专题09 标题归纳
知考法 明考向: 该题型属于主旨大意题的考查类型之一。每一段都是围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺:序展开,所以每一段都有一个中心,且中心思想通常通过段落主题句表现出来。考生做此类题时,要找到段落.题句即为段落大意,有时也要通过阅读整段内容进行归纳得出段落大意,从而找到正确选项。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 II , B篇）
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
1．What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A．She used to be a health worker. B．She grew up in a low-income family.
C．She owns a fast food restaurant. D．She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
2．What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A．The kids’ parents distrusted her. B．Students had little time for her classes.
C．Some kids disliked garden work. D．There was no space for school gardens.
3．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A．Far-reaching. B．Predictable.
C．Short-lived. D．Unidentifiable.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life
C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.(她说。“他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。”虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走了出去，”她说，“他们觉得成功。”)”可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。
4．标题归纳题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.(一些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，于是他们把种子带回家，开始种自己的菜园)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。
最佳标题
1.方法 a. 根据文章中心句,提炼主题词充当文章标题
b. 依据反复出现的词和多次重复的观点,确定题目中心词
c. 反证排除干扰项
2. 特点
a. 概括性--准确、简短
b. 针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符,避免以偏概全
c. 醒目性--新颖奇特,激发读者的阅读兴趣
3. 错误选项特点
a. 断章取义
b. 以偏概全
c. 离题太远
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell that contains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.
Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.
One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.
However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.
1．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system
A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.
B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.
C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.
D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.
2．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2
A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.
B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.
C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.
D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.
3．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses
A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.
B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.
C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.
D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Antibodies Save Our Health. B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.
C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around. D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人体如何对抗流感病毒。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.(即使你的身体成功地对抗了病毒，由于病毒的快速进化能力，你的身体可能对新病毒没有保护或免疫力)”可知，流感对免疫系统构成威胁是因为病毒能快速进化，很难跟上病毒进化的步伐。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins.(你的身体可以检测到血液中的入侵微生物，因为它们的蛋白质中携带着antigens)”可知，身体可以检测到血液中的入侵微生物，是因为微生物的蛋白质中携带者antigens。由此推知，antigens是作为病毒指示物的物质，故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.(幸运的是，医学科学家已经开发出疫苗，这种疫苗是弱化或死亡的流感病毒，在人生病之前进入人体。这些病毒使身体产生抗体，攻击和摧毁可能在流感季节入侵的强病毒)”可知，疫苗是弱化或死亡的流感病毒，帮助身体产生抗体来消灭病毒，故选C。
4．标题归纳题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses.(人体拥有对抗流感病毒的有效防御系统)”可知，文章主要介绍了人体如何对抗流感病毒。由此可知，D项“人体对抗流感病毒”为最佳标题，故选D。
Passage 2
（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟预测）July 2023 was the world’s warmest month on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization. UN Secretary—General Antonio Guterres said in a speech that the planet is entering an “era of global boiling”. How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate.
According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth. Researchers at Yale University, US, outlined a plan to use 125 high-flying planes to spread the particles at latitudes (纬度) of 60 degrees north and south. The particles will then travel toward the poles, which could possibly cool the temperature there by 2℃.
Another very promising technique is called “cloud brightening”, according to Chris Sacca, a US climate expert. This method involves sending sea salt particles into clouds above the sea, making them whiter and thus they reflect more sunlight back into space.
In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”.
However, following the report, an open letter by more than 60 scientists called for caution and more research first. Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American.
5．What do we know about sun-blocking particles
A．They can catch and take in sunlight. B．They function as a protective cover for Earth.
C．They can release cool air into the atmosphere. D．They are most effective when used at the poles.
6．What is the US government’s attitude toward sun-blocking technology
A．Favorable. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Dismissive.
7．What is Kristen Rasmussen’s main concern regarding sun-blocking methods
A．Their potential impact on human health. B．Their practicability in actual application.
C．Their high cost and limited effectiveness. D．Their far-reaching negative consequences.
