专题14 说明文专练
知考法 明考向: 说明文在高考试卷中充当压轴的角色,文章相对较难理解。主要考查某些概念、定义等，还涉及事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等,事物或某种现象产生的原因、过程、演变等。词义猜测题和主旨大意题或标题归内题常出现于说明文中,由于涉及某些专业知识,给学生理解文章带来了一定的难度。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 II , D篇）
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular. B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are overpopulated. D．People enjoy living close to nature.
2．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers. B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park. D．To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
3．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
4．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Step1. 认真阅读首段，首段往往提出要说明的事物即说明对象
Step2. 搞清说明顺序，包括时间、空间、逻辑顺序,这有助于把握文章的脉络，防止只见“树木”,不见“森林”
Step3. 认清一些说明方法:下定义、举例子、作比较、打比方等。
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）The apparent complexities of the TikTok algorithm(算法)may actually be as simple as a bag of chips. In a video with more than 700,000 views, creator Celeste Aria laid out her “Dorito theory”, which she uses to explain the addictive nature of endlessly-scrolling social media feeds.
Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about, and Aria’s Roman Empire is Doritos. In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.
Essentially, the Dorito theory suggests that activities like eating Doritos, which provide a quick burst of pleasure but lack lasting satisfaction, can be highly addictive. Aria compared it to consuming foods that offer deeper satisfaction, like a hearty steak, where the feeling of fullness and contentment lasts longer.
The theory can apply to a lot of different experiences, but it’s particularly well-suite d as a metaphor for the dopamine(多巴胺)boosts that occur while scrolling through social media feeds. Dr. Jamie Sorenson, a board-certified psychiatrist, said that the Dorito theory is consistent with existing ideas regarding addiction. “The more immediate the reward is, the more likely we are to repeat that behavior, whether it’s eating Doritos or scrolling on social media.”
Aria may not be a licensed medical professional, but she treats junk food the way any nutritionist would. “I’d recommend just trying to remove anything that you think falls into the Dorito category,” she says in her video.
The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating(共鸣)with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.
1．What do the underlined words “Roman Empire” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．A video. B．A subject. C．A country. D．A snack.
2．What makes Aria addicted to chips according to the text
A．Social media. B．Different flavors. C．Lasting satisfaction. D．First-bite feeling.
3．How does Aria explain the Dorito theory
A．By introducing a concept. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting an expert’s words.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．TikTok: an appealing platform
B．Celeste Aria: an insightful discoverer
C．Chips or steaks: a challenging choice
D．The Dorito theory: an ongoing hit online
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理论解释了社交媒体无尽滚动信息流为何具有高度成瘾性，这一理论引起了广大群众的共鸣，已成为一个热点话题。
1．词义猜测题。根据划线词前“Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about(每个人都有一个自己无法停止思考的话题)”可推知，Aria的话题是多力多滋薯片，故B项“话题”与划线词含义一致。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.(就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一样，刚开始吃的时候最为诱人且兴奋，用户在“为你推荐”页面上滑动浏览时也是如此，最初的几条内容最能激起人们的兴趣。每当一片薯片或是一个视频结束时，人们便会渴望继续下一个，这样一来又可以重拾那种初见时的新鲜感和兴奋感)”可知，Aria对薯片上瘾正是由于这种“第一口”的感觉。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.(在她那部广受欢迎的视频中，她阐述了TikTok滚动浏览之所以如此令人上瘾，是因为它永远无法让人感到彻底满足。就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一样，刚开始吃的时候最为诱人且兴奋，用户在“为你推荐”页面上滑动浏览时也是如此，最初的几条内容最能激起人们的兴趣。每当一片薯片或是一个视频结束时，人们便会渴望继续下一个，这样一来又可以重拾那种初见时的新鲜感和兴奋感)”可知，Aria通过类比的方式阐述了多力多滋理论。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。结合全文及文章最后一段“The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.(多力多滋理论趋势引发了一场对当今社会中成瘾本质以及追求即时满足心理的深刻反思，这一理论在抖音用户中引起了广泛共鸣，许多用户都在自己的生活中识别出了相似的行为模式。因此，看起来多力多滋公司回应Aria这一理论只是时间早晚的问题)”可知，文章主要介绍了Aria的多力多滋理论，且这一理论引起了广大群众的共鸣，已成为一个热点话题，故D项“多力多滋理论：一个网络上持续走红的热点”适合作为文章的标题。故选D项。
Passage 2
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects.
The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.
On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results.
“By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.”
For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings.
“The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”
Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.
5．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme
A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity.
C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation.
6．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5
A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient.
