专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题
2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析
项目 年份 卷别 语篇类型 题型
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 细节理解 推理判断 主旨要义 词义猜测
2023 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 8 3 3 1
全国甲卷 A B C/D 9 5 1
全国乙卷 B A/C D 5 8 1 1
2022 新高考I卷 A C D B 10 3 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 7 5 1 2
全国甲卷 A C/D B 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 A C/D B 11 2 1 1
2021 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 6 2 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 9 4 1 1
全国甲卷 A C B D 6 7 1 1
全国乙卷 A/B/C/D 4 8 2 1
2020 新高考I卷 A B/C D 7 5 1 2
全国I卷 A C/D B 4 8 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 A D B/C 8 2 3 2
从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：
1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；
2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；
3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。
题型归纳
题型01 定义法
【题型诠释】
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or, that is, that is to say, namely, in other words等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)
Eat your vegetables. Wash your hands. Always say “please” and “thank you”. We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we often have little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money. Here are some basics that will help guide them their entire lives：
Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save 1,000, invest (投资) it at 81.000, invest (投资) it at 8,100 every month, by the time she’s 65, she would have $ 980,983!
Be careful of credit (信用). Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash.
Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, 15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks.
Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning. Explain your values. Values and money are deeply intertwined (缠结在一起), says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don’t want to buy it. “You might say, ‘I’d rather save that money for your education,’” advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don’t spend money, you have a chance to share your values.
2. The underlined word “incentive” in paragraph 5 means ________.
A. honor B. praise C. excitement D. encouragement
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。
题型02 对比法
【题型诠释】
我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”, “in spite of”, “on the contrary”, “on the other hand”, “however”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as, like, just as also等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。
【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）
At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected on the beauty and vulnerability of Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audio experience Soundwalk was shared in a hopeful discussion about music, parks and mental health. These are a few of the things I have helped bring to life over the years, working at the intersection of scientific research, the arts and advocacy to support science in solving global health challenges.
Science is key to addressing these issues. But it isn’t the only key. To achieve its potential and for its advances to be implemented and reach all who could benefit, science depends on trust and good relationships. People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives. There are reasons why some see science as having a chequered past, from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes. Others feel excluded by the incomprehensibility of hyper specialist knowledge.
In its capacity to build upon and test an evidence base, science is powerful, but researchers and funders haven’t been as good at ensuring this evidence base responds to the needs and interests of diverse communities, or informs policy makers to take action. Science might be perceived as distancing itself from the personal, the poetic and the political, yet it is precisely these qualities that can be most influential when it comes to public interest in atopic or how a government prioritizes a decision.
A moving story well told can be more memorable than a list of facts. This is where the arts come in. Artists can give us different perspectives with which to consider and reimagine the world together. They can redress the proclaimed objectivity in science by bringing stories —subjectivities —into the picture, and these can help foster a sense of connection and hope.
In 2012, I set up artist residencies in medical research centres around the world. Bui was attached to the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam. The head of the research team was delighted, finding that Bui, as a Vietnamese artist, had license to be in, and to share useful insights from, villages where infectious disease researchers weren’t welcome. Six years later, I led Wellcome’s Contagious Cities program, which established artist residencies worldwide to support locally led explorations of epidemic preparedness. The recent pandemic made this work more noticeable, and has informed our Mindscapes program which is currently sharing experiences of mental health through the work of artists.
With pandemic, climate and mental health crises upon us, rising inequality and what feels like an increasingly broken world, never has there been more need to build and nurture hopeful and imaginative spaces to grow human connection and shared purpose for the common good. Science and the arts can work hand in glove to achieve this.
21. What does the underlined word “chequered” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Recent and remote. B. Good and bad. C. Usual and unusual. D. Peaceful and scary.
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。
题型03 因果法
【题型诠释】
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。
常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that..., so that, such ... that等。
【典例3】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
Everyone tries their best in life, and sometimes a few kind words of encouragement can help people realize that their efforts are not in vain (徒劳).Ⅰremember a time when I was in fifth grade, and I was a very shy girl.
There was a drawing competition at my school that day. As everyone started to use their creative ideas to draw, I was only trying to think of something creative that could express my thoughts and emotions. Lost in my own world, I was brought back to reality when my art teacher called my name from behind. She came to me and encouraged me, saying, “Don’t overthink it, just put whatever comes to your mind on the canvas (画布). Do your best, and you will do well.”
Taking her words of wisdom to heart, I started my painting. Time flew by, and soon the bell rang, signaling the end of the time limit. We all turned in our canvases for inspection (检查). The next day, the winners of the competition were announced in front of the whole school. To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize.
Later on, I expressed my gratitude to my art teacher for her words of encouragement and for believing in me. That day, I became aware of my talent and started painting more whenever I had free time. Sometimes, I think that if it weren’t for her words of encouragement, I may have never discovered the talent I have.
Overall, this experience taught me the importance of encouraging others and how a few kind words can make a significant impact on someone’s life
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段“To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize. (令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自己的名字。这对我来说是bolt from the blue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”，与surprise同义。故选D。
题型04 常识联想法
【题型诠释】
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。
【典例4】（2023·北京·清华附中校考三模）
A video circulated on social media earlier this year, showing a tourist opening the door of a vehicle, reaching out an arm and attempting to stroke a passing lioness. The lioness shrugged him off, but it could have easily gone horribly wrong.
Reckless behaviour around wildlife risks the safety of both people and animals. People risk being attacked, mauled (撕咬) and possibly killed, while animals can be harmed, removed or put down, irrespective of whether they were only defending themselves. Animal attacks can also cast a destination in a negative light, causing temporary closures or scaring off visitors. All just so someone could boast that they had stroked a lion or captured a moment on a camera phone.
“Tourists are getting more and more reckless around wildlife and the source of the problem is social media.” says wildlife photographer Anette Mosshachers. “People risking their lives or doing stupid things with wildlife are after ‘likes’ and followers, something to show off on social media,” says Mossbacher. “The greater the risk, the more ‘likes’ they get. With some clients, it seems like a sickness or addiction.”
