专题11 代词指代题
知考法 明考向: 该题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断代词的指代意义的能力。代词多是“it, that,he, him, those”等,可以指代上文提到的人或物,it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
做真题 悟技法
（2020·新课标 I , C篇）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
1．What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan
A．His friends' invitation. B．His interest in the country.
C．His love for teaching. D．His desire to regain health.
2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
3．Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A．Romantic. B．Eventful. C．Pleasant. D．Dangerous.
4．What is the purpose of this text
A．To introduce a book. B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer. D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A
【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段的”A few years later, still attracted to the country. he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Ara Sea”可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。
2．代词指代题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章这件事，根据第一段最后一句”A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)”可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段”This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.”可知，在乌兹别克斯坦的旅途中，Mr Bissell既体会到了友善和温暖，也看到了社会的黑暗面。在撒马尔罕，Mr Bissell欣赏到了的建筑奇观。在前往布哈拉的路上，他因为被怀疑进行毒品交易，他尝到了警察的伎俩。在费尔干纳，他参加了一个山区葬礼，然后参加了一个奇怪的酒会。在卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦，他为沙尘暴、疾病和被困在数英里外的渔船而难过。由此可知，在旅途中，他经历了很多事情。结合选项，B选项(充满事件的，多事的)可以表达此意。故选B。
4．推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。
Step 1:返回原文 找出出题的指代词
Step 2:向上搜索 找上文最近的名词、名词性短语或句子
Step 3:带入原文 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺
Step 4:确定答案 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
While there are a few ways to make use of your old smartphone, one of the better ways is to convert into a dash cam（行车记录仪）that you can use on your bicycle. With the camera, you can record your rides, which is especially helpful if you are involved in a crash with another vehicle.
To use your smartphone as a dash cam on your bike, you will need to make sure it is properly secured to your bike. To do this correctly, you must take two strips of heavy-duty Velcro (a kind of cloth used as fastening) along with two pipe Clamps（管夹）and a flat corner brace（角撑）to properly attach it. You will start by attaching the comer brace to your smartphone.
Next, attach a Velcro strip to your phoned back. You will put the second strip on the end of the brace comer and cut any extra Velcro off and away from the brace. By using heavy-duty Velcro, you shouldn’t have to worry about the camera brace must be attached to the bicycle directly.
Take two pipe clamps so you can attach the part of the corner brace so the phone can be held up and used. The pipe clamps must be positioned near the center of the handlebar, which will enable you to get a better picture when videotaping.
To run a dash camp app on your old phone, you will just need to download a dash cam app onto the old phone. You will then just start the app at any time you head out on the road. There is always the chance of flaws, but you will be giving yourself a way to protect yourself in a friendly, eco-fiendly manner that is much less expensive than purchasing a dash cam.
1．What is the purpose of building a dash cam on your bike
A．To make full use of an old smartphone.
B．To record the scenery while travelling
C．To reduce an unexpected crash on the road.
D．To avoid unnecessary arguments in an accident.
2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．The bike. B．The pipe clamp.
C．The smartphone. D．The flat corner brace.
3．What can we learn about a Velcro strip
A．It will fix the camera firmly.
B．It is better to keep it as long as possible.
C．It is important for the flat comer brace.
D．It is best put in the center of the smartphone.
4．What can be inferred about the DIY dash cam from the last paragraph
A．It is a perfect alternative to a purchased one.
B．It is beneficial to environment in some way.
C．It is a much more demanding job for the user.
D．It makes its owner friendly to other people.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何将旧手机改装为自行车的行车记录仪。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段With the camera, you can record your rides, which is especially helpful if you are involved in a crash with another vehicle.可知，有了摄像头，你可以记录你的行程，这在你与另一辆车相撞时特别有用。由此判断出在自行车上装行车记录仪的目的是为了避免在事故中出现争论。故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据前句To use your smartphone as a dash cam on your bike, you will need to make sure it is properly secured to your bike.可知，要将你的智能手机作为自行车上的行车摄像头，你需要确保它妥善地固定在你的自行车上。所以要正确地做到这一点，你必须带两条耐用的尼龙搭扣、两个管子夹和一个平的角撑来正确地固定智能手机。所以这里的it代指前句中的smartphone，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段Next, attach a Velcro strip to your phoned back. You will put the second strip on the end of the brace comer and cut any extra Velcro off and away from the brace.可知，接下来，在你的电话上贴上尼龙搭扣。 你要把第二条带子放在支撑架的末端，把多余的尼龙搭扣剪掉，离支撑架远一点。所以粘扣带是用来牢固地固定照相机的。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段特别最后一句There is always the chance of flaws, but you will be giving yourself a way to protect yourself in a friendly, eco-friendly manner that is much less expensive than purchasing a dash cam.可知，虽然总会有瑕疵，但你可以用一种友好、环保的方式来保护自己，这比购买一个行车记录仪要便宜得多。由此判断出充分利用旧手机是一种环保的方式。故选B。
Passage 2
Few people can refuse a delicious ice cream, especially on a hot day. The only thing that stops the fun is that the treat is hard to enjoy slowly, ending up with a sticky, melted mess. Now, researchers from Colombia’s Pontifical Bolivarian University may have found an unlikely thing to help solve this age-old problem — a kind of fibre from banana plant waste.
