专题08 段落大意题
知考法 明考向: 该题型属于主旨大意题的考查类型之一。每一段都是围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺:序展开,所以每一段都有一个中心,且中心思想通常通过段落主题句表现出来。考生做此类题时,要找到段落.题句即为段落大意,有时也要通过阅读整段内容进行归纳得出段落大意,从而找到正确选项。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 I , D篇）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
3．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
技法点拨： 寻标志信息，重文章措辞
首尾兼顾法
首尾兼顾知段意
①段首:说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首
②段尾:先表述细节,后归纳概括,段落主题句在段尾
段中间:先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题,再陈述主题,再论述细节,即引出主题→段落中心→再论述
没有明显段落主题句时,需概括段落内容，总结段落大意抓住段落主题句
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）I was attacked by a tiger shark in late October 1997. It was near my home on the island of Kauai—a typical fall morning with friends. The waves were really good, so nothing was stopping us.
That is until a large shark came right up under me and sank his teeth into my lower leg. There had been no splashing. no noise, and I felt no pain, only great pressure on my lower body.
Then I followed my instinct: I punched the shark in the face, again and again which happens to be what the expert advice, until the shark released me. As I swam back into shore, I felt my lower right leg spasming(痉挛). When I looked down, I realized it was gone. The shark had bit my lower leg off. My friends rushed to my aid, and rushed me to hospital.
It was another day before the “fog” lifted, at which point I opened my eyes and realized I was in the hospital—a below-the-knee amputee(截肢). For the next few bedridden weeks, I spent time with my family, and considered the future.
As soon as I was given the OK by my doctors, I did what many of us might consider unthinkable: I started riding the waves again. In fact, my first time back was near the site of his attack. I was unshaken and curious—Was it because of the tides The phase of the moon I also recalled that the morning of the attack the water had a fishy smell. Was that what attracted the shark
I was determined to research sharks, and I did learn something that would change my life: Humans are far more dangerous to sharks than the other way around, I tell Reader’s Digest. “I watched a documentary called Sharkwater, and I learned about the demand for shark fin soup and the fact that 70 million sharks a year are killed for their fins alone.”
My unique situation as a shark survivor empowered me to give sharks a voice. I began working with the Hawaii state legislature to help pass a ban on shark-derived products. I partnered with other like-minded shark attack survivors and marine biologists, and we headed to Washington to urge senators to create a nationwide bill protecting sharks.
1．What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs
A．The missing leg. B．The shark attack.
C．The timely rescue. D．The expert’s advice.
2．Why did the author ride the waves again
A．To go on with his unshaken hobby. B．To figure out why he became a target.
C．To keep track of the phase of the moon. D．To explore why the water had a fishy smell.
3．What did the author find after he recovered
A．Humans tend to ignore the dangers. B．Humans can’t survive without sharks.
C．Sharks pose a greater threat to humans D．Sharks are in urgent need of protection.
4．What does author imply in the last paragraph
A．He is speaking in favor of sharks. B．He argues against the bill about sharks.
C．There is widespread doubt about sharks. D．People should give sharks a preference.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者游泳时遭遇了鲨鱼袭击，右小腿被截肢。恢复后作者对鲨鱼进行研究，发现人类对鲨鱼的威胁远大于鲨鱼对人类的威胁
1．段落大意题。由文章第一段“I was attacked by a tiger shark in late October 1997. It was near my home on the island of Kauai—a typical fall morning with friends. The waves were really good, so nothing was stopping us.(1997年10月下旬，我被一条虎鲨袭击。那是在我考艾岛的家附近——一个典型的秋天早晨，和朋友们在一起。海浪真的很好，所以没有什么能阻止我们。)”和第二段“That is until a large shark came right up under me and sank his teeth into my lower leg. There had been no splashing. no noise, and I felt no pain, only great pressure on my lower body.(直到一条大鲨鱼从我身下钻了过来，把牙齿咬进了我的小腿。没有溅水。没有噪音，我没有感到疼痛，只有下半身承受着巨大的压力。)”可知，第一二段主要讲作者被一条虎鲨袭击的经历。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。由文章第五段“I was unshaken and curious—Was it because of the tides The phase of the moon I also recalled that the morning of the attack the water had a fishy smell. Was that what attracted the shark (我毫不动摇地好奇——是因为潮汐吗？月相？我还记得，袭击发生的那天早上，水有一股腥味。这就是吸引鲨鱼的原因吗？)”可知，作者再次冲浪是想弄清楚他为什么会成为鲨鱼攻击的目标的原因。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。由文章第六段“I was determined to research sharks, and I did learn something that would change my life: Humans are far more dangerous to sharks than the other way around, I tell Reader’s Digest. ‘I watched a documentary called Sharkwater, and I learned about the demand for shark fin soup and the fact that 70 million sharks a year are killed for their fins alone.’(我下定决心研究鲨鱼，我确实学到了一些会改变我生活的东西：我告诉《读者文摘》，人类对鲨鱼的危险性远高于其它东西。‘我看了一部名为《Sharkwater》的纪录片，了解到人们对鱼翅汤的需求，以及每年仅凭鱼翅就有7000万条鲨鱼被杀死的事实。’)”可知，作者通过研究鲨鱼的现状后发现鲨鱼急需保护。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“My unique situation as a shark survivor empowered me to give sharks a voice. I began working with the Hawaii state legislature to help pass a ban on shark-derived products. I partnered with other like-minded shark attack survivors and marine biologists, and we headed to Washington to urge senators to create a nationwide bill protecting sharks.(作为一名鲨鱼口中的幸存者，我的独特处境使我能够为鲨鱼发声。我开始与夏威夷州立法机构合作，帮助通过一项禁止鲨鱼衍生产品的禁令。我与其他志同道合的鲨鱼袭击幸存者和海洋生物学家合作，前往华盛顿，敦促参议员制定一项全国性的鲨鱼保护法案。)”可知，这段主要讲作者发言支持鲨鱼。故选A项。
Passage 2
（2024·福建泉州·三模）Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create web s by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting(发酵) water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes (改良微生物) in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks(收缩) when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
5．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk. B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk. D．To study silk-producing spider species.
