高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题6：非谓语动词-ing
【问题查找】
单句语法填空。
1. This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending halfterm ________ (rest).
3. Inside, though, the place was practically empty—there was just one couple, ________ (sit) at a table near the window.
4. Now I am looking forward to ________ (visit) again China!
5. No one can ignore the rich culture ________ (date) back to ancient times changing into the modern age at a speed and scale that has never been witnessed.
6. Of course, ________ (enjoy) a nice meal with friends, whatever we eat, can also impact our spirits. Being with friends and family plays a big part in experiencing happiness.
7. I like travelling and my dream of _____________ (visit) Beijing, the capital city of our country, came true during the National Day holidays this year.
8. Before ____________ (hear) his answer, she started to read him almost every single greeting card out loud until the elderly man smiled.
9. _____________ (think) that his solution might be wrong, I carefully analyzed the problem and tried to work it out in a different way.
10. Outside the library, I saw a man driving around the small parking lot, _____________ (try) to find a parking space.
Keys: 1. laying 2. resting 3. sitting 4. visiting 5. dating 6. enjoying 7. visiting
8. hearing 9. Thinking 10. trying
【要点精讲】
学习目标：
学生能识别谓语动词与非谓语动词的用法，掌握动词-ing的定义、作用与基本结构。
2. 学生能够灵活运动词-ing在语法填空与书面表达。
目标分解：
(1) 辨析谓语动词与非谓语的不同，了解非谓语动词的分类；
(2) 掌握动词-ing的定义与作用；
(3) 掌握动词-ing的结构形式；
(4) 掌握动词-ing在语法填空与短文填空中的考点应用。
教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化
一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。（需要老师进行个性化设计）
外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动机
内部动机：好激发
激发已有知识
教师提问：你知道什么是谓语，什么是非谓语吗？
原则一：在一个句子，一般一个主语应配套一个谓语，（并列谓语除外），如一个主语后跟了两个动词，就应该有一个是谓语动词，一个应该是非谓语动词，这种情况在我们汉语中叫做“连动”
如：我去书店买一些书，在此句中， 只有一个主语“我”，却有两个动词“去”和“买”，那么“去”就应该是谓语动词，“买”就应该是非谓语动词
例句： I went to the bookshop to buy some books
谓语 非谓语
He enjoys playing basketball
谓语 非谓
I sing and play my favourite songs
并列谓语
原则二：谓语动词体现的时态，与时间状语有关，非谓语与时态无关
例句： He enjoys reading books every day.
谓语（现在时） 非谓 现在时标志时间状语
He enjoyed reading books last year.
谓语（过去时） 非谓语 过去时标志时间状语
谓语动词会受时间状语的影响，体现各种时态
非谓语动词不受时间状语的影响，与时态无关，与主语的单复数无关
原则三：谓语与非谓语的形式不同，谓语主要体现十六种基本时态（含被动），而非谓只有三种固定形式（被动和完成）to do , doing , done
如 He finished reading the novels.
过去时 doing
He has something to be sent.
现在时 to do被动
They were rebuilding the damaged house.
过去进行时 done
Kate had found the missing boy.
过去完成时 doing
Having realized the secret ,he was angry.
Doing 完成 过去时
巩固训练：
There ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
There ______ no bus and we had to walk home.
A. was B. being C. be D. to be
答案:BA
解题方法：先看选项， AC是谓语 BD是非谓语
第二个题目是并列句，所以前后是两个句子，and之前的句子缺的就是谓语动词， 又由had 决定了是过去时， 所以用was
第一道题目，前后两部分之间用逗号分开， 所以不是并列句， 所以前一部分是后一部分的状语，也就不是句子， 所以选非谓语，用being
2．The girl ______ in a red coat is Mary.
The girl is ______ Mary now.
A. dressed B. dressing C. dress D. to dress
答案:AB
解题方法：先看题目，第一道题目中有一个动词is ,所以缺少的是非谓语动词，应该从ABD中选 过去分词词be dressed in ,所以选用dressed .第二道题目缺少谓语动词，前面有is 算be 应该选 dressing 构成进行时（谓语动词）
解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：
考点一 了解非谓语动词的分类
教师提问：刚刚我们已经回顾了如果区分谓语与非谓语，那么，你知道非谓语包含哪些分类吗？
1、定义：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
2、分类：
Reading aloud is very helpful.
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
Mary found it important to study the situation in Russia.
The window is broken.
教师提问：动词-ing的包括现在分词与动名词，什么是现在分词，什么是动名词？它们的作用有什么不同？
考点二 动词-ing的定义与作用
定义：-ing分词分为现在分词和动名词，现在分词和动名词形式一样，都是由v+ing构成，但是在句子中的作用不一样，动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种；
动名词具有动词和名词的特征；在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语；
现在分词在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾补。
作用
▲ 动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
观察下列从reading中选取的句子，注意分析V-ing形式作的句子成分。
Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.
