高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题5：谓语动词语态
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
“The night ________(be) very dark.Some neighbors will come along later in the dark and will fall against the stone.”
At my school, “dress down” tickets ________(sell) on school days.
3. Truly elegant chopsticks might ________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
4. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement ____________ (reach) so far by the two sides.
5. Katie is reading the note which ____________ (leave) in the drawer the other day.
6. China together with some Asian countries _______________ (strike) by Typhoon Haiyan on November 8th, causing great damage and deaths.
7. About one fourth of the families in the city have private cars and this number_____________ (expect) to double in five years.
Keys:
1. will be 2. are sold 3. be made4. has been reached 5. was left 6. was stricken
7. is expected
【要点精讲】
学习目标：
学生能全面掌握谓语动词被动语态的用法,
2. 学生能够灵活运用被动语态在语法填空与书面表达。
目标分解：
(1) 掌握被动语态的基本时态变化；
(2) 掌握被动语态的特殊结构形式；
(3) 掌握不能用被动语态的几种情况；
(4) 掌握主动形式表示被动意义的情况。
教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化
一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。（需要老师进行个性化设计）
外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动机
内部动机：好激发
激发已有知识
教师提问：上次课我们讲了时态，你们还记得有哪些时态吗？被动语态是什么？你知道什么时候才需要用被动语态吗？
被动语态用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义，英语中则由被动语态表示。
解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：
考点一 被动语态的基本时态变化
教师提问：被动语态在不同时态下的结构该如何表示？
观察例句总结被动语态在不同时态下的被动语态结构。
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
A new cinema is being built here.
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
A meeting was being held when I was there.
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
The project will have been completed before July.
He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
(
时
) 体 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 is / am / are done was / were done will / shall be done would / should be done
进行 is / am / are being done was / were being done
完成 have / has been done had been done will / shall have been done would / should have been done
教师提问：谓语动词的被动语态除了不同时态下的基本结构外，你还知道别的形式结构吗？
先让学生观察例句再总结用法。
考点二、被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为
He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为
A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
教师提问：是不是所有动词都能够用被动语态？有没有什么情况是不能用被动语态结构的？
通过观察例句，引导学生归纳总结不能用被动语态要点。
考点三 不能用被动语态的几种情况：
【例1】
1）He went home.
2）Mr. Li began to speak. The teachers and the students listened carefully.
*不及物动词(vi.)后面跟上介词时相当于及物动词(vt.)，就可以用于被动语态了。如：
Mr. Li began to speak. The teachers and the students listened to him carefully.
→Mr. Li began to speak. He was listened to carefully by the teachers and the students.
结论1：所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。
【例2】
The bus holds fifty people. √ 这个汽车能坐50人。
→ Fifty people were held by the bus. ×
结论2：表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold（容纳）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。
【例3】
1）I have some new books. √
→ Some books are had by me. ×
2）This car belongs to my uncle. √
→ This car was belonged to my uncle. ×
结论3：表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
【例4】
I would like some apples.
I wish my parents will buy me an apple-phone for my birthday.
结论4：表示＂希望、意图＂的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
【例5】
They warned themselves to be careful.
They help each other in study.
结论5：宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
教师提问：除去不能用被动语态结构的情况，我们是否存在本身主动语态即可表达被动意义的情况？具体有哪些？
通过观察例句，归纳总结主动形式表被动意义的情况。
考点四 主动形式表被动意义的情况：
【例1】
① The fish smells good.
② This kind of cloth washes easily.
③ These novels won’t sell well.
④ My pen writes smoothly.
⑤ The door won’t lock.
结论：
系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
当cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等词带状语修饰语时常被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
★注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：
The book Harry Potter sells well.（指Harry Potter 这本书畅销的特征）
The book Harry Potter is sold in every bookstore in UK.（强调书“被卖”的动作是人为原因）
【例2】
① The plan worked out successfully.
② The lamps on the wall turned off.
③ The bike needs repairing. ＝The bike needs to be repaired.
④ The picture-book is well worth reading. ＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read.
⑤ This problem is difficult to work out.
