专题15 阅读理解之六选四
上海高考六选四是高考新题型，由原来的任务型阅读改革而来，分值8分，语法难度较任务型阅读有所降低，要求根据短文内容，从所给六个句子中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。但理解难度提高。一般来说，给出一篇缺少四个句子的短文和六个选项，进行六选四。每句出版篇章的某一段落，要求学生找出与每句相匹配的段落。这一种阅读新题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种方面，但同时也具备一些可以为学生所利用的新特点。考生需要从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试。分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉，是解答这一题型的关键。
短文长度一般为300词左右，题材为记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。设空类型：1.主旨句：标题类、主题句类；2.过渡性句子:文章结构；3.细节注释性句子：上下文逻辑意义。值得注意的是文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。
题型归纳
题型01 主旨句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。
【典例1】(2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测)
Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: “Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat” or “Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
67 “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. 68
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
69 “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect. 70 This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A. This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C. Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D. But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E. If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F. If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
【答案】67. F 68. C 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
67. 根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
68. 根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
题型02 承上启下句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例2】(2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习)
The Bitter Truth Behind Vanilla
Vanilla is one of the world’s most popular spices and an important ingredient in products ranging from chocolate to perfume. However, the wholesale price of vanilla has reached up to $600 per kilogram, when just a few years ago it fetched a tenth of that. What is happening
Madagascar supplies more than 80 percent of the world’s natural vanilla. In the 19th century, the French introduced Bourbon vanilla to their African island colony. Today, vanilla represents 20 percent of Madagascan exports, worth around $600 million at current prices. However, it is a difficult crop to grow. A vine takes three to four years to mature. 67 Nine months later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe to optimize their vanillin content (the compound that gives vanilla its flavor). Months of blanching (焯水), sweathing (焖煮) and gradual drying in the sun are then necessary to produce the aromatic (芳香的) spice. Six hundred hand-pollinated blossoms yield about six kilos of green beans, which convert to one kilo of dried beans.
The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government. 68 Madagascar’s government was eventually forced to end its price-fixing regime (体制). Food giants such as Unilever and Nestlé also increased their use of synthetic vanillin, which can be produced from reliable sources, adding to the pressure. For 30 years, Madagascar’s vanilla farmers earned just a pittance, and many ended up leaving the business. But even with fewer producers, the price of natural vanilla stayed low.
It was not until public tastes started shifting towards all things natural that farmers’ fortunes revived. From around 2011, some manufacturers began focusing once more on natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestlé announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s followed suit. 69 Extreme weather, weak crop-security, and exporters who hoard inventory (囤货) and speculate (做投机买卖) on further rises have also kept prices high.
70 To prevent theft of their now rather valuable crops, farmers have taken to harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the overall quality of the crop. That forces the government to make greater efforts to enforce penalties (处罚). If it manages this, Madagascar could yet savor the benefits of its near monopoly (垄断).
A. It’s expensive because it’s both labor-intensive and time-consuming to grow.
B. Demand has therefore surged, and with it prices - in part because natural supplies are insufficient.
C. If pollination (授粉) is successful, it will take another eight to nine months until the plant matures.
D. This rise has not been without its challenges.
E. The flowers open for just one day a year, so pollination is done completely by hand.
F. But such were the prices it demanded for vanilla that in the 1980s buyers turned their attention to the cheaper, poor-quality version available elsewhere, in particular Indonesia.
【答案】67. E 68. F 69. B 70. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，香草是世界上最受欢迎的香料之一，其批发价格高达每公斤600美元，然而就在几年前，它的价格只有这个价格的十分之一，文章讲述了其中的原因。
67. 根据上文“A vine takes three to four years to mature.(藤蔓需要三到四年才能成熟)”及下文“Nine months later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe to optimize their vanillin content (the compound that gives vanilla its flavor).(9个月后，青豆必须在完全成熟时手工采摘，以优化它们的香草素含量（香草的味道来自于这种化合物）”可知，此处是描述香草种植的艰难之处，E项“这种花一年只开放一天，所以授粉完全靠手工完成”符合语境。故选E。
68. 根据上文“The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government.(马达加斯加香草的价格曾经由政府确定)”可知，马达加斯加的香草的价格曾经由政府确定，下文“Madagascar’s government was eventually forced to end its price-fixing regime (体制).(马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度)”提到马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度，所以空处应是提及其他可以购买香草的地方，F项“但由于对香草的价格要求太高，20世纪80年代，买家将注意力转向了其他可以买到更便宜、质量较差的香草的地方，尤其是印度尼西亚”符合语境。故选F。
69. 根据上文“In 2015, Nestlé announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s followed suit.(2015年，Nestlé宣布计划在五年内只使用天然原料，Hershey’s也紧随其后)”可知，制造商再次关注香草，因此空处应是提及香草的需求量增大，B项“因此，需求激增，价格也随之飙升——部分原因是自然供应不足”符合语境，故选B。
70. 上文“Extreme weather, weak crop-security, and exporters who hoard inventory(囤货) and speculate(做投机买卖) on further rises have also kept prices high.(极端的天气，脆弱的农作物安全，以及囤积库存并投机价格进一步上涨的出口商也使得价格居高不下)”提到一系列原因使得香草价格居高不下，下文“To prevent theft of their now rather valuable crops, farmers have taken to harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the overall quality of the crop. That forces the government to make greater efforts to enforce penalties (处罚).(为了防止现在价值颇高的作物被盗，农民们开始提前收割咖啡豆，从而降低了作物的整体质量。这迫使政府在执行处罚方面付出更大努力)”描述了价格上涨导致的问题，D项“这种上涨并非没有挑战”承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
题型03 总结、概括句题
【题型诠释】
如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例3】(2023下·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考开学考试)
Within the last decade, music festivals have grown into a major moneymaker in a competitive industry that sees hundreds of such events each year in the U. S. There are the big ones with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping options and nearly endless lists of performers. 67
The origins of music festivals date back to ancient Greece, where such events often involved competitions in music, arts and sports. Modern music festival in the U. S. grew out of the establishment of Woodstock. Though it was not the first event of its kind, the 1969 event holds a mythical place within American pop-cultural history. 68 Coachella, one of the most popular festivals in the country, grossed $ 114. 6 million in 2017, setting a major record by earning more than $ 100 million.
The mechanics that drove music festivals to becoming top earners have a lot to do with the effects of modern life, says Chirinos, a professor of clinical music and global health at New York University. 69 He says, arguing that sharing a clip from a Billie Eilish or Cardi B performance with one’s Instagram followers is more satisfying than buying something expensive. A 2019 Deloitte survey of millennials — a group that makes up at 45% of the 32 million people who attend music festivals — finds that most value experiences: 57% of them said they prefer travel and seeing the world over owning a home.
70 As streaming becomes one of the most popular ways to listen to music, sales of tickets and products make up a large part of fans’ expenditures on music. Because listening to music has become practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much more special, according to Chirinos. “Audiences are keen to connect to the artist and,” he says.
On the other hand, for artists, appearing at music festivals is an easier way to make money than depending on record sales or long tours. As record sales saw a sharp decline in the early-to-mid-2000s thanks to the growth of digital music, artists began depending on touring to earn money.
