专题12 阅读理解之说明文
2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析
项目 年份 卷别 语篇类型 题型
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 细节理解 推理判断 主旨要义 词义猜测
2023 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 8 3 3 1
全国甲卷 A B C/D 9 5 1
全国乙卷 B A/C D 5 8 1 1
2022 新高考I卷 A C D B 10 3 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 7 5 1 2
全国甲卷 A C/D B 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 A C/D B 11 2 1 1
2021 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 6 2 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 9 4 1 1
全国甲卷 A C B D 6 7 1 1
全国乙卷 A/B/C/D 4 8 2 1
2020 新高考I卷 A B/C D 7 5 1 2
全国I卷 A C/D B 4 8 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 A D B/C 8 2 3 2
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
最近五年高考题中，说明文考查很多，变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题、高科技领域的科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由易到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常放在C或D篇。阅读理解试题的考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握，而说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。
题型归纳
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
【典例1】(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
Animal appear to predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air — the first study to find reliable evidence of the phenomenon has shown.
Cameras revealed an “amazing” drop in the number of animals up to 23 days before a major quake hit their rainforest home at Yanachaga National Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, from Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results showed that just before the earthquake, animals’ activity dropped right down.”
On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake.
Another study showed that animal activity remained normal in the park over a different period when seismic (地震的) activity was low. Co-author, professor Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were located at an altitude of 900 meters. If air ionization occurred, the animals would escape to the valley below, where there were fewer positive ions (离子). With their ability to sense their environment, animals can help us understand small changes that occur before major earthquakes.”
Other evidence suggested that before the earthquake, the air around the high mountain sites filled with positive ions that can be produced when rocks are placed under stress. Positive ions have been known to cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. They are thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized. The findings may help experts develop better short-term seismic forecasts.
16. How did scientists conduct the study
A. By comparing different animals’ habits. B. By observing animals in high mountains.
C. By explaining the positive ion phenomenon. D. By analyzing images of animals they obtained.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这项研究的。故选D。
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean 或what is the meaning of the underlined word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
【典例2】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect of your personality, scientists have found.
So what is it that causes some people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the bride’s shown up and regularly annoy their friends And why is it so hard for us to fix it “There are all sorts of punishments for being late, but we are still late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justin Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.
One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take—something known as the planning fallacy. Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. A 2023 study found that out of 181subway operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness of what you’re doing. It’s also discovered there is a personality type that’s more likely to be late. While highly nervous, achievement-oriented Type A individuals arc more possible to be punctual, Type B individuals, however, who are calmer and more relaxed, have a higher chance to be late.
Admittedly, knowing all of this doesn’t necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take more accurately. As for your personality type, unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.
27. What does the underlined word “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3
A. A reasonable argument. B. A mistaken belief.
C. A modest expectation. D. A realistic idea.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中“One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take”（人们经常迟到的一个最常见的原因是——他们不能准确地判断一项任务需要多长时间）以及“Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人们平均低估了完成一项任务所需时间的40%。）由此可知，此处为这就是所谓的计划谬误。故可猜测划线单词fallacy为“谬论”的意思，结合选项B项A mistaken belief“错误的信念”意思一致。故选B项。
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …
【典例3】(2023上·广东汕头·高三金山中学校考阶段练习)
Whenever you read text, your brain processes the visual stimuli (刺激物) to create meaning and understand the content. Chances are, you don’t pay much attention to the way the information is presented- particularly the font (字体) choice. That’s because your main target is reading comprehension, not aesthetics.
Although typography (排印) is missed by most of us, it’s essential in making texts legible, readable and appealing for audiences. Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-to-read fonts such as Bodoni, Comic Sans, or Monotype Corsiva are better for memorizing information than fonts like Arial or Times New Roman, according to some studies.
“Difficulty can function as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challenging and will require mental effort,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University and one of a 2010 study authors, “Additionally, slowing down the reading speed to deal with the disfluency may increase the probability of spotting errors in a text.”
Font characteristics such as style, size and color play a role in information retention memory or recall as well, says Stephen Banham, a typography lecturer at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. Experiments have proved a U-shape relationship between font size and memory: Large-font items may predict higher recall regardless of style, but very small font sizes can also introduce a desirable difficulty.
