）掌握名词所有格的用法
教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化
一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。
外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动机
内部动机：好激发
激发已有知识
教师提问：名词是什么？你知道哪些名词呢？名词可分为？
名词是指表示人或事物的名称,eg. friendship, Tom, water等。可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
三、解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：
1、教师提问：可数名词复数的变化规则有？
可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：
构成方法 例词
一般情况在词尾加－s girl—girls page—pages
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加－es bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes 但有例外：stomach—stomachs
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变成i加－es baby—babies city—cities
以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加－es tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes potato—potatoes 但有例外：photo—photos ；piano—pianos
以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加－es knife—knives wife—wives half—halves leaf—leaves 但仍有例外： belief—beliefs roof—roofs handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
【特别提醒】
因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：
①Do you have dictionary
②He shook head sadly.
一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为：
①Do you have a dictionary
②He shook his head sadly.
单复数形式意义不同的名词：
experience经验experiences经历
manner方式 manners礼貌
custom风俗 customs海关
work工作 works著作，工厂
wood木材 woods树林
sand沙子 sands沙滩
paper纸张 papers报纸，论文，试卷
glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜
2、教师提问：不规则变化的可数名词复数有？
1）有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要在平时的学习中逐一记忆：
child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen,
mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women等
2）总是表示复数意义的名词
集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle.
The police are searching for the stolen boy.
The cattle are feeding on the grassland.
3）有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings
4）单复数同形的名词
有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。
All possible means have been tried.
Every possible means has been tried.
【点拨】
对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。
5）合成名词的复数
把主体名词变成复数，如：passers-by, fathers-in-law(岳父)
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3、教师提问：高考常考的不可数名词有？
不可数名词常在书面表达中使用时，要注意以下名词：
advice, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic, progress, work, health, luck, weather, music, fun, experience
【点拨】
抽象名词与a（an）连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me
(2)物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。
have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast
4、教师提问：名词所有格是什么？
英语名词所有格有两种：’s所有格和of所有格。
1．’s所有格的构成
(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加’s，如：Jack’s books, Children’s Day
(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加’，如：the students’ books
(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)
(4)以and连接的两个名词：
表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：
Kate and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；
表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加’s，如：
Kate’s father and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。
【特别提醒】
不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody else’s bag
2．’s所有格的用法
(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom’s birthday, the dog’s owner。
(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：
①时间：a day's work(一天的工作)，today's newspaper；
②距离：twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance；
③天体：the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface；
④度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight；
⑤国家、城市等：China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan
表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctor’s, at my uncle’s
3．of所有格的构成
the＋所有物＋of＋(this / that / the / my / their...)＋无生命之物。
4．of所有格的用法
of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：
the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate
Does anyone know the title of the novel
They have the support of people of the developing countries.
5．双重所有格
(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋’s结构”。
(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：
a friend of mine; this book of the professor’s; this lovely baby of my aunt’s。
【特别提醒】
双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感彩，如：
1．That car of Peter's is very nice. 彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)
2．The dog of Tom's is very fierce. 汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)
冠词
目标分解：
（1）掌握不定冠词a / an的用法
（2）掌握定冠词the的用法
（3）掌握零冠词的用法
教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化
一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。
外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动机
内部动机：好激发
二、激发已有知识
1、教师提问：什么是冠词？冠词在句中放在哪里？有什么作用呢？
分类 概念 用法
定冠词 the 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物 Take your time - it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
不定冠词 a 用在辅音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个” It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
an 用在元音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个” Mr Wilson lived in an A-shaped house.
三、解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：
1、教师提问：在什么情况下运用不定冠词a / an？
1.不定冠词a/an的用法
序号 用法 例句
1 表示“一”这个数量 Running man is a popular TV show.
2 用于第一次出现的人或者物 The director is looking for a missing boy in my hometown.
3 泛指某一类人或物 A father must take care of the family.
如：
When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understanding of life.
After an hour or so we began to feel very frightened.
特别提醒：
注意 hour, university, European, umbrella 等前冠词的运用
内化过程：a / an的选用以单词的首个读音因素为依据，元音因素开头的单词用an，辅音音素开头的单词用a。
教师提问：在什么情况下运用定冠词the？
the的用法口诀：
特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。
（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如：
Where is the teacher
（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：
I see a cat. The cat is Lucy’s.