Bananas, as you probably know, grow in groups on a tree-like plant. Each group is connected to a central rachis (叶轴), which is thrown once the fruit has been gathered. The team, which was led by Dr. Robin Zuluaga Gallego, began by abstracting /drawing out cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from the powdered rachis. The tasteless fiber, thousands of times smaller than the width of a human hair, was then added to 100 grams of ice cream mix.
With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream, extending the amount of time that the treat can be enjoyed. What was even more exciting was that the fibre increased the stickiness of the low-fat ice cream to levels higher than the full-fat one. Since this is what determines the frozen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the taste of it.
The researchers, who presented their findings at the American Chemical Society( ACS) meeting in New Orleans in March, 2018, next plan to study how different types of fat, such as coconut oil, influence the behaviour of CNFs in other frozen treats.
The Colombian researchers are not the only ones working on creating a slower-melting ice cream. In 2015, scientists at the University of Dundee in Scotland found that a natural protein called BsIA was very effective in keeping the treat frozen for longer periods of time. With both teams fighting to be the first to get to the market, the future of everyone’s favorite dessert certainly looks bright.
5．What prevents people enjoying an ice cream slowly
A．A kind of fibre from bananas.
B．The ice cream’s quick melting.
C．The ice cream’s stickiness.
D．The fat in the ice cream.
6．Why were CNFs added to ice cream mix
A．To improve its taste.
B．To increase its stickiness.
C．To reduce its fat content.
D．To make it melt more slowly.
7．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The ice cream. B．The fiber.
C．The fat. D．The stickiness.
8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．BsIA is popular in the market.
B．CNFs are more useful and expensive than BsIA．
C．Ice creams with CNFs have been on sale at the market.
D．Slowly enjoying an ice cream will soon become a reality.
【答案】5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。作者围绕当代人为了防止冰淇淋融化必须很快吃完冰淇淋的现象展开话题，提出由研究者研究出一种添加物质可以让冰淇淋放缓融化，不影响口感的同时还能减少脂肪。
5．细节理解题。由第一段“The only thing that stops the fun is that the treat is hard to enjoy slowly, ending up with a sticky, melted mess.”唯一阻止人们吃冰淇淋的快乐就是人们很难去慢慢享受冰淇淋，慢慢吃冰淇淋导致的结果就是手上沾满了黏稠的融化了的冰淇淋。所以这里人们为不能缓慢地吃冰淇淋的原因是冰淇淋太容易化了。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。由第三段“With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream,”混合适当数量的CNFs,甜品冰冻的状态跟传统的冰淇淋相比就能维持地更久。所以这里加CNFs的原因是为了让冰淇淋融化地更加缓慢。故选D项。
7．词句猜测题。由第三段“Since this is what determines the frozen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the taste of it.”因为这决定冰淇淋的奶油的数量和冰淇淋的味道，而CNFs可以帮助生产出更健康的冰淇淋，而且不影响它的口感。所以这里it指的是冰淇淋。故选A。
8．推理判断题。由最后一段“The Colombian researchers are not the only ones working on creating a slower-melting ice cream. In 2015, scientists at the University of Dundee in Scotland found that a natural protein called BsIA was very effective in keeping the treat frozen for longer periods of time.”哥伦比亚的研究人员并不是唯一致力于制造一种融化速度较慢的冰淇淋的人。2015年，苏格兰邓迪大学的科学家们发现，一种叫做BsIA的天然蛋白质能有效地让巧克力保持更长时间的冷冻。由此推知，人们缓慢吃冰淇淋将会成为一个事实。故选D。
【点睛】细节理解题，需要根据细节来进行推断理解。如第2小题，由第三段“With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream,”混合适当数量的CNFs,甜品冰冻的状态跟传统的冰淇淋相比就能维持地更久。所以这里加CNFs的原因是为了让冰淇淋融化地更加缓慢。故选D项。
Passage 3
Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas. Scientists have discovered how microbes can be used to turn carbon dioxide into soil-enriching limestone(石灰石)，with the help of a type of tree that grows in tropical areas, such as West Africa.
Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root.
The Iroko tree makes a mineral by combining Ca from the earth with CO2 from the atmosphere. The bacteria then create the conditions under which this mineral turns into limestone. The discovery offers a new way to lock carbon into the soil, keeping it out of the atmosphere. In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.
