专题05 隐含推理判断题
知考法明考向: 该题型要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的信息进行逻辑推理,推断出作:有明说的内容或可能发生的事情。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,揭示其深层义,进而去理解作者的言外之意。题干中常出现“infer,imply,conclude,indicate, suggest, learn from”等词或短评或者含有表示推测意义的词或短语,如probably,most likely等。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·全国甲卷 D篇）
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers’ behavior.
B．The expansion of bears’ range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers’ advocates.
4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
4．隐含推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
技法点拨1. 逻辑推理法
揣摩推敲隐含细节
锁定题干中的infer,suggest,imply,conclude等词，明确答题方向
浏览四个选项,排除对原文信息简单重复的选项
注意文章中的情态动词和虚拟语气,往往据此可推断出作者的弦外之音
根据原文信息进行合乎逻辑的推断,切忌掺杂自己的观点态度
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·广东·一模）We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from
A study led by Markus Paulus, professor at Loyola Marymount University, shows that the ability has its roots in earliest childhood. “It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings,” says Markus Paulus.
In this research, Paulus recorded the interaction between mother and child over several months. The babies came into the lab for the first time at the age of6 months , while their final visit was when they were18 months old. As they engaged in various play situations , the interactions and imitations of mother and child were analyzed. The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.
Paulus’ research shows that mutual imitation is the keystone of knowledge transfer , through which children successfully learn various skills, such as how to use objects , waving and acquisition of language. “This interaction is the nucleus of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human,” says Paulus.
“Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again. ”
1．Why does the author mention the example of wheels
A．To praise the invention of car wheels. B．To describe the process of trial and error.
C．To emphasize the necessity of new tools. D．To show the importance of prior knowledge.
2．What can we learn about Paulus’ research
A．Children’s imitation was recorded by mothers.
B．Sensitive mothers encouraged children’s imitation.
C．Children’s ability was analyzed through interaction.
D．Effective interaction promoted children’s development.
3．What does the underlined word “nucleus” mean in paragraph 4
A．Core. B．Result. C．Aim. D．Content.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why does Evolution Matter B．How to Interact with Children
C．Imitation: The Engine of Evolution D．Cultural Learning: The Root of Imitation
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了模仿对于人际互动，学习和人类文明演进的重要性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from (我们通过几千年积累的知识来了解世界。站在伟人的肩膀上，我们不必经历无尽的尝试和错误，就像汽车的轮子不必每次都重新发明一样。但是我们向别人学习的能力从何而来呢？)”和第二段“It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings(人们通常认为孩子的模仿能力是天生的，但根据我们的观察，孩子模仿是因为他们自己被照顾者模仿。这种相互作用使知识的文化转移成为可能，通过几代人的努力，知识的文化转移最终导致了人类的发展)”可推知，作者提到轮子的例子是为了强调先前知识的重要性。正是站在巨人的肩膀上，我们不必再重新进行研究和试验。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.(这项长期研究表明，母亲在与6个月大的孩子互动时越敏感，她模仿孩子的次数越多，孩子在18个月大时的整体能力就越强)”可知，Paulus的研究表明，妈妈越频繁地模仿孩子，孩子的发育水平越好。因此可知，有效的互动促进了孩子们的发展。故选D。
3．词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human”可知，这种相互作用最终导致了人类进化的成功，说明是学习的核心，故划线词意思是“核心”。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段““Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again.”(“文化学习是人类进化的重要组成部分，它植根于对他人的模仿，尤其是我们童年早期的照顾者，”保卢斯说。“通过这种方式，我们相互学习，并将知识传授给下一代，因此某些动作或技术不必不断地重新发明。”)”结合文章主要讲述了模仿在人类进化中的重要性，强调了模仿对于人类进化的推动作用。因此，最佳标题应该是“模仿：进化的引擎”。故选C。
Passage 2
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Countless stories have portrayed the deep connection between humans and horses, such as classic literary works Black Beauty and The Chronicles of Narnia. However, the extent to which horses comprehend their human companions remains a mystery. Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.
The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.
