专题03 写作意图推断题
知考法 明考向: 该题型主要考查考生对作者所阐述的内容进行分析和总结的能力,属于深层次理解题。作者在文中一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文中所列举的事物、事项使读者感受到其所传递的想法。写作意图文体联系紧密,考生有时可根据文体特点推测写作意图。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 I , B篇）
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine.
3．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea.
C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4．What is the basis for John’s work
A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。
3．写作意图推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. (你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。
技法点拨：依文体特点和写作手法推意图
一、看文体类别
1. 故事类
to tell a story/share a(n)... experience/amuse/entertain readers
广告类/应用文
to sell a product/attract visitorspersuade/promote...
科普类说明文
to introduce/explain/inform...
议论文
to argue/prove/analyse/show...
新闻类
to inform/report
二、看写作手法
1. 在文章开头提出问题
to bring in/introduce the topic
介绍与主题有关的事物
to bring in/introduce the topic
3. 举例或引用某人的话
to support/show...
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）“I am so sorry,” I tearfully said to my principal investigator (PI), explaining I would not be able to return to work as originally planned. Before I became a parent, I had assumed a baby would fit right into my academic plans. But now, as the end of my leave approached, I realized I couldn’t simply carry on as I always had. I was worried this decision might signal the end of my academic career-but I felt I had no other choice.
Thankfully, my PI had more foresight. He told me I didn’t need to resign and that he could offer me a contract that would allow me to contribute to our project from afar. It proved to be an absolute career lifeline tailored to me.
Then five years after stepping back from academia, I felt ready to re-enter more fully. Because I had been able to keep my hand in during my time away, the prospect was much less daunting than it would have been otherwise. I ended up landing a lecturer position that allowed me to slowly ease back in, focusing on teaching and scholarship with research taking a back seat. And when, 4 years on, a senior lectureship position came up in the very group I had left a decade earlier, the timing was right. With both of my children in “big school,” I was ready to really put my foot down on the career accelerator. I got the job.
Now, 6 months into my new role, I am happy to be right where it all began, with involvement in so many interesting projects. But what truly made the difference for me was the offer of what I needed during that time away. I hope more institutions and PIs can come up with creative provisions for those in their workforce who don’t want to give up their careers but want-or-need to take extended periods of leave. And to those who are taking such breaks, or considering it, know that returning is possible. Above all, on both sides: Please do not discount extended leavers. We have a lot to offer — if we are given the chance.
1．What can we learn about the author from the first paragraph
A．She chose to sacrifice her family for her career.
B．Her path to PI began when she became a parent.
C．She struck a balance between work and family.
D．She had intended to stick to her academic plans.
2．What does the underlined word “daunting” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Realistic. B．Scary. C．Unlikely. D．Attractive.
3．What contributed most to her success according to the author
A．Supportive work environment. B．Academic researches.
C．Involvement in engaging projects. D．Interest in the projects.
4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage
A．To analyze. B．To entertain. C．To promote. D．To report.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者讲述了自己成为父母后因为无法回到原来的工作岗位而感到困惑和担忧。然而，幸运的是，他们的研究主任为他提供了一份可以远程参与项目的合同，这成为了他职业生涯的转折点。经过几年的休假，作者感到自己已经准备好重新全职工作，最终找到了一份讲师职位。凭借着之前在离开期间的经验，回归工作并没有那么困难。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Before I became a parent, I had assumed a baby would fit right into my academic plans. But now, as the end of my leave approached, I realized I couldn’t simply carry on as I always had. I was worried this decision might signal the end of my academic career-but I felt I had no other choice.( 在我为人父母之前，我曾以为有个孩子正好符合我的学业计划。但现在，随着我的假期即将结束，我意识到我不能像往常一样简单地继续下去。我担心这个决定可能标志着我学术生涯的结束，但我觉得我别无选择。)”可知，作者之前认为孩子会完全适应她的学术计划，但现在她意识到不能像以前一样继续工作，因此她感到困惑和担忧即作者本来打算坚持自己的学业计划。