8．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Cooling Our Planet B．Era of Global Boiling
C．Pumping Blocking Particles D．The Technique of Cloud Brightening
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．D 8．A
【导语】本为是说明文。文章主要介绍了应对全球变暖的方法——使用遮阳技术，即将太阳光反射回太空以降低地球气候的温度。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth.(据欧洲电视新闻网euroonews报道，其中一个想法是向高层大气中注入阻挡太阳的粒子。这些微粒将停留在空气中，使阳光重新向上反射。这就像在地球外面涂防晒霜一样)”可知，阻挡太阳的粒子是地球的保护层。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”.(今年6月，美国政府在一份报告中宣布，它将为太阳能工程研究提供支持，作为减缓全球气温上升的一种方式。根据这份报告，美国政府认为这项技术“提供了在几年内显著冷却地球的可能性”)”可推知，美国政府对阻挡太阳技术的态度是支持的。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American.(美国科罗拉多州立大学的气候科学家Kristen Rasmussen一直在研究这些阻挡阳光的方法将如何影响降雨模式。她说，除了降雨，生态系统甚至人类社区也会受到影响。“我们需要对此非常谨慎，”拉斯穆森告诉《科学美国人》)”可知，Kristen Rasmussen对防晒方法的主要担忧是其深远的负面影响。故选D。
8．标题归纳题。通读全文，并根据第一段“How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate.(如何给地球降温一直是困扰科学家的一个问题。他们现在转向了太阳阻挡技术，这是指将阳光反射回太空，以降低地球气候的温度)”可知，文章主要介绍了应对全球变暖的方法——使用这样技术，即将太阳光反射回太空以降低地球气候的温度。A选项“给地球降温”最符合文章标题。故选A。
Passage 3
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Have you ever lost something in a hard-to-reach space, like behind a couch or a cupboard Wouldn’t it be nice to just be able to squeeze in and out New innovations in the field of robotics will soon be able to make this nice idea into a reality.
In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states.
According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). They are able to change the stiffness of their body or reduce the potential for physical damage. The robots in the study were made from gallium, a soft metal with a low melting point of 30℃. The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. This heat then allowed the robots to change between solid and liquid states as well as to move around.
As the website Tech Xplore pointed out, other similar materials require external heat sources such as heat guns and electrical currents to bring a change of states; but now, the robots can use a heat source inside itself to change states independently.
During the robots’ experimental trials, the scientists conducted a number of tests. These tests included having the robots melt into liquid and re-form to escape a prison-like cage. It can remove a foreign object from and deliver medicinal drugs to a model stomach. The robot is also able to build and repair hard-to-reach circuits. The robots’ ability to switch between states of matter allows for a number of possible uses and advancements in different fields, such as the biomedical and circuit assembly industries.
Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots.
9．What can we learn about the small robots
A．They were produced by British scientists.
B．They came from inspiration of sea cucumbers.
C．They can help people squeeze in and out freely.
D．They were made from a newly invented material.
10．How did scientists change the state of the robots
A．By employing a heat source.
B．By using electrical currents.
C．By controlling the magnetic particles.
D．By building hard-to-reach circuits.
11．What can be inferred about the robots from Majidi’s words
A．Their abilities are overstated.
B．They have great market potential.
C．Proof is needed to understand the concept.
D．It will take time for them to be widely used.
12．What might be the best title of the passage
A．Ongoing Challenges the New Robots Face
B．Amazing Features the New Robots Possess
C．Potential Limitations the New Robots Have
D．New Melting Robots Switching between Different States
【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。来自香港中文大学和美国卡内基梅隆大学的工程师开发出了能够快速从液态到固态来回切换的小型机器人。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段中“According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). (据Mashable网站报道，科学家们的灵感来自海参。)”可知，是海参为他们提供了灵感从而创造了这种小型机器人。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. (然后，科学家们利用磁场的变化来操纵镓材料内部的磁性粒子来提供热量)”可知，科学家是通过控制磁性粒子改变机器人的状态的。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots. (尽管如此，用卡内基梅隆大学资深作者卡梅尔 马吉迪的话来说，目前这些都只是“概念证明”，展示了这些新型机器人的能力)”从马吉迪的话中可以推断出，机器人需要更多的时间才能被广泛使用。故选D。
12．标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states. (在1月25日发表在科学杂志《物质》上的一项研究中，来自香港中文大学和美国卡内基梅隆大学的工程师们开发出了一种小型机器人，可以快速地从液体状态切换到固体状态)”可知，文章主要介绍新型的可以快速地从液体状态切换到固体状态的机器人。故选D。
Passage 4
（2024·全国·一模）Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species. Extending at its seasonal peak from Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the cold poll creates a diverse ecosystem ranging from algae(海藻)to fish — and some of the most valuable shellfish fisheries in the United States.
Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and pared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.