A document’s specific method of formatting information also makes an impact. Using font styles like bold or italics to indicate significance can also improve memory. That’s because people are better able to remember information they consider important, says Oppenheimer. Researchers found that bolded text has a higher recall than text in italic or regular styles, regardless of the font size. However, if an entire document is bolded, the emphasis is lost, and readers can no longer spot vital passages.
26. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. What Fonts Make Reading Easy B. What Fonts Make Memory Lasting
C. Why Fonts Impact Retention and Recall D. How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory
【答案】D
【答案】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in.(除了视觉方面，研究表明，字体在我们阅读时的心理理解过程中起着重要作用。字体对你学习和记忆信息的影响可能很难有意识地注意到，但你的大脑肯定会注意到。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述的是字体选择在阅读理解、记忆和信息提取过程中的重要性以及产生的影响。D选项“How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory(字体如何影响学习和记忆)”概括全文，符合文章标题。故选D。
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...
2. The passage is intended to ...
3. The author suggests that ...
4. The story implies that…
5. Which point of view may the author agree to
6. From the passage we can conclude that...
7. The purpose of the passage is to...。
【典例4】(2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中)
With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s breed, health risks, and even behaviors.
DNA testing typically works by analyzing the genetic material found in a sample of cells taken from the inside of your dog’s cheek. This sample is then compared to a database of known breeds and genetic markers associated with certain traits or health conditions.
The first step in obtaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type you want. Most companies offer several different types of tests that vary in cost and complexity. For instance, some tests just analyze your dog’s breed composition, while others can assess additional genetic markers associated with certain diseases or behaviors.
Then it’s time to collect your dog’s sample using the provided swab (拭子) kit or saliva-collection tube included with most kits. The swab should be gently rubbed inside your pet’s cheek according to the kit’s directions before being placed into the collection container provided by the company. After collecting the sample, it should be mailed back to the laboratory for processing according to instructions given by the company providing the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks for results to be processed and sent back via email or mail. Results will vary depending on which type of test was purchased, but they generally include detailed information about your pet’s breed composition as well as any potential health risks or behavioral traits associated with their genetics that could affect their overall well-being and quality of life.
If you’re looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley.
11. What is the text
A. A dog advertisement. B. A dog DNA experiment.
C. A dog DNA testing survey. D. A dog DNA test kit promotion.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s breed, health risks, and even behaviors. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”和最后一段“If you’re looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley. (如果你正在寻找一种简单的方法，在不花太多钱的情况下了解更多关于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA检测可能正是你的选择。)”可知，这篇文章主要是售卖狗DNA检测试剂盒，所以它是一场促销活动。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 细节理解题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷C篇)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their mssages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
题型02 语意猜测题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
【答案】A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
题型03 主旨大意题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
题型04 判断推理题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
名校模拟
A
(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
New York Broadway Show: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant your wish to see the Disney classic live on Broadway!
Provider: Tiqets International B. V.
Duration: 2h 30mins
Ticket Info:
A. $91.20 Admission to Aladdin
B. Smartphone tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Description
Roll out the magic carpet and get ready for a whole new world. The producer of The Lion King brings the timeless story of Aladdin to the New York stage in a musical spectacular for the whole family.
From the producer of The Lion King, this magical spectacle is packed with all your favorite songs from the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and more!
Come to the New Amsterdam Theatre and step into “A Whole New World”!
Instructions
Your tickets will be sent to you via email. Please show your ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance for the time and date of your show.
Seating starts 30 minutes prior to showtime, but there may be a wait to enter the theatre due to the security check. Please give your group plenty of time to get to the theatre and find their seats. Latecomers will be accommodated during the first appropriate break in the performance.
Reschedule and Cancellation Policy
Refunds are not possible for this ticket.
Rescheduling is not possible for this ticket.
1. Where is the text probably taken from
A. A Disney brochure. B. A travel blog. C. A ticketing website. D. A Broadway introduction.
2. What is the feature of the Broadway show Aladdin
A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam. B. It is adapted from The Lion King.
C. It is an animated classic from Disney. D. It is a magical musical with many songs.
3. If you arrive late, you will __________.
A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break. B. be turned away and the refund is impossible.
C. be rescheduled for the earliest available show. D. be admitted immediately after the security check.
B
(2023·山东潍坊·潍坊一中校考模拟预测) One man’s trash is another man’s treasure is absolutely the case in Turkey where garbage collectors started collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a library.
It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it snowballed from there. Ipek and other garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their families to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.
“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started to discuss the idea of creating a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”
All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today, the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and educational programs.
“Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.
This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the city’s workers and students from nearby schools. There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.
4. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Declined quickly. B. Grew slowly. C. Developed rapidly. D. Worsened steadily.
5. What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the library
A. Its great popularity. B. Its potential significance.
C. Its huge collection of books. D. Its wide variety of readers.
6. Why did the government hire a full-time employee
A. To raise people’s awareness of recycling. B. To classify and check the donated books.
C. To expand the social influence of the library. D. To meet the huge demand from rural teachers.
7. What can be inferred about the library from the last paragraph
A. It’s an excellent place to enjoy tea. B. It’s crowded with readers every day.
C. It needs to improve its management. D. It provides a very considerate service.
C
(2023·山东济南·山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University student Millie Salvato, being apart from her friend on the opposite coast has proved challenging. Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a comforting hug from afar. In a new study detailed in IEEE Transactions on Haptics, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey social messages sent electronically.
Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social messages in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to six different scenes: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness. After collecting 661 touch movements, Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. Next, they used a machine-learning algorithm (算法) to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response. Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electronically signaled. “The instant it received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reported.
Even with no training, the participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six scenes 45 percent of the time. For comparison, a previous study found participants could match scenes for touches from real human hands 55 percent of the time.
Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really surprising. But the study was small and needs to cover far larger groups of people to determine exactly which are the most desirable responses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjoy great popularity once launched on the market.
8. What were participants asked to do during the study
A. Pick up reliable responses. B. Model on electronic touches.
C. Respond to different situations. D. Mark out programmed movements.
9. What does the underlined word “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2
A. Alarm. B. Shake. C. Shine. D. Inform.
10. What does Gerling suggest according to the last paragraph
A. Covering more scenes. B. Launching on the market.
C. Conducting further research. D. Interviewing the participants.
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Electronic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual Touch
B. New Technology Improving Social Connections
C. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical Touches
D. Electronic Sleeves Responding to Different Situations
D
(2023·山东济宁·济宁一中统考三模) Thousands of years have passed since humans discovered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses for this remarkable material. Now researchers say it could help tackle a growing environmental and health concern: Micro-plastics.
Micro-plastics that are now found worldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air. For example, vitamins are often delivered in the form of micro capsules packed into a pill or capsule,and herbicides (除草剂) are similarly enveloped. But the materials used today for such micro-encapsulation are plastics that stay in the environment for a long time. To date, there has been no practical, economical alternative available that would biodegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-based biodegradable alternative to these capsules.
Silk is recognized as safe for food or medical use, as it degrades naturally in the body. The silk protein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved (溶解), lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says. Besides, the processing is so simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted to work on existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case,but given the current and future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is of great importance. Products using silk-based micro-capsules are expected to be commercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active components that could require a different manufacturing approach, such as those that must remain in liquid or gas forms.