6．How did the team address the shrinking problem
A．By adapting the protein. B．By diversifying microbes.
C．By wetting the fiber. D．By lengthening fermenting time.
7．What can best describe Spiber’s products
A．Fancy and stylish. B．Costly yet profitable.
C．Strong and sustainable. D．Lightweight yet resource-consuming.
8．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products. B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products. D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了日本初创公司Spiberi正在研究如何利用蜘蛛网改变服装行业。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider webs could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.（现在，一家名为Spiber的日本初创公司正在探索蜘蛛网如何改变服装行业。这家生物技术公司最初是在实验室里制造一种类似蜘蛛丝的材料，后来扩大了面料范围，加入了羊毛和羊绒以外更可持续的替代品，Spiber的业务发展主管Kenji Higashi说。）”可知，Spiber实验室正在探索蜘蛛网如何改变服装行业。在实验室里制造一种类似蜘蛛丝的材料，后来扩大了面料范围，加入了羊毛和羊绒以外更可持续的替代品，可知，研究的主要目的是发明蜘蛛丝的替代品。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks(收缩) when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.（后来，研究小组发现，蜘蛛丝替代品在受湿时会收缩，因此他们对这种蛋白质进行了改性，得到了一种具有理想性能的纤维，比如防水和增强的强度，适用于户外夹克。）”可知，在发现蜘蛛丝替代品受湿时会收缩，研究小组对这种蛋白质进行了改性，即调整了蛋白质。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks(收缩) when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.（后来，研究小组发现，蜘蛛丝替代品在受湿时会收缩，因此他们对这种蛋白质进行了改性，得到了一种具有理想性能的纤维，比如防水和增强的强度，适用于户外夹克。）”可知，在研究小组对蛋白质改性后，得到了一种具有理想性能的纤维，比如防水和增强的强度。即Spiber产品的强度高；倒数第二段中“Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.（Higashi说，Spiber的可生物降解产品一旦大规模生产，预计产生的碳排放量仅为动物纤维的五分之一。该公司目前正在开发一种工艺，将废弃的棉花等天然材料制成的衣服转化为发酵所需的糖。）”可知，在Higashi看来，Spiber的可生物降解产品一旦大规模生产，预计产生的碳排放量仅为动物纤维的五分之一。可推知，Spiber产品是环保的，即可持续的。故选C项。
8．段落大意题。根据最后两段“ Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation. Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.（时装业是世界上污染最严重的行业之一。它每年产生大约21亿吨二氧化碳。Higashi说，Spiber的可生物降解产品一旦大规模生产，预计产生的碳排放量仅为动物纤维的五分之一。该公司目前正在开发一种工艺，将废弃的棉花等天然材料制成的衣服转化为发酵所需的糖。 目前，Spiber正在努力扩大生产，并为其产品的全面商业发布做好准备，Higashi说，Spiber希望其技术能够帮助“解决我们面临的一些重大全球挑战。”）”提到了Spiber的可生物降解产品一旦大规模生产，预计产生的碳排放量仅为动物纤维的五分之一。说明其产品的出现将会化解时装业带给环境的污染问题。同时，Higashi说，Spiber希望其技术能够帮助“解决我们面临的一些重大全球挑战。”可推知，两段内容重在强调Spiber的可生物降解产品的环境价值。故选B项。
Passage 3
（2024·山东青岛·一模）The Music Educator Award, this year, went to Annie Ray, an orchestra(管弦乐队)director at Annandale High School.She was recognized for her efforts to make music accessible to all students, particularly those with disabilities.Ray got to attend the awards ceremony in Los Angeles and bring home a $10,000 prize.
Ray created the Crescendo Orchestra for students with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities, as well as a parent orchestra that teaches nearly 200 caregivers a year to play the same instrument as their child.Ray also works with a local charity to give damaged instruments a second life in her classroom.
The orchestra is about much more than just making music.The most important is to give students a chance to develop their cooperation skills, make mistakes and learn the art of refining something.Ray pushes her students to be brave, go outside their comfort zone and realize they have to learn how to make bad sounds before learning how to make good sounds.And they teach her a lot in return.” They changed my educational philosophy.I understand what it truly means to meet a student where they’re at and apply that elsewhere,” she said.