When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense. “You could imagine that they have a particular box in their mind labeled ‘human sadness’ containing the characteristics of both a sad face and a sad voice, and that when we are sad, they expect what we say to match how we look,” said Doctoral Researcher Océane Liehrmann of the University of Turku, in Finland.
The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.
It is possible that the horses might have associated happy human expressions with positive memories from their past. Another theory is that seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier—a process known as emotional contagion. “We don’t know whether horses themselves understand what it is to be sad. It is possible that they learn it means something for a human,” said Liehrmann.
5．How did the researchers carry out the experiment
A．By comparing different horses’ expressions.
B．By monitoring horses’ odd behavior in the lab.
C．By summarizing the characteristics of the horses.
D．By observing horses’ reaction to human emotions.
6．What can we learn from the result of the research
A．Horses had a preference for happy people. B．Horses were too nervous about the videos.
C．Horses recognized people’s identity quickly. D．Horses looked excited at a voice of sadness.
7．What does the underlined word “contagion” probably mean in the last paragraph
A．Support. B．Influence. C．Outbreak. D．Control.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Humans Impact Horses Hugely B．Horses Dislike Sorrowful People
C．Humans and Horses Interact Closely D．Horses Know When You are Happy
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近的研究表明，马可以区分人类通过面部动作或声调表达的快乐和悲伤。文章主要说明了研究开展的经过以及研究发现马更喜欢快乐的人。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.(研究人员将28匹马逐一带入一个房间，每匹马都戴着心率监测器，记录下它们的动作。马面对着两个屏幕，屏幕上播放着两个不同的视频：一个是快乐的人，另一个是悲伤的人。同时响起了一个声音，听起来或高兴或悲伤)”和第三段的“ When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense.(当图片和声音不匹配时——例如，如果声音是悲伤的，而图片上是一个快乐的人——马看起来很困惑，并且比匹配的那张看了更长的时间，好像它知道有些事情是不合理的。)”可知，研究人员通过观察马对人类情绪的反应进行实验。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.(研究人员还发现，马对显示笑脸的屏幕更关注。当他们听到快乐的声音时，他们的心率会增加，而当他们听到悲伤的声音时，他们的心率会降低)”可知，研究结果表明马更喜欢快乐的人。故选A。
7．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier”可知，看到一个快乐的人实际上会让马感到更快乐，说明情绪有传染作用，有一定的影响。故划线词意思是“影响”。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.(最近的研究表明，马可以区分人类通过面部动作或声调表达的快乐和悲伤)”结合文章主要说明了研究开展的经过以及研究发现马更喜欢快乐的人。可知，D选项“马知道你什么时候高兴”最符合文章标题。故选D。
Passage 3
（2024·福建泉州·三模）A new study on 26 chimpanzees (黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation.
The participating chimpanzees were given juice while staring at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the group for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where the participants were looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes rested longer on familiar groupmates, suggesting “rich recognition of each other.”
There is also evidence that they became more intent when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships.
In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen in more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represent the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.
“We tend to see ourselves as unique special creatures with incredible intellectual (智力的) capacities that are very different from other animals on earth,” said Laura Simone Lewis, a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley’s psychology department and lead author of the study. “This study is showing us how similar we are to chimpanzees.” She noted that the findings support the theory that long-term social memory in humans and modern day chimps has come from “our last common ancestor that lived somewhere between 5 to 7 million years ago” who also likely had long-term social memory.
Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they may have the ability to do so,” Lewis said.
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The nature of chimps. B．The method of the study.
C．The analysis of the recorded data. D．The layout of experimental equipment.
2．What does the underlined word “intent” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Attentive. B．Doubtful. C．Hesitant. D．Emotional.
3．Why is the example of Louise in paragraph 4 mentioned
A．To stress chimps are as intelligent as human beings.
B．To explain where chimps’ social memory comes from.
C．To better demonstrate the chimps’ memory length.
D．To further prove the existence of chimps’ social memory.
4．What will the research team most probably continue to explore
A．Whether chimps feel strong emotions to their long lost friends.
B．How to strengthen chimps’ long-term social memories.
C．How chimps recognised their close contacts after long separation.