12. What can be inferred from paragraph 2
A. Removing plastic pollution is a piece of cake.
B. Micro-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.
C. Micro-plastics have become a severe pollution threat.
D. Developing an alternative for micro-plastics is urgent.
13. What’s the major concern of researchers choosing silk as an alternative
A. It is economical. B. It is biodegradable. C. It is widely available. D. It is skin-friendly.
14. What’s the last paragraph mainly about concerning the silk-based material
A. Its promising future. B. Its marketing method.
C. Its existing limitations. D. Its making approach.
15. In which part of a magazine can the passage probably be found
A. Climate. B. Agriculture. C. Technology Advances. D. Health Guidelines.
参考答案与解析
A篇
1. C 2. D 3. A
【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文主要介绍了在纽约百老汇演出的剧目《阿拉丁》的票务信息。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“to see the Disney classic live on Broadway (在百老汇现场观看迪士尼经典电影)”、“Ticket Info(票务信息)”部分的“A. $91.20 Admission to Aladdin (91.20美元阿拉丁门票)、B. Smartphone tickets accepted (接受智能手机票)、C. Instant ticket delivery (即时送票)”以及“Reschedule and Cancellation Policy (重新安排和取消政策)”部分的“Refunds are not possible for this ticket. ( 这张票不能退款) 、Rescheduling is not possible for this ticket (此票无法重新安排)”可知，本文主要介绍了一部即将演出的剧目的订票信息，最有可能来自于订票网站上，故选C项。
2. 细节理解题。根据“Highlights & Description (亮点和描述)”部分的“in a musical spectacular for the whole family (为全家带来了一场壮观的音乐盛宴)”以及“this magical spectacle is packed with all your favorite songs, from the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and more (这个神奇的奇观充满了你最喜欢的迪士尼经典动画《阿拉丁》中的歌曲，等等)”可知，这部剧是一部有许多歌曲的神奇音乐剧，故选D项。
3. 细节理解题。根据“Instructions (说明书)”部分的“Latecomers will be accommodated during the first appropriate break in the performance. ( 迟到者将在演出的第一个适当休息时间得到安排)”可知，迟到者的就座安排要一直等到第一次合适的休息时间，故选A项。
B篇
4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了垃圾收集者收集丢弃书籍并建造了一家图书馆的故事。文章旨在引导学生关注环境问题，树立废物循环利用的环保意识。
4. 词句猜测题。根据画线单词所在句中的“It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books”可知，刚开始Durson Ipek只是发现了一袋被丢弃的书；再结合第二段第二句中的“as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth.”可知，图书馆收藏的书越来越多，并且口碑也越来越好。由此可以推断出，画线单词“snowballed”应指图书馆的快速发展。故选C。
5. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today, the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and educational programs. (所有找到的书都经过分类和检查。如果通过，就会被摆上货架。今天，图书馆有超过6000本书，从小说到非小说，有一个非常受欢迎的儿童读物区，甚至收藏了漫画书。整个部分专门用于科学研究，也有英语和法语的书籍。藏书越来越多，以至于图书馆把书借给学校和教育项目)”可知，第四段主要介绍了该图书馆收藏了大量的书籍。故选C。
6. 推理判断题。根据第五段““Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has to hire a full-time employee to manage the library. (塔斯德伦告诉CNN：“来自土耳其各地的乡村学校老师都在索要书籍。”政府必须雇用一名全职雇员来管理图书馆)”可推知，乡村学校的教师经常会前往图书馆借书，因此，政府不得不雇用一位全职员工来管理图书馆，以满足教师对书籍的需求。故选D。
7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room. (图书馆为读者设置了一个候诊室，为参观图书馆的人设置了棋盘。你甚至可以在等候室喝杯茶)”可推知，该图书馆为读者提供了非常周到的服务。故选D。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了斯坦福大学的学生Millie Salvato研究出了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人类的触摸并传达电子发送的社交信息。
8. 细节理解题。根据第二段“In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to six different scenes: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness. (在每次测试中，一个人在手臂上佩戴压力感应装置，另一个人触摸它，以应对六个不同的场景：寻求关注、感激、幸福、平静、爱和悲伤)”可知，研究中被试要求对不同的情境做出回应，故选C项。
9. 词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词的下文“The instant it received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning (它一收到信号，我就能感觉到触摸，并确定它的意图)”可推理出划线词的含义为“摇动；震动”，故选B项。
10. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really surprising. But the study was small and needs to cover far larger groups of people to determine exactly which are the most desirable responses. (哈佛大学触摸研究人员Gerling没有参与这项研究，他说这项发明真的很令人惊讶。但这项研究规模较小，需要覆盖更大的人群，以确定哪些是最理想的反应)”可推理出Gerling建议做更深入的研究，故选C项。
11. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey social messages sent electronically (她和她的同事展示了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人的触摸并通过电子方式传递社交信息)”、第二段““The instant it received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reported. (一位参与者报告说：“它一收到信号，我就能感觉到触摸，并识别出它的意图”)”以及最后一段“Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really surprising. (哈佛大学触摸研究人员Gerling没有参与这项研究，他说这项发明真的很令人惊讶)”可知本文主要讲的是电子套袖有助于感受虚拟触感，故选A项。
D篇
12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。人类发现丝绸已经过去了几千年了，但是科学家们仍然在寻找这种非凡材料的新用途。现在，研究人员说，它可以帮助解决日益增长的环境和健康问题：微塑料。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。
12. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Micro-plastics that are now found worldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air.... To date, there has been no practical, economical alternative available that would biodegrade naturally.(现在在世界各地发现的微型塑料越来越被认为是一种严重的污染威胁，并且已经在动物和人的血液中发现。其中一些微型塑料被有意添加到各种产品中，以通常保护一些特定的活性成分不因暴露于空气中而降解……到目前为止，还没有实际的、经济的、可以自然降解的替代品。)”可推知，开发微塑料的替代品迫在眉睫。故选D。
13. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The silk protein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved(溶解), lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says.(首席研究员Benedetto Marelli说，在这种新替代材料中使用的丝蛋白质可以广泛获得，而且价格低廉，丝纤维可以简单地溶解。)”可知，研究人员选择丝绸作为可替代品的主要关注点是，它是可生物降解的。故选B。
14. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case, but given the current and future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is of great importance.(用丝绸代替不可生物降解的微胶囊可能不是在每种情况下都有效，但是考虑到当前和未来与粮食不安全、农业生产和气候变化有关的挑战，丝质材料是非常重要的。)”可知，最后一段主要介绍了丝绸材料的光明前途，故选A。
15. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-based biodegradable alternative to these capsules.(麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。)”可推知，文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。这是一种新的技术，由此可推知，这篇文章可能在杂志的技术前沿部分找到，故选C。专题12 阅读理解之说明文
2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析
项目 年份 卷别 语篇类型 题型
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 细节理解 推理判断 主旨要义 词义猜测
2023 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 8 3 3 1
全国甲卷 A B C/D 9 5 1
全国乙卷 B A/C D 5 8 1 1
2022 新高考I卷 A C D B 10 3 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 7 5 1 2
全国甲卷 A C/D B 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 A C/D B 11 2 1 1
2021 新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 6 2 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 9 4 1 1
全国甲卷 A C B D 6 7 1 1
全国乙卷 A/B/C/D 4 8 2 1
2020 新高考I卷 A B/C D 7 5 1 2
全国I卷 A C/D B 4 8 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 A D B/C 8 2 3 2
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
最近五年高考题中，说明文考查很多，变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题、高科技领域的科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由易到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常放在C或D篇。阅读理解试题的考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握，而说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。
题型归纳
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
【典例1】(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
Animal appear to predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air — the first study to find reliable evidence of the phenomenon has shown.
Cameras revealed an “amazing” drop in the number of animals up to 23 days before a major quake hit their rainforest home at Yanachaga National Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, from Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results showed that just before the earthquake, animals’ activity dropped right down.”
On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake.
Another study showed that animal activity remained normal in the park over a different period when seismic (地震的) activity was low. Co-author, professor Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were located at an altitude of 900 meters. If air ionization occurred, the animals would escape to the valley below, where there were fewer positive ions (离子). With their ability to sense their environment, animals can help us understand small changes that occur before major earthquakes.”
Other evidence suggested that before the earthquake, the air around the high mountain sites filled with positive ions that can be produced when rocks are placed under stress. Positive ions have been known to cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. They are thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized. The findings may help experts develop better short-term seismic forecasts.
16. How did scientists conduct the study
A. By comparing different animals’ habits. B. By observing animals in high mountains.
C. By explaining the positive ion phenomenon. D. By analyzing images of animals they obtained.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这项研究的。故选D。
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean 或what is the meaning of the underlined word 为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
【典例2】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect of your personality, scientists have found.
So what is it that causes some people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the bride’s shown up and regularly annoy their friends And why is it so hard for us to fix it “There are all sorts of punishments for being late, but we are still late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justin Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.
One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take—something known as the planning fallacy. Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. A 2023 study found that out of 181subway operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness of what you’re doing. It’s also discovered there is a personality type that’s more likely to be late. While highly nervous, achievement-oriented Type A individuals arc more possible to be punctual, Type B individuals, however, who are calmer and more relaxed, have a higher chance to be late.
Admittedly, knowing all of this doesn’t necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take more accurately. As for your personality type, unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.
27. What does the underlined word “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3
A. A reasonable argument. B. A mistaken belief.
C. A modest expectation. D. A realistic idea.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中“One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take”（人们经常迟到的一个最常见的原因是——他们不能准确地判断一项任务需要多长时间）以及“Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人们平均低估了完成一项任务所需时间的40%。）由此可知，此处为这就是所谓的计划谬误。故可猜测划线单词fallacy为“谬论”的意思，结合选项B项A mistaken belief“错误的信念”意思一致。故选B项。
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …
【典例3】(2023上·广东汕头·高三金山中学校考阶段练习)
Whenever you read text, your brain processes the visual stimuli (刺激物) to create meaning and understand the content. Chances are, you don’t pay much attention to the way the information is presented- particularly the font (字体) choice. That’s because your main target is reading comprehension, not aesthetics.