（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
The earth goes around the sun.
（4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：
Mike is the tallest of the three boys.
注意：序数词或形容词最高级前有代词如this，my等修饰则不用冠词
（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：
the Great Wall，the People’s Park
（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或西洋乐器名词前。如：
in the morning，play the piano
教师提问：在什么情况下不用冠词？
不用冠词的情况：
代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
（1）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。
如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。
（2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。
（3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如：
The people in the room are doctors.
（4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Chinese, English, maths, physics, history等。
（5）在三餐饭和球类运动、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast, play basketball等。
（6）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：in autumn, on Children’s Day, in February, on Monday等。
（7）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white, French, Australia
（8）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如：
Doctor Green is a scientist.
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空
Group1 名词
1. Any smell might attract natural ________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.
2. We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our ____________(different) unite, rather than divide us.
3. Do you know any friend of my ______________ (husband)
4. We’ve called several ____________ (time) about Cleo’s early morning barking.
Keys: 1. enemies； 2. differences； 3. husband’s 4. times
Group2 冠词
1. Alexander Graham Bell invented ____________ telephone in 1876.
2. But at ________ same time, we flicked sly glances at him and checked him out.
3. ________prize for the winner of the competition is ________ two week holiday in Paris.
4. If you cut your finger, if some of __________ dust from the floor goes into the cut, some of the germs will go into your finger.
5. She is the little boy’s grandmother, and her daughter, Nicole, bought __________ house next door last October.
Keys: 1. the 2. the 3.The;a 4. the 5. the
【梳理优化】
名词
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：语法填空题
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中名词的解题技巧：
1. 观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是有给出提示词的）
2. 判断空格中是否考查名词；
3. 如果提示词不是名词，则要转换成名词（参考构词法）
4. 如果提示词是名词，则根据句子需要改成名词复数或所有格
小窍门：
名词所有格用法口诀:
英语名词所有格，表示某物是“谁的”；
通常后加’s，Tom’s mother要记住。
复数有s只加’，Teachers’ Day记清楚。
若是两者共有时，只在后者把’s 加；
表示两人分有时，前者后者都把’s加。
名词若是无生命，of短语来把所属关系表。
翻译时要注意，从后往前错不了。
冠词
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：语法填空题
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中冠词的解题技巧
观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是未给出提示词的）；
观察空格处前后的词性搭配或固定短语搭配；（一般空格后应有名词或者形容词最高级或者序数词）
根据句意或固定短语搭配以及冠词的使用规则正确运用恰当的冠词
B..小窍门：
1. the的用法口诀：
特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。
2. 零冠词的用法口诀：
代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
【强化巩固】
语法填空
1__________ is possible that we simply do not stay in one place for a true friendship to develop. However, there can be no disagreement on the need for each of us 2________________
(think) carefully about the kind of friendships we want.
To most of us, friendships are considered 3______________ (importance), but need to have clear in our own minds 4____________ kinds of friendships we want .Are they to be close or 5_____________ (keep) at arm’s length Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface For some people, many friendships on the surface are quite enough—and that’s all right .But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 6___________________ (friend) expectations. If one wants more from the friendship than the other, 7_________ if this is not talked about, one is likely at last to fell that he’s holding the short end of the stick. The sharing of personal experience 8_______________ (include) our tears as well as our dark dreams 9_____________ (be) the surest way to deepen friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there signs of interest and action 10__________
return.
Keys: 1. It 2. to think 3. important 4.the 5. kept
6.friends’ 7. and 8. including 9.is 10. in
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
Group1 名词
As the ___________ (world) population continues to grow, the supply of food becomes more and more of a concern.
Don’t worry. We have stored (quantity) of food already.
Jack is a student of my______________ (father). He is also my best friend.
Running for half an hour every day is one of the __________ (rule) in our school..
Keys: 1. world’s 2. quantities 3.father’s 4. rules
Group2 冠词
1. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.