Yet social media is not entirely to blame. People have always taken risks for an experience. Foolish behavior and a tendency to get cocky around dangerous animals must have been around since the dawn of humanity. A hunger for attention online might drive some of the current madness, but some individuals might be trying to recreate a piece of the action they have seen on television. Perhaps the adrenaline (肾上腺激素) rush when close to wild animals causes an evaporation of common sense.
“There’s a worrying lack of awareness that animals several times our size, weight, speed and strength can easily hurt us,”says wildlife photographer David Lloyd. “I don’t think parks are doing enough to raise awareness. Tourists need to know how their presence can affect wildlife. A good example is cheetahs (猎豹) on vehicle rooftops. It may be a thrill for the bystanders, but the consequences if a mother cheetah falls off would be severe. She would no longer be able to hunt, so her cubs could easily starve.”
“People aren’t getting the education about why they need to stay away from wildlife, including avoiding diseases, keeping people secure and letting wildlife be wild,” says Philip Muruthi, vice president of species conservation and science for the African Wildlife Foundation. “We need to educate tourists through signs, pamphlets and frontline drivers. We should stick to guidelines, and there needs to be enforcement through the law.”
18. What does the underlined word “cocky” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Selfish. B. Frightened. C. Arrogant. D. Shocked.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题之常识联想法。根据第四段中“People have always taken risks for an experience. Foolish behavior and a tendency to get cocky around dangerous animals must have been around since the dawn of humanity. (人们总是为了体验而冒险。自人类诞生以来，在危险动物面前愚蠢的行为和cocky倾向一定一直存在)”可知，冒险是人类的本性，结合并列词组“Foolish behavior”可知推知，“get cocky”也是一种鲁莽的、不理性的表现，结合选项，cocky与arrogant同义，意为“傲慢的”。故选C项。
题型05例举法
【题型诠释】
通过一些例子说明生词的词义, 用such as, for example, like, for instance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。
【典例5】（2023上·天津·高三天津实验中学校考阶段练习）
A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90-pound person who is physically weak. So what makes him so strong What other qualities does he need
Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers-a number that is fixed during childhood-which contract(收缩）when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter’s biceps (二头肌）will contract.
Aside from the strength, two other factors go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minute, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial(运动测试). This greater volume means more work for the heart---a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.
Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar-the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it runs out of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.
13. What does the author mean by saying “this greater volume means more work for the heart”
A. The heart bears the task of making more blood during a vigorous trial.
B. The heart needs to bear the fast heart beating during a vigorous trial.
C. The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becomes stronger routinely during a vigorous trial.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第四段倒第二句中的“a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out”(一个可以扩张和收缩的肌肉气球的作用是吸收血液并将其排出)可知，作者的意思是心脏吸收更多的血液，并在运动测试中将其排出体外。故选C。
题型06语境线索法
【题型诠释】
根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
【典例6】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
After college I wanted to make a difference in the world, so I joined the Peace Corps and became a volunteer teacher in Namibia, my country of assignment (任务). Honestly, my first choice wasn’t Africa, but I am extremely grateful that I was sent there.
Various tribes and racial groups live in Namibia and a number of languages are spoken. When Namibia gained independence in 1990, English became the official language. Teachers were supposed to teach in English, but many lacked the language skills to do so. My job was to train the teachers.
Schools were quite bare. Some classrooms consisted merely of sticks stuck in the sand and a metal roof. Each student had only one threadbare uniform. The students had exhausting days. They walked miles to get to school, often barefoot. They also did many daily chores. Even with their mountains of work, few possessions and little opportunity, these children were joyful. I admired that.
This was my first time living abroad in a different culture. Simply adapting to the living conditions was a big adjustment. I had no electricity, running water, phone or Internet. Imagine no air conditioning where the temperature was often above 38 degrees Celsius! However, I could end each day with a splendid African sunset. And at night, I could have an incredible pollution-free view of the entire Milky Way (银河).
Before Namibia, I never thought a girl like me would adapt to such an environment. My experience awakened me to not only the limitations we place on ourselves, but also our amazing ability to adapt.
Step outside of your comfort zone and throw yourself in another culture. You won’t regret it.
28. What does the underlined word “threadbare” in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Ancient. B. Uncomfortable. C. Ugly. D. Shabby.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“often barefoot”以及“few possessions”可知，孩子们的生活非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“only one”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。
题型07构词法
【题型诠释】
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。
中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-超;过于 inter-互相;在…之间 micro-极微小的
re-再, 反复 sub-次于..., 在…底下 co-共同
post- (在…之)后 pre- (在…之)前 trans-超越；转换
under-在之…下；低于； anti-反；防(止) mis-不；非
un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无 non-不；非 Sino-中国(人)的
-able可被…的 -hood状态；性质；时期 -ish如…的；有点儿…的
-proof防…的； 抗…的 -ship身份；资格；权力； -some引起…的;产生…的
-wards向 -less不能…的；无…的
【典例7】（2016上·黑龙江牡丹江·高二统考期末）
Have you ever had the strange feeling that you were being watched You turned around and, sure enough, someone was looking right at you!
Parapsychologists (灵学家) say that humans have a natural ability to sense when someone is looking at them. To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, a psychologist (心理学家) at the University of Kentucky, did two experiments.
In the first one, Baker sat behind unknowing people in public places and stared (盯着) at the backs of their heads for 5 to 15 minutes. The subjects (受试者) were eating, drinking, reading, studying, watching TV, or working at a computer. Baker made sure that the people could not tell that he was sitting behind them during those periods. Later, when he questioned the subjects, almost all of them said they had no sense that someone was staring at them.
For the second experiment, Baker told the subjects that they would be stared at from time to time from behind in a laboratory setting. The people had to write down when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t.