故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Then five years after stepping back from academia, I felt ready to re-enter more fully. Because I had been able to keep my hand in during my time away(在退出学术界五年后，我觉得自己已经准备好更全面地重返学术界。因为在我离开的这段时间里，我一直在工作)”可推知，此处指虽然作者退出了学术界，但是一直没有让自己对学术界生疏，一直在进行工作，让自己对学术界保持着熟悉的状态，因此前景远没有以前那么让作者害怕。故划线词与B选项“Scary.(害怕的)”为同义词。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But what truly made the difference for me was the offer of what I needed during that time away. I hope more institutions and PIs can come up with creative provisions for those in their workforce who don’t want to give up their careers but want-or need-to take extended periods of leave.( 但真正对我产生影响的是在这段时间里我所需要的东西。我希望更多的机构和负责人能够为那些不想放弃自己的事业，但希望或需要延长休假时间的员工提供创造性的规定。)”可知，现在，6个月过去了，作者很高兴回到了一切的起点，在众多有趣的项目中参与其中，但最让其开心的是能够在那段时间离开时得到所需的帮助。因此作者认为最为重要的是支持性的工作环境。故选A。
4．写作意图推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But what truly made the difference for me was the offer of what I needed during that time away. I hope more institutions and PIs can come up with creative provisions for those in their workforce who don’t want to give up their careers but want-or need-to take extended periods of leave. And to those who are taking such breaks, or considering it, know that returning is possible. Above all, on both sides: Please do not discount extended leavers. We have a lot to offer-if we are given the chance.(但真正对我产生影响的是在这段时间里我所需要的东西。我希望更多的机构和负责人能够为那些不想放弃自己的事业，但希望或需要延长休假时间的员工提供创造性的规定。对于那些正在休假或考虑休假的人，要知道，回来是可能的。最重要的是，双方:请不要轻视长期离职者。如果给我们机会，我们有很多东西可以提供。)”可知，从文章最后一段可以看出，作者希望通过自己的经历告诉人们，回归工作是可能的，并呼吁更多的机构和领导提供有创意的设施，不要轻易忽视那些休长期假期的人的能力和价值。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是促进人们对于这个问题的关注和重视。故选C。
Passage 2
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Now, Earth Day is celebrated around the world. We still face many challenges, such as climate change, plastic pollution, and deforestation. But we can all make a difference.
Her Trees Save Lives
Adeline Tiffanie Suwana was 12 when her family’s home flooded. Indonesia, her island nation, is often hit hard by floods and other natural disasters.
Adeline learned that mangrove trees play a key role in flood protection and rallied classmates to plant 200 trees during a school break. They started a group called Sahabat Alam or Friends of Nature, which works to conserve the region’s biodiversity and combat climate change.
Today. Adeline attends university, studying how businesses can help the environment.
Teens’ Two-Fold Invention
EPS—expanded polystyrene foam—is the white, lightweight stuff used to make things like takeout food containers, foam egg cartons, and packing “peanuts”. But it takes up a lot of space and is difficult to recycle. EPS breaks into small pieces as it floats down waterways into oceans, harming wildlife along the way.
Eighth-graders Julia Bray, Luke Clay, and Ashton Cofer looked at EPS’s chemical makeup and saw that it was mostly carbon. That sparked an idea. Could they turn it into activated carbon, a material that filters toxins from water
After 50 hours of experiments, including one that accidentally set the family grill fire, they succeeded!
Solar for Her School
When Claire Vlases of Montana was in seventh grade, she learned about plans to expand and modernize her middle school. Claire asked the school board to add solar panels to the project. The board liked the idea but said it could contribute just $25,000, one-fifth of the cost. So Claire organized a group of kids and adults who set to work raising the rest.
They asked for donations, even going door-to-door for them. And they appealed to charitable foundations too. One even donated half the cost!
After two years of hard work, the group paid for the solar panels, which now supply one-fourth of the school’s electricity needs.
5．What do the three groups of teenagers have in common
A．They are Earth-helping heroes. B．They are from island countries.
C．They are high school students. D．They are keen on experiments.
6．How much did one of the charitable organizations donate for solar panels
A．$25,000. B．$50,000. C．$62,500. D．$125,000.
7．What is the purpose of the passage
A．To give models for colorful school activities.
B．To explore the ways to deal with plastic pollution.
C．To inspire people to act for environmental problems.
D．To display the amazing power of effective cooperation.