The second concern is 1ess certain. In 2023, the US federal government approved plans to install(安装)98 wind turbines(涡轮机)off the New Jersey coast, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Yet putting so many turbines to the seafloor could have unexpected consequences for the cold pool. That’s why Travis Miles, a researcher at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, and his colleagues are investigating. So far, Miles and his colleagues can’t definitively say what will happen to the cold pool, saying more research is needed to assess how climate change and offshore wind, together, could affect the cold pool. However, their initial analyses suggest the cold pool should be fine — at least in normal conditions.
New Jersey’s offshore wind plans are strongly opposed mainly by fossil fuel-industry funded efforts. Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy. “...it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms,” he says. “I don’t think any scientist would argue with that.”
13．What do we know about the mid-Atlantic cold pool
A．It forms in early spring. B．It’s a band of cold near-bottom water.
C．It serves as a habitat of most sea species. D．It extends from Nantucket to New Jersey.
14．What does the underlined word “shrink” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Break down. B．Get polluted. C．Dry up. D．Become smaller.
15．Miles’ attitude toward installing wind farms can be described as ______.
A．supportive B．dismissive C．overcautious D．skeptical
16．What is the best title for the text
A．The Cold Pool Plays a Role on species
B．Opinions Divide on Offshore Wind Farms
C．Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool
D．Renewable Energy Helps to Race Against Climate Change
【答案】13．B 14．D 15．A 16．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。
13．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species.(每年，随着美国大西洋中部海岸的地表水温度从春末到夏季稳步上升，一团异常凉爽、清脆的水被困在海底。这条被称为大西洋中部冷池的厚冷水带富含营养，是贝类物种的重要家园。)”可知， 大西洋中部冷池指的是是一条接近海底的冷水带。故选B项。
14．词句猜测题。由文章第二段“Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and pared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.(在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和 。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”可知，冷池的面积减少了三分之一以上，所以这里shrink应表示“缩小”的意思。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy.(Miles担心，过于谨慎或担心潜在影响，包括对冷池的影响，可能会减缓可再生能源的发展。)”和“it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms(很明显，气候变化的破坏性远大于安装风电场)”可知，Miles是赞成安装风电场的。故选A项。
16．标题归纳题。由文章第二段“Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and pared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.(然而，现在，两种压力让科学家们担心冷池是否会持续下去。第一点并不奇怪：气候变化。在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和萎缩。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”以及下文可知，文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。所以C项Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool(科学家关注冷池的潜在风险)符合语境。故选C项。
Passage 5
（2024·山东泰安·一模）As to psychological well-being, the comfort zone is frequently perceived as a haven, a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful. Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits.
The comfort zone can be understood as a behavioral metaphor. Within a comfort zone, an individual takes on a state of minimal anxiety without a perception of risk, responding predictably to deliver a consistent level of performance. These include behaviors that people do commonly, find relaxing, or that take them away from high-stress situations. Engaging in the same manner over time leads to a predictable and familiar zone of comfort. As creatures of habit, we become dependent on these routines that we know we can complete well to feel secure. However, by stepping outside of our comfort zone, we learn about our ability to handle new situations and control risks, leading to greater self-confidence, and lower levels of anxiety.
One study found that individuals who are more secure in stepping out of their comfort zone are more likely to be excited by and look forward to new experiences, feeling greater confidence in their ability to take them on.
One behavior that demonstrates the benefits of stepping out of a comfort zone is learning to play a musical instrument. When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.
Music offers a safe way to step out of your initial comfort zone because you can begin by practicing in an isolated setting, which offers a casual, safe way to build a new skill set. By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.
17．What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Habitat. B．Shelter. C．Community. D．Destination.
18．Which will not be considered when we step out of our comfort zone
A．We recall the old experience.
B．We think whether it is worth the risk.
C．We evaluate our thirsty for the activity.
D．We weigh the strengths and weaknesses.
19．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph
A．The definition of the comfort zone.
B．The importance of psychological well-being.
C．The process of learning a new musical instrument.
D．The benefits of stepping out of one’s comfort zone.