⑥ Who is to blame for starting the fire
结论：
当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词词组表示＂发生、关闭、制定＂等意思时；
(4) want，require，need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
(5) be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
(6) 在＂be + 形容词 + to do＂中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
※ 注意：这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
拓展补充：
被动语态与系表结构的区别：
此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空
1. 1. She _________ (divorce) her husband after years of unhappiness and married again soon.
2. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
3. When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.
4. As time went on, Einstein’s theory __________ (prove) to be correct.
5. Great changes _____________(take) place in China since the People’s Republic of China _____________ (found) in 1949.
6. The pen _____________ (not belong to) me. It is hers.
7. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
8. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ________(rescue) four days later.
9. In some parts of the world, tea ______________(serve) with milk and sugar.
Keys: 1. divorced 2. is regarded 3. are removed 4. proved 5. have taken; was founded 6. doesn’t belong to 7. is regarded 8. was rescued 9. is served
【梳理优化】
一、常考题型：
1. 语法填空题 2. 书面表达
二、解题技巧
◆谓语动词与语法填空
被动语态是常考的内容，会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态。
应对策略1
句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。
句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意只有及物动词才有被动语态。
在确定谓语动词的时态和语态时，我们可从四个方面来进行判断：
看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句。
看上下文的谓语动词的形式。
看是否是特殊的句型。如：
① was/were about to do...when...did ...
② It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句(一般过去时)
③ It/This/That is the first time that...have/has done...或It/This/That was the first time that...had done...
④ It’s (high time) that...did/should do...
⑤ Hardly had＋主语＋done...when...did...或No sooner had＋主语＋done...than...did...
这样的句型还有很多，平时要注意积累。
看与主语存在主动关系还是被动关系。若是被动，还需看所给词是否为及物动词，是否考查主动表被动等。
注意主谓是否一致。
【强化巩固】
语法填空
The national college entrance examination in Russia, Unified State Exam, will include Chinese as 1. _______________ elective foreign language starting from 2019. Chinese will become the fifth elective test item for the Unified State Exam 2. ______________ (follow) English, German, French and Spanish.
The number of Chinese learners in Russia 3. ______________ (grow) quickly in the past ten years, according to a survey 4. _______________ (make) by a linguistic research center in Russia.
Approaches to learning Chinese change from person to person, 5. ______________ more and more people choosing university courses in Russia.
The three hour-long Chinese test will quiz students 6. _______________ their listening, reading and writing abilities, and a fourth section will examine students on grammar, vocabulary and Chinese 7. ________________ (character). Some parts in the exam are even a little bit difficult for native Chinese speakers.
According to the Office of Chinese Language Council International(Hanban), as of 2017 some 100 million people, excluding native speakers, use Chinese 8. ________________ (global).
The United Nations (UN) in 2010 suggested a Chinese Language Day 9. _______________ falls on April 20 each year 10. _______________ (celebrate) cultural diversity(多样性）as well as to promote the equal use of all official languages.
Keys: 1. an 2 .following 3.has grown 4. made 5. with
6. on 7. characters 8. globally 9. that/which 10. to celebrate
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
1. Medicine should ___________ (keep) in drawers children can't reach, and all cleaning liquids in high cupboards.
This opening led to a cave, so the historians decided to have a look around it. The walls of the cave ___________ (cover) with ancient art.
In US high school, everything ___________ (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations.
Every day the chef makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil ___________ (use) for cooking.
The door can't ___________ (shut), so take all your valuable things with you.
Now all the employees except the manager ____________ (encourage) to work online at home.
It is reported that a space station ____________(build) on the moon in years to come.
I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but____________(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.
More expressways____________(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat ____________ (be) cut.
To my delight, I ____________(choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
Keys: 1. be kept 2. were covered 3. is recorded 4. are used 5. shut
6. are encouraged 7. will be built 8. was held 9. will be built 10. has been 11. was chosen
二、语法填空
The Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the __1__ (large) of the Earth's oceans, covering about 46% of the Earth's water surface and 32% of its total surface area. It extends __2__ the Arctic in the north to the Antarctica in the south, __3__ (surround) by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.
The Pacific Ocean contains about 25,000 islands. The __4__ (major) of them are found south of the equator. __5__ water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid latitudes (中纬度) for __6__ (abundance) equatorial precipitation(赤道降水) throughout the year.