【答案】5．A 6．C 7．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍一些学生形成组织为保护地球做出的事迹。
5．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Now, Earth Day is celebrated around the world. We still face many challenges, such as climate change, plastic pollution, and deforestation. But we can all make a difference.(现在，世界各地都在庆祝地球日。我们仍然面临许多挑战，如气候变化、塑料污染和森林砍伐。但我们都可以有所作为。)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍一些学生形成组织为保护地球做出的事迹。所以本文中的青少年都是保护地球的英雄们。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。由文章Solar for Her School中“Claire asked the school board to add solar panels to the project. The board liked the idea but said it could contribute just $25,000, one-fifth of the cost. (克莱尔要求学校董事会为该项目增加太阳能电池板。董事会喜欢这个想法，但表示只能出资25000美元，即成本的五分之一。)”以及“They asked for donations, even going door-to-door for them. And they appealed to charitable foundations too. One even donated half the cost!(他们要求捐款，甚至挨家挨户地为他们募捐。他们也呼吁慈善基金会。其中一个慈善基金会甚至捐出了一半的费用！)”可知，总共费用需要25,000*5=125,000，其中一半是65,000。故选C项。
7．写作意图推理判断题。由文章第一段“Now, Earth Day is celebrated around the world. We still face many challenges, such as climate change, plastic pollution, and deforestation. But we can all make a difference.(现在，世界各地都在庆祝地球日。我们仍然面临许多挑战，如气候变化、塑料污染和森林砍伐。但我们都可以有所作为。)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍一些学生形成组织为保护地球做出的事迹。所以这篇文章举例展示有效合作的惊人力量。故选C项。
Passage 3
（2024·浙江杭州·一模）That dinosaurs ate the mammals (哺乳动物) that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned.
The fossil -dated to about 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period-was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal. This animal is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops (三角恐龙). Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally cam e in the fossil record.
One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead, other than hunting live prey. These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fake s have emerged, as this one did -though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons (骨骼) makes that unlikely, too.
Assuming it is genuine, the discovery serves as a reminder that not all dinosaurs were enormous during the Cretaceous and not all mammals were tiny. From nose to tail, the dinosaur is just 1.2 meters long. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. Despite being half the size, the mammal has one paw firmly wrapped around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw. It is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has ripped off two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning.
8．Which idiom is closest in meaning to underlined part “the tables were turned” in paragraph 1
A．The fittest survives. B．The hunters become hunted.
C．Fortune always favors the brave. D．The truth will always come to light.
9．Why does the author mention the “tooth mark” in paragraph 3
A．To prove the fossil was fake. B．To show the forming of the fossil.
C．To illustrate the process of hunting. D．To suggest the dinosaur was hunted alive.
10．What makes Dr. Han think the fossil is genuine
A．The size of the fossil. B．The absence of fake fossils.
C．The complexity of the skeletons. D．The consistency of the opinions.
11．What is the function of the last paragraph
A．It offers a cause. B．It highlights a solution.
C．It justifies the conclusion. D．It provides a new discovery.
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍最近发现的一个化石表明，有时恐龙也会被哺乳动物猎杀。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“That dinosaurs ate the mammals (哺乳动物) that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. (恐龙吃跑在它们脚下的哺乳动物是毫无疑问的)”，第二段的“two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal. (两只似乎陷入生死搏斗的动物。上面的是哺乳动物)”，和第三段的“These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. (如今，小型哺乳动物攻击大型动物已经不常见了。但这并非闻所未闻)”可知，虽然恐龙吃哺乳动物是毫无疑问的，但最新发现的一个化石表明在一场生死搏斗中，哺乳动物占了上风，并且小型动物攻击大型动物也并非没有。由此可知，有时情况会发生逆转，即公认的捕猎者反被猎捕。因此猜测，划线部分意为“捕猎者成为猎物”。故选B。
9.写作意图推理判断题。根据第三段的“These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. (如今，小型哺乳动物攻击大型动物已经不常见了。但这并非闻所未闻)”和下文“And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. (韩博士和他的同事们指出，那些吃尸体的哺乳动物通常会在骨头上留下牙印。恐龙的残骸上没有这样的痕迹)”推知，提出恐龙化石的骨骼上没有牙齿印是为了表明它很有可能是在活着时被小型哺乳动物猎杀的。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“More and more convincing fake s have emerged, as this one did -though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons(骨骼) makes that unlikely, too. (越来越多令人信服的假骨头出现了，就像这一具一样——尽管韩博士和他的同事们认为，骨骼之间复杂的连接性质也使这种假骨头不太可能出现)”可知，骨骼之间复杂的连接性使得Dr. Han和他的同事们认为化石是真的。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段“Now an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned. (现在，由中国海南科技职业大学的韩刚领导的研究小组在《科学报告》中发现了一种不同寻常的化石，它表明，有时情况会发生逆转)”以及最后一段“From nose to tail, the dinosaur is just 1.2 meters long. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. Despite being half the size, the mammal has one paw firmly wrapped around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw. It is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has ripped off two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning. (从鼻子到尾巴，恐龙只有1.2米长。这种哺乳动物体长不到半米。尽管这种哺乳动物只有一半大小，但它的一只爪子牢牢地包裹着猎物的四肢，另一只爪子拉着猎物的下巴。它咬住了恐龙的胸部，撕下了它的两根肋骨。在他们被打断之前，哺乳动物似乎赢了)”推知，最后一段对化石的描述是为了证明第一段提到的研究结论的正确性，即恐龙有时会被哺乳动物猎杀。故选C。
Passage 4
（2024·福建泉州·二模）3M and Discovery Education announced Sean Jiang from Gilman School as one of the top ten finalists from across the nation for the 2023 3M Young Scientist Challenge. It’s a competition that encourages students to identify an everyday problem and submit a video showing the science behind the solution he or she came up with.