The warm reception on the ceremony was meaningful.Actually, not many people understand what exactly music educators do or how much their work matters.While her administration is supportive, that lack of understanding is a problem facing the profession in general.Another is resources.She says her school “desperately” needs new instruments.She will use some of her prize money to buy more.
Ray also plans to put some of the money towards an ongoing scholarship for students who want to pursue music when they graduate.She knows of several, those particularly interested in music, and aims to offer financial support needed to realize their musical dreams” It is hard but truly satisfying,” Ray said.“And there’s nothing else like it for them.”
9．What can we learn about Ray from the first two paragraphs
A．She hosted the award ceremony. B．She brought music to more people.
C．She gave away instruments to the poor. D．She founded a local charity for children.
10．What do students benefit most from the orchestra
A．They acquire in-depth musical knowledge. B．They make friends with the like-minded.
C．They gain personal growth from playing music. D．They improve their connections with educators.
11．What is paragraph 4 of the text mainly about
A．The reception on the ceremony. B．Importance of music education.
C．Challenges for music educators. D．Plans to obtain resources.
12．What does Ray find satisfying according to the last paragraph
A．Winning a scholarship. B．Developing interest in music.
C．Making musical achievements. D．Transforming dreams into reality.
【答案】9．B 10．C 11．C 12．D
【导语】
本文是记叙文。本文讲述音乐教育工作者Ray把音乐带给更多的人，并因此获得了音乐教育工作者奖。
9．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“She was recognized for her efforts to make music accessible to all students, particularly those with disabilities.(她因努力让所有学生，特别是残疾学生都能接触到音乐而受到认可)”和第二段的“Ray created the Crescendo Orchestra for students with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities, as well as a parent orchestra that teaches nearly 200 caregiver s a year to play the same instrument as their child. (雷为有严重智力和发育障碍的学生创建了Crescendo管弦乐队，同时还成立了一个家长管弦乐队，每年教近200名照顾者和他们的孩子演奏同样的乐器)”可知，她把音乐带给了更多人。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The most important is to give students a chance to develop their cooperation skills, make mistakes and learn the art of refining something.Ray pushes her students to be brave, go outside their comfort zone and realize they have to learn how to make bad sounds before learning how to make good sounds. (最重要的是给学生一个机会来发展他们的合作技能，犯错误和学习改进的艺术。雷鼓励她的学生要勇敢，走出他们的舒适区，并意识到在学习如何发出好声音之前，他们必须先学会如何发出坏声音。)”可知，学生从弹奏音乐中获得最大的益处是个人成长。故选C。
11．段落大意题。根据第四段内容“Actually, not many people understand what exactly music educators do or how much their work matters.While her administration is supportive, that lack of understanding is a problem facing the profession in general. Another is resources.She says her school “desperately” needs new instruments.She will use some of her prize money to buy more.( 实际上，没有多少人真正了解音乐教育者到底是做什么的，也没有多少人了解他们的工作有多重要。虽然她的政府是支持的，但缺乏理解是整个行业面临的一个问题。另一个是资源。她说，她的学校“迫切”需要新的仪器。她会用一些奖金买更多的东西)”可知，本段主要讲述了音乐教育工作者面临的困难。故选C。
12．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段的“She knows of several, those particularly interested in music, and aims to offer financial support needed to realize their musical dreams.” It is hard but truly satisfying,” Ray said.“And there’s nothing else like it for them.”(她认识几个对音乐特别感兴趣的人，她的目标是为他们提供实现音乐梦想所需的经济支持。“这很难，但确实令人满意，”雷说。“对他们来说，没有什么比这更好的了。”)”可知，令雷满意的事帮助对音乐特别感兴趣的人实现音乐梦想。故选D。
Passage 4
（23-24高三上·山东枣庄·期末）Before the year has even come to a close, climate experts are certain that 2023 will be the hottest year in recorded history.
On Dec. 6, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) — part of the European Union's space program — revealed that this year's average global temperatures have been 2.6℉ (1.46°C ) higher than temperatures in preindustrial times and 0.2°F (0.13°C) higher than January to November in 2016. These “extraordinary” temperatures mean that 2023will be “the warmest year in recorded history,” C3S deputy director Samantha Burgess said in a statement.
The researchers note that this year's record heat was partly caused by the latest El Nino event — a phenomenon where warmer water near the equator triggers warmer global air temperatures — that began in June. Some other experts have suggested that the January2022 eruption of Tonga's underwater volcano, which pumped record levels of water vapor into the atmosphere, may also be partly responsible.
Despite these factors, the major cause of climbing temperatures is global warming caused by runaway greenhouse gas emissions, which, noted in a C3S statement, have trapped more than 25 billion atomic bombs' worth of energy in our atmosphere over the last 50 years. And still worse, the global carbon emissions have reached a new high this year, according to scientists at the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP28) On Dec 4.
The effects of global warming are becoming more obvious. In 2023, research revealed that climate change is causing major US cities to sink and more than half of the world's largest lakes and reservoirs to shrink. Studies also predicted that the Gulf Stream, which plays a vital role in ocean circulation, could collapse by as early as 2025, and that rising sea levels could swamp the U S coastline by 2050.