A. Music itself has changed as well, making festivals a bigger attraction for listeners.
B. Streaming pop stars’ performance makes music even more popular.
C. And alongside their rise in popularity, hundreds of smaller festivals have flourished.
D. People are more likely now to spend money on experiences over material goods.
E. Festivals have since grown into mainstream businesses that reap profits and embrace corporate sponsorships.
F. The first musical festival was said to be held in Coachella.
【答案】67. C 68. E 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了音乐会的起源、发展历史以及变化。
67. 根据上文“Within the last decade, music festivals have grown into a major moneymaker in a competitive industry that sees hundreds of such events each year in the U. S. There are the big ones with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping options and nearly endless lists of performers.(在过去的十年里，音乐节在竞争激烈的行业中已经成长为一个主要的赚钱渠道，美国每年都有数百个这样的活动，其中有大型音乐节，票价很高，有多个舞台，有露营的选择，表演者的名单几乎无穷无尽)”可知，上文提到了音乐节有很多，说明越来越受欢迎，在蓬勃发展。故C选项“随着它们越来越受欢迎，数百个较小的节日也蓬勃发展”符合语境，故选C。
68. 根据上文“The origins of music festivals date back to ancient Greece, where such events often involved competitions in music, arts and sports. Modern music festival in the U. S. grew out of the establishment of Woodstock. Though it was not the first event of its kind, the 1969 event holds a mythical place within American pop-cultural history.(音乐节的起源可以追溯到古希腊，这些活动通常包括音乐、艺术和体育比赛。现代音乐节在美国是随着伍德斯托克音乐节的建立而发展起来的。虽然这不是第一次这样的活动，1969年的活动在美国流行文化史上有着神秘的地位)”以及后文“Coachella, one of the most popular festivals in the country, grossed $ 114. 6 million in 2017, setting a major record by earning more than $ 100 million.(科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一，总票房为114美元。2017年为600万美元，收入超过1亿美元，创下了一项重大记录)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐节的起源和发展，后文提到了科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一并创下收益记录，由此推知，说明本句是在说明这些音乐节发展以及获得大量收益的原因。故E选项“节日后来发展成为主流业务，获得利润并接受企业赞助”符合语境，故选E。
69. 根据上文“The mechanics that drove music festivals to becoming top earners have a lot to do with the effects of modern life, says Chirinos, a professor of clinical music and global health at New York University.(奇里诺斯是纽约大学临床音乐和全球健康教授，他说，推动音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响有很大关系)”以及后文“he says, arguing that sharing a clip from a Billie Eilish or Cardi B performance with one’s Instagram followers is more satisfying than buying something expensive. A 2019 Deloitte survey of millennials — a group that makes up at 45% of the 32 million people who attend music festivals — finds that most value experiences: 57% of them said they prefer travel and seeing the world over owning a home.(他认为，与Instagram上的粉丝分享Billie Eilish或Cardi B的表演片段比买昂贵的东西更令人满意。Deloitte在2019年对千禧一代的一项调查发现，大多数有价值的体验：57%的千禧一代表示，他们更喜欢旅行和看世界，而不是拥有房子。千禧一代在参加音乐节的3200万人中占45%)”可知，本句承接上文说明音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响之间的关系。故D选项“人们现在更有可能把钱花在体验上，而不是物质产品上”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据后文“As streaming becomes one of the most popular ways to listen to music, sales of tickets and products make up a large part of fans’ expenditures on music. Because listening to music has become practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much more special, according to Chirinos. “Audiences are keen to connect to the artist and,” he says.(随着流媒体成为最受欢迎的听音乐方式之一，门票和产品的销售在粉丝的音乐支出中占据了很大一部分。奇里诺斯说，因为听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的，使现场音乐变得更加特别。他说:“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系。”)”可知，上文提到“听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的”，即产生了变化，也提到了“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系”，说明音乐对听众具有吸引力。故A选项“音乐本身也发生了变化，音乐节对听众的吸引力更大了”符合语境，故选A。
题型04 归纳推理题
【题型诠释】
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。从行文逻辑上判断有：1.例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。2.转折关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however (然而)，nevertheless (然而，不过)，still (还，仍然)，though (可是，不过，然而)，yet (然而)，on the contrary (正相反)，in contrast (与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison (比较起来，与……比较)，by comparison (相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。3.因果关系：做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result (结果)，thus/therefore (因此)，so (such)...that (如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。4.递进关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also (也，而且)，further (进一步地，而且)，furthermore (而且，此外)，likewise (同样地，也)，similarly (相同地，类似地)，moreover (而且，此外)，in addition (另外，加之)，what’s more (更重要的是)，not only...but also (不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。5.并列关系：如果空格前后两句话之间有first (ly) (首先，第一)，second (ly) (第二)，third (ly) (第三)；first (第一)，next (其次)，then (那么，然后)；in the first place (第一，首先)，in the second place (第二，其次)；for one thing (首先，一则)，for another (其次)；to begin with (首先，第一)，to conclude (最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例4】(2023上·上海·高三上海市育才中学校考阶段练习)
A San Francisco Museum Tackles Art’s Instagram Dilemma
A woman held tightly her phone to her heart, the way a missionary might hold a Bible. She was anxious to take a picture of a stunning bouquet of flowers that sat not 10 ft away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others who were doing the same.
67 For the 34th year, florists were asked to create bouquets that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. A tower of baby’s breath imitates a waterfall in a nearby painting by Gustav Grunewald. Red flamingo flowers and neon blue sticks echo a surreal portrait of a woman by Salvador Dali.
It’s amazing and also extremely Instagrammable, to the point that it has become a problem. 68 Institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their sponsors.
So the de Young responded with a kind of agreement: carving out “photo free” hours during the exhibition’s six-day run.
One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them. A study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests there is truth to this. It found that people who took photos of an exhibit rather than simply observing it had a harder time remembering what they saw.
69 Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be “a selfie playland”. Yet a lot of other people do, and her take is that the de Young is in no position to claim that one motivation for buying a $28 ticket is more valid than another.
If we removed social media and photography, she says, “we should risk becoming irrelevant”. 70 On this visit to the museum, most people seemed to treat the photo craze as the new normal. Many politely waited their turn and got out of other people’s shots,even as visitors bumped into each other in crowded galleries.
A. If this is a battle, signs indicate that the pro-phone crowd has already won.
B. But rather than expressing frustration about this awkwardness, she said she felt guilty, as if she were the one challenging convention.
C. In recent years, the de Young received more than a thousand complaints from people who felt that cell phones had spoiled their experience of the exhibit.
D. The cause of this recent craze was Bouquets to Art, one of the most popular annual events at the de Young Museum in San Francisco.
E. The truth is people like selfies more than the exhibits way beyond researchers' imagination.
F. But the issue is complicated for the professionals running museums.
【答案】67. D 68. C 69. F 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于一项名为“花束与艺术”的活动，旧金山的德扬博物馆里拿着手机拍照的人络绎不绝，这造成了一些问题。文章从不同人的角度说明了他们对此的看法。
67. 根据上一段中“She was anxious to take a picture of a stunning bouquet of flowers that sat not 10 ft away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others who were doing the same. (她迫不及待地想要在不到10英尺远的地方拍下一束漂亮的鲜花，但首先她得穿过一群同样做着同样事情的人)”以及后文“For the 34th year, florists were asked to create bouquets that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. (这是第34年，花商被要求根据展出的艺术品创作花束，从古代雕刻到当代雕塑)”可知，本句承接上文解释了女子想要拍摄花束这一行为的原因，根据后文内容可知起因是一项与花有关的活动，故D选项“最近这股热潮的起因是‘从花束到艺术’，这是旧金山德杨博物馆最受欢迎的年度活动之一。”符合语境，故选D。
68. 根据上文“It’s amazing and also extremely Instagrammable, to the point that it has become a problem.( 这很神奇，也非常适合在instagram上分享，以至于这已经成为了一个问题)”以及后文“Institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their sponsors.(世界各地的艺术机构都面临着类似的问题，渴望去博物馆拍照成为了博物馆的巨大吸引力，同时也让一些赞助商感到不安)”可知，本段主要是在说明这一活动给博物馆或是艺术机构带来的问题，故C选项“近年来，德扬博物馆收到了上千条投诉，人们认为手机破坏了他们的展览体验”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文“Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be ‘a selfie playland’. (德扬博物馆的市场营销、沟通和游客体验主管琳达 巴特勒承认，并非所有人都希望博物馆成为‘自拍乐园’)”可知，后文提到了德扬博物馆的主管对此的看法，说明本段主要是从博物馆经营者的角度来说明对这一问题的看法。F选项中the professionals running museums对应后文中Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing。故F选项“但对于经营博物馆的专业人士来说，这个问题很复杂”符合语境，故选F。
70. 根据后文“On this visit to the museum, most people seemed to treat the photo craze as the new normal. Many politely waited their turn and got out of other people’s shots,even as visitors bumped into each other in crowded galleries.(在这次参观博物馆的过程中，大多数人似乎都将拍照热视为新常态。尽管游客们在拥挤的画廊里互相撞来撞去，但许多人还是礼貌地排队等候，避开了其他人的镜头)”可知，后文中提到的大多数人将拍照热视为新常态，且许多人还是能礼貌排队等候，说明人们还是支持手机拍照的。故A选项“如果这是一场战斗，有迹象表明，支持手机的那群人已经赢了”符合语境，故选A。
高考练场
题型01 主旨句题
(2021年6月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B. Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C. Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D. There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E. This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F. With such a steady stream of information, it’s understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around.
Food & Health Myths
Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 67
One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat, it’s not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 68 As far as fat goes, it’s the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you’re worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information.
69 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. it seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结).
70 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.
【答案】67. F 68. E 69. B 70. D
【解析】
67. F 根据文章第一句“Every day there is new information about food and health products.(每天都有关于食品和保健品的新信息)”以及后面提到的电视和报纸提供的信息，分析选项可知此处应选F(有了如此稳定的信息流，一些食物和健康的流行神话就可以理解了)。
68. E 根据前面的“Although they are indeed high in cholesterol and fat, it’s not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. (虽然鸡蛋的胆固醇和脂含量确实很高，但并不是说每天吃鸡蛋就会损害你的心脏。)”，分析选项可知接下来应该描述的是吃鸡蛋不会损害心脏的原因，故选E(这是因为身体可以通过减少胆固醇的产生来处理多余的胆固醇)。
69. B 根据后面的内容“Although it was once thought to have unique properties other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine.(尽管它一度被认为具有独特的特性，但其他类型的酒精也有相同的效果。最近进行的一项研究表明，喝红酒的人并不比喝啤酒或白葡萄酒等其他烈酒的人长寿。”可知这一段与喝红酒有关，且此句说的是喝红酒可能会有好处，这样才有后面的让步状语从句。分析选项可知此处应选B(除此之外，许多人认为喝红酒对心脏特别有好处)。
70. D 根据最后一句“Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.(特别关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们在电视上读到或看到的新信息。)”，分析选项可知此处应选 D(在我们的社会中，关于食物和健康还有许多其他常见的神话)。
题型02 承上启下句题
(2022年1月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.
Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries
When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. 67 Is this fair
This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work..
E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. 68 But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration.
69 Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet.
One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $ 2.11 and publishers receive $ 0.52 for each book in public library collections.
At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. 70
While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending.
【答案】67. A 68. B 69. F 70. C
【解析】
67. A 根据文章标题以及该空前提及的 When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes 和该空后提及的 Is this fair 可推知，此处是对两种图书代阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。结合相关选项推知，上文讲述了实体书的借阅收益来源情况，此处应该说明电子书借阅收益情况，故选 A。句意：然而，当图书馆借出电子书时，情况并非如此。
68. B 结合该空前提及的 E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes 可知，电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，再结合下段内容分析，这里对电子书之后发展收益情况有所担忧。因此结合相关选项分析，此处需要将现在情况与将来情况进行衔接，B 项表述的内容符合文意，故选 B。句意:现在这可能不是一个大问题，因为电子书在出版方面是次要的。
F 结合上段提及的关于电子书将来的发展猜想，以及该空之后提及的Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet可知，相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。结合相关选项分析，该空处与“提出相关建议”有关，故选F。句意:因此，作者和出版商一直在说服政府将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。
70. C 结合该空前提及的At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not lo sell these books to libraries和下段内容可知，此处在讲述有关于电子节出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。结合相关选项分析，与电子书收益相关只有 C项符合，故选 C。句意：此外，出版商认为读者支付更多的图书馆会带来更多的利润。
题型03 总结、概括句题
(2020年6月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. The higher the price of film ticket is, the more popular it is among youngsters. B. Imagine if you could instead pay less to see films that are not in high demand C. One of the first cinema chains to take up this initiative is Dendy. More will follow. D. Dynamic ticket pricing relies on the quality and trend of the film, varying from one to another. E. Dynamic ticket pricing gives the consumer the ability to purchase film tickets at a wider range of prices. F. Dynamic pricing benefits cinemas by optimizing the price mix for every screening of every film.
Coming soon to a cinema near you Ticket prices shaped by demand
Chances are that if you see just one film this year, you probably saw it already. The period between Christmas and Australia Day is typically the busiest and most competitive in our film calendar. But even when you arrive at a ticket counter at a quieter time of year you will usually pay the same price to see a film irrespective of its popularity, quality or budget size. 67
A new smart application means this will soon be a reality for some Australian consumers. Melbourne-based start up Choovie will launch a service offering demand-based ticket pricing to filmgoers at the end of March, with over 100 screens across metropolitan and regional venues in Victoria, NSW and ACT. 68
Choovie’s app will allow consumers to decide, within parameters set by the cinemas, what price they pay to see a film. For example, if you don’t want to pay more than $10 to see a particular title and are prepared to compromise on where and when you see it, the app will locate a suitable session for you.
The emergence of apps such as Choovie is likely to shake up the film industry by fundamentally changing our experience of going to the movies.
Dynamic (or demand) ticket pricing aims to change this.
So how does dynamic pricing work
69 This depends on a number of demand variables, such as movie life cycle, time of day, day of the week, film title, venue, size of screen, actual bookings and so on. The number of seats in each price category for every film is based on demand conditions at the time of purchase.
It works by using “pricing bots”, which adjust prices in real time according to rules set by the exhibitor and on the basis of information gathered about consumer preferences. Uber’s “surge pricing” is one example of dynamic pricing. Airline tickets are another.
The idea is that instead of offering customers a limited number of ticket categories, the cinema sells each seat based on the individual customer’s willingness to pay. Patrons can choose screenings by specifying things such as the amount they are prepared to spend (say, under $10), the location of the cinema (no more than 10 km from home), the time of day (any time after 2pm) and so on. Conversely, cinemagoers should also be prepared to pay higher prices for films that are close to selling out in popular sessions.
70 It gives them the flexibility to respond to unexpected fluctuations in demand and encouraging their patrons to pre-purchase seats. And it benefits customers by simplifying the process of finding cheaper cinema tickets and guaranteeing them a reserved seat.
【答案】 67. B 68. C 69. E 70. F
【解析】
67. B 第一段主要在讲淡旺季与电影票的关系，横线前的一句话: “But ever when you arrive at a ticket counter at a quieter time of year you will usually pay the same price to see a film irrespective of its popularity, quality or budget size. ”但你到了售票处，一年中电影院比较安静的时候，你通常会花同样的价钱去看一部电影，而不管它的受欢迎程度、质量或预算。标题中的“demand”需求，以及第一段提到的关键词“popularity, quality or budget size”，所以可知此处应该是在讨论 B.imagine if you could instead pay less to see films that are not in high demand “想象一下，如果你可以花更少的钱去看那些需求量不大的电影呢 ”。
68. C 本段主要在讲:总部位于墨尔本的初创公司 Choovie 将研发一个新的智能应用程序，可以为电影观众提供按需定价的门票，所以横线处应该是继续在讨论这个程序带来的影响，主语“A new smart application”对应C选项中的“initiative”创新的这一特点，故选C. One of the first cinema chains to take up this initiative is Dendy. More will follow. Dendy 电影院是最早采取这一举措的连锁院之一。更多的电影院将会跟随。
69. E 结合上下文可知，横线前面在讲述“So how does dynamic pricing work ”这个智能应用程序的动态定价是如何工作呢 横线后:This depends on a number of' demand variables, such as movie life cycle, time of day, day of the week, film title, venue, size of screen, actual bookings and so on. The number of seats in each price category for every film is based on demand conditions at the time of purchase.这取决于许多需求变量，比如电影生活圈儿、周期、时间、星期几、电影名称、地点、屏幕大小、实际预订量等等。在购买时，每部电影每种价格类别的座位数都是根据(消费者的)需求而定的。这里列举了很多影响消费者在购买电影价格的影响因素，所以，横线处应该填E: Dynamic ticket pricing gives the consumer the ability to purchase film tickets at a wider range of prices.动态票价使消费者能够在更广泛的价格范围内购票。
70. F 结合上下文可知，横线前在讲机器人程序根据实施定价规则调整价格的例子和调整定价的初衷，横线后在讲:It gives them the flexibility to respond to unexpected fluctuations in demand and encouraging their patrons to pr-purchase seats.它使他们能够灵活地应对，要求并鼓励他们的顾客预先购买座位......it 是指智能调整票价的程序，them可推断出来说的是电影院。所以横线处是在讲这个智能程序对电影院的好处，对应F里的Dynamic pricing benefits cinema，故选F；动态定价通过优化每场放映的价格组合使电影院受益每一部电影。
题型04 归纳推理题
(2021年1月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. So why do these movies fail B. The film, in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride. C. Game adaptations’ issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources. D. But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs. E. The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect. F. However, a common criticism was that it was “full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters”.
Too Big, Too Expensive and Too Silly - Why Video Game Movies Fail
Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These movies are plentiful. 67 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera, most video game movies are commercial and critical failures.
68 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in, the game’s legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay, whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and ores (兽), the central conflict in the game’s world. 69
Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot device: without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, the these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’”. In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say, shoot hell-monsters on Mars.
The game series became increasingly complex, as the player-controlled protagonist (主角) parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence.
70 The plot--an original story which retains the key elements of the games---was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that “it’s not clear why any of this is happening” and Roger summed it up as: Characters talking in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas.
【答案】67. E 68. A 69. F 70. B
【解析】
67. E 句意：吸引忠实影迷的潜力使这些电影具有诱人的前景。结合上提及的At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful可知，此处提到了电影的观众，而选项中与观众有关的是B和E项，但是B项特指某一部电影，又根据下文most video game movies are commercial and critical failures可知此处是对大多数这种类型的电影的相关评价，故选 E。
68. A 句意：那么为什么这些电影会失败呢 结合下文中的 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities可推知此处需要填入一个问句，故此处填入A项最为合适。
69. F 句意：然而，一个常见的批评是，它“充满了枯燥的论述，大多是味的人物”。结合该段内容可知，此处主要讲述的是视频游戏电影失败的原因。根据 For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and ores (兽), the central conflict in the game’s world 可知，此处以《魔兽争霸》举例，应该是说这部电影的不足之处，故F项比较合适。
70. B 句意：相比之下，这部电影没能吸引观众。结合下文中提到的 The plot-an original story which retains the key elements of the games--was criticized as“scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disorienting”可知，此处收获的都是不好的评价，即这部电影失败了，故此处应该填入B项。
名校模拟
(1)
(2023上·上海·高三复旦附中校考期中)
Could a New Battery Solve Our Energy Problem
Researchers in the US have made headlines worldwide by developing a new type of battery that charges far faster and holds way more charge than today’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s not just a terrific technology story, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prof John Goodenough of the University of Texas, Austin—the co-inventor of the original lithium-ion battery, and still doing brilliant work at the age of 94.