The surface circulation of Pacific waters is __7__ (general) clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter－clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is various, __8__ is influenced by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, natural gas is produced, and pearls __9__ (harvest) along the coasts of Australia, Japan and the Philippines. One more thing worth __10__ (mention) is that the Pacific's greatest wealth is its fish.
Keys: 说明文，主要介绍了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。
1. largest 2. from 3. surrounded 4. majority 5. The
6. abundant 7. generally 8. which 9. are harvested 10. mentioning
三、阅读理解
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
7. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
Keys: 1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A
说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。
四、七选五
The world is a colorful landscape of different languages, skin colors, and different cultures. It’s important to have a good understanding of different cultures in order to become a well-rounded person ____1____
One way is to read hooks written by authors from a particular culture. Reading works by authors who have a close relationship with a particular culture allows people to gain an authentic glimpse into the food, music, language, religion, and way of a life of a particular group of people.
____2____
Another way to learn about different cultures is to try to learn a foreign language. ____3____ A person can choose a language she has always wanted to learn and locate learning programs to help her master the language. Besides, one can enroll in a foreign language class in order to learn in a more formal setting. One can also try to visit areas of the city to establish social connection with native speakers of the language.
____4____ Seek out restaurants that feature authentic food from a variety of countries. Food is an important part of different cultures and allows people to gain deep understanding into a particular cultural group’s way of life.
Communicating with people from other countries through email or snail mail is another useful way to become familiar with different cultures. ____5____ Various websites offer pen pal services, offering to connect individuals with pen friends around the world.
A. Stories based on a local culture expose one to a different culture.
B. Trying authentic food from a specific cultural group is also a great idea.
C. There are several ways to become knowledgeable about different cultures.
D. A variety of language-learning books, software, and audio programs is available,
E. The Internet has made it possible to communicate with others from different countries.
F. Making contact with native speakers of the language allows one to gain firsthand knowledge.
G. One way to develop this appreciation is to try to team about other cultures around the world.
Keys: 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. E
说明文。我们生活的这个世界是多姿多彩的，由不同的语言、肤色和文化。文章告诉了几种更利于我们学会欣赏这样多姿多彩的世界的方法。
1. 根据下文One way is to read hooks written by authors from a particular culture.（一种方法是阅读来自特定文化的作者写的书。）中可推断前句说的是“有几种方法可以让你了解不同的文化。”故选C。
2. 根据下文Another way to learn about different cultures is to try to learn a foreign language.（学习不同文化的另一个方法是学习一门外语。）中different culture可对应到A选项Stories based on a local culture expose one to a different culture.（以当地文化为基础的故事能让人接触到不同的文化。）代入符合语境。故选A。
3. 根据下文A person can choose a language she has always wanted to learn and locate learning programs to help her master the language. Besides, one can enroll in a foreign language class in order to learn in a more formal setting. One can also try to visit areas of the city to establish social connection with native speakers of the language.（一个人可以选择一门她一直想学的语言，并设置学习程序来帮助她掌握这门语言。此外，一个人可以报名参加外语班，以便在一个更正式的环境中学习。你也可以尝试访问城市的各个地区，与当地的母语者建立社会联系。）可知是在描述学习另一门语言的方式，故D选项“有各种各样的语言学习书籍、软件和音频程序。”符合语境。故选D。
4. 根据下文Seek out restaurants that feature authentic food from a variety of countries.（寻找那些以来自不同国家的正宗食物为特色的餐厅。）可知是建议通过尝试来自特定文化群体的正宗食物来帮助学习外语。故选B。
5. 根据下文Various websites offer pen pal services, offering to connect individuals with pen friends around the world.（各种各样的网站都提供笔友服务，提供个人与世界各地笔友的联系。）可知建议通过互联网和来自不同国家的人交流。故选E。高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题5：谓语动词语态
【问题查找】
单句语法填空
“The night ________(be) very dark.Some neighbors will come along later in the dark and will fall against the stone.”
At my school, “dress down” tickets ________(sell) on school days.
3. Truly elegant chopsticks might ________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
4. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement ____________ (reach) so far by the two sides.