However, scientists say that we still have time to prevent further disaster. Leading climate change expert Michael Mann, from the University of Pennsylvania, recently wrote that “we can still stop the worst effects of climate change” if we stop emitting greenhouse gases as soon as possible.
13．What's the purpose of the text
A．To report the recorded hottest year.
B．To present findings of a research.
C．To analyze the causes of climate change.
D．To warn of the coming natural disaster.
14．Which is the main factor in causing the warmest weather in 2023
A．Eruption of an underwater volcano.
B．Greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Collapse of the Gulf Stream.
D．The latest El Nino event.
15．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Scientists' predictions of the future.
B．The threat of rising sea levels to the U.S.
C．The effects of climate change.
D．Different opinions on global warming.
16．How does Michael Mann feel about the present situation
A．Confused. B．Worried. C．Pessimistic. D．Hopeful.
【答案】13．A 14．B 15．C 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了关于气候变化和全球变暖的最新发现和数据。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Before the year has even come to a close, climate experts are certain that 2023 will be the hottest year in recorded history.(在这一年结束之前，气候专家们确信，2023年将是有记录以来最热的一年)”可推理出，本文的写作目的是报告有记录以来最热的一年，故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Despite these factors, the major cause of climbing temperatures is global warming caused by runaway greenhouse gas emissions(尽管有这些因素，但气温攀升的主要原因是失控的温室气体排放导致的全球变暖)”可知，造成2023年天气最热的主要因素是温室气体排放，故选B项。
15．段落大意题。根据第五段“The effects of global warming are becoming more obvious. (全球变暖的影响越来越明显。)”可推理出，本段主要讲的是气候变化的影响，故选C项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, scientists say that we still have time to prevent further disaster. Leading climate change expert Michael Mann, from the University of Pennsylvania, recently wrote that “we can still stop the worst effects of climate change” if we stop emitting greenhouse gases as soon as possible(然而，科学家们表示，我们仍有时间防止进一步的灾难。宾夕法尼亚大学的首席气候变化专家迈克尔·曼最近写道，如果我们尽快停止排放温室气体，“我们仍然可以阻止气候变化的最坏影响”)”可推理出，迈克尔·曼认为目前的情况充满希望，故选D项。
Passage 5
（2024·湖南岳阳·一模）Classical Chinese furniture — a desk, a cabinet or any other fine piece of furniture and often out of precious wood —impresses us with its delicate shape. The secret of its graceful form is less visible and lies in its complicated sunmao (榫卯) system, which allows the various components to be assembled neatly without glue or nails.
Suzhou, a scenic and peaceful city in Jiangsu, a province long known for its wealth, developed its own tradition of classical furniture design over the centuries. Examples of the Suzhou-style furniture are currently on display as part of Oriental Wisdom in Sun Mao, a group exhibition at the Prince Kung’s Palace Museum in Beijing.
Running until Sunday, the show demonstrates the way that the complex sunmao technique has been used in making furniture, as well as the variations that developed in different parts of the country. Also on display are models of different kinds, as well as the components of two chairs, which are disassembled and laid out to give museum goers a clear view of the inner structure of classical furniture.
The Suzhou style flowered during the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), and once dominated the market in Jiangnan, the southern region along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It integrated input from the intellectual class, who put their ideals regarding living spaces and spiritual harbors into its design. According to Xu Jianping, one of the inheritors of classical furniture design in the city, the Suzhou style presents beauty in the same delicate way the city does, and represents the life philosophy of its people to achieve “refinement through careful calculations”.
Guangzhou style furniture is normally made out of tropical hardwood, and its forms and decorative patterns show the influence of European furniture styles resulting from Guangzhou’s history as an international trade port. The Beijing style, which is more splendid, incorporates aesthetic (美学) and stylistic elements from both Suzhou and Guangzhou.
“While the Suzhou style is light in weight and elegant in outline, furniture in the Beijing style is more magnificent, as it used to be made for royalty and aristocracy.” Xu says. “Ultimately, people live with their furniture, so the principle of quality furniture is that it should be appropriate to the space.”
17．What is on display in the exhibition
A．The lifestyle in Sunzhou. B．The modern furniture in Suzhou.
C．The secret of sunmao system. D．The classical furniture in China.
18．What does the underlined word ”disassembled“ in paragraph 3 mean
A．taken apart B．broken up C．torn down D．given away
19．What is paragraph 4 of the text mainly about
A．The beauty of the delicate city. B．The development of the Suzhou Style.
C．The influence of historical design ideas. D．The formation of the Suzhou life philosophy.
20．Why did the author mention Guangzhou and Beijing style furniture
A．To compare their differences. B．To evaluate the usage of furniture.