Although typography (排印) is missed by most of us, it’s essential in making texts legible, readable and appealing for audiences. Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-to-read fonts such as Bodoni, Comic Sans, or Monotype Corsiva are better for memorizing information than fonts like Arial or Times New Roman, according to some studies.
“Difficulty can function as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challenging and will require mental effort,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University and one of a 2010 study authors, “Additionally, slowing down the reading speed to deal with the disfluency may increase the probability of spotting errors in a text.”
Font characteristics such as style, size and color play a role in information retention memory or recall as well, says Stephen Banham, a typography lecturer at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. Experiments have proved a U-shape relationship between font size and memory: Large-font items may predict higher recall regardless of style, but very small font sizes can also introduce a desirable difficulty.
A document’s specific method of formatting information also makes an impact. Using font styles like bold or italics to indicate significance can also improve memory. That’s because people are better able to remember information they consider important, says Oppenheimer. Researchers found that bolded text has a higher recall than text in italic or regular styles, regardless of the font size. However, if an entire document is bolded, the emphasis is lost, and readers can no longer spot vital passages.
26. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. What Fonts Make Reading Easy B. What Fonts Make Memory Lasting
C. Why Fonts Impact Retention and Recall D. How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory
【答案】D
【答案】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in.(除了视觉方面，研究表明，字体在我们阅读时的心理理解过程中起着重要作用。字体对你学习和记忆信息的影响可能很难有意识地注意到，但你的大脑肯定会注意到。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述的是字体选择在阅读理解、记忆和信息提取过程中的重要性以及产生的影响。D选项“How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory(字体如何影响学习和记忆)”概括全文，符合文章标题。故选D。
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...
2. The passage is intended to ...
3. The author suggests that ...
4. The story implies that…
5. Which point of view may the author agree to
6. From the passage we can conclude that...
7. The purpose of the passage is to...。
【典例4】(2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中)
With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s breed, health risks, and even behaviors.
DNA testing typically works by analyzing the genetic material found in a sample of cells taken from the inside of your dog’s cheek. This sample is then compared to a database of known breeds and genetic markers associated with certain traits or health conditions.
The first step in obtaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type you want. Most companies offer several different types of tests that vary in cost and complexity. For instance, some tests just analyze your dog’s breed composition, while others can assess additional genetic markers associated with certain diseases or behaviors.
Then it’s time to collect your dog’s sample using the provided swab (拭子) kit or saliva-collection tube included with most kits. The swab should be gently rubbed inside your pet’s cheek according to the kit’s directions before being placed into the collection container provided by the company. After collecting the sample, it should be mailed back to the laboratory for processing according to instructions given by the company providing the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks for results to be processed and sent back via email or mail. Results will vary depending on which type of test was purchased, but they generally include detailed information about your pet’s breed composition as well as any potential health risks or behavioral traits associated with their genetics that could affect their overall well-being and quality of life.
If you’re looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley.
11. What is the text
A. A dog advertisement. B. A dog DNA experiment.
C. A dog DNA testing survey. D. A dog DNA test kit promotion.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s breed, health risks, and even behaviors. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”和最后一段“If you’re looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley. (如果你正在寻找一种简单的方法，在不花太多钱的情况下了解更多关于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA检测可能正是你的选择。)”可知，这篇文章主要是售卖狗DNA检测试剂盒，所以它是一场促销活动。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 细节理解题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷C篇)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their mssages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
题型02 语意猜测题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
题型03 主旨大意题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
题型04 判断推理题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
名校模拟
A
(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
New York Broadway Show: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant your wish to see the Disney classic live on Broadway!
Provider: Tiqets International B. V.
Duration: 2h 30mins
Ticket Info:
A. $91.20 Admission to Aladdin
B. Smartphone tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Description
Roll out the magic carpet and get ready for a whole new world. The producer of The Lion King brings the timeless story of Aladdin to the New York stage in a musical spectacular for the whole family.
From the producer of The Lion King, this magical spectacle is packed with all your favorite songs from the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and more!
Come to the New Amsterdam Theatre and step into “A Whole New World”!
Instructions
Your tickets will be sent to you via email. Please show your ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance for the time and date of your show.
Seating starts 30 minutes prior to showtime, but there may be a wait to enter the theatre due to the security check. Please give your group plenty of time to get to the theatre and find their seats. Latecomers will be accommodated during the first appropriate break in the performance.