14-year-old Jiang decided to help those who can’t see. Blind people had a hard time navigating (导航) objects that are medium to far range. So Jiang wanted to design something to give them a heads-up on obstacles (障碍) that may be incoming.
Jiang’s inspiration came from the powers of the hearing system. “I learned in school that bats and whales are able to use echolocation (回声定位) to help them navigate and just use their sense of hearing and I also saw on YouTube some very skilled blind people that use echolocation to help them walk,” said Jiang.
Jiang started with a virtual reality setting and then made it a reality. His creation uses a depth camera that can detect how close objects are, thus giving enough time to dodge the obstacles. When a blind is walking with the device, the sensor of the depth camera gathers the information regarding the obstacles’ position and distance. Then the AI system in it will turn the distance data into musical sound guidance. This could significantly increase the walking speed of a blind person as well as decrease the number of obstacles they hit.
Some other similar programs were alright at finding objects that were in close range, but Jiang still wanted the blind to experience the world even fuller so they were able to see stuff that was much further away than their circle of reach.
In October, the top ten finalists will compete in person in Minneapolis for the title of “America’s Top Young Scientist” and a $25, 000 prize.
12．What can we learn about Jiang from the first two paragraphs
A．He was the champion of the 2023 3M event.
B．He invented technology to remove road obstacles.
C．He sought to assist the blind in walking smoothly.
D．He developed a new navigation app for his school.
13．Why did Jiang mention “echolocation”
A．To show the development of technology.
B．To present the difficulties the blind face.
C．To stress the significance of hearing.
D．To explain the inspiration of his invention.
14．What does the underlined word “dodge” mean in paragraph 4
A．Avoid.
B．Encounter.
C．Challenge.
D．Remove.
15．What is the text mainly about
A．3M facilities intended for the blind.
B．A teen using sound to help the blind.
C．An invention to cure vision problems.
D．A competition to improve the blind’s life.