C．To express the way to display furniture. D．To illustrate the theory of furniture design.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．B 20．D
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了苏州家具展览——榫卯里的东方智慧。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段“The secret of its graceful form is less visible and lies in its complicated sunmao (榫卯) system, which allows the various components to be assembled neatly without glue or nails.(其优美造型的秘密不太明显，在于其复杂的“榫卯”系统，它可以让各种部件整齐地组装在一起，而不需要胶水或钉子)”以及第二段“Examples of the Suzhou-style furniture are currently on display as part of Oriental Wisdom in Sun Mao, a group exhibition at the Prince Kung’s Palace Museum in Beijing.(目前，苏州风格的家具作为“东方智慧”的一部分在北京故宫博物院的榫卯群展中展出)”可知，展览会上能了解榫卯结构的秘密。故选C。
18．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“laid out to give museum goers a clear view of the inner structure of classical furniture(被陈列以便于为博物馆游客提供古典家具内部结构的清晰视图)”可知，这些椅子经过拆开和布置，使博物馆游客能够清晰地看到古典家具的内部结构，推测划线词意思是“拆开”。故选A。
19．段落大意题。根据第四段“The Suzhou style flowered during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and once dominated the market in Jiangnan, the southern region along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It integrated input from the intellectual class, who put their ideals regarding living spaces and spiritual harbors into its design. According to Xu Jianping, one of the inheritors of classical furniture design in the city, the Suzhou style presents beauty in the same delicate way the city does, and represents the life philosophy of its people to achieve “refinement through careful calculations”.(苏式在明朝（1368-1644）期间繁盛，并一度主导了江南（长江下游的南部地区）的市场。它整合了知识分子阶层的意见，他们将自己对生活空间和精神港湾的理想融入到设计中。许建平是苏州古典家具设计的传承人之一，他认为苏州风格与城市一样，以精致的方式呈现美，代表了苏州人“精于算计”的生活哲学)”可知，第四段主要是告诉读者苏州风格的发展过程。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据第五段“Guangzhou style furniture is normally made out of tropical hardwood, and its forms and decorative patterns show the influence of European furniture styles resulting from Guangzhou’s history as an international trade port. The Beijing style, which is more splendid, incorporates aesthetic (美学) and stylistic elements from both Suzhou and Guangzhou.(广州风格的家具通常由热带硬木制成，其形式和装饰图案显示了广州作为国际贸易港口的历史所造成的欧洲家具风格的影响。北京风格的建筑融合了苏州和广州的美学和风格元素，更为华丽)”以及第六段““While the Suzhou style is light in weight and elegant in outline, furniture in the Beijing style is more magnificent, as it used to be made for royalty and aristocracy.” Xu says. “Ultimately, people live with their furniture, so the principle of quality furniture is that it should be appropriate to the space.”(“苏州风格的家具重量轻，外形优雅，而北京风格的家具更为华丽，因为它过去是为皇室和贵族制作的。”许说。“最终，人们和他们的家具一起生活，所以高质量家具的原则是它应该适合空间。”)”可推知，作者提到广州和北京风格的家具是为了说明家具设计的理论。故选D。
Passage 6
（2024·湖南永州·二模）Before humans stored memories as zeroes and ones, we turned to digital devices of another kind — preserving knowledge on the surface of fingers and palms.
When Mogao Caves was uncovered in 1900, an aging drawing was lifted from a trove of religious manuscripts. The drawing illustrates a mnemonic (助记符号) system, a way of projecting knowledge onto the hands so it can be studied, memorized, and stored in a pocket. Around the same time this mnemonic was made, a monk named Bede halfway around the world was developing a different system of manual knowledge. These two systems are perhaps the earliest examples of manual mnemonics.
Beginning roughly twelve hundred years ago, we started using the hand itself as a portable (便携的) place of knowledge, a place to store whatever tended to slip our mental grasp. The hand became an all-purpose memory machine.
In different times and places, hands provided mnemonic maps of sound. As early as the thirteenth century, Chinese scholars were projecting syllable charts (音节图表) onto the palms and fingers. The so-called “Guidonian hand” owes its name to the eleventh-century Italian music teacher, Guido d’Arezzo. Arranging the different pitches in a scale onto the joints, he developed this technique to help students learn “unheard melody most easily and correctly”. Other thinkers in Europe, perhaps inspired by Guido, developed systems for learning the sounds of language.
Then questions arise. First, what makes the hand so popular as a mnemonic prop A large part of the answer, surely, involves portability. The hands are always, well, ready to hand. A further advantage stems from how hand mnemonics offer both visual and kinesthetic (动觉的) routes to memory: They are both seen and felt.
It’s also hard to determine when and why hand mnemonics faded out. Hand mnemonics are still used to teach the “right-hand rule” in physics classrooms and remain especially popular in medicine. Today, we increasingly store our “thoughts” in virtual realms (领域), but we sometimes still reach for that original “digital” repository (存储库) in our pockets.
21．What do we learn about the two earliest examples of mnemonics
A．Bede made a hand mnemonic in Mogao Caves.
B．They are the same system of manual knowledge.
C．The drawing was uncovered on the fingers and palms.
D．The drawing from Mogao Caves illustrates a mnemonic system.
22．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Human hands mapped sound charts.
B．Human hands played a role in sound mnemonics.
C．Guido helped his students learn unheard melody.
D．Scholars projected syllable charts onto the palms and fingers.
23．Why does the hand gain popularity as a mnemonic prop
A．The hand is always available for use.