D．Why chimps possess the amazing social memories.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现，来自世界各地的动物园的26只黑猩猩可以在分开数十年后仍然认出家庭成员和久违的朋友。研究人员表示，这些结果支持了长期社会记忆在人类和现代黑猩猩中的理论，这可能来自于我们在500万年到700万年前的共同祖先。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The participating chimpanzees were given juice while staring at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the group for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where the participants were looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes rested longer on familiar groupmates, suggesting “rich recognition of each other.(参与实验的黑猩猩一边喝果汁，一边盯着屏幕，屏幕上并排闪现着其他黑猩猩的照片。每对照片中的一只动物与这群动物一起生活了至少一年，而另一只则是陌生人。眼球追踪摄像机记录了参与者看的地方和看了多久。数据显示，它们的目光停留在熟悉的同伴身上的时间更长，这表明“彼此之间有丰富的认同感”)”可知，本段主要介绍了实验的具体方法。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen in more than 26 years.(在最令人印象深刻的案例中，一只名叫路易丝的46岁黑猩猩在看到她的妹妹洛丽塔和侄子艾琳的照片时反复表现出“强烈”的关注，她已经26年没有见过他们了)”以及划线词所在句“they became more intent when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships（当它们看到与他们有过更多积极互动的黑猩猩的照片时，与冲突关系相比，他们变得更加intent)”可知，当46岁黑猩猩在看到她的妹妹洛丽塔和侄子艾琳的照片时反复表现出“强烈”的关注，这里妹妹洛丽塔和侄子艾琳与46岁黑猩猩为亲属，不存在冲突关系，所以46岁黑猩猩看到亲人时是专注的，可推测划线词的含义为“专注的”，与attentive意义相近。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The team said Louise’s results represent the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.(研究小组表示，路易斯的结果代表了迄今为止在任何非人类动物中记录的持续时间最长的社会记忆)”可知，路易斯的结果代表了迄今为止在任何非人类动物中记录的持续时间最长的社会记忆。因而，此处提到路易斯的例子是为了进一步证明黑猩猩的社会记忆是存在的。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they may have the ability to do so,” Lewis said.(研究人员还有更多的问题，包括黑猩猩是否会想念它们不再在一起的个体，尤其是它们的朋友和家人。刘易斯说：“我们的研究并没有确定它们是否在这样做，但它提出了一个问题，即它们是否有能力这样做。”)”可知，研究小组最后可能继续探索黑猩猩是否对失散多年的朋友有强烈的感情。故选A项。
Passage 4
（2024·浙江杭州·模拟预测）Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news.
In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
13．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2
A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention.
B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians.
C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century.
D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events.
14．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________.
A．politicians need to learn to become more personal
B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens
C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues
D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images
15．What can we infer from the passage
A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
16．What’s the best title for the passage
A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate
C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication
【答案】13．C 14．D 15．A 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告，知情公民需要一套新的技能来应对。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.(19世纪流行的政治演说，即政治家在旅行中发表的持续1到2小时的政治演说，已经被30秒的广告和10秒的广播新闻“声音片段”所取代)”可知，“政治演说”是一种典型的十九世纪的政治表现。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.(对电视的依赖意味着，我们的政治世界越来越多地充斥着令人难忘的画面，而不是令人难忘的话语。学校教我们分析文字和印刷品。然而，在一个政治日益可视化的世界里，知情的公民需要一套新的技能)”可推知，公民需要学习如何评价视觉政治形象。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.(我们在电视新闻中看到的许多政治活动都是由政治家、他们的演讲撰稿人和他们的公共关系顾问精心策划的，以供电视消费。新闻中的插话和辩论中对问题的回答越来越像广告)”可知，今天的政治演讲比过去更像广告。故选A。
16．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics.(电视改变了信息传播的方式，改变了政治运动，改变了公民对政治的反应模式，从而改变了美国的政治)”可知，文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告。A选项“电视：政治变革的推动者”最符合文章标题。故选A。
Passage 5
（2024·浙江杭州·模拟预测）The Christmas Pig, J.K. Rowling’s first children’s novel since Harry Potter I, is a feel-good book, full of surprises, which will delight adults and children alike, not only for the original story, but also for the imaginative scenery, characters and objects that interact with the main characters.