5. Katie is reading the note which ____________ (leave) in the drawer the other day.
6. China together with some Asian countries _______________ (strike) by Typhoon Haiyan on November 8th, causing great damage and deaths.
7. About one fourth of the families in the city have private cars and this number_____________ (expect) to double in five years.
【要点精讲】
被动语态用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的__________，被动语态表示主语是动作的______________。
汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义，英语中则由被动语态表示。
考点一 被动语态的基本时态变化
观察例句总结被动语态在不同时态下的被动语态结构。
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
A new cinema is being built here．
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
A meeting was being held when I was there.
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
The project will have been completed before July.
He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
(
时
) 体 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般
进行
完成 will / shall have been done would / should have been done
考点二、被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：_______________________。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为
He______________a present by his mother for his birthday.
当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为
The boy______________ smoking a cigarette.
在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，______________。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为
A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
考点三 不能用被动语态的几种情况：
【例1】
1）He went home.
2）Mr. Li began to speak. The teachers and the students listened carefully.
*不及物动词(vi.)后面跟上介词时相当于及物动词(vt.)，就可以用于被动语态了。如：
Mr. Li began to speak. The teachers and the students listened to him carefully.
→Mr. Li began to speak. He was listened to carefully by the teachers and the students.
结论1：所有的______________或_______________________不能用于被动语态。
【例2】
The bus holds fifty people. √ 这个汽车能坐50人。
→ Fifty people were held by the bus. ×
结论2：表示______________的谓语动词，如：last、hold（容纳）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。
【例3】
1）I have some new books. √
→ Some books are had by me. ×
2）This car belongs to my uncle. √
→ This car was belonged to my uncle. ×
结论3：表示______________的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
【例4】
I would like some apples.
I wish my parents will buy me an apple-phone for my birthday.
结论4：表示＂______________＂的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
【例5】
They warned themselves to be careful.
They help each other in study.
结论5：宾语是______________或______________时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
考点四 主动形式表被动意义的情况：
【例1】
① The fish smells good.
② This kind of cloth washes easily.
③ These novels won’t sell well.
④ My pen writes smoothly.
⑤ The door won’t lock.
结论：
系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的______________feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
当cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等词带状语修饰语时常被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
★注意：主动语态表被动强调的是______________，而被动语态则强调_________________。试比较：
The book Harry Potter sells well.（指Harry Potter 这本书畅销的特征）
The book Harry Potter is sold in every bookstore in UK.（强调书“被卖”的动作是人为原因）
【例2】
① The plan worked out successfully.
② The lamps on the wall turned off.
③ The bike needs repairing. ＝The bike needs to be repaired.
④ The picture-book is well worth reading．＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．
⑤ This problem is difficult to work out.
⑥ Who is to blame for starting the fire
结论：
当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词词组表示＂发生、关闭、制定＂等意思时；
(4) want，require，need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
(5) be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
(6) 在＂be + 形容词 + to do＂中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
※ 注意：这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
拓展补充：
被动语态与系表结构的区别：
此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：
被动语态强调______________；系表结构表示____________________________。
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.( )
The book is well sold.( )
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空
1. 1. She _________ (divorce) her husband after years of unhappiness and married again soon.
2. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
3. When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.
4. As time went on, Einstein’s theory __________ (prove) to be correct.
5. Great changes _____________(take) place in China since the People’s Republic of China _____________ (found) in 1949.
6. The pen _____________ (not belong to) me. It is hers.
7. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
8. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ________(rescue) four days later.
9. In some parts of the world, tea ______________(serve) with milk and sugar.
【梳理优化】
一、常考题型：
1. 语法填空题 2. 书面表达
二、解题技巧
◆谓语动词与语法填空
被动语态是常考的内容，会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态。
应对策略1
句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。
句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意只有及物动词才有被动语态。
在确定谓语动词的时态和语态时，我们可从四个方面来进行判断：
看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句。
看上下文的谓语动词的形式。
看是否是特殊的句型。如：
① was/were about to do...when...did ...
② It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句(一般过去时)
③ It/This/That is the first time that...have/has done...或It/This/That was the first time that...had done...
④ It’s (high time) that...did/should do...
⑤ Hardly had＋主语＋done...when...did...或No sooner had＋主语＋done...than...did...