B．The hand can feel what people memorize.
C．Fingers can easily be marked with characters.
D．Hand mnemonics help memorize visible things.
24．What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of hand mnemonics
A．Positive. B．Pessimistic. C．Uncertain. D．Indifferent.
【答案】21．D 22．B 23．A 24．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了手部助记法。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When Mogao Caves was uncovered in 1900, an aging drawing was lifted from a trove of religious manuscripts. The drawing illustrates a mnemonic (助记符号) system, a way of projecting knowledge onto the hands so it can be studied, memorized, and stored in a pocket.(1900年莫高窟被发现时，一幅古老的图画从一批宗教手稿中被取出。这幅图说明了一种助记系统，一种将知识投射到手上的方法，这样就可以学习、记忆和储存在口袋里)”可知，莫高窟的这幅画说明了一种助记符号系统。故选D。
22．段落大意题。根据第四段内容及首句“In different times and places, hands provided mnemonic maps of sound.(在不同的时间和地点，手提供了声音的记忆地图)”可知，本段主要讲述了手在声音助记符号中发挥作用，故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据第五段中“First, what makes the hand so popular as a mnemonic prop A large part of the answer, surely, involves portability. The hands are always, well, ready to hand.(首先，是什么让手作为一种记忆道具如此受欢迎？当然，答案的很大一部分与便携性有关。手总是，嗯，准备好了)”可知，手作为一种助记道具受欢迎是因为它随时随地都可以使用。故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Hand mnemonics are still used to teach the ‘right-hand rule’ in physics classrooms and remain especially popular in medicine. Today, we increasingly store our ‘thoughts’ in virtual realms (领域), but we sometimes still reach for that original ‘digital’ repository (存储库) in our pockets.(在物理课堂上，手记法仍然被用来教授‘右手规则’，在医学领域尤其流行。今天，我们越来越多地将我们的‘思想’存储在虚拟世界中，但有时我们仍然会在口袋里找到原始的‘数字’存储库)”可知，手部助记法在物理课堂以及医学领域仍在使用，虽然我们越来越多地使用虚拟助记法，但有时仍会使用手部助记法。由此推知，作者对手部助记法的未来持积极态度。故选A。专题08 段落大意题
知考法 明考向: 该题型属于主旨大意题的考查类型之一。每一段都是围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺:序展开,所以每一段都有一个中心,且中心思想通常通过段落主题句表现出来。考生做此类题时,要找到段落.题句即为段落大意,有时也要通过阅读整段内容进行归纳得出段落大意,从而找到正确选项。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 I , D篇）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
3．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
技法点拨： 寻标志信息，重文章措辞
首尾兼顾法
首尾兼顾知段意
①段首:说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首
②段尾:先表述细节,后归纳概括,段落主题句在段尾
段中间:先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题,再陈述主题,再论述细节,即引出主题→段落中心→再论述
没有明显段落主题句时,需概括段落内容，总结段落大意抓住段落主题句
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）I was attacked by a tiger shark in late October 1997. It was near my home on the island of Kauai—a typical fall morning with friends. The waves were really good, so nothing was stopping us.
That is until a large shark came right up under me and sank his teeth into my lower leg. There had been no splashing. no noise, and I felt no pain, only great pressure on my lower body.
Then I followed my instinct: I punched the shark in the face, again and again which happens to be what the expert advice, until the shark released me. As I swam back into shore, I felt my lower right leg spasming(痉挛). When I looked down, I realized it was gone. The shark had bit my lower leg off. My friends rushed to my aid, and rushed me to hospital.
It was another day before the “fog” lifted, at which point I opened my eyes and realized I was in the hospital—a below-the-knee amputee(截肢). For the next few bedridden weeks, I spent time with my family, and considered the future.
As soon as I was given the OK by my doctors, I did what many of us might consider unthinkable: I started riding the waves again. In fact, my first time back was near the site of his attack. I was unshaken and curious—Was it because of the tides The phase of the moon I also recalled that the morning of the attack the water had a fishy smell. Was that what attracted the shark
I was determined to research sharks, and I did learn something that would change my life: Humans are far more dangerous to sharks than the other way around, I tell Reader’s Digest. “I watched a documentary called Sharkwater, and I learned about the demand for shark fin soup and the fact that 70 million sharks a year are killed for their fins alone.”
My unique situation as a shark survivor empowered me to give sharks a voice. I began working with the Hawaii state legislature to help pass a ban on shark-derived products. I partnered with other like-minded shark attack survivors and marine biologists, and we headed to Washington to urge senators to create a nationwide bill protecting sharks.
1．What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs
A．The missing leg. B．The shark attack.
C．The timely rescue. D．The expert’s advice.
2．Why did the author ride the waves again
A．To go on with his unshaken hobby. B．To figure out why he became a target.
C．To keep track of the phase of the moon. D．To explore why the water had a fishy smell.
3．What did the author find after he recovered
A．Humans tend to ignore the dangers. B．Humans can’t survive without sharks.
C．Sharks pose a greater threat to humans D．Sharks are in urgent need of protection.
4．What does author imply in the last paragraph
A．He is speaking in favor of sharks. B．He argues against the bill about sharks.