【答案】12．C 13．D 14．A 15．B
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了一个青少年Sean Jiang的发明创造，他发明的设备能用声音帮助盲人顺利行走。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段“14-year-old Jiang decided to help those who can’t see. Blind people had a hard time navigating(导航) objects that are medium to far range. So Jiang wanted to design something to give them a heads-up on obstacles(障碍) that may be incoming. (14岁的Jiang决定帮助那些看不见的人。盲人很难在中远距离的物体上导航。因此，Jiang想设计一些东西，让他们对可能到来的障碍有所预警。)”可知，Jiang设法帮助盲人顺利行走。故选C项。
13．．写作意图推理判断题。根据第三段中“Jiang’s inspiration came from the powers of the hearing system. (Jiang的灵感来自于听觉系统的力量。)”以及Jiang所说“I learned in school that bats and whales are able to use echolocation (回声定位) to help them navigate and just use their sense of hearing and I also saw on YouTube some very skilled blind people that use echolocation to help them walk.( 我在学校里学过蝙蝠和鲸鱼能够利用回声定位来帮助它们导航，而且我还在YouTube上看到一些非常熟练的盲人利用回声定位来帮助他们走路。)”可知，Jiang提到“回声定位”是为了解释他的发明灵感。故选D项。
14．词句猜测题。划线词句后文“When a blind is walking with the device, the sensor of the depth camera gathers the information regarding the obstacles’ position and distance. Then the AI system in it will turn the distance data into musical sound guidance. This could significantly increase the walking speed of a blind person as well as decrease the number of obstacles they hit. (当盲人使用该设备行走时，深度相机的传感器会收集有关障碍物位置和距离的信息。然后其中的人工智能系统将把距离数据转化为音乐声音引导。这可以显著提高盲人的行走速度，并减少他们撞到的障碍物数量。)”说明该设备能够帮助盲人避开障碍物，从而推知划线词句“His creation uses a depth camera that can detect how close objects are, thus giving enough time to dodge the obstacles. (他的发明使用了一个深度相机，可以探测到物体有多近，从而有足够的时间dodge障碍物。)”故划线词汇意思是“避开”。故选A项。
15．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段中“14-year-old Jiang decided to help those who can’t see. (14岁的Jiang决定帮助那些看不见的人。)”以及第三段中“Jiang’s inspiration came from the powers of the hearing system. (Jiang的灵感来自于听觉系统的力量。)”等内容可知，本文主要介绍了一个青少年Sean Jiang的发明创造，他发明的设备能用声音帮助盲人顺利行走。故选B项。
Passage 5
（2024·全国·一模）If sales generally feel hard to to resist, the sale in front of Aarron Schurevich was the ultimate test: new Kia Soul just like the one he’d had and loved, at a dealership he trusted, at a moment when he really needed a car. And it was priced $4,000 off more than a 20% discount. However, after he sped through paperwork and drove the car off the lot, the deal turned soul. Schurevich now jokes that he paid a tax for being a fool.
This big-ticket example shows vividly all the dynamics that play out in a sale. The discount itself often registers as a win, delivering the joy of both getting the product and the reward that we discovered something, and we’ve earned this extra thing. Thus, spotting something we’d like to buy on sale activates our brain’s reward system. Then there’s the fight in the brain between what can be described as its emotional and rational(理性的)parts. A sale lands like the thumb that tips our mental scale toward buying.
Stores, of course, know all this and try to push our buttons.
Experts say we often subconsciously believe popular things to be more valuable or more rewarding. Plus, there’s our urge to avoid loses — the fear of missing out (FOMO). So stores appeal to our crowd mentality: It’s Black Friday, ana everyone’s shopping, buying that thing you’d like. They create urgency: Your favorite car is on sale today only! And they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!
Stores also try various pricing tricks. “How do we make more customers go to the more expensive option We add a decoy,” says Savannah Wei Shi, who researches pricing and decision-making. For example, picture s store shelf where a medium bag of candy sits next to a larger bag of the same candy. The medium-sized bag is much smaller than the other bag, but only slightly cheaper. It makes the big bag look like the best deal, so shoppers buy that one-the most expensive option on the shelf.
16．Why is Aarron Schurevich’s story mentioned
A．To illustrate why we fall for a sale. B．To present how our brains are activated.
C．To stress the importance of rational decision. D．To prove the flexibility of marketing strategies.
17．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．FOMO postpones decisions. B．Sales play on people’s fears.
C．Subconsciousness determines everything. D．Scarcity promotion leads to wise purchases.
18．What marketing technique is used by warning about the limited number of available seats left
A．Using Pricing tricks. B．Dealing with emergencies.
C．Creating scarcity. D．Appealing to crowd mentality.
19．What does “a decoy” refer to in paragraph 5
A．A candy. B．A shelf. C．A larger bag. D．A medium bag.