2. India attained independence in 1947, after _______ long struggle.
3. The Double Ninth Festival reminds us to respect _______ elderly.
4. He often takes his dog for _______ walk around the square.
5. ---Why did you make so many mistakes in the speech
---I’m so sorry. Could you give me _______ second chance
Keys: 1. a；the 2. a 3. the 4. a 5. a
二、语法填空
The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as 1_______ investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn more about unfamiliar diseases and the 2_____________ (late) medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, bill-paying, and communicating with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from 3__________ countries and cultures.
However, 4___________there are many positive developments 5____________ (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. 6___________ concern relates to a lack of control over 7____________ appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are 8_________________ (restrict) on what kinds of programs can 9_______________ (broadcast) and at what times of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable 10_________ their children to see.
Keys: 1. an 2. latest 3.other/different 4. while 5.associated
6. One 7. what 8. restrictions 9. be broadcast(ed) 10.for
三、阅读理解
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
1. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
3. Why did the researchers hire the actor
A. To see how she would affect the participants. B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests. D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
4. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
Keys: DDAC
说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
2. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
四、七选五
Making other people feel good feels good, and, best of all, it requires little more than a generous heart. Studies show that people feel happier when they do something kind for another person, and both recipients and good deed-doers can get the benefits. It can't be smarter idea to create this World Kindness Day. ____1____
Learn a friend's language
Picking up a bit of a friend or co-worker's first language and speaking it with them shows them you care and take an interest in their experiences. Making someone feel included and respected will feel a greater sense of belonging, an essential component of happiness.
____2____
Reaching out to someone for the first time in a long time can be an instant remedy （治 疗） for whatever trouble you. It's as simple as a text, a note or a Face Time call. Let someone know you're thinking of them, even after some time apart. Studies suggest strong bonds can improve physical health, too.
Genuinely compliment（赞扬）someone
A respectful comment that comes from the heart about someone's unique hair style, excellent performance in a conceit or their great solution to a problem at work might be all it takes to improve someone's mood. ____3____
Collect trash you see around your neighborhood
Picking up trash and recyclables off the street beautifies your community and benefits the environment. ____4____ The environment can't clean itself, after all!
Thank the people in your life
They are the security guard outside of your workplace, the supermarket worker you see every day, your mom. ____5____ Thank people for the things, big and small, that they do that improve your life. Gratitude is priceless.
A. Others' positive words could help some people be a bit kinder to themselves, too.
B. If your friends are overweight, that too ups the odds you'll pack on pounds.
C. Open your heart with some small, free ways to make someone's day.
D. Without their help, your world might not rim as efficiently.
E. It might even inspire others to take up the task with you.
F. Reconnect with a friend or family member.
G. Have an eye contact with friends.
Keys: 说明文。为他人做好事时，自己会感到更快乐，受惠者和做好事的人也能得到好处。文中介绍了一些让他人和你一样快乐的方法。
1.C 考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。根据上文“Studies show that people feel happier when they do something kind for another person, and b机h recipients and good deed-doers can get the benefits. It can't be smarter idea to create this World Kindness Day.” 研究表明，当人们为他人做一些好事时，他们会感到更快乐，而受惠者和做好事的人也能得到好处。创造这个世界慈善日是再聪明不过的主意了。再结合下文的几个小标题的内容（下文主要提供了一些方式让别人也快乐）。可推断出空格处是指用一些方式让他人也像你一样快乐。分析选项可知C项Open your heart with some small, free ways to make someone's day（你敞开心扉，用一些小方式来也让他们感觉开心）符合题意，故选C。
2.F 考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。空格处是小标题。根据标题后的内容可知，空格“与朋友分开很久之后，如果你遇到麻烦，可用一条短信、一张便条或一个电话就会重新取得联系”。空格后“因为研究表明牢固的关系也。能提高人的身体健康”。由此可推断出，如果你与朋友或家人失去联系，也要重新取得联系。分析选项可知F项Reconnect with a friend or family member（与朋友或家人重新联系）符合题意，故选F。
3.A考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。本段的小标题为“Genuinely compliment someone” 真诚地赞美某人。结合空前的“A respectful comment that comes from the heart...might be all it takes to improve someone's mood.”发自内心的赞美之词可以提高人情绪。同样地其他人的积极的话也可以让一些人对自己好一点。分析选项可知A项Others' positive words could help some people be a bit kinder to themselves, too.（其他人的积极的话语也可以帮助一些人对自己更好一点）符合题意，故选A。