However, he doesn’t care about being famous.
He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mahjong, swimming and reading.
Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.
自我总结：1,4划线部分作主语; 2,3划线部分作宾语;
概述：动词-ing形式具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语，表语，定语，宾补和状语，但不能单独作谓语。
先让学生观察例句，再让学生理解动词-ing作主语的用法。
一、动词-ing形式作主语
动词-ing作主语和宾语时也称作为动名词。动名词作主语往往表示经常性的、习惯性的动作或表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。动名词在句中有两种位置，一种位于句首，另一种是用it作形式主语，而将动名词短语移至句末。
例：
Staying up is not a good habit. 熬夜不是个好习惯。
Reading aloud is a good way in learning English. 大声朗读是一种好的学习英语的方法。
常用-ing形式作主语的常考句型:
It + be + a waste of time doing... 做……是浪费时间的
It is / was no good / use doing... 做……是无益/用的
It is worth doing... 做...值得的
例：
It is a waste of time trying to argue with Sherlock. 和夏洛克争辩是浪费时间的。
Is it any good trying to explain 努力解释有任何好处吗
It is worth reading the book Harry Potter. 《哈利波特》这本书值得一读。
先让学生观察例句，再让学生理解动词-ing作宾语的用法。
二、动词-ing形式作宾语
动名词可以作某些动词、动词短语及介词的宾语。如:
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please
请把你的收音机音量调小一点儿,好吗
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him.
我横穿街道以便避开他。
※ 知识补充：
习惯上接动名词作宾语的动词:
admit承认 advise建议 stand忍受 permit允许 forbid禁止 appreciate感激 avoid避免
consider考虑 delay推迟 deny否认 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱excuse原谅 finish完成
forgive原谅 imagine设想;想象 keep保持 mind介意miss 错过 practice练习risk冒险
suggest建议 resist抵制 dislike不喜欢 fancy设想;想象
2. 接动名词作宾语的短语:
put off推迟 insist on坚持 feel like想要 depend /rely on依靠
object to反对 lead to导致 succeed in成功做…… be worth值得
devote...to...献身于…… look forward to期盼 owing to归因于 give up放弃
pay attention to注意 stick to坚持 contribute...to致力于 apply oneself to致力于
get down to开始认真干……be / get used to习惯于be fond of喜欢be good at擅长于
what / how about...……怎么样be busy (in) doing忙于can’t help doing禁不住;忍不住
spend...(in) doing sth 花费……做某事 have difficulty / trouble (in) doing做……有困难
下列动词及动词短语后跟动词-ing和不定式都可以，但意义不同。
动词 接动词-ing作宾语 接不定式作宾语
remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事
forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事
try 尝试做某事 努力做某事
regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾
mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事
can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事
go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事，去做别的事
attempt, begin, start, prefer, intend等后接动词-ing或不定式作宾语均可,意义没有区别。
【例题分析】
I can’t stand (work) with Jane in the same office.She just refuses to stop talking while she works.
working 〖解析〗stand doing sth.容忍做某事；句意为：我不能容忍跟珍妮在一个办公室工作, 她工作时总是喋喋不休。
It is widely believed that (form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
forming
Above all, I have come to understand that ___________ (bring) happiness to others is getting ourselves happiness.
分析：bringing 句意：首先，我开始明白了授人玫瑰手有余香的道理。在宾语从句中设空处作主语，且表示抽象概念，故用动名词作主语。
Is there anything worth (buy)
buying
▲ 动词-ing形式作定语和表语
观察下列从reading中选取的句子，注意分析V-ing形式作的句子成分。
No one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.
He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world.
The acting is so convincing that it makes makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted.
自我总结：划线部分分别作 定语 ; 定语 ; 表语 ;
V-ing形式作定语
V-ing形式包括现在分词与动名词，他们的形式相同，都可作定语，但连着还是有以下区别的。
现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰的词之间有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的词执行现在分词所表示的的这个动作，相当于一个定语从句。
如：a waiting man=a man who is waiting a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping
动名词作定语，与被修饰词之间没有这种关系，它仅表示一种用途，意为“作...用”。
如：a swimming pool；the reading room；a sleeping car=a car for sleeping（卧铺车厢）
（3）体验：V-ing是作动名词还是现在分词？
We must improve our working method. (动名词)
我们必须改进工作方法。
They set up an operating table in a small temple.(动名词)
他们将手术台设在一座小庙里。
China is a developing country. (现在分词)
中国是发展中国家。
The student making the experiment is our monitor.(现在分词)
正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
（4）注意：现在分词和现在分词短语都可作定语，单个现在分词一般作前置定语，现在分词短语则作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。
1、developing country 单个现在分词一般作前置定语；
特殊情况：修饰不定代词时，现在分词放在其后————something developing
2、the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Japan 现在分词短语则作后置定语；
V-ing形式作表语
动名词与现在分词作表语的区别：
动名词作表语表示一般性，经常性的动作。
His job is teaching English.