1 That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.
This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine. 2
Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. 3 For example, one wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year of opening.
But now Goodenough and his team may have found the answer, by switching from lithium to sodium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Goodenough’s reputation contain a liquid electrolyte (电解质) which doesn’t respond well to rapid charging. One of Goodenough’s colleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching to solid electrolytes. The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common. 4 The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.
Advances in energy storage are vital if renewable are going to reach their potential. The boundless energy of Goodenough—the Li-ion King himself—may just have found the solution just in time.
A. Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.
B. No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.
C. The result is transformational.
D. Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.
E. While computing power famously doubles every two years, battery performance has barely doubled in 20.
F. Commercialisation may take a decade, though it could happen faster.
(2)
(2023上·上海·高三上海交大附中校考期中)
Nobel economics prize goes to professor for research on the workplace gender gap
The Nobel economics prize was awarded Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender gap in the labor market. 1 Goldin is just the third woman to win the prize out of 93 economics laureates.
Claudia Goldin has studied 200 years of women’s participation in the workplace, showing that despite continued economic growth, women’s pay did not continuously catch up to men’s and a divide still exists despite women gaining higher levels of education than men.
“ 2 But when I look at the numbers, I think something has happened in America, that we, in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world,” Goldin told The Associated Press. “We have to step back and ask questions about piecing together the family, the home, together with the marketplace and employment,” she said.
Goldin’s research does not offer solutions, but it allows policymakers to tackle the entrenched problem, said economist Randi Hjalmarsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “ 3 And therefore, there is no single policy,” Hjalmarsson said. “It’s a complicated policy question because if you don’t know the underlying reason, a certain policy won’t work.” However, “by finally understanding the problem and calling it by the right name, we will be able to pave a better route forward,” Hjalmarsson said.
Goldin said that what happens in people’s homes reflects what happens in the workplace, with women often taking jobs that allow them to be on call at home work that often pays less. “Ways in which we can even things out or to create more couple equity also leads to more gender equality,” she said.
Goldin had to become a data “detective” as she sought to fill in missing data for her research. 4 “So how did Claudia Goldin overcome this missing data challenge She had to be a detective to dig through the archives to find novel data sources and creative ways to use them to measure these unknowns,” Hjalmarsson added.
A. She explains the source of the gap, and how it’s changed over time and how it varies with the stage of development.
B. The Nobel committee credits Goldin with finding missing data to better explain continuing differences between both the pay and work involvement, or participation, of men and women.
C. I’ve always been an optimist.
D. I looked at women whose jobs went uncounted, such as those who worked on farms alongside their husbands or made clothing at home.
E. The announcement went a tiny step to closing the Nobel committee’s own gender gap.
F. For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing.
(3)
(2023上·上海·高三上海中学校考期中)
E-sports: the world’s biggest performance you’ve never heard of
Whoever said you’re wasting your life away playing video games obviously had no idea how big e-sports were going to get.
E-sports has become huge business over the past five years, with professional video gaming tournaments offering more prize money than some of sport’s biggest events. 1 The League of Legends championship last year was watched by more than 27 million people when broadcast on ESPN, eclipsing the audiences for last year’s baseball World Series (23.5 million viewers) and NBA Finals (18 million). With big popularity and big money involved these days, more and more people across the world are considering professional gaming as a genuine career.
While some gamers have been making a living off their skills since the late 1990s, it wasn’t until 2010’s Star-craft II that things really changed. One of the first games built with e-sports squarely as its focus, Star-craft Ii became a true spectator sport. 2 “We knew we were building an e-sport and the competitive nature combined with streaming coming into its own really helped catch viewership in Europe and North America.” the game’s executive producer Chris Sigaty told an Australian news agency.
3 In Australia, the biggest challenge is basic facilities. Countries like South Korea and the USA have high-speed broadband that allows competitors to play and practice without the limitations of Australia’s relatively slow connection speeds. As more money is brought into the sport, it’s hoped traditional media companies and sponsors will invest money to help bring world class facilities to Australia’s shores.
But even if that does happen - will e-sports be able to truly claim it is a “sport”
Fans argue that e-sports have all the excitement, skill and competition of a basketball game. On top of that, e-sports have teams, star players, sponsors and millions of dedicated fans across the world. 4 But e-sports cannot escape the argument that it lacks the athletic aspects of other professional sports.
A. Mr Sigaty was also the first to admit there was lots of work to be done to ensure the sport continued to grow.
B. The popularity of e-sports is surprising.
C. Organized competitive gaming has become a billion-dollar industry.
D. Even the US government grants professional athlete visas to top e-sports players.
E. E-sports doesn’t fit neatly into any of the existing definitions of a sport.
F. With the launch of video streaming services, e-sports became the mainstream.
(4)
(2023上·上海·高三同济大学第一附属中学校考阶段练习)
Fear is good; in emergencies, it enables us to fight or flee. But often we get scared at the wrong time - when we step onto the field for a big soccer game or up to the microphone at a large town meeting. Professional athletes and actors say some nervousness help them concentrate better. But, when performance anxiety is too powerful, it undermines our efforts; a violinist cannot find the correct notes, a manager in a meeting forgets all the talking points. 1
The human anxiety reaction begins almost automatically and includes clear physiological symptoms; a racing heart, sweating, stomach pains. Some people have trouble breathing or feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw into themselves or shock others around them with aggressive outbursts. If the need to perform is a regular requirement, they may suffer from nightmares or fall into depression. 2 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able to apply logical intelligence on standard tests than calmer colleagues
3 Yet psychologist Douglas H. Powell of Harvard Medical School is convinced that severe stage fright is a phenomenon unto itself, given that it appears in only certain well-defined situations. Sociophobes (社恐的人) , in contrast, suffer merely when others are present. Whereas people with social phobias fear the negative feelings of others, those with performance anxiety are their own harshest critics. They are perfectionists and would rather cancel an appearance — or avoid it —than not meet their own standards and, by extension, not be able to demonstrate how good they are.
This destructive style of thinking often arises from a lack of self-esteem. 4 Previous bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a school play or a single failed test can sometimes arouse such strong feelings of shame in youngsters that as adults they will avoid any remotely similar undertaking.
A. Some therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptoms of fear.
B. Survival may not hang in the balance, but social, professional or financial success can seem to be in grave danger.
C. All these symptoms eat away at the very resources needed to rise to the occasion: steady hands, clear memory and a cool head.
D. The individual begins by imagining failure, works himself or herself into a state and then criticizes his or her own abilities.
E. At Harvard, Powell found that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises from completely controllable preconditions.
F. Because performance anxiety arises when other people are present, many psychologists believe that the condition is a sub-category of social anxiety.
(5)
(2023上·上海·高三上海市行知中学校考期中)
Too Big, Too Expensive and Too Silly — Why Video Game Movies Fail
Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These movies are plentiful. 1 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera, most video game movies are commercial and critical failures.
2 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in, the game’s legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will Criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay, whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and orcs (兽), the central conflict in the game’s world. 3
Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot devices without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’”. In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say, shoot hell-monsters on Mars.
The game series became increasingly complex , as the player-controlled protagonist (主角) parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence.
4 The plot — an original story which retains the key elements of the games —was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that. It’s not clear why any of this is happening and summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas.
