高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题3：形容词副词
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
The situation is much _________________(serious) than we think.
2. Mary studies harder than any other girl in her class. That is to say, she is the __________(hard).
3. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ______________ ( warm ), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.
4. For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _______________ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
5. The ___________ (tall) of the two girls in the photo is me.
6. Landing on the moon’s far side is __________ (extreme) challenging.
7. The far side of the moon is of particular ____________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more.....
8. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been __________ (poor) studied.
9. Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are __________ (high) than they actually are.
10. Her years of hard work have __________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
11. We are so proud of her. It’s __________ (wonder).
12. They also shared with us many __________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were __________ (huge) popular with tourists.
13. According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __________ (long) than non-runners.
14. A taste for meat is __________ (actual) behind the change.
15. He screams the __________ (loud)of all.
16. Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been __________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
17. It is __________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
18. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and _____________ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
19. No matter where I buy them, one steamer is ____________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
Keys: 1. more serious 2. hardest 3. warmly 4. pleased 5. taller 6. Extremely
7. interest 8. poorly 9. higher 10. finally 11. wonderfully
12. traditional; hugely 13. longer 14. actually 15. loudest 16. fairly
17. certainly 18. eventual 19. rarely
二、完形填空单项节选
( )1. The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.
A. constant B. main C. powerful D. shallow
( )2. Only five years after Steve Jobs’ death, smart-phones defeated _________ PCs in sales.
controversial B. contradictory C. confidential D. conventional
( )3. The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others _________.
A. blindly B. unwillingly C. closely D. carefully
( )4. Henry was away from home for quiet a bit and _________ saw his family.
A. frequently B. seldom C. always D. usually
Keys: A D A B
【要点精讲】
形容词副词
学习目标：
1. 能正确判定形容词，掌握形容词的用法并实际运用于语法填空和完形填空中
2. 能正确判断副词，掌握副词的用法并实际运用于语法填空和完形填空中
目标分解：
（1）掌握形容词的定义和基本用法
（2）掌握副词的定义和基本用法
（3）掌握形容词副词的变化规则
（4）掌握形容词副词比较级最高级的变化规则
（5）掌握形容词副词的句型
教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化
一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。
外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动变化规则机
内部动机：好激发
二、激发已有知识
1、教师提问：什么是形容词？
修饰名词或代词的词是形容词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。
教师提问：什么是副词？
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
三、解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：
1、教师提问：你知道形容词在句子中能作什么成分吗？
（一）形容词的基本用法
功能 说明 例句
定语 名词前或不定代词后作定语 ①Mr. Wang is a funny teacher. ②I have something important to say.
表语 系动词后作表语 It’s very cold today.
宾语补足语 keep, make, leave等动词的宾语后作宾语补足语 ①Don’t keep the window open. ②Alice often makes us happy.
状语 表示主语所处的状态 He was lying in bed, dead.
【温馨提示】
叙述性形容词 （如ill, well, afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed等）一般只能用于系动词后作表语，即后面不能+名词。例如：
He is an ill man.(错)
The man is ill.(对)
系表结构后接动词不定式结构。例如：
I’m sorry to hear that.
the + 某些形容词相当于名词，表示一类人/物。例如：
the poor, the old, the sick
two year old/200 metre long/one thousand word等复合形容词中的名词要用单数，一
般只用作前置定语。例如：
Tom is a two year old boy.
以-ing和-ed结尾的分词形容词辨析
①以-ing结尾的形容词表示主动意义，一般修饰事物或人，表示人或事物的特征或性质，“令人觉得……”如interesting, surprising, exciting, frightening, amazing, worrying等。
②以-ed结尾的形容词表示被动意义，一般修饰人，表示人(自己)感到……，常与介词in/about/at等构成短语搭配，如interested, surprised, excited, frightened, amazed, worried等。
例如：
①The story has a surprising end. Everyone is surprised at it.
②—Why are you so interested in sports —Because they keep me fit.
many/much/few/a few/little/a little 辨析
后接可数名词复数 后接不可数名词
many much
few（否定意义） little（否定意义）
a few（肯定意义） a little（肯定意义）
2、教师提问：你知道副词在句子中的作用吗？
(1) 副词在句中一般用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，也可修饰整个句子。如：
Obviously you are wrong.