The discovery could lead to reforestation(重新造林)projects in tropical countries, and help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the developing world. It has already been used in West Africa and is being tested in Bolivia, Haiti and India.
The findings were made in a three-year project involving researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh, Granada, Lausanne and Delft University of Technology. The project examined several microbiological methods of locking CO2 as limestone, and the Iroko-bacteria way showed best results. Work was funded by the European Commission under the Future&Emerging Technologies (FET) scheme.
Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries 5
9．The passage is mainly introducing .
A．some useful natural fungi and bacteria
B．a newly-found tree in West Africa
C．a new way to deal with greenhouse gas
D．the soil-enriching limestone created by scientists
10．Which of the following is True about tiny microbes
A．Most tiny microbes like living in dry, acidic soil.
B．Tiny microbes get along well with the Iroko tree in special soil.
C．The more greenhouse gas is, the more active tiny microbes become.
D．CO2 can be broken down by natural fungi and bacteria.
11．What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 probably refer to
A．Soil. B．Carbon. C．Carbon dioxide. D．Limestone.
12．According to the passage, what can we infer
A．The action of the tiny microbes can increase the oxygen in the earth.
B．Researchers have done the experiment on trees in Africa for three years,
C．West Africa is one of the most polluted areas all over the world.
D．Researchers tend to use natural power to solve their problem.
13．According to the passage, the Iroko-bacteria method .
A．has been popularized in Bolivia, Haiti and India
B．can save a lot of seriously destroyed woods
C．can be used to improve the farming land
D．should be spread all around the world in the future
【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．D 13．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种处理温室气体的新方法。
9．主旨大意题。根据文章首句“Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas.”及结合全文。可知本文主要介绍了一种处理温室气体的新方法。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root.” 研究人员发现，当伊罗科树生长在干燥、酸性的土壤中，并与天然真菌（霉菌）和其他细菌结合，不仅使树生长良好，还会在其根部周围的土壤中产生矿物石灰岩。可知在特殊的土壤中，微小的微生物与伊罗科树相处得很好。故选B项。
11．词义猜测题。根据第三段“In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.” 除了在树木、树叶和石灰石中储存碳，土壤中的矿物质使土壤更适合农业种植，可以推测此处指的便是土壤条件。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries ”及结合全文主要讲述利用树木和微生物的方法来解决问题。可推断出研究人员倾向于用自然来解决他们的问题。故选D项。
13．细节理解题。第三段“the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.” 除了在树木、树叶和石灰石中储存碳，土壤中的矿物质使其更适合农业。可知其可用于改善农田。故选C项。
【点睛】代词指代题要求同学们根据语境的逻辑关系、判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it（指动物，无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those等在文章中的指代意义，考查同学们对文章中叙述特定的人，物，事件的认知能力。解答这类题时，同学们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后临近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。例如，在第3小题中，同学们要将最后两段都读完，才能理清it指代的对象。仅凭it所在句是无法推理出其指代意义的。
Passage 4
Tell a child they need to experience another painful medical procedure, and you’ll probably have a kid filled with fear and anxiety. Tell that same child they’ll have a chance to strike flying cheeseburgers in outer space while their doctor works on them, and they might feel a little different.
That night-and-day difference in how kids respond to the treatment of their doctors is the reason for Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford’s innovative use of virtual reality technology. Packard Children’s lets kids participate in experiences that can significantly reduce their anxiety — and even their pain.
This isn’t the first time Packard Children’s has introduced those innovative methods. In 2015, Thomas Caruso, M.D．, the founder of Packard Children’s Childhood Anxiety Reduction through Innovation and Technology (CHARIOT) program, introduced the Bedside Entertainment and Relaxation Theater (BERT). The system projects videos on a large screen attached to patients’ gurneys(装有轮子的床) so they can watch movies and music videos all the way to the operating room. And in early 2017, CHARIOT launched an interactive video game called Sevo the Dragon, which projects on the BERT screen, so the tiniest patients have something fun to do while breathing medicine through a mask.
“Children shouldn’t grow up being afraid to go to the doctor to have a shot, but certain experiences can cause strong unreasonable fear that last into adulthood. Needle phobia(晕针) is a common example of that, and it is the primary reason adults avoid important immunizations(免疫) like flu shots.” Caruso told Stanford Medicine News Center.
VR distraction therapy is being used for kids at Packard Children’s as young as age 6 in specific areas like the emergency department, and the tool will be widely used in all of the Children’s Health’s surgery clinics by the end of 2020.
14．What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．Doctors’ favor of eating cheeseburgers.
B．Kids’ fear and anxiety towards doctors.
C．Doctors’ working on saving the children.
D．Kids’ different reactions to medical treatment.
15．What is the purpose of the CHARIOT program
A．To ease the patients’ worries.
B．To introduce a new technology.