A. So why do these movies fail
B. The film, in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride.
C. Game adaptations issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources.
D. But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs.
E. The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect.
F. However, a common criticism was that it was full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters.
参考答案与解析
(1)篇
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了新型电池能否解决能源问题。
1. 后文提到“That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.”（因此，在使用21世纪的电子产品时，我们不得不时刻关注着电池情况，担心设备没电前是否能找到充电器。）电池技术相对来讲并没有完全成熟，因此人们在使用的时候仍然担心会有断电的可能性。D项“Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.”（然而，并不是所有人都相信目前的电池技术能够胜任这项工作。）该项提到了人们对于电池技术仍然持保留态度，符合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选D。
2. 前文提到“This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine.”（这种令人沮丧的状况不仅仅是不方便。如果我们要最大限度地利用可再生能源，我们需要应对风力减弱或没有阳光的时候。）再生资源也可作为电池储能的介质，但如果没有风或者阳光也会让电池储能等变得困难，由此可知，风能和太阳能对于电池而言也是十分重要的资源。B项“No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.”（没有人会怀疑风能和太阳能成为全球能源战略中必要组成部分的重要性。）该项提到了风能和太阳能的重要性，总结了前文内容，该项符合文意。故选B。
3. 前文提到“Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. ”（电动汽车公司特斯拉(Tesla)的亿万富翁老板埃隆 马斯克(Elon Musk)当然也这么认为。他已经在加州建立了一个20兆瓦的电池“农场”，并愿意把钱花在电池上。），由此判断，特斯拉老板甚至建立了一个“电池农场”来进行电力的储存。A项“Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.”（储存能量的电池是一个很明显的解决方案。）该项提到将电池的储能作为解决电池电量的办法。该项符合文意。故选A。
4. 前文提到“The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common.”（该团队现在已经成功地获得了一种固体玻璃电解质，可以与钠一起反应，钠与锂类似，但更常见。）前文提到了在电解质方面的改进，以及后文提到“The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.”（这种电池的电量是锂电池的三倍，充电只需几分钟而不是几小时，而且寿命更长。）后文提到了这种电池电量与之前电池的对比，说明这种改进是巨大的。C项“The result is transformational.”（结果是革命性的。）该项符合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选C。
(2)篇
5. E 6. C 7. A 8. F
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了周一，诺贝尔经济学奖被授予哈佛大学教授克劳迪娅·戈尔丁(Claudia Goldin)，以表彰她在促进对劳动力市场性别差距的理解方面所做的研究。
5. 根据上文“The Nobel economics prize was awarded Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender gap in the labor market.”（周一，诺贝尔经济学奖被授予哈佛大学教授克劳迪娅·戈尔丁(Claudia Goldin)，以表彰她在促进对劳动力市场性别差距的理解方面所做的研究。）可知，讲的是诺贝尔经济学奖的授予者克劳迪娅·戈尔丁，以表彰她所做出的的贡献。结合选项E项“The announcement went a tiny step to closing the Nobel committee’s own gender gap.（这一宣布为缩小诺贝尔委员会自身的性别差距迈出了一小步。）”可知，承接上文内容，为上文内容的语意递进，该句中的The announcement指的就是上文中提到的表彰事情。故选E项。
6. 根据下文“But when I look at the numbers, I think something has happened in America, that we, in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world”（但当我看到这些数字时，我认为美国发生了一些事情，我们，在20世纪90年代，我们的女性劳动力参与率是世界上最高的，现在它不是世界上最高的。）可知，由but引起转折，说明现在女性劳动力参与不是很理想的状况，由此可推知，空格处内容为相反的意思，为正面积极的看法。结合选项C项“I’ve always been an optimist.（我一直是个乐观主义者。）”符合此推断，上下文紧密连接，符合语境。故选C项。
7. 根据上文“Goldin’s research does not offer solutions, but it allows policymakers to tackle the entrenched problem, said economist Randi Hjalmarsson, a member of the Nobel committee.”（诺贝尔委员会成员、经济学家兰迪·哈马松(Randi Hjalmarsson)说，戈尔丁的研究并没有提供解决方案，但它使政策制定者能够解决这个根深蒂固的问题。）可知，讲的是戈尔丁的研究没有提供解决方案，但是作出了一些积极的影响。结合选项A项“She explains the source of the gap, and how it’s changed over time and how it varies with the stage of development.（她解释了差距的来源，以及它是如何随着时间的推移而变化的，以及它是如何随着发展阶段而变化的。）”可知，为具体说明做出影响的内容，上下文紧密连接，为上文的语意递进。故选A项。
8. 根据上文“Goldin had to become a data “detective” as she sought to fill in missing data for her research.”（戈尔丁不得不成为一名数据“侦探”，因为她试图为她的研究填补缺失的数据。）以及下文“So how did Claudia Goldin overcome this missing data challenge ”（那么Claudia Goldin是如何克服数据缺失的挑战的呢？）可知，上下文都讲的是关于数据缺失的内容。结合选项F项“For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing.（在历史上的某些时期，系统的劳动力市场记录并不存在，即使存在，关于女性的信息也缺失了。）”可知，和上下文内容意思一致，都是讲的关于数据缺失的内容，起到上下文的承上启下作用，上下文语意连贯。故选F项。
(3)篇
9. B 10. F 11. A 12. D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍电子竞技比赛。
9. 根据下文“The League of Legends championship last year was watched by more than 27 million people when broadcast on ESPN, eclipsing the audiences for last year’s baseball World Series (23.5 million viewers) and NBA Finals (18 million). With big popularity and big money involved these days, more and more people across the world are considering professional gaming as a genuine career. (去年的英雄联盟锦标赛在ESPN播出时有2700多万人观看，超过了去年棒球世界大赛（2350万观众）和NBA总决赛（1800万观众）的观众人数。如今，随着知名度和巨额资金的投入，世界各地越来越多的人将职业游戏视为一种真正的职业。)”可知，电子竞技是非常受欢迎的比赛项目。选项B“电子竞技的受欢迎程度令人惊讶。”和下文意思一致。故选B。
10. 根据下文““We knew we were building an e-sport and the competitive nature combined with streaming coming into its own really helped catch viewership in Europe and North America.” the game’s executive producer Chris Sigaty told an Australian news agency. (该游戏的执行制片人Chris Sigaty告诉澳大利亚一家新闻机构：“我们知道我们正在建设一个电子竞技，竞争的性质加上流媒体的发展，确实有助于吸引欧洲和北美的观众。”)”可知，电子竞技和流媒体的共同发展。选项F“随着视频流媒体服务的推出，电子竞技成为主流。”和下文意思一致。故选F。
11. 根据下文“In Australia, the biggest challenge is basic facilities. Countries like South Korea and the USA have high-speed broadband that allows competitors to play and practice without the limitations of Australia’s relatively slow connection speeds. As more money is brought into the sport, it’s hoped traditional media companies and sponsors will invest money to help bring world class facilities to Australia’s shores. (在澳大利亚，最大的挑战是基础设施。韩国和美国等国家拥有高速宽带，竞争对手可以在不受澳大利亚相对较慢的连接速度限制的情况下进行比赛和练习。随着更多的资金被引入这项运动，人们希望传统媒体公司和赞助商能够投资，帮助将世界级的设施带到澳大利亚海岸。)”可知，这一段主要介绍电子竞技被列为了运动项目。选项A“Sigaty先生也是第一个承认要确保这项运动继续发展，还有很多工作要做的人。”和下文意思一致。故选A。
12. 根据上文“Fans argue that e-sports have all the excitement, skill and competition of a basketball game. On top of that, e-sports have teams, star players, sponsors and millions of dedicated fans across the world. (球迷们认为，电子竞技具有篮球比赛的所有刺激性、技巧和竞争性。除此之外，电子竞技在世界各地拥有团队、明星选手、赞助商和数百万忠实粉丝。)”可知，这一段介绍电子竞技的特征和受欢迎情况。选项D“甚至美国政府也向顶级电子竞技选手发放职业运动员签证。”和上文意思一致。故选D。
(4)篇
13. B 14. C 15. F 16. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是在公共场所的恐惧和焦虑所带来的不好的影响。
13. 空前“But, when performance anxiety is too powerful, it undermines our efforts; a violinist cannot find the correct notes, a manager in a meeting forgets all the talking points.(但是，当表现焦虑过于强烈时，它会破坏我们的努力；小提琴手找不到正确的音符，经理在会议上忘记了所有的谈话要点。)”说明过于焦虑并不好，空格处应该继续说过于焦虑的坏处，B选项“Survival may hot hang in the balance, but social, professional or financial success can seem to be in grave danger.(生死未定，但社会、职业或经济上的成功似乎都处于严重危险之中。)”说明的是过于焦虑所带来的不好的影响，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选B。
14. 空前“The human anxiety reaction begins almost automatically and includes clear 专题15 阅读理解之六选四
上海高考六选四是高考新题型，由原来的任务型阅读改革而来，分值8分，语法难度较任务型阅读有所降低，要求根据短文内容，从所给六个句子中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。但理解难度提高。一般来说，给出一篇缺少四个句子的短文和六个选项，进行六选四。每句出版篇章的某一段落，要求学生找出与每句相匹配的段落。这一种阅读新题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种方面，但同时也具备一些可以为学生所利用的新特点。考生需要从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试。分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉，是解答这一题型的关键。
短文长度一般为300词左右，题材为记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。设空类型：1.主旨句：标题类、主题句类；2.过渡性句子:文章结构；3.细节注释性句子：上下文逻辑意义。值得注意的是文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。
题型归纳
题型01 主旨句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。
【典例1】(2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测)
Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: “Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat” or “Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
67 “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. 68
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
69 “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect. 70 This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A. This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C. Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D. But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E. If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F. If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
【答案】67. F 68. C 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
67. 根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
68. 根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
题型02 承上启下句题
【题型诠释】
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例2】(2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习)
The Bitter Truth Behind Vanilla
Vanilla is one of the world’s most popular spices and an important ingredient in products ranging from chocolate to perfume. However, the wholesale price of vanilla has reached up to $600 per kilogram, when just a few years ago it fetched a tenth of that. What is happening
Madagascar supplies more than 80 percent of the world’s natural vanilla. In the 19th century, the French introduced Bourbon vanilla to their African island colony. Today, vanilla represents 20 percent of Madagascan exports, worth around $600 million at current prices. However, it is a difficult crop to grow. A vine takes three to four years to mature. 67 Nine months later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe to optimize their vanillin content (the compound that gives vanilla its flavor). Months of blanching (焯水), sweathing (焖煮) and gradual drying in the sun are then necessary to produce the aromatic (芳香的) spice. Six hundred hand-pollinated blossoms yield about six kilos of green beans, which convert to one kilo of dried beans.