(2) 常用连接性副词的用法
① though用作副词时，常在句末，意为“然而，可是”，表示转折意义。
② therefore“因此，所以”，表示结果。
③ meanwhile“与此同时，在此期间”，表示前后分句的动作同时发生。
④ moreover“另外”，表示承接关系。
⑤ however“然而”，表示让步、转折，常用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。
⑥ besides“另外；还有”，表示递进关系。
⑦ instead“相反”，表示前后分句意义相反。
3、教师提问：形容词变副词的变化规则是？
形容词变副词的规则
规则变化
范围 变化规则 例词
大部分形容词 加ly careless----carelessly, quiet----quietly
以le结尾的形容词 变le为ly terrible----terribly, comfortable----comfortably
以y结尾的形容词 变y为ily easy----easily, angry----angrily
不规则变化
本身既是形容词也是副词，无需改变 fast----fast, early----early high----high, hard----hard late----late, far----far, wide----wide, alone----alone
形容词和副词为完全不同的单词 good----well
不以le结尾，需要去掉字母e的单词 true----truly
虽然以ly结尾，但却是形容词 friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely
有些形容词本身即为副词，同时也有加ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样，使用时需注意 wide(形容词，宽阔的，睁大的) ----wide(副词，睁大地)，widely(广泛地) late(形容词，晚的) -----late(副词，晚地)，lately（最近）
特别容易犯错的副词
形容词 副词 备注
hard hard hard副词容易写成hardly, hardly意思为“几乎不”，与hard无任何关系
friendly 无 不能用friendly直接修饰动词，只能改成in a friendly way“用一种友好的方式”。如： He smiled at me in a friendly way.
4、教师提问：形容词副词比较级最高级的变化规则是？
（1）形容词副词比较级和最高级的规则变化
规则 原级 比较级 最高级
（1）一般单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er和-est long heavy longer heavier longest heaviest
（2）以“e”结尾的单音节词在词尾加-r和-st nice late nicer later nicest latest
（3）重读闭音节，词尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-er或-est glad gladder gladdest
（4）辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i，再加-er和-est angry angrier angriest
（5）多数双音节词和所有多音节词在前面加more和most careful quickly more careful more quickly most careful most quickly
形容词副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good / well better best
bad / badly worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
old older / elder oldest / eldest
far farther / further farthest / furthest
内化过程：olde /elder/oldest/eldest和farther/further/farthest/furthest的用法需注意：
older/oldest需用在系动词后面作表语，即后面不可加名词；elder/eldest可用作定语，即后面可加名词。
farther/further/farthest/furthest均可表距离，但further还可引申为“adv. 进一步地；adj.深一层的；vt. 促进；组织”等意思。
教师提问：你知道形容词副词原级、比较级、最高级有哪些句式吗？
形容词副词原级句型
句型 例句
(1)“as+形容词/副词原级+as”，在否定句中用“not so/as... as”结构 Tom runs as fast as Mike. Lucy is not so tall as Lily.
(2)倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as Our school is three times as big as theirs.
（2）形容词副词比较级句型
句型 例句
(1)双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”结构 China is larger than Italy.
(2)用于“less+原级+than”（注意此结构不用于单音节词） The book is less interesting than that one.
(3)倍数+比较级+than The box is three times bigger than that one.
(4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……” Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
(5)“the+比较级……，the+比较级……”表示“越……，就越……” The more, the better.
(6)the+比较级+of the two+名词复数 The taller of the two boys is my brother.
（3）形容词副词最高级句型
用法 例句
(1)the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句 Spring is the best season of the year.
(2)“one of the+最高级+复数名词”表示“最……之一” Kobe is one of the best basketball players in NBA.
【温馨提示】
1. 形容词比较级前可用a lot/far/a bit/much/even/still等词来修饰，表示“……得多”，“更……”，“……一些”。very, really, so, too, rather, pretty, quite等词后只能用原级。例如：
The problem is a lot more difficult than that one.
He is so careless that he loses the purse.
2. 形容词最高级前不用the的情况
(1)形容词最高级用于同自身不同场合相比较时不带the。例如：
I’m busiest on Mondays.
(2)形容词最高级前有物主代词、名词所有格时，不带the。例如：
Alice is the old man’s youngest daughter.
(3)两个或多个形容词的最高级并列使用，从第二个起，就不带the。例如：
Bob is the youngest and tallest boy in our class.
(4)形容词最高级在句中作宾语补足语时，常不带the。例如：
I think grammar hardest in our English study.
【查漏补缺】
一、单句语法填空
1. The title will be _____________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
2. If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of ____________(great) and less importance.
3. Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________________(regular).
4. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which __________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
5. Chinese scientists ______________(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
6. ______________(fortunate), he arrived at the railway station in time..
7. Then the daughter made a suggestion: Would it be _____________(good) to invite Love Our home will then be filled with love!
8. After the children left she cried for at ___________( little) an hour.
9. _______________(actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get__________ (marry), stay home and raise a family.
10. Instead he jumped even _________(hard) and finally made it.
Keys: 1. officially 2. greater 3. regularly 4. gradually 5. recently
6.Fortunately 7. better 8. least 9. actually; married 10. hard
二、完形填空单项节选题
( )1. Joe is proud and ______, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.
A. strict B. sympathetic C. stubborn D. sensitive
( )2. With online shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as a(n) way of reaching target customers.
A. temporary B. complex C. accurate D. efficient
( )3. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ______, “Don’t be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.
A. dreadfully B. guiltily C. indirectly D. sharply
( )4. I can’t meet you on Sunday. I’ll be occupied.
A. also B. just C. nevertheless D. otherwise
( )5. I’m so _____to the teacher who gave me lots of help.
available B. essential C. qualified D. grateful
( )6. We shouldn’t feel _____of our weight because our inner beauty is more important.
guilty B. ashamed C. energetic D. distant
( )7. What a terrible experience! _______ , you’re safe now----that’s the main thing.
A. Anyhow B. Besides C. Though D. Somehow
( )8. He _____ mentions her daughter to us as if she loves her daughter very much.
A. completely B. fortunately C. fluently D. frequently
Keys: 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. D
【梳理优化】
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：
1. 完形填空 2. 语法填空
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中形容词副词的解题技巧
1. 判断所给单词是否是形容词/副词（一般是给出提示词的）；
2. 根据空格处前后的词性搭配和句意判断此处是否填形容词/副词；（形容词修饰名词和代词；副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句）
3. 判断空格处考查的是词性转换还是形容词副词的比较级最高级；
4. 若是考查词性转换，则根据构词法将所给词转换成形容词或副词；
5. 若是考查形容词副词比较级最高级，则根据比较级最高级的规则进行转换（通常有提示词如than, the, much, a little, more等）
【强化巩固】
语法填空
Over the years I’ve been teaching kids about a simple but powerful concept—the ant philosophy, an 1________________ (amaze) four-part philosophy.
First, ants never quit. If they’re heading somewhere and you try to stop them, they’ll climb over, they’ll climb under, or they’ll climb around. They never quit 2_____________ (look) for a way to get where they 3_______________(suppose) to go! Second, ants think about winter and summer. They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making 4_______________ (prepare) for the long cold winter. So you have to think about storms in summer; think about rocks 5____________ you enjoy the sand and sun. Third, ants think about summer all winter. During the winter, they remind 6_____________, “This won’t last long and we’ll soon be out of here.” On 7_______ first warm day, the ants are out. If it 8_____________ (turn) cold again, they’ll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm. Last, how much will an ant gather during the summer to prepare for the winter All that it 9_______________ (possible) can. 10___________ you can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can.
Keys: 1. amazing 2. looking 3. are supposed 4. preparations 5. when/as
6. themselves 7. the 8. turns 9. possibly 10. What
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
She was a very _____________(care) mother.
That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. In short, he’s _______________(rely).
I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend __________(many) in the coming years.
Listening is thus an active, not a (passively), behavior consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering.
Little Tom sat (amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him.
6. Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be
(punctually).
7. Most of us, if we know even a little about where our food comes from, understand that every bite put into our mouths was (former) alive.
8. The girl used to be shy, but is (gradual) getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
9. They gave money to the old people’s home either (personal) or through their companies.
10. Two hours ______________(late) my friend phoned me from the house.
11. He _______________ (frequent) mentions her daughter to us as if she loves her daughter very much.
12. The Changjiang River is the third (long) in the world.
13. It is reported that the United States uses twice as (many) energy as the whole of Europe.
14. The little boy gave me a ________________ (surprise) answer after I asked him the question.
Keys: 1. careful / caring 2. reliable 3. more 4. passive 5. amazed 6. punctual
7. formerly 8. gradually 9. personally 10. later 11. frequently 12. longest 13. much
14. surprising
二、完形填空单项节选题
1. What was so ______ about Jasmine Westland’s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
A. awful B. essential C. impressive D. obvious
2. Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a ______ smile and let him go.