C．To help children to breathe medicine.
D．To show advertisements to the patients.
16．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A．A kind of flu. B．The fear of needle for no reason.
C．The immune system. D．A kind of medicine for children.
17．The VR therapy offers __________ experiences to the patients.
A．disappointing B．conventional
C．relaxing D．unreasonable
【答案】14．D 15．A 16．B 17．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。告诉孩子他们需要经历另一个痛苦的医疗过程，孩子可能会充满恐惧和焦虑，所以斯坦福大学露西尔·帕卡德儿童医院创新使用虚拟现实技术疗法来配合孩子的治疗，到2020年底，该项技术将广泛应用于所有儿童健康外科诊所。
14．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Tell a child they need to experience another painful medical procedure, and you’ll probably have a kid filled with fear and anxiety. Tell that same child they’ll have a chance to strike flying cheeseburgers in outer space while their doctor works on them, and they might feel a little different”可知，告诉一个孩子他们需要经历另一个痛苦的医疗过程，你可能会让孩子充满恐惧和焦虑。告诉同一个孩子，当他们的医生给他们治疗的时候，他们将有机会在外太空中吃到飞行的奶酪汉堡，他们可能会觉得有点不一样。由此可知，第一段主要在说孩子们对医疗的不同反应。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。根据第二段“Packard Children’s lets kids participate in experiences that can significantly reduce their anxiety — and even their pain.”可知，Packard儿童用品让孩子们参与到可以显著减少焦虑甚至痛苦的体验。由此判断出CHARIOT的目的是减轻病人的忧虑。故选A项。
16．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Needle phobia(晕针) is a common example of that, and it is the primary reason adults avoid important immunizations(免疫) like flu shots.”可知，针头恐惧症就是一个常见的例子，它也是成年人避免接种流感疫苗的主要原因。根据上下文语境可以判断出，毫无理由的恐惧针也是成年人避免接种流感疫苗的主要原因。所以it指代的是“毫无理由的恐惧针”。故选B项。
17．推理判断题。根据第三段“The system projects videos on a large screen attached to patients’ gurneys(装有轮子的床) so they can watch movies and music videos all the way to the operating room.” 该系统将视频投射到病人的担架上的大屏幕上，这样病人就可以在手术室全程观看电影和音乐视频。根据第三段“so the tiniest patients have something fun to do while breathing medicine through a mask.” 因此，最小的病人在通过面罩呼吸药物时，会有一些有趣的事情做。由此判断出，虚拟现实疗法为患者提供放松的体验。故选C项。
Passage 5
On the roof of an apartment building in one of Gaza’s most crowded cities live two baby lions. One is male, the other female. They walk among the water tanks and eat chicken for food. Children play with the animals and some take selfies (自拍) with them. The baby lions have become pets for a 27-year-old bakery owner Naseem Abu Jamea. They have become popular playthings for many people in the neighborhood.
However, as children in his family and from the neighborhood played with the animals, Abu Jamea had little concern about the risks. “When you raise them as babies”, he said,“a harmony will grow between both of you.” This harmony, he added, would keep the lions from hurting him and others.
Abu Jamea said he got the baby lions from a local zoo but would not give more details. He did, however, share a dream of his.“It is my hobby. I was attached to them and I love to have them,” he said. He added he hopes one day to have his own zoo.
One animal doctor, Amir Khalil, has a different opinion. He has led several trips to Gaza with the animal welfare organization Four Paws to rescue mistreated zoo animals. “I advise the Gaza authorities to take away those lions,” he said. “At the age of six months a lion becomes more dangerous as his size gets bigger and his muscles become stronger.” Khalil also fears for the baby lions’ own welfare. He said lions raised in a home may not get the food and medical care they need. This could result in long-term health problems, especially difficulties with muscles, joints, and bones.
During the COVID-19 outbreak, zoos in Gaza have experienced a drop in the number of visitors. Without paying visitors, they are struggling to feed and care for the animals. Hassan Azzam is an official with Gaza’s agriculture ministry. When asked about the baby lions, he said the ministry does not know about any public objections to the animals. But he said the ministry would investigate.
18．What is known about the baby lions from the text
A．They are taken good care of.
B．They are of opposite sexes.
C．Their lives are in danger.
D．They enjoy life with people.
19．What is Abu Jamea’s attitude towards the risks of the baby lions
A．Cautious. B．Upset. C．Suspicious. D．Unconcerned.
20．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．The two baby lions being kept as pets.
B．The two baby lions being taken away.
C．The two baby lions being mistreated in the zoo.
D．The two baby lions living in harmony with humans.
21．What measure will Gaza’s agriculture ministry take
A．Provide financial assistance for the local zoos.
B．Require the zoo to take back the baby lions.
C．Make a survey about the local citizens’ reactions.