4.E 考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。本段的小标题为“捡起你周围的垃圾”。根据上一句“Picking up trash and recyclables off the street beautifies your community and benefits the environment”及下句“ The environment can't clean itself, after all!” 可知，捡起街道上的垃圾和可回收物品可以美化你的社区，也有益于环境。因为毕竟环境不能自我清洁。所以大家要一起承担清洁周围的环境，美化环境的任务。分析选项可知 E项 It might even inspire others to take up the task with you（它甚至可能激励其他人和你一起承担这项任务）符合题意，故选E。
5.D 考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。本段的小标题为“Thank the people in your life”感谢你生命中的人。根据上句“They are the security guard outside of your workplace, the supermarket worker you see every day, your mom.”他们是你工作场所外的保安，是你每天都能见到的超市员工，是你的妈妈。由此可知，生命中的人保障你正常工作。如果没有他们的帮助，你的世界可能不会像现在这样的高效运转。分析选项可知D项Without their help, your world might not rim as efficiently（如果没有他们的帮助，你的世界可能不会像现在这样高效运转），故选D。高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题1：名词、冠词
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
Group1 名词
1. We should make sure that our expectations are the same as our ______________ (friend) ones.
2. The nursery team switches him every few ______________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle fed....
3. Recent ______________ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
4. There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ______________ (effect)such as overweight and heart disease--the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
5. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _____________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ____________ (cause).
7. Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ____________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily (day) routines.
8. ____________ (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
9. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ____________ (human) are.
10. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ____________ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Group2 冠词
1. Nowadays, how we can take good care of _________ old is becoming a hot and serious topic.
2. If I were ever short of cash and couldn’t afford to do anything much, which in those days was usually the case, I could always go outside and take ____________ look around.
3. It was a burning hot, summer’s day and I was longing to go swimming at the local pool. Instead, I was riding in _____ back seat of the car as my parents drove to a friend’s house.
4. But he had only ______________ 80 yuan note.
5. He was ____________ European billionaire who got everything he wanted.
6. That day I didn’t learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt ______________ impressive lesson about gravity!
7. As ____________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
8. This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _____________ top.
9. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
10. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at __________ top of her lungs.
11. Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as __________ model in New York.
12. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, __________ other is with mum.
13. Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for __________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
14. The adobe dwellings(土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are
admired by even __________ most modern of architects and engineers.
15. Now, years later, this river is one of __________ most outstanding examples of environmental
cleanup.
【要点精讲】
名词
学习目标：
学生能全面掌握名词的用法，并实际运用于语法填空
步骤一：可数名词复数的变化规则有？
可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：
构成方法 例词
一般情况在词尾加__________ girl—girls page—pages
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加______________ bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes 但有例外：stomach—stomachs
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，________________ baby—babies city—cities
以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加___________ tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes potato—potatoes 但有例外：photo—photos ；piano—pianos
以f或fe结尾的词，多数_________________________________ knife—knives wife—wives half—halves leaf—leaves 但仍有例外： belief—beliefs roof—roofs handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
【特别提醒】
因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：
①Do you have dictionary
②He shook head sadly.
一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为：
①Do you have a dictionary
②He shook his head sadly.
单复数形式意义不同的名词：
experience经验experiences____________
manner方式 manners_______________
custom风俗 customs_______________
work工作 works_________________
wood木材 woods________________
sand沙子 sands_________________
paper纸张 papers________________
glass玻璃 glasses________________
步骤二：可数名词复数的不规则变化
1）有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要在平时的学习中逐一记忆：
child—children, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen, foot—feet, man—men, mouse—mice, woman—women等
2）总是表示复数意义的名词
集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle.
The police are searching for the stolen boy.
The cattle are feeding on the grassland.
3）有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings
4）单复数同形的名词
有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。
All possible means have been tried.
Every possible means has been tried.