A. cautious B. grateful C. tolerant D. wild
3. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ______, “Don’t be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.
A. dreadfully B. guiltily C. indirectly D. sharply
4. Thanks for your directions to the house; we wouldn’t have found it ______.
A. nowhere .B. however C. otherwise D. instead
5. The old teacher, who is almost sixty, is always _____ and that is to say, he works always in high spirits.
A. patient B. relaxed C. intelligent D. energetic
6. Hobbies can help a person’s ___________ and physical health.
A. mental B. optional C. repetitive D. conservative
7. Young parents are advised to choose natural food ________ free of chemicals for their children to make sure of their health.
A. rarely B. occasionally .C. absolutely D. mostly
8. Brian has been studying really hard all the time; _________ he has got an A in each of his subjects.
A. instead B. anyhow C. thus D. rather
9. At first the institute refused to purchase the experiment instrument, but this decision was ______ changed.
A. occasionally B. consequently C. backwards D. afterwards
Keys: 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D
三、语法填空
I love my mother 1___________ (good). She is average in height. She has long silky hair, and she always carries a broad smile with her. I am always 2____________ (thank) to my mother. In the middle of her busy schedule at work, my mother makes sure that our house 3______________ (organize) well at all times. Like a busy bee, she prepares our meals, washes our clothes, and manages all other housework in perfect order.
4_________ my mother is very busy with her work, she squeezes her precious time to help me with my school work and attend outdoor activities with me. We both enjoy the time 5_______ we share my happiness and sorrow.
Last weekend, I joined my mother and her friends on a beach. Besides 6____________ (admire) the amazing sea snails, fish and catfish, we took part in an 7______________(interest) activity on the island—bicycle ride. We rented bicycles and enjoyed the ride up and down the hill. By the time we reached the top of the hill, I was 8_________________ (extreme) tired. I was deeply touched that exhausted as my mother was, she helped me control my bicycle 9_________ (steady) to make sure I got down the hill safely.
Mother’s Day is just round the corner. I will make my mother 10_________ card. It is high time that I showed my thanks and love to my wonderful mother.
Keys: 1. best 2. thankful 3. is organized 4. Although/Though 5. when
admiring 7. interesting 8. extremely 9. steadily 10. a
四、阅读理解
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
1. What is special about the BYU professors' study
A. It centered on fathers' role in parenting. B. It was based on a number of large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles. D. It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
2. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children
A. Ignore their demands. B. Make decisions for them.
C. Control their behaviors. D. Explain the rules to them.
3. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers
A. Single parents. B. Children aged from 11 to 14.
C. Authoritarian fathers. D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
Keys: 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C
说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
4. 主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。
五、七选五
I was packing my suitcase for a trip. By the time I got to the hall closet, I couldn't remember what I came for. ____1____ However, as a neuroscientist, I know the problem is not what it seems.
____2____ But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. The 20-year-old often make short-term memory errors as well. They walk into the wrong classroom. They forget what the professor said two minutes ago. On the other hand, some aspects of memory actually get better as we age. For instance, our ability to extract patterns, regularities (规律)and to make accurate predictions improves over time. ____3____ If you' re going to get an X - ray, you want a 70-year-old radiologist reading it, not a 30 - year - old one.
So how do we account for our experience that older adults seem to have difficulty with words and names ____4____ As long as given a little more time, older adults perform just fine. Second, older adults have to search through more memories than do younger adults to find the fact or piece of information they're looking for. Your brain becomes crowded with memories and information. It's not that you can't remember. Actually, you can! ____5____
So, my advice is experiencing new things. It is the best way to keep the mind young and growing — into our 80s, 90s and beyond.