C．There is widespread doubt about sharks. D．People should give sharks a preference.
Passage 2
（2024·福建泉州·三模）Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create web s by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting(发酵) water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes (改良微生物) in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks(收缩) when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
5．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk. B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk. D．To study silk-producing spider species.
6．How did the team address the shrinking problem
A．By adapting the protein. B．By diversifying microbes.
C．By wetting the fiber. D．By lengthening fermenting time.
7．What can best describe Spiber’s products
A．Fancy and stylish. B．Costly yet profitable.
C．Strong and sustainable. D．Lightweight yet resource-consuming.
8．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products. B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products. D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
Passage 3
（2024·山东青岛·一模）The Music Educator Award, this year, went to Annie Ray, an orchestra(管弦乐队)director at Annandale High School.She was recognized for her efforts to make music accessible to all students, particularly those with disabilities.Ray got to attend the awards ceremony in Los Angeles and bring home a $10,000 prize.
Ray created the Crescendo Orchestra for students with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities, as well as a parent orchestra that teaches nearly 200 caregivers a year to play the same instrument as their child.Ray also works with a local charity to give damaged instruments a second life in her classroom.
The orchestra is about much more than just making music.The most important is to give students a chance to develop their cooperation skills, make mistakes and learn the art of refining something.Ray pushes her students to be brave, go outside their comfort zone and realize they have to learn how to make bad sounds before learning how to make good sounds.And they teach her a lot in return.” They changed my educational philosophy.I understand what it truly means to meet a student where they’re at and apply that elsewhere,” she said.
The warm reception on the ceremony was meaningful.Actually, not many people understand what exactly music educators do or how much their work matters.While her administration is supportive, that lack of understanding is a problem facing the profession in general.Another is resources.She says her school “desperately” needs new instruments.She will use some of her prize money to buy more.
Ray also plans to put some of the money towards an ongoing scholarship for students who want to pursue music when they graduate.She knows of several, those particularly interested in music, and aims to offer financial support needed to realize their musical dreams” It is hard but truly satisfying,” Ray said.“And there’s nothing else like it for them.”
9．What can we learn about Ray from the first two paragraphs
A．She hosted the award ceremony. B．She brought music to more people.
C．She gave away instruments to the poor. D．She founded a local charity for children.
10．What do students benefit most from the orchestra
A．They acquire in-depth musical knowledge. B．They make friends with the like-minded.
C．They gain personal growth from playing music. D．They improve their connections with educators.
11．What is paragraph 4 of the text mainly about
A．The reception on the ceremony. B．Importance of music education.
C．Challenges for music educators. D．Plans to obtain resources.
12．What does Ray find satisfying according to the last paragraph
A．Winning a scholarship. B．Developing interest in music.
C．Making musical achievements. D．Transforming dreams into reality.
Passage 4
（23-24高三上·山东枣庄·期末）Before the year has even come to a close, climate experts are certain that 2023 will be the hottest year in recorded history.
On Dec. 6, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) — part of the European Union's space program — revealed that this year's average global temperatures have been 2.6℉ (1.46°C ) higher than temperatures in preindustrial times and 0.2°F (0.13°C) higher than January to November in 2016. These “extraordinary” temperatures mean that 2023will be “the warmest year in recorded history,” C3S deputy director Samantha Burgess said in a statement.
The researchers note that this year's record heat was partly caused by the latest El Nino event — a phenomenon where warmer water near the equator triggers warmer global air temperatures — that began in June. Some other experts have suggested that the January2022 eruption of Tonga's underwater volcano, which pumped record levels of water vapor into the atmosphere, may also be partly responsible.
Despite these factors, the major cause of climbing temperatures is global warming caused by runaway greenhouse gas emissions, which, noted in a C3S statement, have trapped more than 25 billion atomic bombs' worth of energy in our atmosphere over the last 50 years. And still worse, the global carbon emissions have reached a new high this year, according to scientists at the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP28) On Dec 4.
The effects of global warming are becoming more obvious. In 2023, research revealed that climate change is causing major US cities to sink and more than half of the world's largest lakes and reservoirs to shrink. Studies also predicted that the Gulf Stream, which plays a vital role in ocean circulation, could collapse by as early as 2025, and that rising sea levels could swamp the U S coastline by 2050.
However, scientists say that we still have time to prevent further disaster. Leading climate change expert Michael Mann, from the University of Pennsylvania, recently wrote that “we can still stop the worst effects of climate change” if we stop emitting greenhouse gases as soon as possible.
13．What's the purpose of the text
A．To report the recorded hottest year.
B．To present findings of a research.
C．To analyze the causes of climate change.
D．To warn of the coming natural disaster.
14．Which is the main factor in causing the warmest weather in 2023
A．Eruption of an underwater volcano.
B．Greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Collapse of the Gulf Stream.
D．The latest El Nino event.
15．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Scientists' predictions of the future.
B．The threat of rising sea levels to the U.S.
C．The effects of climate change.
D．Different opinions on global warming.
16．How does Michael Mann feel about the present situation
A．Confused. B．Worried. C．Pessimistic. D．Hopeful.