动名词作表语表示主语的内容，可以把主语和表语交换。
Our job is playing all kinds of music. Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）
（3）现在分词作表语说明主语的性质，特征，此时主语和表语不可以交换位置。常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
The music is so exciting. The book is so interesting.
V-ing形式作宾语补足语
动名词不作宾语补足语；
现在分词作宾语补足语主要用在某些动词如see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等后，与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语。这时句子的宾语和V-ing之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，并且V-ing表示宾语正在进行的动作。
如：I saw him opening the window.
V-ing形式和不定式（to do）作宾语补足语的区别：
现在分词表示动作正在进行，而不定式表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
对比：I saw him opening the window. I saw him open the window.
注意：在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后，跟省略了to的不定式做宾补，但在被动语态中，应加上“to”。试一下把“I saw him open the window.”改被动语态：He was seen to open the window (by me).
【例题分析】
1. Alien said that his trip was ___________(interest).
interesting
2. It's no use__________(argue) with him. You might as well ________ (argue)with a stone wall.
arguing, argue
3. The old man's _________ (take) pity on the snake led to his own death.
taking
It is ________ (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.
shocking
With so many people ________ (look) at him, he felt very nervous.
looking
▲ 动词-ing形式作状语
一、V-ing形式作状语的句法功能
(1) 作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)
Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking.= When they heard the knock on the door, they stopped talking. 听到有人在敲门,他们停止了谈话。
作原因状语(相当于一个原因状语从句)
Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. = As he was ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
因为生病了,昨天他没去上学。
作伴随状语(动词-ing形式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,相当于并列谓语)
They stood there, waiting for the bus.= They stood there and waited for the bus.
他们站在那儿等公共汽车。
(4) 作方式状语(相当于一个并列句)
He died a glorious death, fighting the enemy for the people.
=He died a glorious death, and he fought the enemy for the people.
他为了群众同敌人搏斗,光荣牺牲了。
(5) 作结果状语
Her husband died last year, leaving her with three children.
她的丈夫去年去世了,撇下她和三个孩子。
二、使用动词-ing作状语应注意的问题
(1) 动词-ing作状语，其逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，否则，要用独立主格结构。
Riding a horse or driving a car, you should learn to control it.
无论是骑马还是驾车，你都应该学会控制它。
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
generally speaking总的来说； judging from / by根据……判断； speaking of说到……；
talking of谈到……； frankly speaking坦率地说； allowing for考虑到。
① Judging by his face, he was angry．
从他的脸色上看，他很生气。
② The project will take about 8 months, allowing for delays caused by the rainy season.
考虑到雨季的耽误，这项工程大约需要8个月。
③ Frankly speaking，the car is not worth buying.
坦率地说，这部车不值得买。
注意：这时句子主语与其无任何语法关系。
【例题分析】
I like staying up late ________ (watch) TV, surfing the Internet or doing something I'm fond of.
分析：watching 逻辑主语I与watch之间为主动关系，表示伴随状态，故填现在分词watching。
More highways have been built in China, ________ (make) it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
making
________ (see) the police, the thieves ran away.
Seeing
教师提问：动词-ing的结构形式只有V-ing吗？有没有别的形式？
观察所给例句，引导学生总结各动词-ing结构的形式表达。
考点三、动词-ing的结构形式；
语态 形式 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
1、动词-ing形式的一般式(doing),可以表示没有时间先后顺序的动作；
I wish you would quit complaining. 我希望你不再抱怨。(一般性动作)
Chatting with each other, we enjoyed our dinner. 我们边吃边聊。(与谓语同时发生)
2、动词-ing形式的完成式(having done),表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
Having finished work, she got ready to go shopping. 完成工作后，她准备去购物。
Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak. 由于病了两周，她感到身体很虚弱。
3、动词-ing形式的否定式：not + 动词-ing
Not knowing this, he didn’t come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空。
1. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _________ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
2. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, __________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
3. Many Chinese brands, __________ (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
Fast food is full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do________ (work) with students.
6. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence____________ (suggest) that the trend is growing.
7. _______________ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
8. Newly－built wooden cottages line the street, ____________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
9. Think about the human body as an _____________ (amaze) machine.
10. Some day you may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation _____________ (involve) people from other countries.