D．Publish a statement to express their sorry and concern.
【答案】18．B 19．D 20．A 21．C
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了由于新冠肺炎疫情影响，加沙的动物园没有游客，动物园难以度日，以致部分动物流失民间。两只幼狮就被一男子作为宠物收养，任由孩子和邻居们当作玩物，这不但危险，而且也侵害动物的权益。
18．细节理解题。根据第一段中“One is male, the other female.(一只是雄性，一只是雌性)”可知，这两只幼狮性别不同，刚好是相反的性别。故选B。
19．推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, as children in his family and from the neighborhood played with the animals, Abu Jamea had little concern about the risks.(但是，对于他家里的孩子以及邻居们与这两只动物玩耍这件事，Abu Jamea并不怎么担心这当中的危险)”可知，Abu Jamea对于这两只幼狮可能存在的危险并不关心和在意。故选D。
20．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子的句意：“这会导致长期的健康问题，尤其是给肌肉、关节和骨骼造成的影响。”并结合语境可知，划线词This指的是前文“lions raised in a home may not get the food and medical care they need.(被饲养在家里的狮子可能会无法满足它们所需要的食物和药物需求)”可知，划线词This指的是“把幼狮当宠物一样圈养在家里”。故选A。
21．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“he said the ministry does not know about any public objections to the animals. But he said the ministry would investigate.(他说，农业部对于公众对这两头幼狮的反对意见不知情，但是将对此进行调查)”可知，加沙的农业部将会针对民众的意见和反映进行调查。故选C。
Passage 6
With chip (芯片)readers, auto-reload apps, and one-dick online purchasing, it’s only too easy to buy something without fully registering how much it costs. That said, even if you’re not counting out small change for the cashier these days, you’ve probably still noticed how often prices end in .99.
Maybe you assumed it had something to do with tax laws, or else it was a leftover practice from decades ago, when things cost less and pennies mattered more. In fact, it’s actually a clever psychological tool that tricks your brain into thinking the price of an item is lower. “Because we read from left to right, we pay less attention to the end of the number versus (与……相比) the beginning,” consumer analyst Julie Ramhold told Reader’s Digest. So, for example, your mind will interpret $9.99 as $9. though it’s obviously much closer to $10.
Just one dollar’s difference might not seem like enough to a fleet your decision on whether to buy something, but it can push an item into a lower price range—and that’s enough to make your mind think it costs significantly less. To your subconscious brain, a one-digit (一位数的)price like $9 seems a lot cheaper than a two-digit price like $10.
Though ending prices in 9 might be the norm, there is a fair amount of variation when it comes to retailers’ pricing tactics (定价策略). Live Science reports that because we often see a price ending in 9 as a cheap deal, some stores—like J. Crew and Ralph Lauren—save the nines for their sale items, and use numbers ending in 0 for their full-priced items, giving the impression that those items are high-quality. Thrift stores (二手商店),on the other hand, often use whole numbers for all their products.
22．What does the underlined word “it” refer to
A．an auto-reload app B．a chip
C．one-click D．something
23．What can we learn from the second paragraph
A．Ending in .99 is a mentally low price.
B．Ending in .99 is a reasonable price.
C．Ending in .99 is a fit to tax laws.
D．Ending in .99 is a one-digit lower price.
24．Why do some retailers use whole numbers for their items
A．To show the items are cheap enough.
B．To show the items are in high-quality.
C．To show the items are fit for the norm.
D．To show the items are different enough.
25．What would be the best title for this passage
A．Buy What You Want at the Right Prices
B．Why Are So Many Prices Lower
C．The Reason So Many Prices End in .99
D．Saving the Nines for Your Purchasing Items
【答案】22．D 23．A 24．B 25．C
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了商品价格以“.99”结尾这一现象，并解释了实际上这是一种聪明的心理工具，可以欺骗你的大脑，让它认为某件商品的价格更低。
22．词义猜测题。分析可知，it一般指代前文提及的事物，根据划线单词“it”之后的动词“costs”，意为“花费”可知，“it”应是指代物品，由此可推知it应是指代句子“it’s only too easy to buy something without fully registering how much it costs”句中的something。故选D项。
23．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“In fact, it’s actually a clever psychological tool that tricks your brain into thinking the price of an item is lower.”可知，以“.99”结尾的价格实际上是一种聪明的心理工具，可以欺骗你的大脑，让它认为某件商品的价格更低。故选A项。
24．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“…use numbers ending in 0 for their full-priced items, giving the impression that those items are high-quality.”可知，全价商品的价格以0结尾，给人以高质量的印象。故选B项。
25．主旨大意题。根据文章体裁为议论文，开篇首段末尾句提出了文章的核心话题“That said, even if you’re not counting out small change for the cashier these days, you’ve probably still noticed how often prices end in .99.(也就是说，即使如今你不用数五分和一角的硬币给收银员，你可能仍会注意到价格经常以“.99”结尾。)”，且通过阅读文章可知，后文围绕“商品价格以“.99”结尾”进行了讨论，并解释了这种定价方式的原因。选项C“The Reason So Many Prices End in .99”贴合文章主旨要义，可作最佳标题。故选C项。
【点睛】事实细节题
在阅读理解题中，有相当一部分属于事实或细节题，这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案；另外还有一些题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息、甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。比如文章的第3小题：