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”
2. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. value B. result C. performance D. connection
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。最后一段表明心理学家Baker得出结论，因此根据第一句话Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at.得知“outcome”在此处为“结果”，故选B。
高考练场
题型01 对比法
(2022年6月浙江卷C篇)
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation (适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood (情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone who _______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
题型02 因果法
(2022年高考英语北京卷D篇)
Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” (但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。)可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
题型03 常识联想法
(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don’t make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I’ve got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn’t worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren’t there.
I’m not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
【答案】 5. A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。
题型04例举法
(2020全国III卷B篇)
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants”, “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper”, have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
3. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment (一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇)以及下文Already, a number of films, … them haven’t been treated properly. (许多电影，包括“大象的眼泪”, “宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”, 引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。) 由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。
题型05语境线索法
(2021年6月全国甲卷C篇)
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (橫杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
2. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don’t worry.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干关键词“Safe! Safe! Safe!”定位在原文第三段“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. 这就是重要的着陆技巧，成为一名优秀的滑冰运动员。表示做得好，所以应该是鼓励的话语。故选B项。
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖南长沙·高二湖南师大附中校联考期中) Travel has become increasingly inconvenient and sometimes impossible over the last couple of years. However, museums around the world are digitizing their collections, enabling people to tour the museums from afar.
The British Museum, London
The British Museum contains objects from around the world, including the Rosetta Stone, with three versions of a text that helped researchers learn to read ancient Egyptian. The Great Court’s ceiling, in the middle of the museum, is composed of 3212 pieces of glass, none of which are alike. The virtual tour of the museum offers a 360-degree view of the room, allowing visitors to look at every piece.
MASP, S o Paulo
The first modern museum in Brazil, the Museu de Arte de S o Paulo includes art from the 14th to the 20th centuries. The paintings, which are placed on glass panels, appear to be floating in mid-air. This setup, included in the virtual tour shows, makes the art appear almost magical.
National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
This Korean museum includes four branches in different cities and features works of art from Korea and around the world. The art includes a variety of media such as print, sculpture and photography. There are also online exhibitions such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Korean art since the late 1970s.
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles County
This museum, with locations in two different places, features art going back to The Neolithic Period. Its virtual tour, accessible through Google Arts & Culture, offers views of more recent works, including some by van Gogh and Renoir. Another platform, Xplorlt, also features views of some of the museum’s outdoor spaces.
1. What can we learn about The British Museum
A. It is best known for the Rosetta Stone. B. It tells the changes of ancient Egyptian.
C. It is made up of several pieces of glass. D. It houses exhibits from different countries.
2. Which museum may suit visitors interested in van Gogh’s works
A. The British Museum.
B. MASP, S o Paulo.
C. National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art.
D. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
3. What do the listed museums have in common
A. They have several branches. B. They display their paintings in mid-air.
C. They can be visited in your own home. D. They are accessible on Google Arts & Culture.
B
(2023上·湖南·高三雅礼中学校考期中) At Jenner Park primary School in Wales, pupils between the ages of seven and nine are writing letters to residents of a local care home. The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates about their lives, helping to build relationships between generations while also giving the children an understanding of the value of writing letters by hand—an activity that’s becoming less and less common.
Laura Johnson, the teacher who coordinates (协调) the scheme at Jenner Park, says: “All of our writing is for a purpose. That’s the key in getting children to value handwriting.” As soon as you put an audience there, knowing that someone out there is going to be reading it—whether that’s parents or another group of children—there’s always the real sense of pride to go along with it,” says Johnson.
The school maintains a focus on handwriting throughout the years, from dedicated handwriting classes in the prep school to a calligraphy club offered to the older groups. It has created something called the pen license. It allows younger children to move from using a pencil to pen once they’ve reached a certain standard. “There’s a lot of excitement about reaching that pen licence stage,” says Johnson.
Johnson adds that developing students’ writing in this way matters for their life after school: “For us, it’s important that we create citizens of the future who have a set of life skills that can make them successful.” The dominance of technology is a challenge, she admits, but she also believes both tools have their place. “Obviously we’re competing with technology continuously.” she says. “And I know there are people there saying you don’t need to bother about handwriting because tech is out there. But we don’t see it as competing. We’re trying to get pupils to realize that there’s a place for handwriting and to know when it’s important to use each.”
4. Why does the school launch the initiative
A. To help children to find the meaning of handwriting.
B. To encourage children to show pity for the aged.
C. To persuade children to choose proper courses.
D. To urge children to acknowledge the audience.
5. What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the school
A. Its after-class activities. B. Its practice in handwriting.
C. Its academic achievements. D. Its innovation in technology.
6. What can we infer from the last paragraph about handwriting
A. It will win against technology. B. It will give way to technology.
C. It will co-exist with technology. D. It will cause confusion to people.
7. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Handwriting promotes the pen pal scheme
B. Slow communication reduces misunderstanding
C. Creative ideas for dealing with challenges gain popularity
D. Putting pen to paper contributes to a love of the written word
C
(2023上·湖南·高三长郡中学校考阶段练习) Parents have been urged to stop pretending Father Christmas is real in case the “lie” damages relations with their children. Making up stories about Santa risks destroying a child’s trust and is morally unbelievable, according to two experts.
Psychologist Professor Christopher Boyle and social scientist Dr. Kathy McKay also criticize the idea employed by parents—Santa Claus judges children to be nice or naughty. Writing in a well-known journal, they argue, “If they are capable of lying about something so special and magical, can they be relied upon to continue as the guardians of wisdom and truth ”
Defending the claims, Prof Boyle said, “The morality of making children believe in such myths has to be questioned. All children will eventually find out they’ve been consistently lied to for years, and this might make them wonder what other lies they’ve been told. Whether it’s right to make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting question, and it’s also interesting to ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have not been considered.”