11. It is in the coldest part of winter, with the wind _____________ (howl) outside.
12. _____________ (Judge) from the name, it is easy to guess that players can only join if they are fat.
13. What's worse, his wife abandoned him, _____________ (leave) him alone with his sixyearold younger son.
Keys: 1. ranging 2. allowing 3. having developed 4. eating 5. working 6. suggesting
7. Having been ordered 8. turning 9. amazing 10. involving 11. howling 12. Judging
13. leaving
【梳理优化】
一、常考题型：
1. 语法填空题 2. 书面表达
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中动词-ing的解题技巧
判定是否用动词-ing。
方法：看看句子的成分是否用非谓语。
找动词的逻辑主语。
方法：动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语或是动词修饰的名词。
判断主被动关系。
方法：动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
用法：充当谓语以外的一切成分。
解题步骤：
第一步：辨别“谓与非谓”
第二步：找非谓语的逻辑主语
第三步：判断语态
第四步：分析时态
根本特征：现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生
完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
【强化巩固】
用适当的非谓语形式填空
Buying books on the Internet is a great way 1.________ (save) time and money. Online bookstores offer new books and 2.________ (use) books that can save you a lot of money. What's more, they are far better 3.___________ (compare) to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books. You can either click the kind of e-book online or type the book title and get it in seconds. Another advantage of 4.__________ (shop) online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth 5.________ (buy). Online bookstores offer great discounts, which is a big attraction for book lovers.
For book lovers, it is most important 6.________ (get) books in time. Therefore, you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able 7.___________ (provide) fast deliveries. Here are some tips to use when 8.________ (select) an online bookstore. Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books; some are for non-fiction books or novels, etc... 9.____________ (understand) their specialization will help you get the right kinds of books in time. Check whether you will be buying the books from a third-party seller or directly from the websites. Never jump at stores that offer cheap prices, as books 10.________ (sell) at such low prices could be in very bad condition.
Keys: 1. to save 2. used 3. compared 4. shopping 5. buying 6. to get
7. to provide 8. selecting 9. understanding 10. sold
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
1. _____________ (be) there many times, she knows the place quite well.
2. ________________ (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.
3. As far as I am concerned, his suggestion is worth ____________(consider).
4. ________(see) from this point, we find no easy solution to the problem.
5. At the end of 2015, China had a population of 1.37 billion people, a total of 800 million of them ______(be) employed.
6. The building___________(build) now will be a French-style restaurant.
7. There is a ____________ (grow) tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur.
8. Keep________(hold) your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.
9. There were many people________(wait) at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
10 . You can make more friends from different parts of the country by ____________ (serve) them when working there.
Keys: 1. Having been 2. Exposing 3. considering 4. Seeing 5. being 6. being built
7. growing 8. holding 9. waiting 10. serving
二、语法填空
According to Chinese speaking practice, lion is a special animal to Chinese people. A pair of stone lions, a male 1. ____________ a female, are 2. ____________ (common) seen in front of the gates of traditional building.
The lion 3. ____________ (regard) as the king in the animal world, so 4. ____________ (it) images represent power and prestige. The stone lions are also used to indicate the ranks of officials .
It is interesting to note that China had no lions originally. The earliest stone lions were sculpted 5. ____________ the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty from A. D. 25 to 220 with 6. ____________ introduction of Buddhism(佛教) into ancient China. In the Buddhist faith, the lion, 7. ____________ can protect the truth and keep off evils, is considered a divine animal of nobleness and dignity. In Chinese folk tales, the lion has become a symbol of 8. ____________ (brave), power and good luck.
It was also popular to decorate bridges with stone sculpted lions for the defending reason. The 9. ____________ (well) known of bridges is the Lugouqiao, 10. ____________ (build )from 1189 to 1192.
Keys: 1. and 2. commonly 3. is regarded 4. its 5. at 6. the 7. which 8. bravery 9. best 10. built
三、阅读理解
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
Keys: 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A
说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
2. 词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
四、七选五
For many, holiday celebrations mean large meals shared with family and friends, but such feasts can generate huge amounts of food waste, harming the environment and overusing natural resources—unless mindful merrymakers take steps to control the amount. ____1____
Be mindful of what you already have
Try keeping food in glass jars. Using this method, you can make all the food in your kitchen visible, easily remembered and consumed. ____2____. Nothing gets lost in the back of a shelf.
____3____
Stick to a planned holiday menu before heading to the grocery store. A clear idea of who will be gathered and exactly how much food to prepare will save a lot of tossing out later. Be mindful not just of how much to purchase, but the items themselves.