3. Why do some retailers use whole numbers for their items
A. To show the items are cheap enough.
B. To show the items are in high-quality.
C. To show the items are fit for the norm.
D. To show the items are different enough.
根据题干关键词“use whole numbers”定位到文章原文“…use numbers ending in 0 for their full-priced items, giving the impression that those items are high-quality.”，其中“giving the impression that those items are high-quality”应是目的状语，即是对题干“why”的回答。分析对比可知，选项B与原文信息表达一致，故选B项为答案。专题11 代词指代题
知考法 明考向: 该题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断代词的指代意义的能力。代词多是“it, that,he, him, those”等,可以指代上文提到的人或物,it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
做真题 悟技法
（2020·新课标 I , C篇）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
1．What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan
A．His friends' invitation. B．His interest in the country.
C．His love for teaching. D．His desire to regain health.
2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
3．Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A．Romantic. B．Eventful. C．Pleasant. D．Dangerous.
4．What is the purpose of this text
A．To introduce a book. B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer. D．To recommend a travel destination.
Step 1:返回原文 找出出题的指代词
Step 2:向上搜索 找上文最近的名词、名词性短语或句子
Step 3:带入原文 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺
Step 4:确定答案 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
While there are a few ways to make use of your old smartphone, one of the better ways is to convert into a dash cam（行车记录仪）that you can use on your bicycle. With the camera, you can record your rides, which is especially helpful if you are involved in a crash with another vehicle.
To use your smartphone as a dash cam on your bike, you will need to make sure it is properly secured to your bike. To do this correctly, you must take two strips of heavy-duty Velcro (a kind of cloth used as fastening) along with two pipe Clamps（管夹）and a flat corner brace（角撑）to properly attach it. You will start by attaching the comer brace to your smartphone.
Next, attach a Velcro strip to your phoned back. You will put the second strip on the end of the brace comer and cut any extra Velcro off and away from the brace. By using heavy-duty Velcro, you shouldn’t have to worry about the camera brace must be attached to the bicycle directly.
Take two pipe clamps so you can attach the part of the corner brace so the phone can be held up and used. The pipe clamps must be positioned near the center of the handlebar, which will enable you to get a better picture when videotaping.
To run a dash camp app on your old phone, you will just need to download a dash cam app onto the old phone. You will then just start the app at any time you head out on the road. There is always the chance of flaws, but you will be giving yourself a way to protect yourself in a friendly, eco-fiendly manner that is much less expensive than purchasing a dash cam.
1．What is the purpose of building a dash cam on your bike
A．To make full use of an old smartphone.
B．To record the scenery while travelling
C．To reduce an unexpected crash on the road.
D．To avoid unnecessary arguments in an accident.
2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．The bike. B．The pipe clamp.
C．The smartphone. D．The flat corner brace.
3．What can we learn about a Velcro strip
A．It will fix the camera firmly.
B．It is better to keep it as long as possible.
C．It is important for the flat comer brace.
D．It is best put in the center of the smartphone.
4．What can be inferred about the DIY dash cam from the last paragraph
A．It is a perfect alternative to a purchased one.
B．It is beneficial to environment in some way.
C．It is a much more demanding job for the user.
D．It makes its owner friendly to other people.
Passage 2
Few people can refuse a delicious ice cream, especially on a hot day. The only thing that stops the fun is that the treat is hard to enjoy slowly, ending up with a sticky, melted mess. Now, researchers from Colombia’s Pontifical Bolivarian University may have found an unlikely thing to help solve this age-old problem — a kind of fibre from banana plant waste.
Bananas, as you probably know, grow in groups on a tree-like plant. Each group is connected to a central rachis (叶轴), which is thrown once the fruit has been gathered. The team, which was led by Dr. Robin Zuluaga Gallego, began by abstracting /drawing out cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from the powdered rachis. The tasteless fiber, thousands of times smaller than the width of a human hair, was then added to 100 grams of ice cream mix.
With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream, extending the amount of time that the treat can be enjoyed. What was even more exciting was that the fibre increased the stickiness of the low-fat ice cream to levels higher than the full-fat one. Since this is what determines the frozen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the taste of it.
The researchers, who presented their findings at the American Chemical Society( ACS) meeting in New Orleans in March, 2018, next plan to study how different types of fat, such as coconut oil, influence the behaviour of CNFs in other frozen treats.