这样的句型还有很多，平时要注意积累。
看与主语存在主动关系还是被动关系。若是被动，还需看所给词是否为及物动词，是否考查主动表被动等。
注意主谓是否一致。
【强化巩固】
语法填空
The national college entrance examination in Russia, Unified State Exam, will include Chinese as 1. _______________ elective foreign language starting from 2019. Chinese will become the fifth elective test item for the Unified State Exam 2. ______________ (follow) English, German, French and Spanish.
The number of Chinese learners in Russia 3. ______________ (grow) quickly in the past ten years, according to a survey 4. _______________ (make) by a linguistic research center in Russia.
Approaches to learning Chinese change from person to person, 5. ______________ more and more people choosing university courses in Russia.
The three hour-long Chinese test will quiz students 6. _______________ their listening, reading and writing abilities, and a fourth section will examine students on grammar, vocabulary and Chinese 7. ________________ (character). Some parts in the exam are even a little bit difficult for native Chinese speakers.
According to the Office of Chinese Language Council International(Hanban), as of 2017 some 100 million people, excluding native speakers, use Chinese 8. ________________ (global).
The United Nations (UN) in 2010 suggested a Chinese Language Day 9. _______________ falls on April 20 each year 10. _______________ (celebrate) cultural diversity(多样性）as well as to promote the equal use of all official languages.
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
1. Medicine should ___________ (keep) in drawers children can't reach, and all cleaning liquids in high cupboards.
This opening led to a cave, so the historians decided to have a look around it. The walls of the cave ___________ (cover) with ancient art.
In US high school, everything ___________ (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations.
Every day the chef makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil ___________ (use) for cooking.
The door can't ___________ (shut), so take all your valuable things with you.
Now all the employees except the manager ____________ (encourage) to work online at home.
It is reported that a space station ____________(build) on the moon in years to come.
I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but____________(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.
More expressways____________(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat ____________ (be) cut.
To my delight, I ____________(choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
二、语法填空
The Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the __1__ (large) of the Earth's oceans, covering about 46% of the Earth's water surface and 32% of its total surface area. It extends __2__ the Arctic in the north to the Antarctica in the south, __3__ (surround) by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.
The Pacific Ocean contains about 25,000 islands. The __4__ (major) of them are found south of the equator. __5__ water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid latitudes (中纬度) for __6__ (abundance) equatorial precipitation(赤道降水) throughout the year.
The surface circulation of Pacific waters is __7__ (general) clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter－clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is various, __8__ is influenced by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, natural gas is produced, and pearls __9__ (harvest) along the coasts of Australia, Japan and the Philippines. One more thing worth __10__ (mention) is that the Pacific's greatest wealth is its fish.
三、阅读理解
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
7. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
四、七选五
The world is a colorful landscape of different languages, skin colors, and different cultures. It’s important to have a good understanding of different cultures in order to become a well-rounded person ____1____
One way is to read hooks written by authors from a particular culture. Reading works by authors who have a close relationship with a particular culture allows people to gain an authentic glimpse into the food, music, language, religion, and way of a life of a particular group of people.
____2____
Another way to learn about different cultures is to try to learn a foreign language. ____3____ A person can choose a language she has always wanted to learn and locate learning programs to help her master the language. Besides, one can enroll in a foreign language class in order to learn in a more formal setting. One can also try to visit areas of the city to establish social connection with native speakers of the language.
____4____ Seek out restaurants that feature authentic food from a variety of countries. Food is an important part of different cultures and allows people to gain deep understanding into a particular cultural group’s way of life.
Communicating with people from other countries through email or snail mail is another useful way to become familiar with different cultures. ____5____ Various websites offer pen pal services, offering to connect individuals with pen friends around the world.
A. Stories based on a local culture expose one to a different culture.
B. Trying authentic food from a specific cultural group is also a great idea.
C. There are several ways to become knowledgeable about different cultures.
D. A variety of language-learning books, software, and audio programs is available,
E. The Internet has made it possible to communicate with others from different countries.
F. Making contact with native speakers of the language allows one to gain firsthand knowledge.
G. One way to develop this appreciation is to try to team about other cultures around the world.