【答案】16．A 17．B 18．C 19．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍在销售中商家利用顾客心理而使用的一些促销手段。
16．写作意图推理判断题。由文章第一段“If sales generally feel hard to to resist, the sale in front of Aarron Schurevich was the ultimate test: new Kia Soul just like the one he’d had and loved, at a dealership he trusted, at a moment when he really needed a car. And it was priced $4,000 off more than a 20% discount. However, after he sped through paperwork and drove the car off the lot, the deal turned soul. Schurevich now jokes that he paid a tax for being a fool.(如果销售通常让人难以抗拒，那么在Aarron Schurevich面前的销售是一次终极考验：新款起亚Soul就像他曾经拥有和喜爱的一样，在他真正需要一辆车的时候，在他信任的经销商那里。它的价格是4000美元，折扣超过20%。然而，在他快速完成文书工作并将车驶离停车场后，这笔交易让人魂牵梦绕。Schurevich现在开玩笑说，他因为自己是个傻瓜而纳税。)”可知，作者提到Schurevich的故事为了说明我们为什么会上当。故选A项。
17．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Experts say we often subconsciously believe popular things to be more valuable or more rewarding. Plus, there’s our urge to avoid loses — the fear of missing out (FOMO). So stores appeal to our crowd mentality: It’s Black Friday, ana everyone’s shopping, buying that thing you’d like. They create urgency: Your favorite car is on sale today only! And they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!(专家表示，我们通常下意识地认为受欢迎的东西更有价值或更有回报。此外，我们还有避免失败的冲动——害怕错过（FOMO）。因此，商店吸引了我们的人群心态：今天是黑色星期五，每个人都在购物，买你喜欢的东西。他们制造了紧迫感：你最喜欢的车今天才打折！他们制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量有限！)”可知，商家利用了人们的害怕来促销。故选B项。
18．细节理解题。由文章第四段“And they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!(他们制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量有限！)”可知，警告剩余座位数量有限是制造稀缺性的销售手法。故选C项。
19．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段“For example, picture s store shelf where a medium bag of candy sits next to a larger bag of the same candy. The medium-sized bag is much smaller than the other bag, but only slightly cheaper. It makes the big bag look like the best deal, so shoppers buy that one-the most expensive option on the shelf.(例如，图片中的商店货架上，一个中等大小的糖果袋放在一个较大的相同糖果袋旁边。中等尺寸的袋子比其它袋子小得多，但只稍微便宜一点。它让这个大袋子看起来是最划算的，所以购物者买这个袋子——这是货架上最昂贵的选择。)”可推测，a decoy应指的是“一个中等大小的袋子”。故选D项。专题03 写作意图推断题
知考法 明考向: 该题型主要考查考生对作者所阐述的内容进行分析和总结的能力,属于深层次理解题。作者在文中一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文中所列举的事物、事项使读者感受到其所传递的想法。写作意图文体联系紧密,考生有时可根据文体特点推测写作意图。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 I , B篇）
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine.
3．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John’s research plans. B．To show an application of John’s idea.
C．To compare John’s different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4．What is the basis for John’s work
A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
技法点拨：依文体特点和写作手法推意图
一、看文体类别
1. 故事类
to tell a story/share a(n)... experience/amuse/entertain readers
广告类/应用文
to sell a product/attract visitorspersuade/promote...
科普类说明文
to introduce/explain/inform...
议论文
to argue/prove/analyse/show...
新闻类
to inform/report
二、看写作手法
1. 在文章开头提出问题
to bring in/introduce the topic
介绍与主题有关的事物
to bring in/introduce the topic
3. 举例或引用某人的话
to support/show...
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）“I am so sorry,” I tearfully said to my principal investigator (PI), explaining I would not be able to return to work as originally planned. Before I became a parent, I had assumed a baby would fit right into my academic plans. But now, as the end of my leave approached, I realized I couldn’t simply carry on as I always had. I was worried this decision might signal the end of my academic career-but I felt I had no other choice.
Thankfully, my PI had more foresight. He told me I didn’t need to resign and that he could offer me a contract that would allow me to contribute to our project from afar. It proved to be an absolute career lifeline tailored to me.
Then five years after stepping back from academia, I felt ready to re-enter more fully. Because I had been able to keep my hand in during my time away, the prospect was much less daunting than it would have been otherwise. I ended up landing a lecturer position that allowed me to slowly ease back in, focusing on teaching and scholarship with research taking a back seat. And when, 4 years on, a senior lectureship position came up in the very group I had left a decade earlier, the timing was right. With both of my children in “big school,” I was ready to really put my foot down on the career accelerator. I got the job.
Now, 6 months into my new role, I am happy to be right where it all began, with involvement in so many interesting projects. But what truly made the difference for me was the offer of what I needed during that time away. I hope more institutions and PIs can come up with creative provisions for those in their workforce who don’t want to give up their careers but want-or-need to take extended periods of leave. And to those who are taking such breaks, or considering it, know that returning is possible. Above all, on both sides: Please do not discount extended leavers. We have a lot to offer — if we are given the chance.