A. That's because we've had more experience.
B. First, there is a widespread cognitive (认知的)slowing with age.
C. This is widely understood to be a classic problem of aging.
D. First of all, senior citizens have better long - term memories.
E. It's just that there is so much more information to sort through.
F. Besides, I forget names that I used to be able to think of effortlessly.
G. Researches show that our ability of the short — term memory declines slightly after 30.
Keys: 说明文。文章主要讲述了老年人出现短期记忆错误的原因。
1.C 根据前文“By the time I got to the hall closet, I couldn't remember what I came for.( 当我来到客厅的壁橱时，我不记得我来干什么了。)”可知，作者忘记了自己到壁橱的目的，且根据后文“But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed.( 但是年龄并不是人们通常认为的主要因素。)”可知，设空句应是在解释普遍看法：年龄大了，健忘。选项C. This is widely understood to be a classic problem of aging.( 人们普遍认为这是一个典型的老龄化问题。)符合语境分析，且与后文“However, as a neuroscientist, I know the problem is not what it seems.( 然而，作为一名神经学家，我知道问题并不像看上去的那样。)”形成对比关系。故选C项。
2.G 根据后文“But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed.( 但是年龄并不是人们通常认为的主要因素。)”可知本段在讲述短期记忆错误会出现的年龄阶段，且根据后文“The 20 - year - old often make short — term memory errors as well.( 20岁的人也经常犯短期记忆错误。)”可知，设空句应也有具体年龄涉及。选项G. Researches show that our ability of the short — term memory declines slightly after 30.( 研究表明，30岁以后，我们的短期记忆能力略有下降。)提及了30岁时的短期记忆能力会出现下降，符合语境。故选G项。
3.A 根据前文“For instance, our ability to extract patterns, regularities and to make accurate predictions improves over time.( 例如，我们提取模式、规律和做出准确预测的能力会随着时间的推移而提高)”可知，这里在讲述的应是随着年龄增长，经验增长。选项A. That's because we've had more experience.( 那是因为我们有更多的经验。)进行了合理原因总结，且呼应后文“If you' re going to get an X - ray, you want a 70 — year — old radiologist reading it, not a 30 - year - old one.( 如果你要做X光检查，你需要的是一位70岁的放射科医生，而不是一位30岁的医生。)”。故选A项。
4.B 根据后文“Second, older adults have to search through more memories than do younger adults to find the fact or piece of information they're looking for.( 第二，老年人要比年轻人搜索更多的记忆来找到他们想要的事实或信息。)”可知，这里解释的原因是从老年人的年龄特征或经验角度出发的。选项B. First, there is a widespread cognitive slowing with age.( 首先，随着年龄的增长，认知能力普遍下降。)讲述了认知能力随着年龄增长而下降，符合老年人的年龄特征。故选B项。
5.E 根据前文“Your brain becomes crowded with memories and information. It's not that you can't remember. Actually, you can!( 你的大脑变得充满了记忆和信息。不是你记不住。实际上,你可以!)”可知，设空句应对此进行总结。选项E. It's just that there is so much more information to sort through.( 只是有太多的信息需要整理。)进行了合理总结，且再次呼应强调了本段提出的原因“Second, older adults have to search through more memories than do younger adults to find the fact or piece of information they're looking for.”。故选E项。高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题3：形容词副词
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
The situation is much _________________(serious) than we think.
2. Mary studies harder than any other girl in her class. That is to say, she is the __________(hard).
3. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ______________ ( warm ), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.
4. For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _______________ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
5. The ___________ (tall) of the two girls in the photo is me.
6. Landing on the moon’s far side is __________ (extreme) challenging.
7. The far side of the moon is of particular ____________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more.....
8. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been __________ (poor) studied.
9. Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are __________ (high) than they actually are.
10. Her years of hard work have __________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
11. We are so proud of her. It’s __________ (wonder).
12. They also shared with us many __________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were __________ (huge) popular with tourists.
13. According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __________ (long) than non-runners.
14. A taste for meat is __________ (actual) behind the change.
15. He screams the __________ (loud)of all.
16. Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been __________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
17. It is __________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
18. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and _____________ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
19. No matter where I buy them, one steamer is ____________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
二、完形填空单项节选
( )1. The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.
A. constant B. main C. powerful D. shallow
( )2. Only five years after Steve Jobs’ death, smart-phones defeated _________ PCs in sales.
controversial B. contradictory C. confidential D. conventional
( )3. The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others _________.
A. blindly B. unwillingly C. closely D. carefully
( )4. Henry was away from home for quiet a bit and _________ saw his family.
A. frequently B. seldom C. always D. usually
【要点精讲】
形容词副词
学习目标：
1. 能正确判定形容词，掌握形容词的用法并实际运用于语法填空和完形填空中
2. 能正确判断副词，掌握副词的用法并实际运用于语法填空和完形填空中
步骤一：形容词的基本用法
功能 说明 例句
定语 名词前或不定代词后作定语 ①Mr. Wang is a funny teacher. ②I have something important to say.
表语 系动词后作表语 It’s very cold today.
宾语补足语 keep, make, leave等动词的宾语后作宾语补足语 ①Don’t keep the window open. ②Alice often makes us happy.