Use leftovers wisely
It may be impossible to get everyone into the clean plate club. ____4____ Freeze and repurpose leftovers by using them as basic ingredients for other recipes or send extras home with guests.
Keep track of the scraps（残羹）
Along with turkey bones, use holiday scraps such as vegetables, meat and fish bones to make soup. For pet-safe dishes, allow your dog to clean plates before putting them in the dishwasher.
Consider composting（堆肥）
____5____. These materials can be composted, which will keep them out of landfills, where they take up space and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
A. Shop smart
B. Plan a menu
C. That doesn't mean leftover food has to go waste
D. Some of your family or guests may not like the food
E. Following are some tips on reducing food waste during holidays
F. Organize your dry food on one row and use refrigerator drawers
G. Food scraps and yard waste make up more than 28 percent of waste
Keys: 说明文，介绍了减少节日期间食物浪费的几点建议。
1.E 空前说对许多人来说，节日庆祝意味着与家人和朋友共享大餐，但这样的盛宴可能会造成大量的食物浪费，下文又介绍了减少食物浪费的建议，此处需要一个承上启下的过渡句，既要对应上文提到的食物浪费话题，又要引出下文介绍的几点建议，故E项（以下是一些减少节日期间食物浪费的建议）符合语境。
2.F 空前说试着把食物放在玻璃罐里，使用这种方法，你可以使厨房里的所有食物都看得见，容易记住和食用，此处承接上文，讲的还是关于如何摆放食物的话题，故F项（把你的干粮放在一排，还要使用冰箱的抽屉）符合语境。
3.A 根据本段内容，特别是根据第一句可知，在去杂货店之前，坚持按照计划的假日菜单（买东西），因此本段主要讲的是要聪明地购物，故A项（聪明地购物）符合语境。
4.C 空后说把剩菜冷冻起来以后用作其他菜的基本原料，或者把多余的食物送回家，因此此处是说剩饭剩菜不一定非要浪费掉，还可以再利用，故C项（这并不意味着吃剩的食物要被浪费掉）符合语境。
5.G 空后说这些材料可以堆肥，这将使它们远离垃圾填埋场，因此此处应该会提到垃圾，空后的These materials 指代的就是G项中的Food scraps and yard waste，故G项（食物残渣和院子里的垃圾占了垃圾总量的28%）符合语境。高中英语 高考冲刺语法专题6：非谓语动词-ing
【问题查找】
单句语法填空。
1. This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending halfterm ________ (rest).
3. Inside, though, the place was practically empty—there was just one couple, ________ (sit) at a table near the window.
4. Now I am looking forward to ________ (visit) again China!
5. No one can ignore the rich culture ________ (date) back to ancient times changing into the modern age at a speed and scale that has never been witnessed.
6. Of course, ________ (enjoy) a nice meal with friends, whatever we eat, can also impact our spirits. Being with friends and family plays a big part in experiencing happiness.
7. I like travelling and my dream of _____________ (visit) Beijing, the capital city of our country, came true during the National Day holidays this year.
8. Before ____________ (hear) his answer, she started to read him almost every single greeting card out loud until the elderly man smiled.
9. _____________ (think) that his solution might be wrong, I carefully analyzed the problem and tried to work it out in a different way.
10. Outside the library, I saw a man driving around the small parking lot, _____________ (try) to find a parking space.
【要点精讲】
谓语与非谓语
原则一：在一个句子，一般一个主语应配套一个谓语，（并列谓语除外），如一个主语后跟了两个动词，就应该有一个是谓语动词，一个应该是非谓语动词，这种情况在我们汉语中叫做“连动”
如：我去书店买一些书，在此句中， 只有一个主语“我”，却有两个动词“去”和“买”，那么“去”就应该是谓语动词，“买”就应该是非谓语动词
例句： I went to the bookshop to buy some books
谓语 非谓语
He enjoys playing basketball
谓语 非谓
I sing and play my favourite songs
并列谓语
原则二：谓语动词体现的时态，与时间状语有关，非谓语与时态无关
例句： He enjoys reading books every day.
谓语（现在时） 非谓 现在时标志时间状语
He enjoyed reading books last year.
谓语（过去时） 非谓语 过去时标志时间状语
谓语动词会受时间状语的影响，体现各种时态
非谓语动词不受时间状语的影响，与时态无关，与主语的单复数无关
原则三：谓语与非谓语的形式不同，谓语主要体现十六种基本时态（含被动），而非谓只有三种固定形式（被动和完成）to do , doing , done
如 He finished reading the novels.
过去时 doing
He has something to be sent.
现在时 to do被动
They were rebuilding the damaged house.
过去进行时 done
Kate had found the missing boy.