Dr. McKay, from the University of New England in Australia, said there was clear evidence from the world of make-believe in movies and TV that adults looked for a chance to be children again. “The persistence of fandom (影迷) in stories like Harry Potter and Star Wars indicates their desire to briefly re-enter childhood,” she said. “However,” she added, “if adults have been lying about Santa, even though it has usually been well intentioned, what else is a lie If Santa isn’t real, are fairies real Is magic Is God ”
They conclude, “Many people may long for a time when imagination was accepted and encouraged, which may not be the case in adult life. Might it be the case that the harshness of real life requires the creation of something better, something to believe in, something to hope for in the future or to return to a long-lost childhood a long time ago in a galaxy far far away ”
8. What did parents do that drew criticism from Dr. Kathy McKay
A. They were fond of Harry Potter and Star Wars.
B. They acted as the guardians of wisdom and truth.
C. They said Santa Claus could judge a kid to be good or bad.
D. They have told many lies to their children besides Santa Claus.
9. What can be implied in the passage
A. Parents are capable of making up stories about Santa Claus.
B. Lies about Santa Claus can have a negative impact upon children.
C. Stories about Santa Claus develop children’s trust in their parents.
D. Experts think it right to make children believe in Father Christmas.
10. Why are adults fond of watching fictional movies
A. They desire to return to the long-lost childhood.
B. Everything will become better in movies than in real life.
C. They want to get away from pressure from life and work.
D. They didn’t watch such exciting movies when they were young.
11. What is the author’s attitude toward parents’ lying about Santa Claus
A. Positive. B. Indifferent. C. Disappointed. D. Concerned.
D
(2023上·湖南·高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习) The streets, sidewalks and roofs of cities all absorb heat during the day, making some urban areas across the United States up to 6 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than rural ones during the day—and 22 degrees F hotter at night. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms.
According to a new study of downtown Chicago, underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract (收缩) enough to cause potential damage. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says the study’s author Alessandro F. Rotta Loria, a civil and environmental engineer at Northwestern University.
The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard (危险)” to civil infrastructure in cities with soft er ground — especially those near water — Rotta Loria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change.
Similar to climate change above the surface, these underground changes occur over long periods of time. “These effects took decades, a century, to develop,” Rotta Loria says, adding that elevated underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate (逐渐消失) on their own.
But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy.
12. What can we learn about the “urban heat islands”
A. They can develop underground structures. B. They are impacted by global warming.
C. They can destroy the ground around. D. They only exist in the United States.
13. Why does Alessandro F. Rotta Loria mention “silent hazard” in paragraph 3
A. To discuss structural issues. B. To categorize climate change.
C. To explain underground heat. D. To emphasize the neglected reality.
14. What will the author probably write about in the paragraph that follows
A. The future of tunnels and basements. B. The reusing approaches of heat energy.
C. The cost of maintaining structures. D. The evolution of underground environment.
15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Warming Underground, Weakening Surface B. A Silver Lining of Global Warming
C. Urban Silent Islands in the Making D. A Silent Crisis in Downtown Chicago
参考答案与解析
A篇
1. D 2. D 3. C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个博物馆以及各自的特色。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The British Museum contains objects from around the world, including the Rosetta Stone, with three versions of a text that helped researchers learn to read ancient Egyptian.(大英博物馆收藏了来自世界各地的物品，包括罗塞塔石碑，其中有三种文本版本，帮助研究人员学习阅读古埃及语)”可知，大英博物馆容纳了来自不同国家的展品。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Its virtual tour, accessible through Google Arts & Culture, offers views of more recent works, including some by van Gogh and Renoir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，保罗盖蒂博物馆适合对梵高作品感兴趣的游客。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The virtual tour of the museum offers a 360-degree view of the room, allowing visitors to look at every piece. (虚拟的博物馆之旅提供了360度的房间视野，让游客可以看到每一件作品)”；第三段中“This setup, included in the virtual tour shows, makes the art appear almost magical. (这种设置，包括在虚拟巡回展览中，使艺术看起来几乎是神奇的)”；第四段中“There are also online exhibitions such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Korean art since the late 1970s. (在网上也有追溯70年代末以后韩国美术动向的“时代艺术家”等展览)”以及最后一段中“Its virtual tour, accessible through Google Arts & Culture, offers views of more recent works, including some by van Gogh and Renoir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，列出的博物馆的共同之处是可以在你自己家里参观它们。故选C。
B篇
4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过倡议孩子手写书信形式，强调了手写的重要性，随着科技的发展，手写同样是不会过时，而是与时俱进，与科技共存。
4. 推理判断题。根据第一段“The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates about their lives,helping to build relationships between generations while also giving the children an understanding of the value of writing letters by hand—an activity that's becoming less and less common.”(这项倡议看到了孩子们和他们的老笔友交流关于他们生活的最新信息，帮助建立代际关系，同时也让孩子们了解手写信件的价值——这种活动越来越不常见了。)以及第二段“All of our writing is for a purpose. That's the key in getting children to value handwriting.”（我们所有的写作都是有目的的。这是让孩子们重视书法的关键。）可知学校发起这项倡议是为了帮助孩子们发现手写的含义。故选A项。
5. 段落大意题。根据第三段“The school maintains a focus on handwriting throughout the years,from dedicated handwriting classes in the prep school to a calligraphy club offered to the older groups. It has created something called the pen license. It allows younger children to move from using a pencil to pen once they've reached a certain standard.”（学校多年来一直专注于书法，从预备学校专门的书法课程到为老年群体提供的书法俱乐部。它创造了一种叫做钢笔许可的东西。 它允许年幼的孩子在达到一定标准后，从使用铅笔转向使用钢笔。）可知，第三段主要说明了这所学校在书法上的实践。故选B项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The dominance of technology is a challenge, she admits, but she also believes both tools have their place." Obviously we're competing with technology continuously. (她承认，技术的主导地位是一个挑战，但她也认为这两种工具都有自己的位置。“显然，我们在不断与技术竞争)”可推知，手写将与技术共存。故选C项。
7. 标题判断题。根据文章大意，可知文章开篇引出了让孩子们手写信件的话题，然后讲述了手写的意义和重要性，最后论述了它会和科技竞争共存。可以推断，Putting pen to paper contributes to a love of the written word（在纸上书写有助于对文字的热爱）符合题意。故选D项。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。介绍了专家对于家长对孩子依然谎称圣诞老人存在的批评态度。专家认为，父母谎称圣诞老人存在的做法对于孩子今后对于大人的信任有消极影响。
8. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Psychologist Professor Christopher Boyle and social scientist Dr. Kathy McKay also criticize the idea employed by parents—Santa Claus judges children to be nice or naughty. (心理学家Christopher Boyle教授和社会科学家Kathy McKay博士也批评了父母的想法——圣诞老人会评判孩子是好是坏)”可知，圣诞老人评判孩子好坏的说法遭到了Kathy McKay博士的批评。故选C项。
9. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whether it’s right to make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting question, and it’s also interesting to ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have not been considered.(让孩子们相信圣诞老人是否正确是一个有趣的问题，同样有趣的是，以这种方式撒谎是否会以未被考虑的方式影响孩子。)”和文章第一段的主题句“Making up stories about Santa risks destroying a child’s trust and is morally unbelievable, according to two experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”推知，作者通过文章想表达关于圣诞老人的谎言对孩子们是有消极影响的。故选B项。
10. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The persistence of fandom(影迷) in stories like Harry Potter and Star Wars indicates their desire to briefly re-enter childhood,(《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》等故事中粉丝的持续存在表明他们渴望短暂地重新进入童年)”可知，对于《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》的持久迷恋表明成年人想再次体验童年乐趣。故选A项。
11. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Making up stories about Santa risks destroying a child’s trust and is morally unbelievable, according to two experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”与第三段中“All children will eventually find out they’ve been consistently lied to for years, and this might make them wonder what other lies they’ve been told. (所有的孩子最终都会发现自己多年来一直被欺骗，这可能会让他们想知道自己还被说了什么谎言。)”可知，作者对于父母们对孩子们撒谎说圣诞老人确实存在的做法很担忧。故选D项。
D篇
12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案.
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话“Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms. (现在随着地球变暖，地下热量正在积聚)”可知，“城市热岛”是受到全球气候变暖的影响。故选B。
13. 推理判断题。根据第三段中 Alessandro F. Rotta Loria所说的““There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize(发生的这种地下气候变化可能已经造成了建筑结构上的问题，我们甚至没有意识到)”以及最后一句话“While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change.(虽然这不是对人类生命的直接或直接威胁，但这种以前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个鲜为人知的组成部分的影响)”可推知，提出“无声的危险”是想强调地下气候变暖这一被人忽略的事实。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第五段“But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy.(但接受采访的其他研究人员都表示，这些浪费的能源也可以回收利用，这为冷却地下和节省能源成本提供了机会。地铁隧道和地下室可以更新技术以重新获取热量。例如，可以安装水管穿过地下热点并吸收一些热能)”可知，该段是介绍针对地下气候变暖提出了潜在的解决方案，即可以通过更新地铁隧道和地下室的相关技术来回收利用热能，并举例了可通过安装水管这种方法来获取热能。由此推知，接下来应该是介绍对这种热能的再使用方法。故选B。
15. 主旨大意题。通过归纳各段大意可知，本文是介绍地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案。由此可知，“地下变暖，地表变弱”适合作本文的标题。故选A。专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题
2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析
项目 年份 卷别 语篇类型 题型
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 细节理解 推理判断 主旨要义 词义猜测
2023 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 8 3 3 1
全国甲卷 A B C/D 9 5 1
全国乙卷 B A/C D 5 8 1 1
2022 新高考I卷 A C D B 10 3 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 7 5 1 2
全国甲卷 A C/D B 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 A C/D B 11 2 1 1
2021 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 6 2 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 9 4 1 1
全国甲卷 A C B D 6 7 1 1
全国乙卷 A/B/C/D 4 8 2 1
2020 新高考I卷 A B/C D 7 5 1 2
全国I卷 A C/D B 4 8 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 A D B/C 8 2 3 2
从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：
1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；
2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；
3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。
题型归纳
题型01 定义法
【题型诠释】
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or, that is, that is to say, namely, in other words等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)
Eat your vegetables. Wash your hands. Always say “please” and “thank you”. We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we often have little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money. Here are some basics that will help guide them their entire lives：
Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save 1,000, invest (投资) it at 81.000, invest (投资) it at 8,100 every month, by the time she’s 65, she would have $ 980,983!
Be careful of credit (信用). Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash.
Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, 15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks.
Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning. Explain your values. Values and money are deeply intertwined (缠结在一起), says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don’t want to buy it. “You might say, ‘I’d rather save that money for your education,’” advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don’t spend money, you have a chance to share your values.
2. The underlined word “incentive” in paragraph 5 means ________.
A. honor B. praise C. excitement D. encouragement
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。
题型02 对比法
【题型诠释】
我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”, “in spite of”, “on the contrary”, “on the other hand”, “however”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as, like, just as also等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。
【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）
At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected on the beauty and vulnerability of Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audio experience Soundwalk was shared in a hopeful discussion about music, parks and mental health. These are a few of the things I have helped bring to life over the years, working at the intersection of scientific research, the arts and advocacy to support science in solving global health challenges.
Science is key to addressing these issues. But it isn’t the only key. To achieve its potential and for its advances to be implemented and reach all who could benefit, science depends on trust and good relationships. People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives. There are reasons why some see science as having a chequered past, from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes. Others feel excluded by the incomprehensibility of hyper specialist knowledge.
In its capacity to build upon and test an evidence base, science is powerful, but researchers and funders haven’t been as good at ensuring this evidence base responds to the needs and interests of diverse communities, or informs policy makers to take action. Science might be perceived as distancing itself from the personal, the poetic and the political, yet it is precisely these qualities that can be most influential when it comes to public interest in atopic or how a government prioritizes a decision.