状语 表示主语所处的状态 He was lying in bed, dead.
【温馨提示】
叙述性形容词 （如ill, well, afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed等）一般只能用于系动词后作表语，即后面不能+名词。例如：
He is an ill man.(错)
The man is ill.(对)
系表结构后接动词不定式结构。例如：
I’m sorry to hear that.
the + 某些形容词相当于名词，表示一类人/物。例如：
the poor, the old, the sick
two year old/200 metre long/one thousand word等复合形容词中的名词要用单数，一
般只用作前置定语。例如：
Tom is a two year old boy.
以-ing和-ed结尾的分词形容词辨析
①以-ing结尾的形容词表示主动意义，一般修饰事物或人，表示人或事物的特征或性质，“令人觉得……”如interesting, surprising, exciting, frightening, amazing, worrying等。
②以-ed结尾的形容词表示被动意义，一般修饰人，表示人(自己)感到……，常与介词in/about/at等构成短语搭配，如interested, surprised, excited, frightened, amazed, worried等。
例如：
①The story has a surprising end. Everyone is surprised at it.
②—Why are you so interested in sports —Because they keep me fit.
many/much/few/a few/little/a little 辨析
后接可数名词复数 后接不可数名词
many much
few（否定意义） little（否定意义）
a few（肯定意义） a little（肯定意义）
步骤二：副词的基本用法
(1) 副词在句中一般用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，也可修饰整个句子。如：
Obviously you are wrong.
(2) 常用连接性副词的用法
① though用作副词时，常在句末，意为“然而，可是”，表示转折意义。
② therefore“因此，所以”，表示结果。
③ meanwhile“与此同时，在此期间”，表示前后分句的动作同时发生。
④ moreover“另外”，表示承接关系。
⑤ however“然而”，表示让步、转折，常用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。
⑥ besides“另外；还有”，表示递进关系。
⑦ instead“相反”，表示前后分句意义相反。
步骤三：形容词变副词的变化规则
规则变化
范围 变化规则 例词
大部分形容词 careless----carelessly, quiet----quietly
以le结尾的形容词 terrible----terribly, comfortable----comfortably
以y结尾的形容词 easy----easily, angry----angrily
不规则变化
本身既是形容词也是副词，无需改变 fast----fast, early----early, alone----alone high----high, hard----hard, wide----wide late----late, far----far
形容词和副词为完全不同的单词 good----well
不以le结尾，需要去掉字母e的单词 true----truly
虽然以ly结尾，但却是形容词 friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely
有些形容词本身即为副词，同时也有加ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样，使用时需注意 wide(形容词，宽阔的，睁大的) ----wide(副词，睁大地)，widely(广泛地) late(形容词，晚的) -----late(副词，晚地)，lately（最近）
特别容易犯错的副词
形容词 副词 备注
hard hard hard副词容易写成hardly, hardly意思为“几乎不”，与hard无任何关系
friendly 无 不能用friendly直接修饰动词，只能改成in a friendly way“用一种友好的方式”。如： He smiled at me in a friendly way.
步骤四：形容词副词比较级最高级的变化规则
（1）形容词副词比较级和最高级的规则变化
规则 原级 比较级 最高级
（1）一般单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er和-est long heavy longer heavier longest heaviest
（2）以“e”结尾的单音节词在词尾加-r和-st nice late nicer later nicest latest
（3）重读闭音节，词尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-er或-est glad gladder gladdest
（4）辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i，再加-er和-est angry angrier angriest
（5）多数双音节词和所有多音节词在前面加more和most careful quickly more careful more quickly most careful most quickly
形容词副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good / well
bad / badly
many/much
little
old
far
步骤五：形容词副词原级、比较级、最高级的句式
形容词副词原级句型
句型 例句
(1)“as+形容词/副词原级+as”，在否定句中用“not so/as... as”结构 Tom runs as fast as Mike. Lucy is not so tall as Lily.
(2)倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as Our school is three times as big as theirs.
（2）形容词副词比较级句型
句型 例句
(1)双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”结构 China is larger than Italy.
(2)用于“less+原级+than”（注意此结构不用于单音节词） The book is less interesting than that one.
(3)倍数+比较级+than The box is three times bigger than that one.
(4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……” Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
(5)“the+比较级……，the+比较级……”表示“越……，就越……” The more, the better.
(6)the+比较级+of the two+名词复数 The taller of the two boys is my brother.