20．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How to Identify Comfort Zone
B．Staying Inside Comfort Zone is Important
C．Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning
D．How to Take Yourself Away from High-stress Situations
【答案】17．B 18．A 19．C 20．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了走出舒适区能够给人带来好处。作为习惯，人们变得依赖于舒适区带来的无论是行为上还是精神上的安全感。然而，走出舒适区，人们就会了解到自己有处理新情况和控制风险的能力，从而获得更大的自信，降低焦虑水平，从而能够接受新体验，促进新学习的产生。
17．词句猜测题。根据后文的进一步解释“a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful(一个熟悉的地方，个人感到平静和安宁)”可知，划线词“haven”应是指安全的，熟悉的地方，即，避风港，庇护所等，与选项B“Shelter.(庇护所)”表达含义相同。故选B项。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.(当我们考虑舒适区之外的行为时，我们必须评估我们参与该活动的愿望。通过权衡利弊，我们评估一种情况看起来有多不舒服，以及进入这种未知情况的危险是否值得冒险)”可知，在考虑走出舒适区行为时，会评估参与该活动的愿望，权衡利弊，是否值得冒险。由此可知，选项A“We recall the old experience.(我们回忆起过去的经历)”并不在考虑范围之内。故选A项。
19．推理判断题。根据末尾段末尾句内容“By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.(通过拿起和练习一种新的乐器，你已经向自己证明了你有能力满足一个不熟悉的目标，从而减少焦虑)”提出了学习一种新的乐器这一话题，由此推知，文章接下来会讲述作为想要走出舒适区的新手如何学习乐器。故选C项。
20．标题归纳题。通读文章内容可知，文章第一段末尾内容“Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits. (超越这种心理状态可能会有好处)”揭示了文章的核心要义，即，文章主要讲述的是走出舒适区可能会有的好处，尤其在后文用学习乐器作为举例，详细论述了走出舒适区能够促进自己提升能力，尤其是在学习方面。由此可知，选项C“Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning(走出舒适区促进学习)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选C项。
Passage 6
（2024·山东济宁·一模）My wife and I have always had a non-negotiable when looking for a place to rent: a gas stove. We love cooking together, and countless food shows have impressed upon us that there is nothing more essential to a tasty meal than a flame.
Then came the shift of work forcing us to move into a new apartment with an induction cooker. Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off.
Our belated switch to induction came amid a rise of horrifying stories about the health and climate risks of gas stoves. Studies have found cooking with gas is like having secondhand smoke in the kitchen. Worse still, the primary ingredient that fuels gas stoves are methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. That’s why I finally quit using gas stoves and abandoned my prior conviction that I could never live in a home without one.
Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker. But dishes that truly require cooking over an open flame are the exception, not the rule.
Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas.
21．How did the author feel about cooking with early electric stoves
A．Unpleasant. B．Concerned. C．Panicky. D．Stressed.
22．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．The author regrets giving up gas stoves. B．Barbecued food is tastier and healthier.
C．It is a common practice to cook outdoors. D．Gas stoves still have a role to play.
23．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A．Be open to changes. B．Be brave in the face of uncertainty.
C．The old should give way to the new. D．Governments should be gas advocates.
24．What’s the best title of the text
A．Barbecue: Tasty or Risky B．A New “Flame” Has Come
C．Gas Stoves: To Leave or to Stay D．Electricity Has Taken the Lead
【答案】21．A 22．D 23．A 24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了作者对于用燃气做饭的看法，作者认为随着时代变化，可以把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段“Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off. (早期电炉的加热缓慢且不稳定，这使我们对用电做饭的想法产生了反感，但仅仅过了几天，我们就意识到我们的新电磁炉要优越得多：水以闪电般的速度烧开；我可以设置一个计时器，然后走开，知道暖气会自动关闭)”可知，作者对用早期电炉做饭感到不愉快。故选A。
22．推理判断题。根据第四段“Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker.(不要误解我的意思——火焰还是有一席之地的，烧烤食物如此美味是有原因的。烧烤的食物有一种用电炉无法体会到的特殊风味)”可知，燃气灶仍然可以发挥作用。故选D。
23．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas.(改变我们生活的基本原则是很难的。但是，就像我们不再骑马上下班，或者用中央供暖取代了煤壁炉一样，是时候把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。有些人可能会感到震惊。然而，我们其余的人可以平静地步入未来。希望各国政府也能很快意识到这一点)”可知，作者在最后一段想表达对变化持开放态度。故选A。
24．标题归纳题。根据最后一段“But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future.(但是，就像我们不再骑马上下班，或者用中央供暖取代了煤壁炉一样，是时候把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。有些人可能会感到震惊。然而，我们其余的人可以平静地步入未来)”结合文章主要说明了作者对于用燃气做饭的看法，作者认为随着时代变化，可以把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。可知，B选项“新的‘火焰’来了”最符合文章标题。故选B。专题09 标题归纳题
知考法 明考向: 该题型属于主旨大意题的考查类型之一。每一段都是围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺:序展开,所以每一段都有一个中心,且中心思想通常通过段落主题句表现出来。考生做此类题时,要找到段落.题句即为段落大意,有时也要通过阅读整段内容进行归纳得出段落大意,从而找到正确选项。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 II , B篇）
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
1．What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A．She used to be a health worker. B．She grew up in a low-income family.