7．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found.
C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented.
8．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text
A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off.
C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work.
【答案】5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.(这个DIY设计的合作伙伴通过发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力)”可知，Mavros和Shiailis经营Make It Extreme是为了唤醒创新。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段“For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials.(在其第100个视频中，Make It Extreme介绍了Monotrack自行车，完全由回收和旧材料制成)”可知，他们的发明是环保的。故选B。
7．主旨大意题。根据第六段““The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”(马夫罗斯说:“单轨自行车的想法来自于一张战时的旧照片，我们在那里看到了一辆类似的车辆。我们的创作灵感往往来自于我们以前遇到过的东西。”例如，Monowheel，一个人坐在一个巨大的轮子里，灵感来自几十年前的类似车辆，而我们的坦克椅源于为行动不便的人创造一种方便的冒险车的想法。”)”可知，第6段的主要内容是他们的灵感来源。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.(Make It Extreme现在有近200万订户，他们每个月都渴望收看这两位合作伙伴的最新发明。Mavros承诺，2024年他们将创造出迄今为止最大胆的项目)”结合文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。可推知，Mavros和Shiailis告诉我们没有什么是不可能的。故选A。
Passage 3
（2024·山东临沂·一模）When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
9．What did Turnbull think of the Ik people
A．Heartless. B．Helpful. C．Restless. D．Generous.
10．What does the underlined word “altruism” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Trying to be strong and tough to survive.
B．Making full use of the surrounding resources.
C．Being devoted to themselves or their relatives.
D．Caring about the needs and happiness of others.
11．What does paragraph 3 intend to convey
A．Friendships guarantee a well-being life. B．Folks assist each other to get support.
C．Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. D．People tend to provide resources for free.
12．How does Aktipis intend to apply her findings
A．By designing a policy for public health.
B．By monitoring individual health histories.
C．By creating a system against collective hardship.
D．By lowering insurance prices for individual victims.
【答案】9．A 10．D 11．C 12．C
【导语】
这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述Athena Aktipis通过研究一个乌干达群体Ik人发现，他们非常重视互相帮助，Aktipis认为利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益，可以通过合作建立一个对抗集体困难的制度。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as ‘the loveless people.’(当美国人类学家Colin Turnbull在1972年出版The Mountain People时，他把他的研究对象——一个叫做Ik的乌干达群体——称为‘无爱的人’)”可知，Turnbull认为Ik人很无情，故选A。
10．词义猜测题。根据第一段末句“But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.(但她的团队透露，尽管生活在压力之下，但Ik人非常重视在可能的情况下互相帮助)”及划线词下文“It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.(人们被认为只会做有利于自己或亲人的事情)”可知，Ik人会互相帮助，故划线词所在句意为“Aktipis认为，利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益”，altruism意为“利他主义”，故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据第三段“The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.(肯尼亚的马赛人提供了该项目的主要观点之一。当他们需要食物或水等资源时，他们依靠双向友谊，而不期望任何回报。另外，在另一个世界的新墨西哥州，虽然人们经常帮助运输牲畜并获得支持作为回报，但如果有人遇到困难，比如亲人受伤或死亡，他们会无偿提供帮助)”可知，本段旨在通过两个例子表明，合作是一种良好而自然的本能，故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone.(Aktipis认为，她通过研究这些群体而完善的理论框架可以广泛应用于任何相互依存的系统)”以及“But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.(但在一个建立在相邻基础上的体系中，在自然灾害和流行病等集体困难时期，合并成本将减轻负担)”可知，Aktipis打算通过建立一个对抗集体困难的制度来应用她的发现，故选C。
Passage 4
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel.
People didn’t need to experience a reward or positive outcome while around the object—simply being exposed to the object would be enough to make people like it. To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a foreign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word (up to 25 repetitions). Next, after reading the words, participants were asked to guess at the meaning of each word by filling out a rating scale (indicating how positive or negative they thought the meaning of the word was).
He found that participants liked words that they had said more often, while words that participants hadn’t read at all were rated more negatively, and words that had been read 25 times were rated highest. Just the me re exposure to the word was enough to make participant s like it more.
One place where the me re exposure effect occurs is in advertising. It explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once. Of course, there’s a caution here:the me re exposure effect doesn’t happen for things we initially dislike. Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things (including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. Additionally, researchers have found that the me re exposure effect occurs in studies with human research participants as well as in studies with non-human animals.
Another key finding from this analysis was that participants eventually started to like object s less after many repeated exposures. In other words,a smaller number of repeated exposures will make you like something more——but, if the repeated exposures continue, you could eventually get tired of it.