The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government. 68 Madagascar’s government was eventually forced to end its price-fixing regime (体制). Food giants such as Unilever and Nestlé also increased their use of synthetic vanillin, which can be produced from reliable sources, adding to the pressure. For 30 years, Madagascar’s vanilla farmers earned just a pittance, and many ended up leaving the business. But even with fewer producers, the price of natural vanilla stayed low.
It was not until public tastes started shifting towards all things natural that farmers’ fortunes revived. From around 2011, some manufacturers began focusing once more on natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestlé announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s followed suit. 69 Extreme weather, weak crop-security, and exporters who hoard inventory (囤货) and speculate (做投机买卖) on further rises have also kept prices high.
70 To prevent theft of their now rather valuable crops, farmers have taken to harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the overall quality of the crop. That forces the government to make greater efforts to enforce penalties (处罚). If it manages this, Madagascar could yet savor the benefits of its near monopoly (垄断).
A. It’s expensive because it’s both labor-intensive and time-consuming to grow.
B. Demand has therefore surged, and with it prices - in part because natural supplies are insufficient.
C. If pollination (授粉) is successful, it will take another eight to nine months until the plant matures.
D. This rise has not been without its challenges.
E. The flowers open for just one day a year, so pollination is done completely by hand.
F. But such were the prices it demanded for vanilla that in the 1980s buyers turned their attention to the cheaper, poor-quality version available elsewhere, in particular Indonesia.
【答案】67. E 68. F 69. B 70. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，香草是世界上最受欢迎的香料之一，其批发价格高达每公斤600美元，然而就在几年前，它的价格只有这个价格的十分之一，文章讲述了其中的原因。
67. 根据上文“A vine takes three to four years to mature.(藤蔓需要三到四年才能成熟)”及下文“Nine months later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe to optimize their vanillin content (the compound that gives vanilla its flavor).(9个月后，青豆必须在完全成熟时手工采摘，以优化它们的香草素含量（香草的味道来自于这种化合物）”可知，此处是描述香草种植的艰难之处，E项“这种花一年只开放一天，所以授粉完全靠手工完成”符合语境。故选E。
68. 根据上文“The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government.(马达加斯加香草的价格曾经由政府确定)”可知，马达加斯加的香草的价格曾经由政府确定，下文“Madagascar’s government was eventually forced to end its price-fixing regime (体制).(马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度)”提到马达加斯加政府最终被迫结束了价格操纵制度，所以空处应是提及其他可以购买香草的地方，F项“但由于对香草的价格要求太高，20世纪80年代，买家将注意力转向了其他可以买到更便宜、质量较差的香草的地方，尤其是印度尼西亚”符合语境。故选F。
69. 根据上文“In 2015, Nestlé announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s followed suit.(2015年，Nestlé宣布计划在五年内只使用天然原料，Hershey’s也紧随其后)”可知，制造商再次关注香草，因此空处应是提及香草的需求量增大，B项“因此，需求激增，价格也随之飙升——部分原因是自然供应不足”符合语境，故选B。
70. 上文“Extreme weather, weak crop-security, and exporters who hoard inventory(囤货) and speculate(做投机买卖) on further rises have also kept prices high.(极端的天气，脆弱的农作物安全，以及囤积库存并投机价格进一步上涨的出口商也使得价格居高不下)”提到一系列原因使得香草价格居高不下，下文“To prevent theft of their now rather valuable crops, farmers have taken to harvesting the beans early, thereby reducing the overall quality of the crop. That forces the government to make greater efforts to enforce penalties (处罚).(为了防止现在价值颇高的作物被盗，农民们开始提前收割咖啡豆，从而降低了作物的整体质量。这迫使政府在执行处罚方面付出更大努力)”描述了价格上涨导致的问题，D项“这种上涨并非没有挑战”承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
题型03 总结、概括句题
【题型诠释】
如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例3】(2023下·上海·高三上海市建平中学校考开学考试)
Within the last decade, music festivals have grown into a major moneymaker in a competitive industry that sees hundreds of such events each year in the U. S. There are the big ones with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping options and nearly endless lists of performers. 67
The origins of music festivals date back to ancient Greece, where such events often involved competitions in music, arts and sports. Modern music festival in the U. S. grew out of the establishment of Woodstock. Though it was not the first event of its kind, the 1969 event holds a mythical place within American pop-cultural history. 68 Coachella, one of the most popular festivals in the country, grossed $ 114. 6 million in 2017, setting a major record by earning more than $ 100 million.
The mechanics that drove music festivals to becoming top earners have a lot to do with the effects of modern life, says Chirinos, a professor of clinical music and global health at New York University. 69 He says, arguing that sharing a clip from a Billie Eilish or Cardi B performance with one’s Instagram followers is more satisfying than buying something expensive. A 2019 Deloitte survey of millennials — a group that makes up at 45% of the 32 million people who attend music festivals — finds that most value experiences: 57% of them said they prefer travel and seeing the world over owning a home.
70 As streaming becomes one of the most popular ways to listen to music, sales of tickets and products make up a large part of fans’ expenditures on music. Because listening to music has become practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much more special, according to Chirinos. “Audiences are keen to connect to the artist and,” he says.
On the other hand, for artists, appearing at music festivals is an easier way to make money than depending on record sales or long tours. As record sales saw a sharp decline in the early-to-mid-2000s thanks to the growth of digital music, artists began depending on touring to earn money.
A. Music itself has changed as well, making festivals a bigger attraction for listeners.
B. Streaming pop stars’ performance makes music even more popular.
C. And alongside their rise in popularity, hundreds of smaller festivals have flourished.
D. People are more likely now to spend money on experiences over material goods.
E. Festivals have since grown into mainstream businesses that reap profits and embrace corporate sponsorships.
F. The first musical festival was said to be held in Coachella.
【答案】67. C 68. E 69. D 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了音乐会的起源、发展历史以及变化。
67. 根据上文“Within the last decade, music festivals have grown into a major moneymaker in a competitive industry that sees hundreds of such events each year in the U. S. There are the big ones with big ticket prices, multiple stages, camping options and nearly endless lists of performers.(在过去的十年里，音乐节在竞争激烈的行业中已经成长为一个主要的赚钱渠道，美国每年都有数百个这样的活动，其中有大型音乐节，票价很高，有多个舞台，有露营的选择，表演者的名单几乎无穷无尽)”可知，上文提到了音乐节有很多，说明越来越受欢迎，在蓬勃发展。故C选项“随着它们越来越受欢迎，数百个较小的节日也蓬勃发展”符合语境，故选C。
68. 根据上文“The origins of music festivals date back to ancient Greece, where such events often involved competitions in music, arts and sports. Modern music festival in the U. S. grew out of the establishment of Woodstock. Though it was not the first event of its kind, the 1969 event holds a mythical place within American pop-cultural history.(音乐节的起源可以追溯到古希腊，这些活动通常包括音乐、艺术和体育比赛。现代音乐节在美国是随着伍德斯托克音乐节的建立而发展起来的。虽然这不是第一次这样的活动，1969年的活动在美国流行文化史上有着神秘的地位)”以及后文“Coachella, one of the most popular festivals in the country, grossed $ 114. 6 million in 2017, setting a major record by earning more than $ 100 million.(科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一，总票房为114美元。2017年为600万美元，收入超过1亿美元，创下了一项重大记录)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐节的起源和发展，后文提到了科切拉音乐节是该国最受欢迎的节日之一并创下收益记录，由此推知，说明本句是在说明这些音乐节发展以及获得大量收益的原因。故E选项“节日后来发展成为主流业务，获得利润并接受企业赞助”符合语境，故选E。
69. 根据上文“The mechanics that drove music festivals to becoming top earners have a lot to do with the effects of modern life, says Chirinos, a professor of clinical music and global health at New York University.(奇里诺斯是纽约大学临床音乐和全球健康教授，他说，推动音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响有很大关系)”以及后文“he says, arguing that sharing a clip from a Billie Eilish or Cardi B performance with one’s Instagram followers is more satisfying than buying something expensive. A 2019 Deloitte survey of millennials — a group that makes up at 45% of the 32 million people who attend music festivals — finds that most value experiences: 57% of them said they prefer travel and seeing the world over owning a home.(他认为，与Instagram上的粉丝分享Billie Eilish或Cardi B的表演片段比买昂贵的东西更令人满意。Deloitte在2019年对千禧一代的一项调查发现，大多数有价值的体验：57%的千禧一代表示，他们更喜欢旅行和看世界，而不是拥有房子。千禧一代在参加音乐节的3200万人中占45%)”可知，本句承接上文说明音乐节成为高收入人群的机制与现代生活的影响之间的关系。故D选项“人们现在更有可能把钱花在体验上，而不是物质产品上”符合语境，故选D。
70. 根据后文“As streaming becomes one of the most popular ways to listen to music, sales of tickets and products make up a large part of fans’ expenditures on music. Because listening to music has become practically free, the access is unprecedented and makes live music much more special, according to Chirinos. “Audiences are keen to connect to the artist and,” he says.(随着流媒体成为最受欢迎的听音乐方式之一，门票和产品的销售在粉丝的音乐支出中占据了很大一部分。奇里诺斯说，因为听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的，使现场音乐变得更加特别。他说:“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系。”)”可知，上文提到“听音乐几乎是免费的，这种访问是前所未有的”，即产生了变化，也提到了“观众渴望与艺术家建立联系”，说明音乐对听众具有吸引力。故A选项“音乐本身也发生了变化，音乐节对听众的吸引力更大了”符合语境，故选A。
题型04 归纳推理题
【题型诠释】
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。从行文逻辑上判断有：1.例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。2.转折关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however (然而)，nevertheless (然而，不过)，still (还，仍然)，though (可是，不过，然而)，yet (然而)，on the contrary (正相反)，in contrast (与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison (比较起来，与……比较)，by comparison (相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。3.因果关系：做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result (结果)，thus/therefore (因此)，so (such)...that (如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。4.递进关系：主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also (也，而且)，further (进一步地，而且)，furthermore (而且，此外)，likewise (同样地，也)，similarly (相同地，类似地)，moreover (而且，此外)，in addition (另外，加之)，what’s more (更重要的是)，not only...but also (不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。5.并列关系：如果空格前后两句话之间有first (ly) (首先，第一)，second (ly) (第二)，third (ly) (第三)；first (第一)，next (其次)，then (那么，然后)；in the first place (第一，首先)，in the second place (第二，其次)；for one thing (首先，一则)，for another (其次)；to begin with (首先，第一)，to conclude (最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例4】(2023上·上海·高三上海市育才中学校考阶段练习)
A San Francisco Museum Tackles Art’s Instagram Dilemma
A woman held tightly her phone to her heart, the way a missionary might hold a Bible. She was anxious to take a picture of a stunning bouquet of flowers that sat not 10 ft away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others who were doing the same.