A moving story well told can be more memorable than a list of facts. This is where the arts come in. Artists can give us different perspectives with which to consider and reimagine the world together. They can redress the proclaimed objectivity in science by bringing stories —subjectivities —into the picture, and these can help foster a sense of connection and hope.
In 2012, I set up artist residencies in medical research centres around the world. Bui was attached to the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam. The head of the research team was delighted, finding that Bui, as a Vietnamese artist, had license to be in, and to share useful insights from, villages where infectious disease researchers weren’t welcome. Six years later, I led Wellcome’s Contagious Cities program, which established artist residencies worldwide to support locally led explorations of epidemic preparedness. The recent pandemic made this work more noticeable, and has informed our Mindscapes program which is currently sharing experiences of mental health through the work of artists.
With pandemic, climate and mental health crises upon us, rising inequality and what feels like an increasingly broken world, never has there been more need to build and nurture hopeful and imaginative spaces to grow human connection and shared purpose for the common good. Science and the arts can work hand in glove to achieve this.
21. What does the underlined word “chequered” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Recent and remote. B. Good and bad. C. Usual and unusual. D. Peaceful and scary.
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“People might not always see science as relevant, trustworthy or meaningful to their lives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“from nuclear weapons to eugenics, and are therefore uninterested in, or suspicious of, what it proposes”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。
题型03 因果法
【题型诠释】
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。
常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that..., so that, such ... that等。
【典例3】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
Everyone tries their best in life, and sometimes a few kind words of encouragement can help people realize that their efforts are not in vain (徒劳).Ⅰremember a time when I was in fifth grade, and I was a very shy girl.
There was a drawing competition at my school that day. As everyone started to use their creative ideas to draw, I was only trying to think of something creative that could express my thoughts and emotions. Lost in my own world, I was brought back to reality when my art teacher called my name from behind. She came to me and encouraged me, saying, “Don’t overthink it, just put whatever comes to your mind on the canvas (画布). Do your best, and you will do well.”
Taking her words of wisdom to heart, I started my painting. Time flew by, and soon the bell rang, signaling the end of the time limit. We all turned in our canvases for inspection (检查). The next day, the winners of the competition were announced in front of the whole school. To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize.
Later on, I expressed my gratitude to my art teacher for her words of encouragement and for believing in me. That day, I became aware of my talent and started painting more whenever I had free time. Sometimes, I think that if it weren’t for her words of encouragement, I may have never discovered the talent I have.
Overall, this experience taught me the importance of encouraging others and how a few kind words can make a significant impact on someone’s life
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段“To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize. (令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自己的名字。这对我来说是bolt from the blue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”，与surprise同义。故选D。
题型04 常识联想法
【题型诠释】
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。
【典例4】（2023·北京·清华附中校考三模）
A video circulated on social media earlier this year, showing a tourist opening the door of a vehicle, reaching out an arm and attempting to stroke a passing lioness. The lioness shrugged him off, but it could have easily gone horribly wrong.
Reckless behaviour around wildlife risks the safety of both people and animals. People risk being attacked, mauled (撕咬) and possibly killed, while animals can be harmed, removed or put down, irrespective of whether they were only defending themselves. Animal attacks can also cast a destination in a negative light, causing temporary closures or scaring off visitors. All just so someone could boast that they had stroked a lion or captured a moment on a camera phone.
“Tourists are getting more and more reckless around wildlife and the source of the problem is social media.” says wildlife photographer Anette Mosshachers. “People risking their lives or doing stupid things with wildlife are after ‘likes’ and followers, something to show off on social media,” says Mossbacher. “The greater the risk, the more ‘likes’ they get. With some clients, it seems like a sickness or addiction.”
Yet social media is not entirely to blame. People have always taken risks for an experience. Foolish behavior and a tendency to get cocky around dangerous animals must have been around since the dawn of humanity. A hunger for attention online might drive some of the current madness, but some individuals might be trying to recreate a piece of the action they have seen on television. Perhaps the adrenaline (肾上腺激素) rush when close to wild animals causes an evaporation of common sense.
“There’s a worrying lack of awareness that animals several times our size, weight, speed and strength can easily hurt us,”says wildlife photographer David Lloyd. “I don’t think parks are doing enough to raise awareness. Tourists need to know how their presence can affect wildlife. A good example is cheetahs (猎豹) on vehicle rooftops. It may be a thrill for the bystanders, but the consequences if a mother cheetah falls off would be severe. She would no longer be able to hunt, so her cubs could easily starve.”
“People aren’t getting the education about why they need to stay away from wildlife, including avoiding diseases, keeping people secure and letting wildlife be wild,” says Philip Muruthi, vice president of species conservation and science for the African Wildlife Foundation. “We need to educate tourists through signs, pamphlets and frontline drivers. We should stick to guidelines, and there needs to be enforcement through the law.”
18. What does the underlined word “cocky” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Selfish. B. Frightened. C. Arrogant. D. Shocked.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题之常识联想法。根据第四段中“People have always taken risks for an experience. Foolish behavior and a tendency to get cocky around dangerous animals must have been around since the dawn of humanity. (人们总是为了体验而冒险。自人类诞生以来，在危险动物面前愚蠢的行为和cocky倾向一定一直存在)”可知，冒险是人类的本性，结合并列词组“Foolish behavior”可知推知，“get cocky”也是一种鲁莽的、不理性的表现，结合选项，cocky与arrogant同义，意为“傲慢的”。故选C项。
题型05例举法
【题型诠释】
通过一些例子说明生词的词义, 用such as, for example, like, for instance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。
【典例5】（2023上·天津·高三天津实验中学校考阶段练习）
A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90-pound person who is physically weak. So what makes him so strong What other qualities does he need
Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers-a number that is fixed during childhood-which contract(收缩）when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter’s biceps (二头肌）will contract.
Aside from the strength, two other factors go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minute, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial(运动测试). This greater volume means more work for the heart---a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.
Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar-the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it runs out of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.
13. What does the author mean by saying “this greater volume means more work for the heart”
A. The heart bears the task of making more blood during a vigorous trial.
B. The heart needs to bear the fast heart beating during a vigorous trial.
C. The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becomes stronger routinely during a vigorous trial.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第四段倒第二句中的“a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out”(一个可以扩张和收缩的肌肉气球的作用是吸收血液并将其排出)可知，作者的意思是心脏吸收更多的血液，并在运动测试中将其排出体外。故选C。
题型06语境线索法
【题型诠释】
根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
【典例6】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
After college I wanted to make a difference in the world, so I joined the Peace Corps and became a volunteer teacher in Namibia, my country of assignment (任务). Honestly, my first choice wasn’t Africa, but I am extremely grateful that I was sent there.
Various tribes and racial groups live in Namibia and a number of languages are spoken. When Namibia gained independence in 1990, English became the official language. Teachers were supposed to teach in English, but many lacked the language skills to do so. My job was to train the teachers.
Schools were quite bare. Some classrooms consisted merely of sticks stuck in the sand and a metal roof. Each student had only one threadbare uniform. The students had exhausting days. They walked miles to get to school, often barefoot. They also did many daily chores. Even with their mountains of work, few possessions and little opportunity, these children were joyful. I admired that.
This was my first time living abroad in a different culture. Simply adapting to the living conditions was a big adjustment. I had no electricity, running water, phone or Internet. Imagine no air conditioning where the temperature was often above 38 degrees Celsius! However, I could end each day with a splendid African sunset. And at night, I could have an incredible pollution-free view of the entire Milky Way (银河).
Before Namibia, I never thought a girl like me would adapt to such an environment. My experience awakened me to not only the limitations we place on ourselves, but also our amazing ability to adapt.
Step outside of your comfort zone and throw yourself in another culture. You won’t regret it.
28. What does the underlined word “threadbare” in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Ancient. B. Uncomfortable. C. Ugly. D. Shabby.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“often barefoot”以及“few possessions”可知，孩子们的生活非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“only one”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。
题型07构词法
【题型诠释】
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。
中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-超;过于 inter-互相;在…之间 micro-极微小的
re-再, 反复 sub-次于..., 在…底下 co-共同
post- (在…之)后 pre- (在…之)前 trans-超越；转换
under-在之…下；低于； anti-反；防(止) mis-不；非
un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无 non-不；非 Sino-中国(人)的
-able可被…的 -hood状态；性质；时期 -ish如…的；有点儿…的
-proof防…的； 抗…的 -ship身份；资格；权力； -some引起…的;产生…的
-wards向 -less不能…的；无…的
【典例7】（2016上·黑龙江牡丹江·高二统考期末）
Have you ever had the strange feeling that you were being watched You turned around and, sure enough, someone was looking right at you!
Parapsychologists (灵学家) say that humans have a natural ability to sense when someone is looking at them. To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, a psychologist (心理学家) at the University of Kentucky, did two experiments.
In the first one, Baker sat behind unknowing people in public places and stared (盯着) at the backs of their heads for 5 to 15 minutes. The subjects (受试者) were eating, drinking, reading, studying, watching TV, or working at a computer. Baker made sure that the people could not tell that he was sitting behind them during those periods. Later, when he questioned the subjects, almost all of them said they had no sense that someone was staring at them.
For the second experiment, Baker told the subjects that they would be stared at from time to time from behind in a laboratory setting. The people had to write down when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t.
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”
2. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. value B. result C. performance D. connection
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。最后一段表明心理学家Baker得出结论，因此根据第一句话Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at.得知“outcome”在此处为“结果”，故选B。
高考练场
题型01 对比法
(2022年6月浙江卷C篇)
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation (适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood (情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone who _______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
题型02 因果法
(2022年高考英语北京卷D篇)
Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
题型03 常识联想法
(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don’t make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I’ve got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn’t worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren’t there.
I’m not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
题型04例举法
(2020全国III卷B篇)
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants”, “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper”, have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
3. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
题型05语境线索法
(2021年6月全国甲卷C篇)
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (橫杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
2. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don’t worry.
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖南长沙·高二湖南师大附中校联考期中) Travel has become increasingly inconvenient and sometimes impossible over the last couple of years. However, museums around the world are digitizing their collections, enabling people to tour the museums from afar.
The British Museum, London
The British Museum contains objects from around the world, including the Rosetta Stone, with three versions of a text that helped researchers learn to read ancient Egyptian. The Great Court’s ceiling, in the middle of the museum, is composed of 3212 pieces of glass, none of which are alike. The virtual tour of the museum offers a 360-degree view of the room, allowing visitors to look at every piece.
MASP, S o Paulo
The first modern museum in Brazil, the Museu de Arte de S o Paulo includes art from the 14th to the 20th centuries. The paintings, which are placed on glass panels, appear to be floating in mid-air. This setup, included in the virtual tour shows, makes the art appear almost magical.
National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
This Korean museum includes four branches in different cities and features works of art from Korea and around the world. The art includes a variety of media such as print, sculpture and photography. There are also online exhibitions such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Korean art since the late 1970s.
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles County
This museum, with locations in two different places, features art going back to The Neolithic Period. Its virtual tour, accessible through Google Arts & Culture, offers views of more recent works, including some by van Gogh and Renoir. Another platform, Xplorlt, also features views of some of the museum’s outdoor spaces.
1. What can we learn about The British Museum
A. It is best known for the Rosetta Stone. B. It tells the changes of ancient Egyptian.
C. It is made up of several pieces of glass. D. It houses exhibits from different countries.
2. Which museum may suit visitors interested in van Gogh’s works
A. The British Museum.
B. MASP, S o Paulo.
C. National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art.
D. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
3. What do the listed museums have in common
A. They have several branches. B. They display their paintings in mid-air.
C. They can be visited in your own home. D. They are accessible on Google Arts & Culture.
B
(2023上·湖南·高三雅礼中学校考期中) At Jenner Park primary School in Wales, pupils between the ages of seven and nine are writing letters to residents of a local care home. The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates about their lives, helping to build relationships between generations while also giving the children an understanding of the value of writing letters by hand—an activity that’s becoming less and less common.