（3）形容词副词最高级句型
用法 例句
(1)the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句 Spring is the best season of the year.
(2)“one of the+最高级+复数名词”表示“最……之一” Kobe is one of the best basketball players in NBA.
【温馨提示】
1. 形容词比较级前可用a lot/far/a bit/much/even/still等词来修饰，表示“……得多”，“更……”，“……一些”。very, really, so, too, rather, pretty, quite等词后只能用原级。例如：
The problem is a lot more difficult than that one.
He is so careless that he loses the purse.
2. 形容词最高级前不用the的情况
(1)形容词最高级用于同自身不同场合相比较时不带the。例如：
I’m busiest on Mondays.
(2)形容词最高级前有物主代词、名词所有格时，不带the。例如：
Alice is the old man’s youngest daughter.
(3)两个或多个形容词的最高级并列使用，从第二个起，就不带the。例如：
Bob is the youngest and tallest boy in our class.
(4)形容词最高级在句中作宾语补足语时，常不带the。例如：
I think grammar hardest in our English study.
【查漏补缺】
一、单句语法填空
1. The title will be _____________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
2. If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of ____________(great) and less importance.
3. Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________________(regular).
4. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which __________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
5. Chinese scientists ______________(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
6. ______________(fortunate), he arrived at the railway station in time..
7. Then the daughter made a suggestion: Would it be _____________(good) to invite Love Our home will then be filled with love!
8. After the children left she cried for at ___________( little) an hour.
9. _______________(actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get__________ (marry), stay home and raise a family.
10. Instead he jumped even _________(hard) and finally made it.
二、完形填空单项节选题
( )1. Joe is proud and ______, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.
A. strict B. sympathetic C. stubborn D. sensitive
( )2. With online shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as a(n) way of reaching target customers.
A. temporary B. complex C. accurate D. efficient
( )3. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ______, “Don’t be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.
A. dreadfully B. guiltily C. indirectly D. sharply
( )4. I can’t meet you on Sunday. I’ll be occupied.
A. also B. just C. nevertheless D. otherwise
( )5. I’m so _____to the teacher who gave me lots of help.
available B. essential C. qualified D. grateful
( )6. We shouldn’t feel _____of our weight because our inner beauty is more important.
guilty B. ashamed C. energetic D. distant
( )7. What a terrible experience! _______ , you’re safe now----that’s the main thing.
A. Anyhow B. Besides C. Though D. Somehow
( )8. He _____ mentions her daughter to us as if she loves her daughter very much.
A. completely B. fortunately C. fluently D. frequently
【梳理优化】
A. 补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。
一、常考题型：
1. 完形填空 2. 语法填空
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中形容词副词的解题技巧
1. 判断所给单词是否是形容词/副词（一般是给出提示词的）；
2. 根据空格处前后的词性搭配和句意判断此处是否填形容词/副词；（形容词修饰名词和代词；副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句）
3. 判断空格处考查的是词性转换还是形容词副词的比较级最高级；
4. 若是考查词性转换，则根据构词法将所给词转换成形容词或副词；
5. 若是考查形容词副词比较级最高级，则根据比较级最高级的规则进行转换（通常有提示词如than, the, much, a little, more等）
【强化巩固】
语法填空
Over the years I’ve been teaching kids about a simple but powerful concept—the ant philosophy, an 1________________ (amaze) four-part philosophy.
First, ants never quit. If they’re heading somewhere and you try to stop them, they’ll climb over, they’ll climb under, or they’ll climb around. They never quit 2_____________ (look) for a way to get where they 3_______________(suppose) to go! Second, ants think about winter and summer. They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making 4_______________ (prepare) for the long cold winter. So you have to think about storms in summer; think about rocks 5____________ you enjoy the sand and sun. Third, ants think about summer all winter. During the winter, they remind 6_____________, “This won’t last long and we’ll soon be out of here.” On 7_______ first warm day, the ants are out. If it 8_____________ (turn) cold again, they’ll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm. Last, how much will an ant gather during the summer to prepare for the winter All that it 9_______________ (possible) can. 10___________ you can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can.
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
She was a very _____________(care) mother.
That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. In short, he’s _______________(rely).
I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend __________(many) in the coming years.
Listening is thus an active, not a (passively), behavior consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering.
Little Tom sat (amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him.
6. Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be
(punctually).
7. Most of us, if we know even a little about where our food comes from, understand that every bite put into our mouths was (former) alive.