C．She owns a fast food restaurant. D．She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
2．What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A．The kids’ parents distrusted her. B．Students had little time for her classes.
C．Some kids disliked garden work. D．There was no space for school gardens.
3．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A．Far-reaching. B．Predictable.
C．Short-lived. D．Unidentifiable.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life
C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape
最佳标题
1.方法 a. 根据文章中心句,提炼主题词充当文章标题
b. 依据反复出现的词和多次重复的观点,确定题目中心词
c. 反证排除干扰项
2. 特点
a. 概括性--准确、简短
b. 针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符,避免以偏概全
c. 醒目性--新颖奇特,激发读者的阅读兴趣
3. 错误选项特点
a. 断章取义
b. 以偏概全
c. 离题太远
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell that contains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.
Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.
One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.
However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.
1．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system
A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.
B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.
C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.
D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.
2．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2
A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.
B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.
C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.
D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.
3．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses
A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.
B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.
C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.
D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Antibodies Save Our Health. B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.
C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around. D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.
Passage 2
（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟预测）July 2023 was the world’s warmest month on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization. UN Secretary—General Antonio Guterres said in a speech that the planet is entering an “era of global boiling”. How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate.
According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth. Researchers at Yale University, US, outlined a plan to use 125 high-flying planes to spread the particles at latitudes (纬度) of 60 degrees north and south. The particles will then travel toward the poles, which could possibly cool the temperature there by 2℃.
Another very promising technique is called “cloud brightening”, according to Chris Sacca, a US climate expert. This method involves sending sea salt particles into clouds above the sea, making them whiter and thus they reflect more sunlight back into space.
In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”.
However, following the report, an open letter by more than 60 scientists called for caution and more research first. Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American.
5．What do we know about sun-blocking particles
A．They can catch and take in sunlight. B．They function as a protective cover for Earth.
C．They can release cool air into the atmosphere. D．They are most effective when used at the poles.
6．What is the US government’s attitude toward sun-blocking technology
A．Favorable. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Dismissive.
7．What is Kristen Rasmussen’s main concern regarding sun-blocking methods
A．Their potential impact on human health. B．Their practicability in actual application.
C．Their high cost and limited effectiveness. D．Their far-reaching negative consequences.
8．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Cooling Our Planet B．Era of Global Boiling
C．Pumping Blocking Particles D．The Technique of Cloud Brightening
Passage 3
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Have you ever lost something in a hard-to-reach space, like behind a couch or a cupboard Wouldn’t it be nice to just be able to squeeze in and out New innovations in the field of robotics will soon be able to make this nice idea into a reality.
In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states.
According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). They are able to change the stiffness of their body or reduce the potential for physical damage. The robots in the study were made from gallium, a soft metal with a low melting point of 30℃. The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. This heat then allowed the robots to change between solid and liquid states as well as to move around.
As the website Tech Xplore pointed out, other similar materials require external heat sources such as heat guns and electrical currents to bring a change of states; but now, the robots can use a heat source inside itself to change states independently.
During the robots’ experimental trials, the scientists conducted a number of tests. These tests included having the robots melt into liquid and re-form to escape a prison-like cage. It can remove a foreign object from and deliver medicinal drugs to a model stomach. The robot is also able to build and repair hard-to-reach circuits. The robots’ ability to switch between states of matter allows for a number of possible uses and advancements in different fields, such as the biomedical and circuit assembly industries.
Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots.
9．What can we learn about the small robots
A．They were produced by British scientists.
B．They came from inspiration of sea cucumbers.
C．They can help people squeeze in and out freely.
D．They were made from a newly invented material.
10．How did scientists change the state of the robots
A．By employing a heat source.
B．By using electrical currents.
C．By controlling the magnetic particles.
D．By building hard-to-reach circuits.
11．What can be inferred about the robots from Majidi’s words
A．Their abilities are overstated.
B．They have great market potential.
C．Proof is needed to understand the concept.
D．It will take time for them to be widely used.
12．What might be the best title of the passage
A．Ongoing Challenges the New Robots Face
B．Amazing Features the New Robots Possess
C．Potential Limitations the New Robots Have
D．New Melting Robots Switching between Different States
Passage 4
（2024·全国·一模）Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species. Extending at its seasonal peak from Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the cold poll creates a diverse ecosystem ranging from algae(海藻)to fish — and some of the most valuable shellfish fisheries in the United States.
Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and pared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.
The second concern is 1ess certain. In 2023, the US federal government approved plans to install(安装)98 wind turbines(涡轮机)off the New Jersey coast, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Yet putting so many turbines to the seafloor could have unexpected consequences for the cold pool. That’s why Travis Miles, a researcher at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, and his colleagues are investigating. So far, Miles and his colleagues can’t definitively say what will happen to the cold pool, saying more research is needed to assess how climate change and offshore wind, together, could affect the cold pool. However, their initial analyses suggest the cold pool should be fine — at least in normal conditions.
New Jersey’s offshore wind plans are strongly opposed mainly by fossil fuel-industry funded efforts. Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy. “...it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms,” he says. “I don’t think any scientist would argue with that.”
13．What do we know about the mid-Atlantic cold pool
A．It forms in early spring. B．It’s a band of cold near-bottom water.
C．It serves as a habitat of most sea species. D．It extends from Nantucket to New Jersey.
14．What does the underlined word “shrink” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Break down. B．Get polluted. C．Dry up. D．Become smaller.
15．Miles’ attitude toward installing wind farms can be described as ______.
A．supportive B．dismissive C．overcautious D．skeptical
16．What is the best title for the text
A．The Cold Pool Plays a Role on species
B．Opinions Divide on Offshore Wind Farms
C．Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool
D．Renewable Energy Helps to Race Against Climate Change
Passage 5
（2024·山东泰安·一模）As to psychological well-being, the comfort zone is frequently perceived as a haven, a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful. Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits.
The comfort zone can be understood as a behavioral metaphor. Within a comfort zone, an individual takes on a state of minimal anxiety without a perception of risk, responding predictably to deliver a consistent level of performance. These include behaviors that people do commonly, find relaxing, or that take them away from high-stress situations. Engaging in the same manner over time leads to a predictable and familiar zone of comfort. As creatures of habit, we become dependent on these routines that we know we can complete well to feel secure. However, by stepping outside of our comfort zone, we learn about our ability to handle new situations and control risks, leading to greater self-confidence, and lower levels of anxiety.
One study found that individuals who are more secure in stepping out of their comfort zone are more likely to be excited by and look forward to new experiences, feeling greater confidence in their ability to take them on.
One behavior that demonstrates the benefits of stepping out of a comfort zone is learning to play a musical instrument. When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.
Music offers a safe way to step out of your initial comfort zone because you can begin by practicing in an isolated setting, which offers a casual, safe way to build a new skill set. By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.
17．What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Habitat. B．Shelter. C．Community. D．Destination.
18．Which will not be considered when we step out of our comfort zone
A．We recall the old experience.
B．We think whether it is worth the risk.
C．We evaluate our thirsty for the activity.
D．We weigh the strengths and weaknesses.
19．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph
A．The definition of the comfort zone.
B．The importance of psychological well-being.
C．The process of learning a new musical instrument.
D．The benefits of stepping out of one’s comfort zone.
20．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How to Identify Comfort Zone
B．Staying Inside Comfort Zone is Important
C．Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning
D．How to Take Yourself Away from High-stress Situations
Passage 6
（2024·山东济宁·一模）My wife and I have always had a non-negotiable when looking for a place to rent: a gas stove. We love cooking together, and countless food shows have impressed upon us that there is nothing more essential to a tasty meal than a flame.
Then came the shift of work forcing us to move into a new apartment with an induction cooker. Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off.
Our belated switch to induction came amid a rise of horrifying stories about the health and climate risks of gas stoves. Studies have found cooking with gas is like having secondhand smoke in the kitchen. Worse still, the primary ingredient that fuels gas stoves are methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. That’s why I finally quit using gas stoves and abandoned my prior conviction that I could never live in a home without one.
Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker. But dishes that truly require cooking over an open flame are the exception, not the rule.
Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas.
21．How did the author feel about cooking with early electric stoves
A．Unpleasant. B．Concerned. C．Panicky. D．Stressed.
22．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．The author regrets giving up gas stoves. B．Barbecued food is tastier and healthier.
C．It is a common practice to cook outdoors. D．Gas stoves still have a role to play.
23．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A．Be open to changes. B．Be brave in the face of uncertainty.
C．The old should give way to the new. D．Governments should be gas advocates.
24．What’s the best title of the text
A．Barbecue: Tasty or Risky B．A New “Flame” Has Come
C．Gas Stoves: To Leave or to Stay D．Electricity Has Taken the Lead