Reschedule and Cancellation Policy
Refunds are not possible for this ticket.
Rescheduling is not possible for this ticket.
1. Where is the text probably taken from
A. A Disney brochure. B. A travel blog. C. A ticketing website. D. A Broadway introduction.
2. What is the feature of the Broadway show Aladdin
A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam. B. It is adapted from The Lion King.
C. It is an animated classic from Disney. D. It is a magical musical with many songs.
3. If you arrive late, you will __________.
A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break. B. be turned away and the refund is impossible.
C. be rescheduled for the earliest available show. D. be admitted immediately after the security check.
B
(2023·山东潍坊·潍坊一中校考模拟预测) One man’s trash is another man’s treasure is absolutely the case in Turkey where garbage collectors started collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a library.
It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it snowballed from there. Ipek and other garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their families to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.
“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started to discuss the idea of creating a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”
All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today, the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and educational programs.
“Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.
This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the city’s workers and students from nearby schools. There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.
4. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Declined quickly. B. Grew slowly. C. Developed rapidly. D. Worsened steadily.
5. What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the library
A. Its great popularity. B. Its potential significance.
C. Its huge collection of books. D. Its wide variety of readers.
6. Why did the government hire a full-time employee
A. To raise people’s awareness of recycling. B. To classify and check the donated books.
C. To expand the social influence of the library. D. To meet the huge demand from rural teachers.
7. What can be inferred about the library from the last paragraph
A. It’s an excellent place to enjoy tea. B. It’s crowded with readers every day.
C. It needs to improve its management. D. It provides a very considerate service.
C
(2023·山东济南·山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University student Millie Salvato, being apart from her friend on the opposite coast has proved challenging. Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a comforting hug from afar. In a new study detailed in IEEE Transactions on Haptics, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey social messages sent electronically.
Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social messages in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to six different scenes: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness. After collecting 661 touch movements, Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. Next, they used a machine-learning algorithm (算法) to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response. Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electronically signaled. “The instant it received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reported.
Even with no training, the participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six scenes 45 percent of the time. For comparison, a previous study found participants could match scenes for touches from real human hands 55 percent of the time.
Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really surprising. But the study was small and needs to cover far larger groups of people to determine exactly which are the most desirable responses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjoy great popularity once launched on the market.
8. What were participants asked to do during the study
A. Pick up reliable responses. B. Model on electronic touches.
C. Respond to different situations. D. Mark out programmed movements.
9. What does the underlined word “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2
A. Alarm. B. Shake. C. Shine. D. Inform.
10. What does Gerling suggest according to the last paragraph
A. Covering more scenes. B. Launching on the market.
C. Conducting further research. D. Interviewing the participants.
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Electronic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual Touch
B. New Technology Improving Social Connections
C. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical Touches
D. Electronic Sleeves Responding to Different Situations
D
(2023·山东济宁·济宁一中统考三模) Thousands of years have passed since humans discovered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses for this remarkable material. Now researchers say it could help tackle a growing environmental and health concern: Micro-plastics.
Micro-plastics that are now found worldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air. For example, vitamins are often delivered in the form of micro capsules packed into a pill or capsule,and herbicides (除草剂) are similarly enveloped. But the materials used today for such micro-encapsulation are plastics that stay in the environment for a long time. To date, there has been no practical, economical alternative available that would biodegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-based biodegradable alternative to these capsules.
Silk is recognized as safe for food or medical use, as it degrades naturally in the body. The silk protein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved (溶解), lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says. Besides, the processing is so simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted to work on existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case,but given the current and future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is of great importance. Products using silk-based micro-capsules are expected to be commercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active components that could require a different manufacturing approach, such as those that must remain in liquid or gas forms.
12. What can be inferred from paragraph 2
A. Removing plastic pollution is a piece of cake.
B. Micro-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.
C. Micro-plastics have become a severe pollution threat.
D. Developing an alternative for micro-plastics is urgent.
13. What’s the major concern of researchers choosing silk as an alternative
A. It is economical. B. It is biodegradable. C. It is widely available. D. It is skin-friendly.
14. What’s the last paragraph mainly about concerning the silk-based material
A. Its promising future. B. Its marketing method.
C. Its existing limitations. D. Its making approach.
15. In which part of a magazine can the passage probably be found
A. Climate. B. Agriculture. C. Technology Advances. D. Health Guidelines.