8. The girl used to be shy, but is (gradual) getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
9. They gave money to the old people’s home either (personal) or through their companies.
10. Two hours ______________(late) my friend phoned me from the house.
11. He _______________ (frequent) mentions her daughter to us as if she loves her daughter very much.
12. The Changjiang River is the third (long) in the world.
13. It is reported that the United States uses twice as (many) energy as the whole of Europe.
14. The little boy gave me a ________________ (surprise) answer after I asked him the question.
二、完形填空单项节选题
1. What was so ______ about Jasmine Westland’s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
A. awful B. essential C. impressive D. obvious
2. Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a ______ smile and let him go.
A. cautious B. grateful C. tolerant D. wild
3. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ______, “Don’t be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.
A. dreadfully B. guiltily C. indirectly D. sharply
4. Thanks for your directions to the house; we wouldn’t have found it ______.
A. nowhere .B. however C. otherwise D. instead
5. The old teacher, who is almost sixty, is always _____ and that is to say, he works always in high spirits.
A. patient B. relaxed C. intelligent D. energetic
6. Hobbies can help a person’s ___________ and physical health.
A. mental B. optional C. repetitive D. conservative
7. Young parents are advised to choose natural food ________ free of chemicals for their children to make sure of their health.
A. rarely B. occasionally .C. absolutely D. mostly
8. Brian has been studying really hard all the time; _________ he has got an A in each of his subjects.
A. instead B. anyhow C. thus D. rather
9. At first the institute refused to purchase the experiment instrument, but this decision was ______ changed.
A. occasionally B. consequently C. backwards D. afterwards
三、语法填空
I love my mother 1___________ (good). She is average in height. She has long silky hair, and she always carries a broad smile with her. I am always 2____________ (thank) to my mother. In the middle of her busy schedule at work, my mother makes sure that our house 3______________ (organize) well at all times. Like a busy bee, she prepares our meals, washes our clothes, and manages all other housework in perfect order.
4_________ my mother is very busy with her work, she squeezes her precious time to help me with my school work and attend outdoor activities with me. We both enjoy the time 5_______ we share my happiness and sorrow.
Last weekend, I joined my mother and her friends on a beach. Besides 6____________ (admire) the amazing sea snails, fish and catfish, we took part in an 7______________(interest) activity on the island—bicycle ride. We rented bicycles and enjoyed the ride up and down the hill. By the time we reached the top of the hill, I was 8_________________ (extreme) tired. I was deeply touched that exhausted as my mother was, she helped me control my bicycle 9_________ (steady) to make sure I got down the hill safely.
Mother’s Day is just round the corner. I will make my mother 10_________ card. It is high time that I showed my thanks and love to my wonderful mother.
四、阅读理解
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
1. What is special about the BYU professors' study
A. It centered on fathers' role in parenting. B. It was based on a number of large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles. D. It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
2. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children
A. Ignore their demands. B. Make decisions for them.
C. Control their behaviors. D. Explain the rules to them.
3. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers
A. Single parents. B. Children aged from 11 to 14.
C. Authoritarian fathers. D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
五、七选五
I was packing my suitcase for a trip. By the time I got to the hall closet, I couldn't remember what I came for. ____1____ However, as a neuroscientist, I know the problem is not what it seems.
____2____ But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. The 20-year-old often make short-term memory errors as well. They walk into the wrong classroom. They forget what the professor said two minutes ago. On the other hand, some aspects of memory actually get better as we age. For instance, our ability to extract patterns, regularities (规律)and to make accurate predictions improves over time. ____3____ If you' re going to get an X - ray, you want a 70-year-old radiologist reading it, not a 30 - year - old one.
So how do we account for our experience that older adults seem to have difficulty with words and names ____4____ As long as given a little more time, older adults perform just fine. Second, older adults have to search through more memories than do younger adults to find the fact or piece of information they're looking for. Your brain becomes crowded with memories and information. It's not that you can't remember. Actually, you can! ____5____
So, my advice is experiencing new things. It is the best way to keep the mind young and growing — into our 80s, 90s and beyond.
A. That's because we've had more experience.
B. First, there is a widespread cognitive (认知的)slowing with age.
C. This is widely understood to be a classic problem of aging.
D. First of all, senior citizens have better long - term memories.
E. It's just that there is so much more information to sort through.
F. Besides, I forget names that I used to be able to think of effortlessly.
G. Researches show that our ability of the short — term memory declines slightly after 30.