Passage 5
（2024·湖南岳阳·一模）Classical Chinese furniture — a desk, a cabinet or any other fine piece of furniture and often out of precious wood —impresses us with its delicate shape. The secret of its graceful form is less visible and lies in its complicated sunmao (榫卯) system, which allows the various components to be assembled neatly without glue or nails.
Suzhou, a scenic and peaceful city in Jiangsu, a province long known for its wealth, developed its own tradition of classical furniture design over the centuries. Examples of the Suzhou-style furniture are currently on display as part of Oriental Wisdom in Sun Mao, a group exhibition at the Prince Kung’s Palace Museum in Beijing.
Running until Sunday, the show demonstrates the way that the complex sunmao technique has been used in making furniture, as well as the variations that developed in different parts of the country. Also on display are models of different kinds, as well as the components of two chairs, which are disassembled and laid out to give museum goers a clear view of the inner structure of classical furniture.
The Suzhou style flowered during the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), and once dominated the market in Jiangnan, the southern region along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It integrated input from the intellectual class, who put their ideals regarding living spaces and spiritual harbors into its design. According to Xu Jianping, one of the inheritors of classical furniture design in the city, the Suzhou style presents beauty in the same delicate way the city does, and represents the life philosophy of its people to achieve “refinement through careful calculations”.
Guangzhou style furniture is normally made out of tropical hardwood, and its forms and decorative patterns show the influence of European furniture styles resulting from Guangzhou’s history as an international trade port. The Beijing style, which is more splendid, incorporates aesthetic (美学) and stylistic elements from both Suzhou and Guangzhou.
“While the Suzhou style is light in weight and elegant in outline, furniture in the Beijing style is more magnificent, as it used to be made for royalty and aristocracy.” Xu says. “Ultimately, people live with their furniture, so the principle of quality furniture is that it should be appropriate to the space.”
17．What is on display in the exhibition
A．The lifestyle in Sunzhou. B．The modern furniture in Suzhou.
C．The secret of sunmao system. D．The classical furniture in China.
18．What does the underlined word ”disassembled“ in paragraph 3 mean
A．taken apart B．broken up C．torn down D．given away
19．What is paragraph 4 of the text mainly about
A．The beauty of the delicate city. B．The development of the Suzhou Style.
C．The influence of historical design ideas. D．The formation of the Suzhou life philosophy.
20．Why did the author mention Guangzhou and Beijing style furniture
A．To compare their differences. B．To evaluate the usage of furniture.
C．To express the way to display furniture. D．To illustrate the theory of furniture design.
Passage 6
（2024·湖南永州·二模）Before humans stored memories as zeroes and ones, we turned to digital devices of another kind — preserving knowledge on the surface of fingers and palms.
When Mogao Caves was uncovered in 1900, an aging drawing was lifted from a trove of religious manuscripts. The drawing illustrates a mnemonic (助记符号) system, a way of projecting knowledge onto the hands so it can be studied, memorized, and stored in a pocket. Around the same time this mnemonic was made, a monk named Bede halfway around the world was developing a different system of manual knowledge. These two systems are perhaps the earliest examples of manual mnemonics.
Beginning roughly twelve hundred years ago, we started using the hand itself as a portable (便携的) place of knowledge, a place to store whatever tended to slip our mental grasp. The hand became an all-purpose memory machine.
In different times and places, hands provided mnemonic maps of sound. As early as the thirteenth century, Chinese scholars were projecting syllable charts (音节图表) onto the palms and fingers. The so-called “Guidonian hand” owes its name to the eleventh-century Italian music teacher, Guido d’Arezzo. Arranging the different pitches in a scale onto the joints, he developed this technique to help students learn “unheard melody most easily and correctly”. Other thinkers in Europe, perhaps inspired by Guido, developed systems for learning the sounds of language.
Then questions arise. First, what makes the hand so popular as a mnemonic prop A large part of the answer, surely, involves portability. The hands are always, well, ready to hand. A further advantage stems from how hand mnemonics offer both visual and kinesthetic (动觉的) routes to memory: They are both seen and felt.
It’s also hard to determine when and why hand mnemonics faded out. Hand mnemonics are still used to teach the “right-hand rule” in physics classrooms and remain especially popular in medicine. Today, we increasingly store our “thoughts” in virtual realms (领域), but we sometimes still reach for that original “digital” repository (存储库) in our pockets.
21．What do we learn about the two earliest examples of mnemonics
A．Bede made a hand mnemonic in Mogao Caves.
B．They are the same system of manual knowledge.
C．The drawing was uncovered on the fingers and palms.
D．The drawing from Mogao Caves illustrates a mnemonic system.
22．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Human hands mapped sound charts.
B．Human hands played a role in sound mnemonics.
C．Guido helped his students learn unheard melody.
D．Scholars projected syllable charts onto the palms and fingers.
23．Why does the hand gain popularity as a mnemonic prop
A．The hand is always available for use.
B．The hand can feel what people memorize.
C．Fingers can easily be marked with characters.
D．Hand mnemonics help memorize visible things.
24．What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of hand mnemonics
A．Positive. B．Pessimistic. C．Uncertain. D．Indifferent.