过去完成时 doing
Having realized the secret ,he was angry.
Doing 完成 过去时
巩固训练：
There ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
There ______ no bus and we had to walk home.
A. was B. being C. be D. to be
2．The girl ______ in a red coat is Mary.
The girl is ______ Mary now.
A. dressed B. dressing C. dress D. to dress
考点一 了解非谓语动词的分类
1、定义：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
2、分类：
Reading aloud is very helpful.
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
Mary found it important to study the situation in Russia.
The window is broken.
考点二 动词-ing的定义与作用
定义：-ing分词分为现在分词和动名词，现在分词和动名词形式一样，都是由v+ing构成，但是在句子中的作用不一样，动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种；
动名词具有动词和名词的特征；在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语；
现在分词在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾补。
作用
▲ 动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
观察下列从reading中选取的句子，注意分析V-ing形式作的句子成分。
Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.
However, he doesn’t care about being famous.
He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mahjong, swimming and reading.
Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.
自我总结：1,4划线部分作_________; 2,3划线部分作_________;
概述：动词-ing形式具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语，表语，定语，宾补和状语，但不能单独作谓语。
一、动词-ing形式作主语
动词-ing作主语和宾语时也称作为动名词。动名词作主语往往表示经常性的、习惯性的动作或表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，谓语动词用_________。动名词在句中有两种位置，一种位于句首，另一种是用it作形式主语，而将动名词短语移至句末。
例：
Staying up is not a good habit. 熬夜不是个好习惯。
Reading aloud is a good way in learning English. 大声朗读是一种好的学习英语的方法。
常用-ing形式作主语的常考句型:
It + be + a waste of time doing... 做……是浪费时间的
It is / was no good / use doing... 做……是无益/用的
It is worth doing... 做...值得的
例：
It is a waste of time trying to argue with Sherlock. 和夏洛克争辩是浪费时间的。
Is it any good trying to explain 努力解释有任何好处吗
It is worth reading the book Harry Potter. 《哈利波特》这本书值得一读。
二、动词-ing形式作宾语
动名词可以作某些动词、动词短语及介词的宾语。如:
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please
请把你的收音机音量调小一点儿,好吗
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him.
我横穿街道以便避开他。
※ 知识补充：
习惯上接动名词作宾语的动词:
admit承认 advise建议 stand忍受 permit允许 forbid禁止 appreciate感激 avoid避免
consider考虑 delay推迟 deny否认 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱excuse原谅 finish完成
forgive原谅 imagine设想;想象 keep保持 mind介意miss 错过 practice练习risk冒险
suggest建议 resist抵制 dislike不喜欢 fancy设想;想象
2. 接动名词作宾语的短语:
put off推迟 insist on坚持 feel like想要 depend /rely on依靠
object to反对 lead to导致 succeed in成功做…… be worth值得
devote...to...献身于…… look forward to期盼 owing to归因于 give up放弃
pay attention to注意 stick to坚持 contribute...to致力于 apply oneself to致力于
get down to开始认真干……be / get used to习惯于be fond of喜欢be good at擅长于
what / how about...……怎么样be busy (in) doing忙于can’t help doing禁不住;忍不住
spend...(in) doing sth 花费……做某事 have difficulty / trouble (in) doing做……有困难
下列动词及动词短语后跟动词-ing和不定式都可以，但意义不同。
动词 接动词-ing作宾语 接不定式作宾语
remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事
forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事
try 尝试做某事 努力做某事
regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾
mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事
can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事
go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事，去做别的事
attempt, begin, start, prefer, intend等后接动词-ing或不定式作宾语均可,意义没有区别。
【例题分析】
I can’t stand (work) with Jane in the same office.She just refuses to stop talking while she works.
It is widely believed that (form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
Above all, I have come to understand that ___________ (bring) happiness to others is getting ourselves happiness.
Is there anything worth (buy)
▲ 动词-ing形式作定语和表语
观察下列从reading中选取的句子，注意分析V-ing形式作的句子成分。
No one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.
He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world.
The acting is so convincing that it makes makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted.