【点拨】
对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。
5）合成名词的复数
把主体名词变成复数，如：passers-by, fathers-in-law(岳父)
[来源:学§
步骤三：高考常考的不可数名词
不可数名词常在书面表达中使用时，要注意以下名词：
advice, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic, progress, work, health, luck, weather, music, fun, experience
【点拨】
抽象名词与a（an）连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me
(2)物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。
have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast
步骤四：名词所有格
英语名词所有格有两种：’s所有格和of所有格。
1．’s所有格的构成
(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加’s，如：Jack’s books, Children’s Day
(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加’，如：the students’ books
(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)
(4)以and连接的两个名词：
表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：
Kate and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；
表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加’s，如：
Kate’s father and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。
【特别提醒】
不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody else’s bag
2．’s所有格的用法
(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom’s birthday, the dog’s owner。
(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：
①时间：a day's work(一天的工作)，today's newspaper；
②距离：twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance；
③天体：the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface；
④度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight；
⑤国家、城市等：China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan
表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctor’s, at my uncle’s
3．of所有格的构成
the＋所有物＋of＋(this / that / the / my / their...)＋无生命之物。
4．of所有格的用法
of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：
the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate
Does anyone know the title of the novel
They have the support of people of the developing countries.
5．双重所有格
(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋’s结构”。
(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：
a friend of mine; this book of the professor’s; this lovely baby of my aunt’s。
【特别提醒】
双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感彩，如：
1．That car of Peter's is very nice. 彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)
2．The dog of Tom's is very fierce. 汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)
冠词
学习目标：
1. 学生能全面掌握冠词的用法，并实际运用于语法填空
步骤一：什么是冠词？冠词在句中放在哪里？有什么作用呢？
分类 概念 用法
定冠词 the 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物 Take your time - it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
不定冠词 a 用在辅音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个” It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
an 用在元音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个” Mr Wilson lived in an A-shaped house.
步骤二：不定冠词a/an的使用规则
序号 用法 例句
1 表示“一”这个数量 Running man is a popular TV show.
2 用于第一次出现的人或者物 The director is looking for a missing boy in my hometown.
3 泛指某一类人或物 A father must take care of the family.
如：
When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understanding of life.
After an hour or so we began to feel very frightened.
特别提醒：
注意 hour, university, European, umbrella 等前冠词的运用
内化过程：a / an的选用以单词的首个读音因素为依据，元音因素开头的单词用an，辅音音素开头的单词用a。
步骤三：定冠词the的使用规则
用法口诀：
特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。
（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如：
Where is the teacher
（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：
I see a cat. The cat is Lucy’s.
（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
The earth goes around the sun.
（4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：
Mike is the tallest of the three boys.
注意：序数词或形容词最高级前有代词如this，my等修饰则不用冠词
（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：
the Great Wall，the People’s Park
（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或西洋乐器名词前。如：
in the morning，play the piano
步骤四：零冠词的使用规则
代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
（1）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。
如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。
（2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。
（3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如：
The people in the room are doctors.
（4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Chinese, English, maths, physics, history等。
（5）在三餐饭和球类运动、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast, play basketball等。
（6）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：in autumn, on Children’s Day, in February, on Monday等。
（7）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white, French, Australia
（8）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如：
Doctor Green is a scientist.
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空
Group1 名词
1. Any smell might attract natural ________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.
2. We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our ____________(different) unite, rather than divide us.
3. Do you know any friend of my ______________ (husband)
4. We’ve called several ____________ (time) about Cleo’s early morning barking.
Group2 冠词
1. Alexander Graham Bell invented ____________ telephone in 1876.
2. But at ________ same time, we flicked sly glances at him and checked him out.
3. ________prize for the winner of the competition is ________ two week holiday in Paris.
4. If you cut your finger, if some of __________ dust from the floor goes into the cut, some of the germs will go into your finger.