Laura Johnson, the teacher who coordinates (协调) the scheme at Jenner Park, says: “All of our writing is for a purpose. That’s the key in getting children to value handwriting.” As soon as you put an audience there, knowing that someone out there is going to be reading it—whether that’s parents or another group of children—there’s always the real sense of pride to go along with it,” says Johnson.
The school maintains a focus on handwriting throughout the years, from dedicated handwriting classes in the prep school to a calligraphy club offered to the older groups. It has created something called the pen license. It allows younger children to move from using a pencil to pen once they’ve reached a certain standard. “There’s a lot of excitement about reaching that pen licence stage,” says Johnson.
Johnson adds that developing students’ writing in this way matters for their life after school: “For us, it’s important that we create citizens of the future who have a set of life skills that can make them successful.” The dominance of technology is a challenge, she admits, but she also believes both tools have their place. “Obviously we’re competing with technology continuously.” she says. “And I know there are people there saying you don’t need to bother about handwriting because tech is out there. But we don’t see it as competing. We’re trying to get pupils to realize that there’s a place for handwriting and to know when it’s important to use each.”
4. Why does the school launch the initiative
A. To help children to find the meaning of handwriting.
B. To encourage children to show pity for the aged.
C. To persuade children to choose proper courses.
D. To urge children to acknowledge the audience.
5. What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the school
A. Its after-class activities. B. Its practice in handwriting.
C. Its academic achievements. D. Its innovation in technology.
6. What can we infer from the last paragraph about handwriting
A. It will win against technology. B. It will give way to technology.
C. It will co-exist with technology. D. It will cause confusion to people.
7. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Handwriting promotes the pen pal scheme
B. Slow communication reduces misunderstanding
C. Creative ideas for dealing with challenges gain popularity
D. Putting pen to paper contributes to a love of the written word
C
(2023上·湖南·高三长郡中学校考阶段练习) Parents have been urged to stop pretending Father Christmas is real in case the “lie” damages relations with their children. Making up stories about Santa risks destroying a child’s trust and is morally unbelievable, according to two experts.
Psychologist Professor Christopher Boyle and social scientist Dr. Kathy McKay also criticize the idea employed by parents—Santa Claus judges children to be nice or naughty. Writing in a well-known journal, they argue, “If they are capable of lying about something so special and magical, can they be relied upon to continue as the guardians of wisdom and truth ”
Defending the claims, Prof Boyle said, “The morality of making children believe in such myths has to be questioned. All children will eventually find out they’ve been consistently lied to for years, and this might make them wonder what other lies they’ve been told. Whether it’s right to make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting question, and it’s also interesting to ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have not been considered.”
Dr. McKay, from the University of New England in Australia, said there was clear evidence from the world of make-believe in movies and TV that adults looked for a chance to be children again. “The persistence of fandom (影迷) in stories like Harry Potter and Star Wars indicates their desire to briefly re-enter childhood,” she said. “However,” she added, “if adults have been lying about Santa, even though it has usually been well intentioned, what else is a lie If Santa isn’t real, are fairies real Is magic Is God ”
They conclude, “Many people may long for a time when imagination was accepted and encouraged, which may not be the case in adult life. Might it be the case that the harshness of real life requires the creation of something better, something to believe in, something to hope for in the future or to return to a long-lost childhood a long time ago in a galaxy far far away ”
8. What did parents do that drew criticism from Dr. Kathy McKay
A. They were fond of Harry Potter and Star Wars.
B. They acted as the guardians of wisdom and truth.
C. They said Santa Claus could judge a kid to be good or bad.
D. They have told many lies to their children besides Santa Claus.
9. What can be implied in the passage
A. Parents are capable of making up stories about Santa Claus.
B. Lies about Santa Claus can have a negative impact upon children.
C. Stories about Santa Claus develop children’s trust in their parents.
D. Experts think it right to make children believe in Father Christmas.
10. Why are adults fond of watching fictional movies
A. They desire to return to the long-lost childhood.
B. Everything will become better in movies than in real life.
C. They want to get away from pressure from life and work.
D. They didn’t watch such exciting movies when they were young.
11. What is the author’s attitude toward parents’ lying about Santa Claus
A. Positive. B. Indifferent. C. Disappointed. D. Concerned.
D
(2023上·湖南·高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习) The streets, sidewalks and roofs of cities all absorb heat during the day, making some urban areas across the United States up to 6 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than rural ones during the day—and 22 degrees F hotter at night. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms.
According to a new study of downtown Chicago, underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract (收缩) enough to cause potential damage. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says the study’s author Alessandro F. Rotta Loria, a civil and environmental engineer at Northwestern University.
The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard (危险)” to civil infrastructure in cities with soft er ground — especially those near water — Rotta Loria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change.
Similar to climate change above the surface, these underground changes occur over long periods of time. “These effects took decades, a century, to develop,” Rotta Loria says, adding that elevated underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate (逐渐消失) on their own.
But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy.
12. What can we learn about the “urban heat islands”
A. They can develop underground structures. B. They are impacted by global warming.
C. They can destroy the ground around. D. They only exist in the United States.
13. Why does Alessandro F. Rotta Loria mention “silent hazard” in paragraph 3
A. To discuss structural issues. B. To categorize climate change.
C. To explain underground heat. D. To emphasize the neglected reality.
14. What will the author probably write about in the paragraph that follows
A. The future of tunnels and basements. B. The reusing approaches of heat energy.
C. The cost of maintaining structures. D. The evolution of underground environment.
15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Warming Underground, Weakening Surface B. A Silver Lining of Global Warming
C. Urban Silent Islands in the Making D. A Silent Crisis in Downtown Chicago