13．What is the key factor in Robert Zajonc’s test
A．Frequency. B．Preference. C．Originality. D．Achievement.
14．Which of the following is an example of mere-exposure effect
A．We favor an advertisement at the first sight.
B．A student joined in the club because of love.
C．We are more convinced of what we met before.
D．A student read as many English words as possible.
15．What can we learn about “mere exposure effect” according to paragraph 4
A．It is the result of advertising. B．It has nothing to do with animals.
C．It is true of what we dislike at first. D．It can be applied to multiple senses.
16．What is the text mainly about
A．More love because of more exposures. B．The study on mere exposure effect.
C．Better results from the earlier exposures. D．The application of mere exposure effect.
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．D 16．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了曝光效应，即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的事物心理现象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出，应用以及原理。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a for eign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word(up to 25 repetitions). (为了验证这一点，社会心理学家Robert Zajonc让参与者大声朗读一门外语中的单词，并改变参与者阅读每个单词的频率（最多重复25次）)。”可知，Robert Zajonc测试的关键因素是频率。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据第一段“Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel. (研究“曝光效应”的研究人员发现，我们往往更喜欢熟悉的东西，而不是新奇的东西。)”可知，C选项“我们更相信以前遇见的”是曝光效应的例子。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things(including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the me re exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. (研究人员发现，我们对各种事物（包括图片、声音、食物和气味）的喜爱程度可以通过反复接触而增强，这表明重复接触效应并不局限于我们的一种感官。)”可知，“曝光效应”可以应用于多种感官。故选D。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel. (你想看一部新电影，还是老电影？你是宁愿尝试你从未在餐馆吃过的菜肴，还是坚持吃你知道你会喜欢的东西？研究“曝光效应”的研究人员发现，我们往往更喜欢熟悉的东西，而不是新奇的东西。)”结合本文介绍了曝光效应，即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的事物心理现象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出，应用以及原理。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是曝光效应的研究。故选B。
Passage 5
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.
To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer. Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. If they mess that up, they start plummeting.
Sondhi and a team of researchers set up experiments to investigate how different lights influence flight behavior. First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground.
What if the light is spread over a wide area The researchers stretched a large white sheet across the tree and projected a UV light on it. If the insects were truly “attracted” to the light, they should fly up toward it. Instead, the insects cruised (巡航) straight through this illuminated corridor, flying how they would during the day. The team then placed the sheet on the ground and shined the light on it, which is when something truly odd happened: All these moths flying over it turned upside down and crashed out of the sky. Directionality of light is a huge factor in the pattern we have seen, not just brightness or color.
“Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.” says Sondhi.
17．What can be inferred about “like a moth to a flame” in the new study
A．A moth is generally attracted by a flame. B．Artificial lights are valuable for a moth.
C．Brightness indicates up for a moth. D．A moth has a sense of direction.
18．What does the underlined word “plummeting” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Crashing. B．Speeding. C．Freezing. D．Suspending.
19．What lights influence insects most in the experiments
A．UV lights on the tree. B．Upward-pointing lights.
C．Downward-pointing lights. D．Lights of different colors.
20．What is Sondhi’s attitude toward artificial lights
A．Concerned. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．B 20．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项科学研究表明蛾类向明亮方向飞行的倾向不是被光吸引，而是一种行为反应，帮助它们确定向上的方向。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up,suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.(发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的一项新研究表明，蛾类向明亮方向飞行的倾向不是被光吸引，而是一种行为反应，帮助它们确定向上的方向)”以及第二段的“To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer.(该研究的合著者、国家地理探险家Yash Sondhi说，为了避免摔倒在地，昆虫需要知道哪条路是向上的)”可知，昆虫需要知道哪条路是向上的，而光能够帮助它们确定向上的方向。由此可推知，在新的研究中，“飞蛾扑火”意味着光能够暗示飞蛾向上飞。故选C。
18．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. (没有系统来维持空间方向，即使在晚上，天空的亮度也一直是“向上”的强烈指示——直到人造灯出现)”可知，飞蛾不能辨别方向，天空的亮度一直指示着它向上飞行。人造灯的出现让他们出现了混乱，所以看到灯光，他们就会撞上去。所以划线单词的意思为“碰撞”。故选A。
19．细节理解题。根据第三段的“First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground.(首先，研究人员将一个灯泡悬挂在两棵树之间的绳子上——类似于典型的向下指向的灯——在另一项测试中，他们将灯泡安装在三脚架上，将其向上转动。在这两种情况下，昆虫都把它们的翅膀背靠在球茎上。但当光线指向上方时，昆虫经常会撞到地上)”可知，向上指示的光线最能影响昆虫。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据最后第一段““Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.”says Sondhi.(“人造光可能会导致昆虫对向上方向和真实重力方向的感觉不匹配，这给昆虫种群带来了麻烦。”Sondhi说)”可推知，Sondhi对人造光对昆虫的影响是担心的。故选A。
Passage 6
（2024·山东淄博·一模）There was no way to escape when they spotted a polar bear. Verena Mohaupt and a handful of colleagues were trapped on a floating sea ice while the bear gazed at them, smelling the air, a dangerous sign.