The Colombian researchers are not the only ones working on creating a slower-melting ice cream. In 2015, scientists at the University of Dundee in Scotland found that a natural protein called BsIA was very effective in keeping the treat frozen for longer periods of time. With both teams fighting to be the first to get to the market, the future of everyone’s favorite dessert certainly looks bright.
5．What prevents people enjoying an ice cream slowly
A．A kind of fibre from bananas.
B．The ice cream’s quick melting.
C．The ice cream’s stickiness.
D．The fat in the ice cream.
6．Why were CNFs added to ice cream mix
A．To improve its taste.
B．To increase its stickiness.
C．To reduce its fat content.
D．To make it melt more slowly.
7．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The ice cream. B．The fiber.
C．The fat. D．The stickiness.
8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．BsIA is popular in the market.
B．CNFs are more useful and expensive than BsIA．
C．Ice creams with CNFs have been on sale at the market.
D．Slowly enjoying an ice cream will soon become a reality.
Passage 3
Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas. Scientists have discovered how microbes can be used to turn carbon dioxide into soil-enriching limestone(石灰石)，with the help of a type of tree that grows in tropical areas, such as West Africa.
Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root.
The Iroko tree makes a mineral by combining Ca from the earth with CO2 from the atmosphere. The bacteria then create the conditions under which this mineral turns into limestone. The discovery offers a new way to lock carbon into the soil, keeping it out of the atmosphere. In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.
The discovery could lead to reforestation(重新造林)projects in tropical countries, and help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the developing world. It has already been used in West Africa and is being tested in Bolivia, Haiti and India.
The findings were made in a three-year project involving researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh, Granada, Lausanne and Delft University of Technology. The project examined several microbiological methods of locking CO2 as limestone, and the Iroko-bacteria way showed best results. Work was funded by the European Commission under the Future&Emerging Technologies (FET) scheme.
Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries 5
9．The passage is mainly introducing .
A．some useful natural fungi and bacteria
B．a newly-found tree in West Africa
C．a new way to deal with greenhouse gas
D．the soil-enriching limestone created by scientists
10．Which of the following is True about tiny microbes
A．Most tiny microbes like living in dry, acidic soil.
B．Tiny microbes get along well with the Iroko tree in special soil.
C．The more greenhouse gas is, the more active tiny microbes become.
D．CO2 can be broken down by natural fungi and bacteria.
11．What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 probably refer to
A．Soil. B．Carbon. C．Carbon dioxide. D．Limestone.
12．According to the passage, what can we infer
A．The action of the tiny microbes can increase the oxygen in the earth.
B．Researchers have done the experiment on trees in Africa for three years,
C．West Africa is one of the most polluted areas all over the world.
D．Researchers tend to use natural power to solve their problem.
13．According to the passage, the Iroko-bacteria method .
A．has been popularized in Bolivia, Haiti and India
B．can save a lot of seriously destroyed woods
C．can be used to improve the farming land
D．should be spread all around the world in the future
Passage 4
Tell a child they need to experience another painful medical procedure, and you’ll probably have a kid filled with fear and anxiety. Tell that same child they’ll have a chance to strike flying cheeseburgers in outer space while their doctor works on them, and they might feel a little different.
That night-and-day difference in how kids respond to the treatment of their doctors is the reason for Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford’s innovative use of virtual reality technology. Packard Children’s lets kids participate in experiences that can significantly reduce their anxiety — and even their pain.
This isn’t the first time Packard Children’s has introduced those innovative methods. In 2015, Thomas Caruso, M.D．, the founder of Packard Children’s Childhood Anxiety Reduction through Innovation and Technology (CHARIOT) program, introduced the Bedside Entertainment and Relaxation Theater (BERT). The system projects videos on a large screen attached to patients’ gurneys(装有轮子的床) so they can watch movies and music videos all the way to the operating room. And in early 2017, CHARIOT launched an interactive video game called Sevo the Dragon, which projects on the BERT screen, so the tiniest patients have something fun to do while breathing medicine through a mask.
“Children shouldn’t grow up being afraid to go to the doctor to have a shot, but certain experiences can cause strong unreasonable fear that last into adulthood. Needle phobia(晕针) is a common example of that, and it is the primary reason adults avoid important immunizations(免疫) like flu shots.” Caruso told Stanford Medicine News Center.
VR distraction therapy is being used for kids at Packard Children’s as young as age 6 in specific areas like the emergency department, and the tool will be widely used in all of the Children’s Health’s surgery clinics by the end of 2020.
14．What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．Doctors’ favor of eating cheeseburgers.
B．Kids’ fear and anxiety towards doctors.
C．Doctors’ working on saving the children.
D．Kids’ different reactions to medical treatment.
15．What is the purpose of the CHARIOT program
A．To ease the patients’ worries.