1．What can we learn about the author from the first paragraph
A．She chose to sacrifice her family for her career.
B．Her path to PI began when she became a parent.
C．She struck a balance between work and family.
D．She had intended to stick to her academic plans.
2．What does the underlined word “daunting” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Realistic. B．Scary. C．Unlikely. D．Attractive.
3．What contributed most to her success according to the author
A．Supportive work environment. B．Academic researches.
C．Involvement in engaging projects. D．Interest in the projects.
4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage
A．To analyze. B．To entertain. C．To promote. D．To report.
Passage 2
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Now, Earth Day is celebrated around the world. We still face many challenges, such as climate change, plastic pollution, and deforestation. But we can all make a difference.
Her Trees Save Lives
Adeline Tiffanie Suwana was 12 when her family’s home flooded. Indonesia, her island nation, is often hit hard by floods and other natural disasters.
Adeline learned that mangrove trees play a key role in flood protection and rallied classmates to plant 200 trees during a school break. They started a group called Sahabat Alam or Friends of Nature, which works to conserve the region’s biodiversity and combat climate change.
Today. Adeline attends university, studying how businesses can help the environment.
Teens’ Two-Fold Invention
EPS—expanded polystyrene foam—is the white, lightweight stuff used to make things like takeout food containers, foam egg cartons, and packing “peanuts”. But it takes up a lot of space and is difficult to recycle. EPS breaks into small pieces as it floats down waterways into oceans, harming wildlife along the way.
Eighth-graders Julia Bray, Luke Clay, and Ashton Cofer looked at EPS’s chemical makeup and saw that it was mostly carbon. That sparked an idea. Could they turn it into activated carbon, a material that filters toxins from water
After 50 hours of experiments, including one that accidentally set the family grill fire, they succeeded!
Solar for Her School
When Claire Vlases of Montana was in seventh grade, she learned about plans to expand and modernize her middle school. Claire asked the school board to add solar panels to the project. The board liked the idea but said it could contribute just $25,000, one-fifth of the cost. So Claire organized a group of kids and adults who set to work raising the rest.
They asked for donations, even going door-to-door for them. And they appealed to charitable foundations too. One even donated half the cost!
After two years of hard work, the group paid for the solar panels, which now supply one-fourth of the school’s electricity needs.
5．What do the three groups of teenagers have in common
A．They are Earth-helping heroes. B．They are from island countries.
C．They are high school students. D．They are keen on experiments.
6．How much did one of the charitable organizations donate for solar panels
A．$25,000. B．$50,000. C．$62,500. D．$125,000.
7．What is the purpose of the passage
A．To give models for colorful school activities.
B．To explore the ways to deal with plastic pollution.
C．To inspire people to act for environmental problems.
D．To display the amazing power of effective cooperation.
Passage 3
（2024·浙江杭州·一模）That dinosaurs ate the mammals (哺乳动物) that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned.
The fossil -dated to about 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period-was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal. This animal is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops (三角恐龙). Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally cam e in the fossil record.
One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead, other than hunting live prey. These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fake s have emerged, as this one did -though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons (骨骼) makes that unlikely, too.
Assuming it is genuine, the discovery serves as a reminder that not all dinosaurs were enormous during the Cretaceous and not all mammals were tiny. From nose to tail, the dinosaur is just 1.2 meters long. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. Despite being half the size, the mammal has one paw firmly wrapped around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw. It is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has ripped off two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning.
8．Which idiom is closest in meaning to underlined part “the tables were turned” in paragraph 1
A．The fittest survives. B．The hunters become hunted.
C．Fortune always favors the brave. D．The truth will always come to light.
9．Why does the author mention the “tooth mark” in paragraph 3
A．To prove the fossil was fake. B．To show the forming of the fossil.
C．To illustrate the process of hunting. D．To suggest the dinosaur was hunted alive.
10．What makes Dr. Han think the fossil is genuine
A．The size of the fossil. B．The absence of fake fossils.
C．The complexity of the skeletons. D．The consistency of the opinions.
11．What is the function of the last paragraph
A．It offers a cause. B．It highlights a solution.
C．It justifies the conclusion. D．It provides a new discovery.