It tells the story of Jack and the love he feels for Dur Pig, a stuffed toy pig who has been with him since he was a toddler. After losing him on Christmas Eve, Jack will embark on a great adventure to save Dur Pig with the help of the Christmas Pig, a brand-new replacement for Dur Pig.
J.K. Rowling shows again, with this book, why she is considered one of the greatest storytellers of her time. She distinguishes herself again in world building, and younger and older readers will be surprised, chapter after chapter, by the original ideas that she introduces in this world that Jack and his friend visit. The world Rowling creates is not complex but it does not underestimate children: it is a world with clear logistics that the protagonists (主人翁) must follow, carefully crafted to serve the story and not its readers.
Those long time readers of J.K. Rowling’s works will find familiar passages and themes that they may want to connect to the Harry Potter books. It is hard to tell if those references are there on purpose, but there may be some satisfaction in thinking that Rowling must have noticed and enjoyed them privately while she was writing them.
Parents around the world may have a difficult time every night, once a chapter is finished and their children must go to sleep. The Christmas Pig will keep readers turning pages with a great and imaginative story, filled with cliffhangers at the end of most chapters that will leave kids asking for more. If some reviewers said that The Ickabog lacked Harry Potter’s magic, they can rest assured that The Christmas Pig has all the magic that J.K. Rowling can provide, and that’s more than enough.
17．Why is J.K. Rowling rated as one of the best storytellers of her time
A．Her capacity in building characters. B．Her ability to design complicated plots.
C．Her tendency to write to children’s taste. D．Her creativity in world building.
18．What does the underlined word “cliffhangers” probably mean in Paragraph 5
A．Imagination. B．Suspense. C．Magic. D．Challenge.
19．What can we infer from paragraph 4 and paragraph 5
A．She intentionally included references to her previous works.
B．Parents have difficulty falling asleep after finishing a chapter.
C．Some reviewers found The Ickabog full of magic.
D．The Christmas Pig is a good illustration of J.K. Rowling’s magic.
20．What is the author’s attitude towards J.K. Rowling’s book “The Christmas Pig”
A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Enthusiastic. D．Indifferent.
【答案】17．D 18．B 19．D 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了J.K.罗琳的小说《圣诞猪》，介绍了故事大概内容以及特点。
17．细节理解题。根据第三段“She distinguishes herself again in world building, and younger and older readers will be surprised, chapter after chapter, by the original ideas that she introduces in this world that Jack and his friend visit.(她在构建世界的过程中再次脱颖而出，无论老少，都会被她在杰克和他的朋友造访的这个世界中引入的原创思想一章又一章地感到惊讶)”可知，J.K.罗琳被认为是她那个时代最会讲故事的人之一是因为她在构建世界方面的创造力。故选D。
18．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The Christmas Pig will keep readers turning pages with a great and imaginative story, filled with”以及后文“at the end of most chapters that will leave kids asking for more”可知，《圣诞猪》的故事让读者不断翻页，让孩子们想要更多，说明在大多数章节的结尾都充满了悬念，让人想要继续读下去。故划线词意思是“悬念”。故选B。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If some reviewers said that The Ickabog lacked Harry Potter’s magic, they can rest assured that The Christmas Pig has all the magic that J.K. Rowling can provide, and that’s more than enough.(如果有些评论者说《The Ickabog》缺乏哈利波特的魔法，他们可以放心，《圣诞猪》拥有J.K.罗琳所能提供的所有魔法，这已经足够了)”可推知，圣诞猪是J.K.罗琳魔法的一个很好的例证。故选D。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“The Christmas Pig, J.K. Rowling’s first children’s novel since Harry Potter I, is a feel-good book, full of surprises, which will delight adults and children alike, not only for the original story, but also for the imaginative scenery, characters and objects that interact with the main characters.(《圣诞猪》是J.K.罗琳自《哈利波特1》以来的第一部儿童小说，是一本让人感觉良好的书，充满了惊喜，不仅因为原著故事，而且因为与主角互动的富有想象力的场景、人物和物体，都会让成年人和孩子们都感到高兴)”可推知，作者对J.K.罗琳的小说《圣诞猪》充满热情。故选C。专题05 隐含推理判断题
知考法明考向: 该题型要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的信息进行逻辑推理,推断出作:有明说的内容或可能发生的事情。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,揭示其深层义,进而去理解作者的言外之意。题干中常出现“infer,imply,conclude,indicate, suggest, learn from”等词或短评或者含有表示推测意义的词或短语,如probably,most likely等。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·全国甲卷 D篇）
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers’ behavior.