67 For the 34th year, florists were asked to create bouquets that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. A tower of baby’s breath imitates a waterfall in a nearby painting by Gustav Grunewald. Red flamingo flowers and neon blue sticks echo a surreal portrait of a woman by Salvador Dali.
It’s amazing and also extremely Instagrammable, to the point that it has become a problem. 68 Institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their sponsors.
So the de Young responded with a kind of agreement: carving out “photo free” hours during the exhibition’s six-day run.
One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them. A study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests there is truth to this. It found that people who took photos of an exhibit rather than simply observing it had a harder time remembering what they saw.
69 Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be “a selfie playland”. Yet a lot of other people do, and her take is that the de Young is in no position to claim that one motivation for buying a $28 ticket is more valid than another.
If we removed social media and photography, she says, “we should risk becoming irrelevant”. 70 On this visit to the museum, most people seemed to treat the photo craze as the new normal. Many politely waited their turn and got out of other people’s shots,even as visitors bumped into each other in crowded galleries.
A. If this is a battle, signs indicate that the pro-phone crowd has already won.
B. But rather than expressing frustration about this awkwardness, she said she felt guilty, as if she were the one challenging convention.
C. In recent years, the de Young received more than a thousand complaints from people who felt that cell phones had spoiled their experience of the exhibit.
D. The cause of this recent craze was Bouquets to Art, one of the most popular annual events at the de Young Museum in San Francisco.
E. The truth is people like selfies more than the exhibits way beyond researchers' imagination.
F. But the issue is complicated for the professionals running museums.
【答案】67. D 68. C 69. F 70. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于一项名为“花束与艺术”的活动，旧金山的德扬博物馆里拿着手机拍照的人络绎不绝，这造成了一些问题。文章从不同人的角度说明了他们对此的看法。
67. 根据上一段中“She was anxious to take a picture of a stunning bouquet of flowers that sat not 10 ft away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others who were doing the same. (她迫不及待地想要在不到10英尺远的地方拍下一束漂亮的鲜花，但首先她得穿过一群同样做着同样事情的人)”以及后文“For the 34th year, florists were asked to create bouquets that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. (这是第34年，花商被要求根据展出的艺术品创作花束，从古代雕刻到当代雕塑)”可知，本句承接上文解释了女子想要拍摄花束这一行为的原因，根据后文内容可知起因是一项与花有关的活动，故D选项“最近这股热潮的起因是‘从花束到艺术’，这是旧金山德杨博物馆最受欢迎的年度活动之一。”符合语境，故选D。
68. 根据上文“It’s amazing and also extremely Instagrammable, to the point that it has become a problem.( 这很神奇，也非常适合在instagram上分享，以至于这已经成为了一个问题)”以及后文“Institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their sponsors.(世界各地的艺术机构都面临着类似的问题，渴望去博物馆拍照成为了博物馆的巨大吸引力，同时也让一些赞助商感到不安)”可知，本段主要是在说明这一活动给博物馆或是艺术机构带来的问题，故C选项“近年来，德扬博物馆收到了上千条投诉，人们认为手机破坏了他们的展览体验”符合语境，故选C。
69. 根据后文“Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be ‘a selfie playland’. (德扬博物馆的市场营销、沟通和游客体验主管琳达 巴特勒承认，并非所有人都希望博物馆成为‘自拍乐园’)”可知，后文提到了德扬博物馆的主管对此的看法，说明本段主要是从博物馆经营者的角度来说明对这一问题的看法。F选项中the professionals running museums对应后文中Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing。故F选项“但对于经营博物馆的专业人士来说，这个问题很复杂”符合语境，故选F。
70. 根据后文“On this visit to the museum, most people seemed to treat the photo craze as the new normal. Many politely waited their turn and got out of other people’s shots,even as visitors bumped into each other in crowded galleries.(在这次参观博物馆的过程中，大多数人似乎都将拍照热视为新常态。尽管游客们在拥挤的画廊里互相撞来撞去，但许多人还是礼貌地排队等候，避开了其他人的镜头)”可知，后文中提到的大多数人将拍照热视为新常态，且许多人还是能礼貌排队等候，说明人们还是支持手机拍照的。故A选项“如果这是一场战斗，有迹象表明，支持手机的那群人已经赢了”符合语境，故选A。
高考练场
题型01 主旨句题
(2021年6月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B. Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C. Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D. There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E. This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F. With such a steady stream of information, it’s understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around.
Food & Health Myths
Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 67
One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat, it’s not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 68 As far as fat goes, it’s the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you’re worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information.
69 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. it seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结).
70 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.
题型02 承上启下句题
(2022年1月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.
Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries
When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. 67 Is this fair
This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work..
E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. 68 But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration.
69 Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet.
One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $ 2.11 and publishers receive $ 0.52 for each book in public library collections.
At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. 70
While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending.
题型03 总结、概括句题
(2020年6月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. The higher the price of film ticket is, the more popular it is among youngsters. B. Imagine if you could instead pay less to see films that are not in high demand C. One of the first cinema chains to take up this initiative is Dendy. More will follow. D. Dynamic ticket pricing relies on the quality and trend of the film, varying from one to another. E. Dynamic ticket pricing gives the consumer the ability to purchase film tickets at a wider range of prices. F. Dynamic pricing benefits cinemas by optimizing the price mix for every screening of every film.
Coming soon to a cinema near you Ticket prices shaped by demand
Chances are that if you see just one film this year, you probably saw it already. The period between Christmas and Australia Day is typically the busiest and most competitive in our film calendar. But even when you arrive at a ticket counter at a quieter time of year you will usually pay the same price to see a film irrespective of its popularity, quality or budget size. 67
A new smart application means this will soon be a reality for some Australian consumers. Melbourne-based start up Choovie will launch a service offering demand-based ticket pricing to filmgoers at the end of March, with over 100 screens across metropolitan and regional venues in Victoria, NSW and ACT. 68
Choovie’s app will allow consumers to decide, within parameters set by the cinemas, what price they pay to see a film. For example, if you don’t want to pay more than $10 to see a particular title and are prepared to compromise on where and when you see it, the app will locate a suitable session for you.
The emergence of apps such as Choovie is likely to shake up the film industry by fundamentally changing our experience of going to the movies.
Dynamic (or demand) ticket pricing aims to change this.
So how does dynamic pricing work
69 This depends on a number of demand variables, such as movie life cycle, time of day, day of the week, film title, venue, size of screen, actual bookings and so on. The number of seats in each price category for every film is based on demand conditions at the time of purchase.
It works by using “pricing bots”, which adjust prices in real time according to rules set by the exhibitor and on the basis of information gathered about consumer preferences. Uber’s “surge pricing” is one example of dynamic pricing. Airline tickets are another.
The idea is that instead of offering customers a limited number of ticket categories, the cinema sells each seat based on the individual customer’s willingness to pay. Patrons can choose screenings by specifying things such as the amount they are prepared to spend (say, under $10), the location of the cinema (no more than 10 km from home), the time of day (any time after 2pm) and so on. Conversely, cinemagoers should also be prepared to pay higher prices for films that are close to selling out in popular sessions.
70 It gives them the flexibility to respond to unexpected fluctuations in demand and encouraging their patrons to pre-purchase seats. And it benefits customers by simplifying the process of finding cheaper cinema tickets and guaranteeing them a reserved seat.