Passage 4
（2024·福建泉州·二模）3M and Discovery Education announced Sean Jiang from Gilman School as one of the top ten finalists from across the nation for the 2023 3M Young Scientist Challenge. It’s a competition that encourages students to identify an everyday problem and submit a video showing the science behind the solution he or she came up with.
14-year-old Jiang decided to help those who can’t see. Blind people had a hard time navigating (导航) objects that are medium to far range. So Jiang wanted to design something to give them a heads-up on obstacles (障碍) that may be incoming.
Jiang’s inspiration came from the powers of the hearing system. “I learned in school that bats and whales are able to use echolocation (回声定位) to help them navigate and just use their sense of hearing and I also saw on YouTube some very skilled blind people that use echolocation to help them walk,” said Jiang.
Jiang started with a virtual reality setting and then made it a reality. His creation uses a depth camera that can detect how close objects are, thus giving enough time to dodge the obstacles. When a blind is walking with the device, the sensor of the depth camera gathers the information regarding the obstacles’ position and distance. Then the AI system in it will turn the distance data into musical sound guidance. This could significantly increase the walking speed of a blind person as well as decrease the number of obstacles they hit.
Some other similar programs were alright at finding objects that were in close range, but Jiang still wanted the blind to experience the world even fuller so they were able to see stuff that was much further away than their circle of reach.
In October, the top ten finalists will compete in person in Minneapolis for the title of “America’s Top Young Scientist” and a $25, 000 prize.
12．What can we learn about Jiang from the first two paragraphs
A．He was the champion of the 2023 3M event.
B．He invented technology to remove road obstacles.
C．He sought to assist the blind in walking smoothly.
D．He developed a new navigation app for his school.
13．Why did Jiang mention “echolocation”
A．To show the development of technology.
B．To present the difficulties the blind face.
C．To stress the significance of hearing.
D．To explain the inspiration of his invention.
14．What does the underlined word “dodge” mean in paragraph 4
A．Avoid.
B．Encounter.
C．Challenge.
D．Remove.
15．What is the text mainly about
A．3M facilities intended for the blind.
B．A teen using sound to help the blind.
C．An invention to cure vision problems.
D．A competition to improve the blind’s life.
Passage 5
（2024·全国·一模）If sales generally feel hard to to resist, the sale in front of Aarron Schurevich was the ultimate test: new Kia Soul just like the one he’d had and loved, at a dealership he trusted, at a moment when he really needed a car. And it was priced $4,000 off more than a 20% discount. However, after he sped through paperwork and drove the car off the lot, the deal turned soul. Schurevich now jokes that he paid a tax for being a fool.
This big-ticket example shows vividly all the dynamics that play out in a sale. The discount itself often registers as a win, delivering the joy of both getting the product and the reward that we discovered something, and we’ve earned this extra thing. Thus, spotting something we’d like to buy on sale activates our brain’s reward system. Then there’s the fight in the brain between what can be described as its emotional and rational(理性的)parts. A sale lands like the thumb that tips our mental scale toward buying.
Stores, of course, know all this and try to push our buttons.
Experts say we often subconsciously believe popular things to be more valuable or more rewarding. Plus, there’s our urge to avoid loses — the fear of missing out (FOMO). So stores appeal to our crowd mentality: It’s Black Friday, ana everyone’s shopping, buying that thing you’d like. They create urgency: Your favorite car is on sale today only! And they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!
Stores also try various pricing tricks. “How do we make more customers go to the more expensive option We add a decoy,” says Savannah Wei Shi, who researches pricing and decision-making. For example, picture s store shelf where a medium bag of candy sits next to a larger bag of the same candy. The medium-sized bag is much smaller than the other bag, but only slightly cheaper. It makes the big bag look like the best deal, so shoppers buy that one-the most expensive option on the shelf.
16．Why is Aarron Schurevich’s story mentioned
A．To illustrate why we fall for a sale. B．To present how our brains are activated.
C．To stress the importance of rational decision. D．To prove the flexibility of marketing strategies.
17．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．FOMO postpones decisions. B．Sales play on people’s fears.
C．Subconsciousness determines everything. D．Scarcity promotion leads to wise purchases.
18．What marketing technique is used by warning about the limited number of available seats left
A．Using Pricing tricks. B．Dealing with emergencies.
C．Creating scarcity. D．Appealing to crowd mentality.
19．What does “a decoy” refer to in paragraph 5
A．A candy. B．A shelf. C．A larger bag. D．A medium bag.