自我总结：划线部分分别作_________;_________;_________;
V-ing形式作定语
V-ing形式包括现在分词与动名词，他们的形式相同，都可作定语，但连着还是有以下区别的。
现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰的词之间有一种逻辑上的_________，即被修饰的词执行现在分词所表示的的这个动作，相当于一个定语从句。
如：a waiting man=a man who is waiting a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping
动名词作定语，与被修饰词之间没有这种关系，它仅表示一种 ，意为“作...用”。
如：a swimming pool；the reading room；a sleeping car=a car for sleeping（卧铺车厢）
（3）体验：V-ing是作动名词还是现在分词？
We must improve our working method. (_________)
我们必须改进工作方法。
They set up an operating table in a small temple.(_________)
他们将手术台设在一座小庙里。
China is a developing country. (_________)
中国是发展中国家。
The student making the experiment is our monitor.(_________)
正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
（4）注意：现在分词和现在分词短语都可作定语，单个现在分词一般作前置定语，现在分词短语则作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。
1、developing country 单个现在分词一般作前置定语；
特殊情况：修饰不定代词时，现在分词放在其后————something developing
2、the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Japan 现在分词短语则作后置定语；
V-ing形式作表语
动名词与现在分词作表语的区别：
动名词作表语表示__________________的动作。
His job is teaching English.
动名词作表语表示_________，可以把主语和表语_________。
Our job is playing all kinds of music. Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）
（3）现在分词作表语说明 ，此时主语和表语 交换位置。常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
The music is so exciting. The book is so interesting.
V-ing形式作宾语补足语
动名词不作宾语补足语；
现在分词作宾语补足语主要用在某些动词如see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等后，与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语。这时句子的宾语和V-ing之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，并且V-ing表示宾语正在进行的动作。
如：I saw him opening the window.
V-ing形式和不定式（to do）作宾语补足语的区别：
现在分词表示动作正在进行，而不定式表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
对比：I saw him opening the window. I saw him open the window.
注意：在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后，跟省略了to的不定式做宾补，但在被动语态中，应加上“to”。试一下把“I saw him open the window.”改被动语态：
【例题分析】
1. Alien said that his trip was ___________(interest).
2. It's no use__________(argue) with him. You might as well ________ (argue)with a stone wall.
3. The old man's _________ (take) pity on the snake led to his own death.
It is ________ (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.
With so many people ________ (look) at him, he felt very nervous.
▲ 动词-ing形式作状语
一、V-ing形式作状语的句法功能
(1) 作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)
Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking.= When they heard the knock on the door, they stopped talking. 听到有人在敲门,他们停止了谈话。
作原因状语(相当于一个原因状语从句)
Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. = As he was ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
因为生病了,昨天他没去上学。
作伴随状语(动词-ing形式表示的动作与_________表示的动作_________,相当于并列谓语)
They stood there, waiting for the bus.= They stood there and waited for the bus.
他们站在那儿等公共汽车。
(4) 作方式状语(相当于一个并列句)
He died a glorious death, fighting the enemy for the people.
=He died a glorious death, and he fought the enemy for the people.
他为了群众同敌人搏斗,光荣牺牲了。
(5) 作结果状语
Her husband died last year, leaving her with three children.
她的丈夫去年去世了,撇下她和三个孩子。
二、使用动词-ing作状语应注意的问题
(1) 动词-ing作状语，其逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，否则，要用独立主格结构。
例句：
Riding a horse or driving a car, you should learn to control it.
无论是骑马还是驾车，你都应该学会控制它。
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
generally speaking总的来说； judging from / by根据……判断； speaking of说到……；
talking of谈到……； frankly speaking坦率地说； allowing for考虑到。
例句：
① Judging by his face, he was angry．
从他的脸色上看，他很生气。
② The project will take about 8 months, allowing for delays caused by the rainy season.
考虑到雨季的耽误，这项工程大约需要8个月。
③ Frankly speaking, the car is not worth buying.
坦率地说，这部车不值得买。
注意：这时句子主语与其无任何语法关系。
【例题分析】
I like staying up late ________ (watch) TV, surfing the Internet or doing something I'm fond of.
More highways have been built in China, ________ (make) it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
________ (see) the police, the thieves ran away.
考点三、动词-ing的结构形式；
语态 形式 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing
完成式
1、动词-ing形式的一般式(doing),可以表示 ；
I wish you would quit complaining. 我希望你不再抱怨。(一般性动作)
Chatting with each other, we enjoyed our dinner. 我们边吃边聊。(与谓语同时发生)
2、动词-ing形式的完成式(having done),表示 。
Having finished work, she got ready to go shopping. 完成工作后，她准备去购物。
Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak. 由于病了两周，她感到身体很虚弱。
3、动词-ing形式的否定式：not + 动词-ing
Not knowing this, he didn’t come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
【查漏补缺】
单句语法填空。
1. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _________ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
2. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, __________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
3. Many Chinese brands, __________ (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
Fast food is full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do________ (work) with students.
6. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence____________ (suggest) that the trend is growing.
7. _______________ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
8. Newly－built wooden cottages line the street, ____________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
9. Think about the human body as an _____________ (amaze) machine.
10. Some day you may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation _____________ (involve) people from other countries.
11. It is in the coldest part of winter, with the wind _____________ (howl) outside.
12. _____________ (Judge) from the name, it is easy to guess that players can only join if they are fat.