题型04 归纳推理题
(2021年1月高考真题)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. So why do these movies fail B. The film, in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride. C. Game adaptations’ issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources. D. But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs. E. The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect. F. However, a common criticism was that it was “full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters”.
Too Big, Too Expensive and Too Silly - Why Video Game Movies Fail
Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These movies are plentiful. 67 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera, most video game movies are commercial and critical failures.
68 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in, the game’s legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay, whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and ores (兽), the central conflict in the game’s world. 69
Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot device: without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, the these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’”. In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say, shoot hell-monsters on Mars.
The game series became increasingly complex, as the player-controlled protagonist (主角) parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence.
70 The plot--an original story which retains the key elements of the games---was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that “it’s not clear why any of this is happening” and Roger summed it up as: Characters talking in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas.
名校模拟
(1)
(2023上·上海·高三复旦附中校考期中)
Could a New Battery Solve Our Energy Problem
Researchers in the US have made headlines worldwide by developing a new type of battery that charges far faster and holds way more charge than today’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s not just a terrific technology story, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prof John Goodenough of the University of Texas, Austin—the co-inventor of the original lithium-ion battery, and still doing brilliant work at the age of 94.
1 That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.
This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine. 2
Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. 3 For example, one wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year of opening.
But now Goodenough and his team may have found the answer, by switching from lithium to sodium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Goodenough’s reputation contain a liquid electrolyte (电解质) which doesn’t respond well to rapid charging. One of Goodenough’s colleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching to solid electrolytes. The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common. 4 The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.
Advances in energy storage are vital if renewable are going to reach their potential. The boundless energy of Goodenough—the Li-ion King himself—may just have found the solution just in time.
A. Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.
B. No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.
C. The result is transformational.
D. Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.
E. While computing power famously doubles every two years, battery performance has barely doubled in 20.
F. Commercialisation may take a decade, though it could happen faster.
(2)
(2023上·上海·高三上海交大附中校考期中)
Nobel economics prize goes to professor for research on the workplace gender gap
The Nobel economics prize was awarded Monday to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender gap in the labor market. 1 Goldin is just the third woman to win the prize out of 93 economics laureates.
Claudia Goldin has studied 200 years of women’s participation in the workplace, showing that despite continued economic growth, women’s pay did not continuously catch up to men’s and a divide still exists despite women gaining higher levels of education than men.
“ 2 But when I look at the numbers, I think something has happened in America, that we, in the 1990s, our labor force participation rate for women was the highest in the world, and now it isn’t the highest in the world,” Goldin told The Associated Press. “We have to step back and ask questions about piecing together the family, the home, together with the marketplace and employment,” she said.
Goldin’s research does not offer solutions, but it allows policymakers to tackle the entrenched problem, said economist Randi Hjalmarsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “ 3 And therefore, there is no single policy,” Hjalmarsson said. “It’s a complicated policy question because if you don’t know the underlying reason, a certain policy won’t work.” However, “by finally understanding the problem and calling it by the right name, we will be able to pave a better route forward,” Hjalmarsson said.
Goldin said that what happens in people’s homes reflects what happens in the workplace, with women often taking jobs that allow them to be on call at home work that often pays less. “Ways in which we can even things out or to create more couple equity also leads to more gender equality,” she said.
Goldin had to become a data “detective” as she sought to fill in missing data for her research. 4 “So how did Claudia Goldin overcome this missing data challenge She had to be a detective to dig through the archives to find novel data sources and creative ways to use them to measure these unknowns,” Hjalmarsson added.
A. She explains the source of the gap, and how it’s changed over time and how it varies with the stage of development.
B. The Nobel committee credits Goldin with finding missing data to better explain continuing differences between both the pay and work involvement, or participation, of men and women.
C. I’ve always been an optimist.
D. I looked at women whose jobs went uncounted, such as those who worked on farms alongside their husbands or made clothing at home.
E. The announcement went a tiny step to closing the Nobel committee’s own gender gap.
F. For parts of history, systematic labor market records did not exist, and, if they did, information about women was missing.
(3)
(2023上·上海·高三上海中学校考期中)
E-sports: the world’s biggest performance you’ve never heard of
Whoever said you’re wasting your life away playing video games obviously had no idea how big e-sports were going to get.
E-sports has become huge business over the past five years, with professional video gaming tournaments offering more prize money than some of sport’s biggest events. 1 The League of Legends championship last year was watched by more than 27 million people when broadcast on ESPN, eclipsing the audiences for last year’s baseball World Series (23.5 million viewers) and NBA Finals (18 million). With big popularity and big money involved these days, more and more people across the world are considering professional gaming as a genuine career.
While some gamers have been making a living off their skills since the late 1990s, it wasn’t until 2010’s Star-craft II that things really changed. One of the first games built with e-sports squarely as its focus, Star-craft Ii became a true spectator sport. 2 “We knew we were building an e-sport and the competitive nature combined with streaming coming into its own really helped catch viewership in Europe and North America.” the game’s executive producer Chris Sigaty told an Australian news agency.
3 In Australia, the biggest challenge is basic facilities. Countries like South Korea and the USA have high-speed broadband that allows competitors to play and practice without the limitations of Australia’s relatively slow connection speeds. As more money is brought into the sport, it’s hoped traditional media companies and sponsors will invest money to help bring world class facilities to Australia’s shores.
But even if that does happen - will e-sports be able to truly claim it is a “sport”
Fans argue that e-sports have all the excitement, skill and competition of a basketball game. On top of that, e-sports have teams, star players, sponsors and millions of dedicated fans across the world. 4 But e-sports cannot escape the argument that it lacks the athletic aspects of other professional sports.
A. Mr Sigaty was also the first to admit there was lots of work to be done to ensure the sport continued to grow.
B. The popularity of e-sports is surprising.
C. Organized competitive gaming has become a billion-dollar industry.
D. Even the US government grants professional athlete visas to top e-sports players.
E. E-sports doesn’t fit neatly into any of the existing definitions of a sport.
F. With the launch of video streaming services, e-sports became the mainstream.
(4)
(2023上·上海·高三同济大学第一附属中学校考阶段练习)
Fear is good; in emergencies, it enables us to fight or flee. But often we get scared at the wrong time - when we step onto the field for a big soccer game or up to the microphone at a large town meeting. Professional athletes and actors say some nervousness help them concentrate better. But, when performance anxiety is too powerful, it undermines our efforts; a violinist cannot find the correct notes, a manager in a meeting forgets all the talking points. 1
The human anxiety reaction begins almost automatically and includes clear physiological symptoms; a racing heart, sweating, stomach pains. Some people have trouble breathing or feel faint. Thus alarmed, victims may withdraw into themselves or shock others around them with aggressive outbursts. If the need to perform is a regular requirement, they may suffer from nightmares or fall into depression. 2 Studies reveal that anxiety-plagued executives are less able to apply logical intelligence on standard tests than calmer colleagues
3 Yet psychologist Douglas H. Powell of Harvard Medical School is convinced that severe stage fright is a phenomenon unto itself, given that it appears in only certain well-defined situations. Sociophobes (社恐的人) , in contrast, suffer merely when others are present. Whereas people with social phobias fear the negative feelings of others, those with performance anxiety are their own harshest critics. They are perfectionists and would rather cancel an appearance — or avoid it —than not meet their own standards and, by extension, not be able to demonstrate how good they are.
This destructive style of thinking often arises from a lack of self-esteem. 4 Previous bad experiences can be a trigger —an embarrassing experience in a school play or a single failed test can sometimes arouse such strong feelings of shame in youngsters that as adults they will avoid any remotely similar undertaking.
A. Some therapists utilize techniques that act against the physical symptoms of fear.
B. Survival may not hang in the balance, but social, professional or financial success can seem to be in grave danger.
C. All these symptoms eat away at the very resources needed to rise to the occasion: steady hands, clear memory and a cool head.
D. The individual begins by imagining failure, works himself or herself into a state and then criticizes his or her own abilities.
E. At Harvard, Powell found that facing anxiety can be a hard task, but many times the fear arises from completely controllable preconditions.
F. Because performance anxiety arises when other people are present, many psychologists believe that the condition is a sub-category of social anxiety.
(5)
(2023上·上海·高三上海市行知中学校考期中)
Too Big, Too Expensive and Too Silly — Why Video Game Movies Fail
Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful.
These movies are plentiful. 1 Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera, most video game movies are commercial and critical failures.
2 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in, the game’s legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will Criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay, whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and orcs (兽), the central conflict in the game’s world. 3
Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot devices without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’”. In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say, shoot hell-monsters on Mars.
The game series became increasingly complex , as the player-controlled protagonist (主角) parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence.
4 The plot — an original story which retains the key elements of the games —was criticized as “scattered and fractured”, “hastily explained” and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that. It’s not clear why any of this is happening and summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas.
A. So why do these movies fail
B. The film, in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride.
C. Game adaptations issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources.
D. But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs.
E. The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect.
F. However, a common criticism was that it was full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters.