B．To introduce a new technology.
C．To help children to breathe medicine.
D．To show advertisements to the patients.
16．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A．A kind of flu. B．The fear of needle for no reason.
C．The immune system. D．A kind of medicine for children.
17．The VR therapy offers __________ experiences to the patients.
A．disappointing B．conventional
C．relaxing D．unreasonable
Passage 5
On the roof of an apartment building in one of Gaza’s most crowded cities live two baby lions. One is male, the other female. They walk among the water tanks and eat chicken for food. Children play with the animals and some take selfies (自拍) with them. The baby lions have become pets for a 27-year-old bakery owner Naseem Abu Jamea. They have become popular playthings for many people in the neighborhood.
However, as children in his family and from the neighborhood played with the animals, Abu Jamea had little concern about the risks. “When you raise them as babies”, he said,“a harmony will grow between both of you.” This harmony, he added, would keep the lions from hurting him and others.
Abu Jamea said he got the baby lions from a local zoo but would not give more details. He did, however, share a dream of his.“It is my hobby. I was attached to them and I love to have them,” he said. He added he hopes one day to have his own zoo.
One animal doctor, Amir Khalil, has a different opinion. He has led several trips to Gaza with the animal welfare organization Four Paws to rescue mistreated zoo animals. “I advise the Gaza authorities to take away those lions,” he said. “At the age of six months a lion becomes more dangerous as his size gets bigger and his muscles become stronger.” Khalil also fears for the baby lions’ own welfare. He said lions raised in a home may not get the food and medical care they need. This could result in long-term health problems, especially difficulties with muscles, joints, and bones.
During the COVID-19 outbreak, zoos in Gaza have experienced a drop in the number of visitors. Without paying visitors, they are struggling to feed and care for the animals. Hassan Azzam is an official with Gaza’s agriculture ministry. When asked about the baby lions, he said the ministry does not know about any public objections to the animals. But he said the ministry would investigate.
18．What is known about the baby lions from the text
A．They are taken good care of.
B．They are of opposite sexes.
C．Their lives are in danger.
D．They enjoy life with people.
19．What is Abu Jamea’s attitude towards the risks of the baby lions
A．Cautious. B．Upset. C．Suspicious. D．Unconcerned.
20．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．The two baby lions being kept as pets.
B．The two baby lions being taken away.
C．The two baby lions being mistreated in the zoo.
D．The two baby lions living in harmony with humans.
21．What measure will Gaza’s agriculture ministry take
A．Provide financial assistance for the local zoos.
B．Require the zoo to take back the baby lions.
C．Make a survey about the local citizens’ reactions.
D．Publish a statement to express their sorry and concern.
Passage 6
With chip (芯片)readers, auto-reload apps, and one-dick online purchasing, it’s only too easy to buy something without fully registering how much it costs. That said, even if you’re not counting out small change for the cashier these days, you’ve probably still noticed how often prices end in .99.
Maybe you assumed it had something to do with tax laws, or else it was a leftover practice from decades ago, when things cost less and pennies mattered more. In fact, it’s actually a clever psychological tool that tricks your brain into thinking the price of an item is lower. “Because we read from left to right, we pay less attention to the end of the number versus (与……相比) the beginning,” consumer analyst Julie Ramhold told Reader’s Digest. So, for example, your mind will interpret $9.99 as $9. though it’s obviously much closer to $10.
Just one dollar’s difference might not seem like enough to a fleet your decision on whether to buy something, but it can push an item into a lower price range—and that’s enough to make your mind think it costs significantly less. To your subconscious brain, a one-digit (一位数的)price like $9 seems a lot cheaper than a two-digit price like $10.
Though ending prices in 9 might be the norm, there is a fair amount of variation when it comes to retailers’ pricing tactics (定价策略). Live Science reports that because we often see a price ending in 9 as a cheap deal, some stores—like J. Crew and Ralph Lauren—save the nines for their sale items, and use numbers ending in 0 for their full-priced items, giving the impression that those items are high-quality. Thrift stores (二手商店),on the other hand, often use whole numbers for all their products.
22．What does the underlined word “it” refer to
A．an auto-reload app B．a chip
C．one-click D．something
23．What can we learn from the second paragraph
A．Ending in .99 is a mentally low price.
B．Ending in .99 is a reasonable price.
C．Ending in .99 is a fit to tax laws.
D．Ending in .99 is a one-digit lower price.
24．Why do some retailers use whole numbers for their items
A．To show the items are cheap enough.
B．To show the items are in high-quality.
C．To show the items are fit for the norm.
D．To show the items are different enough.
25．What would be the best title for this passage
A．Buy What You Want at the Right Prices
B．Why Are So Many Prices Lower
C．The Reason So Many Prices End in .99
D．Saving the Nines for Your Purchasing Items