B．The expansion of bears’ range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers’ advocates.
4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
技法点拨1. 逻辑推理法
揣摩推敲隐含细节
锁定题干中的infer,suggest,imply,conclude等词，明确答题方向
浏览四个选项,排除对原文信息简单重复的选项
注意文章中的情态动词和虚拟语气,往往据此可推断出作者的弦外之音
根据原文信息进行合乎逻辑的推断,切忌掺杂自己的观点态度
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·广东·一模）We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from
A study led by Markus Paulus, professor at Loyola Marymount University, shows that the ability has its roots in earliest childhood. “It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings,” says Markus Paulus.
In this research, Paulus recorded the interaction between mother and child over several months. The babies came into the lab for the first time at the age of6 months , while their final visit was when they were18 months old. As they engaged in various play situations , the interactions and imitations of mother and child were analyzed. The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.
Paulus’ research shows that mutual imitation is the keystone of knowledge transfer , through which children successfully learn various skills, such as how to use objects , waving and acquisition of language. “This interaction is the nucleus of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human,” says Paulus.
“Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again. ”
1．Why does the author mention the example of wheels
A．To praise the invention of car wheels. B．To describe the process of trial and error.
C．To emphasize the necessity of new tools. D．To show the importance of prior knowledge.
2．What can we learn about Paulus’ research
A．Children’s imitation was recorded by mothers.
B．Sensitive mothers encouraged children’s imitation.
C．Children’s ability was analyzed through interaction.
D．Effective interaction promoted children’s development.
3．What does the underlined word “nucleus” mean in paragraph 4
A．Core. B．Result. C．Aim. D．Content.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why does Evolution Matter B．How to Interact with Children
C．Imitation: The Engine of Evolution D．Cultural Learning: The Root of Imitation
Passage 2
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Countless stories have portrayed the deep connection between humans and horses, such as classic literary works Black Beauty and The Chronicles of Narnia. However, the extent to which horses comprehend their human companions remains a mystery. Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.
The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.
When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense. “You could imagine that they have a particular box in their mind labeled ‘human sadness’ containing the characteristics of both a sad face and a sad voice, and that when we are sad, they expect what we say to match how we look,” said Doctoral Researcher Océane Liehrmann of the University of Turku, in Finland.
The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.
It is possible that the horses might have associated happy human expressions with positive memories from their past. Another theory is that seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier—a process known as emotional contagion. “We don’t know whether horses themselves understand what it is to be sad. It is possible that they learn it means something for a human,” said Liehrmann.
5．How did the researchers carry out the experiment
A．By comparing different horses’ expressions.
B．By monitoring horses’ odd behavior in the lab.
C．By summarizing the characteristics of the horses.
D．By observing horses’ reaction to human emotions.
6．What can we learn from the result of the research
A．Horses had a preference for happy people. B．Horses were too nervous about the videos.
C．Horses recognized people’s identity quickly. D．Horses looked excited at a voice of sadness.
7．What does the underlined word “contagion” probably mean in the last paragraph
A．Support. B．Influence. C．Outbreak. D．Control.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Humans Impact Horses Hugely B．Horses Dislike Sorrowful People
C．Humans and Horses Interact Closely D．Horses Know When You are Happy
Passage 3
（2024·福建泉州·三模）A new study on 26 chimpanzees (黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation.
The participating chimpanzees were given juice while staring at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the group for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where the participants were looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes rested longer on familiar groupmates, suggesting “rich recognition of each other.”