13. What's worse, his wife abandoned him, _____________ (leave) him alone with his sixyearold younger son.
【梳理优化】
一、常考题型：
1. 语法填空题 2. 书面表达
二、解题技巧
语法填空题中动词-ing的解题技巧
判定是否用动词-ing。
方法：看看句子的成分是否用非谓语。
找动词的逻辑主语。
方法：动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语或是动词修饰的名词。
判断主被动关系。
方法：动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
用法：充当谓语以外的一切成分。
解题步骤：
第一步：辨别“谓与非谓”
第二步：找非谓语的逻辑主语
第三步：判断语态
第四步：分析时态
根本特征：现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生
完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
【强化巩固】
用适当的非谓语形式填空
Buying books on the Internet is a great way 1.________ (save) time and money. Online bookstores offer new books and 2.________ (use) books that can save you a lot of money. What's more, they are far better 3.___________ (compare) to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books. You can either click the kind of e-book online or type the book title and get it in seconds. Another advantage of 4.__________ (shop) online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth 5.________ (buy). Online bookstores offer great discounts, which is a big attraction for book lovers.
For book lovers, it is most important 6.________ (get) books in time. Therefore, you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able 7.___________ (provide) fast deliveries. Here are some tips to use when 8.________ (select) an online bookstore. Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books; some are for non-fiction books or novels, etc... 9.____________ (understand) their specialization will help you get the right kinds of books in time. Check whether you will be buying the books from a third-party seller or directly from the websites. Never jump at stores that offer cheap prices, as books 10.________ (sell) at such low prices could be in very bad condition.
【课后练习】
一、单句语法填空
1. _____________ (be) there many times, she knows the place quite well.
2. ________________ (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.
3. As far as I am concerned, his suggestion is worth ____________(consider).
4. ________(see) from this point, we find no easy solution to the problem.
5. At the end of 2015, China had a population of 1.37 billion people, a total of 800 million of them ______(be) employed.
6. The building___________(build) now will be a French-style restaurant.
7. There is a ____________ (grow) tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur.
8. Keep________(hold) your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.
9. There were many people________(wait) at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
10 . You can make more friends from different parts of the country by ____________ (serve) them when working there.
二、语法填空
According to Chinese speaking practice, lion is a special animal to Chinese people. A pair of stone lions, a male 1. ____________ a female, are 2. ____________ (common) seen in front of the gates of traditional building.
The lion 3. ____________ (regard) as the king in the animal world, so 4. ____________ (it) images represent power and prestige. The stone lions are also used to indicate the ranks of officials .
It is interesting to note that China had no lions originally. The earliest stone lions were sculpted 5. ____________ the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty from A. D. 25 to 220 with 6. ____________ introduction of Buddhism(佛教) into ancient China. In the Buddhist faith, the lion, 7. ____________ can protect the truth and keep off evils, is considered a divine animal of nobleness and dignity. In Chinese folk tales, the lion has become a symbol of 8. ____________ (brave), power and good luck.
It was also popular to decorate bridges with stone sculpted lions for the defending reason. The 9. ____________ (well) known of bridges is the Lugouqiao, 10. ____________ (build )from 1189 to 1192.
三、阅读理解
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
四、七选五
For many, holiday celebrations mean large meals shared with family and friends, but such feasts can generate huge amounts of food waste, harming the environment and overusing natural resources—unless mindful merrymakers take steps to control the amount. ____1____
Be mindful of what you already have
Try keeping food in glass jars. Using this method, you can make all the food in your kitchen visible, easily remembered and consumed. ____2____. Nothing gets lost in the back of a shelf.
____3____
Stick to a planned holiday menu before heading to the grocery store. A clear idea of who will be gathered and exactly how much food to prepare will save a lot of tossing out later. Be mindful not just of how much to purchase, but the items themselves.
Use leftovers wisely
It may be impossible to get everyone into the clean plate club. ____4____ Freeze and repurpose leftovers by using them as basic ingredients for other recipes or send extras home with guests.
Keep track of the scraps（残羹）
Along with turkey bones, use holiday scraps such as vegetables, meat and fish bones to make soup. For pet-safe dishes, allow your dog to clean plates before putting them in the dishwasher.
Consider composting（堆肥）
____5____. These materials can be composted, which will keep them out of landfills, where they take up space and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
A. Shop smart
B. Plan a menu
C. That doesn't mean leftover food has to go waste
D. Some of your family or guests may not like the food
E. Following are some tips on reducing food waste during holidays
F. Organize your dry food on one row and use refrigerator drawers
G. Food scraps and yard waste make up more than 28 percent of waste