5. She is the little boy’s grandmother, and her daughter, Nicole, bought __________ house next door last October.
【梳理优化】
名词
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：语法填空题
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中名词的解题技巧：
1. 观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是有给出提示词的）
2. 判断空格中是否考查名词；
3. 如果提示词不是名词，则要转换成名词（参考构词法）
4. 如果提示词是名词，则根据句子需要改成名词复数或所有格
小窍门：
名词所有格用法口诀:
英语名词所有格，表示某物是“谁的”；
通常后加’s，Tom’s mother要记住。
复数有s只加’，Teachers’ Day记清楚。
若是两者共有时，只在后者把’s 加；
表示两人分有时，前者后者都把’s加。
名词若是无生命，of短语来把所属关系表。
翻译时要注意，从后往前错不了。
冠词
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：语法填空题
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中冠词的解题技巧
观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是未给出提示词的）；
观察空格处前后的词性搭配或固定短语搭配；（一般空格后应有名词或者形容词最高级或者序数词）
根据句意或固定短语搭配以及冠词的使用规则正确运用恰当的冠词
B..小窍门：
1. the的用法口诀：
特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。
2. 零冠词的用法口诀：
代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
【强化巩固】
语法填空
1__________ is possible that we simply do not stay in one place for a true friendship to develop. However, there can be no disagreement on the need for each of us 2________________
(think) carefully about the kind of friendships we want.
To most of us, friendships are considered 3______________ (importance), but need to have clear in our own minds 4____________ kinds of friendships we want .Are they to be close or 5_____________ (keep) at arm’s length Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface For some people, many friendships on the surface are quite enough—and that’s all right .But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 6___________________ (friend) expectations. If one wants more from the friendship than the other, 7_________ if this is not talked about, one is likely at last to fell that he’s holding the short end of the stick. The sharing of personal experience 8_______________ (include) our tears as well as our dark dreams 9_____________ (be) the surest way to deepen friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there signs of interest and action 10__________
return.
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
Group1 名词
As the ___________ (world) population continues to grow, the supply of food becomes more and more of a concern.
Don’t worry. We have stored (quantity) of food already.
Jack is a student of my______________ (father). He is also my best friend.
Running for half an hour every day is one of the __________ (rule) in our school..
Group2 冠词
1. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.
2. India attained independence in 1947, after _______ long struggle.
3. The Double Ninth Festival reminds us to respect _______ elderly.
4. He often takes his dog for _______ walk around the square.
5. ---Why did you make so many mistakes in the speech
---I’m so sorry. Could you give me _______ second chance
二、语法填空
The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as 1_______ investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn more about unfamiliar diseases and the 2_____________ (late) medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, bill-paying, and communicating with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from 3__________ countries and cultures.
However, 4___________there are many positive developments 5____________ (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. 6___________ concern relates to a lack of control over 7____________ appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are 8_________________ (restrict) on what kinds of programs can 9_______________ (broadcast) and at what times of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable 10_________ their children to see.
三、阅读理解
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
1. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
3. Why did the researchers hire the actor
A. To see how she would affect the participants. B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests. D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
4. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
四、七选五
Making other people feel good feels good, and, best of all, it requires little more than a generous heart. Studies show that people feel happier when they do something kind for another person, and both recipients and good deed-doers can get the benefits. It can't be smarter idea to create this World Kindness Day. ____1____
Learn a friend's language
Picking up a bit of a friend or co-worker's first language and speaking it with them shows them you care and take an interest in their experiences. Making someone feel included and respected will feel a greater sense of belonging, an essential component of happiness.
____2____
Reaching out to someone for the first time in a long time can be an instant remedy （治 疗） for whatever trouble you. It's as simple as a text, a note or a Face Time call. Let someone know you're thinking of them, even after some time apart. Studies suggest strong bonds can improve physical health, too.
Genuinely compliment（赞扬）someone
A respectful comment that comes from the heart about someone's unique hair style, excellent performance in a conceit or their great solution to a problem at work might be all it takes to improve someone's mood. ____3____
Collect trash you see around your neighborhood
Picking up trash and recyclables off the street beautifies your community and benefits the environment. ____4____ The environment can't clean itself, after all!
Thank the people in your life
They are the security guard outside of your workplace, the supermarket worker you see every day, your mom. ____5____ Thank people for the things, big and small, that they do that improve your life. Gratitude is priceless.
A. Others' positive words could help some people be a bit kinder to themselves, too.
B. If your friends are overweight, that too ups the odds you'll pack on pounds.
C. Open your heart with some small, free ways to make someone's day.
D. Without their help, your world might not rim as efficiently.
E. It might even inspire others to take up the task with you.
F. Reconnect with a friend or family member.
G. Have an eye contact with friends.