There is also evidence that they became more intent when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships.
In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen in more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represent the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.
“We tend to see ourselves as unique special creatures with incredible intellectual (智力的) capacities that are very different from other animals on earth,” said Laura Simone Lewis, a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley’s psychology department and lead author of the study. “This study is showing us how similar we are to chimpanzees.” She noted that the findings support the theory that long-term social memory in humans and modern day chimps has come from “our last common ancestor that lived somewhere between 5 to 7 million years ago” who also likely had long-term social memory.
Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they may have the ability to do so,” Lewis said.
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The nature of chimps. B．The method of the study.
C．The analysis of the recorded data. D．The layout of experimental equipment.
2．What does the underlined word “intent” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Attentive. B．Doubtful. C．Hesitant. D．Emotional.
3．Why is the example of Louise in paragraph 4 mentioned
A．To stress chimps are as intelligent as human beings.
B．To explain where chimps’ social memory comes from.
C．To better demonstrate the chimps’ memory length.
D．To further prove the existence of chimps’ social memory.
4．What will the research team most probably continue to explore
A．Whether chimps feel strong emotions to their long lost friends.
B．How to strengthen chimps’ long-term social memories.
C．How chimps recognised their close contacts after long separation.
D．Why chimps possess the amazing social memories.
Passage 4
（2024·浙江杭州·模拟预测）Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news.
In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
13．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2
A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention.
B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians.
C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century.
D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events.
14．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________.
A．politicians need to learn to become more personal
B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens
C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues
D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images
15．What can we infer from the passage
A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
16．What’s the best title for the passage
A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate
C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication
Passage 5
（2024·浙江杭州·模拟预测）The Christmas Pig, J.K. Rowling’s first children’s novel since Harry Potter I, is a feel-good book, full of surprises, which will delight adults and children alike, not only for the original story, but also for the imaginative scenery, characters and objects that interact with the main characters.
It tells the story of Jack and the love he feels for Dur Pig, a stuffed toy pig who has been with him since he was a toddler. After losing him on Christmas Eve, Jack will embark on a great adventure to save Dur Pig with the help of the Christmas Pig, a brand-new replacement for Dur Pig.
J.K. Rowling shows again, with this book, why she is considered one of the greatest storytellers of her time. She distinguishes herself again in world building, and younger and older readers will be surprised, chapter after chapter, by the original ideas that she introduces in this world that Jack and his friend visit. The world Rowling creates is not complex but it does not underestimate children: it is a world with clear logistics that the protagonists (主人翁) must follow, carefully crafted to serve the story and not its readers.
Those long time readers of J.K. Rowling’s works will find familiar passages and themes that they may want to connect to the Harry Potter books. It is hard to tell if those references are there on purpose, but there may be some satisfaction in thinking that Rowling must have noticed and enjoyed them privately while she was writing them.
Parents around the world may have a difficult time every night, once a chapter is finished and their children must go to sleep. The Christmas Pig will keep readers turning pages with a great and imaginative story, filled with cliffhangers at the end of most chapters that will leave kids asking for more. If some reviewers said that The Ickabog lacked Harry Potter’s magic, they can rest assured that The Christmas Pig has all the magic that J.K. Rowling can provide, and that’s more than enough.
17．Why is J.K. Rowling rated as one of the best storytellers of her time
A．Her capacity in building characters. B．Her ability to design complicated plots.
C．Her tendency to write to children’s taste. D．Her creativity in world building.
18．What does the underlined word “cliffhangers” probably mean in Paragraph 5
A．Imagination. B．Suspense. C．Magic. D．Challenge.
19．What can we infer from paragraph 4 and paragraph 5
A．She intentionally included references to her previous works.
B．Parents have difficulty falling asleep after finishing a chapter.
C．Some reviewers found The Ickabog full of magic.
D．The Christmas Pig is a good illustration of J.K. Rowling’s magic.
20．What is the author’s attitude towards J.K. Rowling’s book “The Christmas Pig”
A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Enthusiastic. D．Indifferent.