“That’s when everything kicks in,” Mohaupt says, “and you focus on what’s important.” As a colleague fired into the sky as a warning shot, Mohaupt radioed their research ship a few kilometres away, whose helicopter luckily arrived quickly and Mohaupt didn’t have to use the gun that was hanging over her shoulder.
Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC——the largest Arctic research exploration in history. The project, consisting of roughly 300 scientists, led by scientist MarkusRex, has collected massive measurements that will help better forecast how warming will transform the globe in the coming decades. For months, the exploration operated in constant darkness while polar bears wandered nearby, storms rocked the ship and the ice shifted and cracked. Then, when the Sun returned, the ice began to melt, creating a life-threatening risk and a nightmare for researchers who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.
Tasked with the security of the mission, Mohaupt designed an extensive training course for the participants in which they learnt how to avoid the danger, like storm-rocking and ice-cracking. They jumped into a Norwegian channel in their survival suits and climbed out of the freezing waters using only their ice picks. They learnt how to escape from a crashed helicopter. And they discussed the psychological effects of being far from home. Mohaupt brought knitting equipment, yoga mats and a violin for their men tal health——although having been prepared for the isolation.
Mohaupt didn’t expect a career in polar regions, but says she has always been drawn to the north. “She was there to make sure that we were protected,” says Markus Rex, “Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.”
21．Why does the author mention a polar bear in the beginning
A．To show the threat of bears. B．To tell an interesting story.
C．To introduce Mohaupt’s job. D．To describe the polar scenery.
22．What can we know from paragraph 3
A．The working conditions were tough. B．Mohaupt helped to collect massive data.
C．The exploration went on in total darkness. D．Mohaupt’s duty was to protect polar bears.
23．Which of the following best describes Mohaupt
A．Ambitious and brave. B．Passionate and dependent.
C．Considerate and modest. D．Professional and responsible.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．A Potential Danger in the Exploration. B．A Guardian Angel of Polar Researchers.
C．A Great Scientific Exploration in History. D．A Great Female Scientist in Polar Research.
【答案】21．C 22．A 23．D 24．B
【导语】本文是篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了一名负责历史上最大的北极研究探险队安全任务的后勤协调员Verena Mohaupt。
21．推理判断题。根据第三段“Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC——the largest Arctic research exploration in history.”（Mohaupt是一名后勤协调员，负责为期一年的MOSAiC任务，这是历史上最大的北极研究探险。），并结合前两段对遇到北极熊时，Mohaupt应对方式的描述可知，作者在开头提到北极熊，是为了介绍Mohaupt的工作内容。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段“For months, the exploration operated in constant darkness while polar bears wandered nearby, storms rocked the ship and the ice shifted and cracked. Then, when the Sun returned, the ice began to melt, creating a life-threatening risk and a nightmare for researchers who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.”（几个月来，探险一直在黑暗中进行，北极熊在附近游荡，风暴摇晃着船，冰在移动和破裂。然后，当太阳返回时，冰开始融化，对需要防止仪器下沉的研究人员来说，这是一场危及生命的危险和噩梦。）可知，探险工作的条件非常恶劣。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据第四段“Tasked with the security of the mission, Mohaupt designed an extensive training course for the participants in which they learnt how to avoid the danger, like storm-rocking and ice-cracking.”（为了确保任务的安全，Mohaupt为参与者设计了一个广泛的培训课程，让他们学习如何避免危险，比如风暴摇晃和冰裂。）和“They learnt how to escape from a crashed helicopter. And they discussed the psychological effects of being far from home. Mohaupt brought knitting equipment, yoga mats and a violin for their men tal health——although having been prepared for the isolation.”（他们学会了如何从坠毁的直升机中逃生。他们还讨论了远离家乡的心理影响。Mohaupt带来了编织设备、瑜伽垫和一把小提琴，以帮助他们的人保持心理健康——尽管他们已经为隔离做好了准备。）可知，Mohaupt有着过硬的专业知识和技能，对工作认真负责。故选D。
24．主旨大意题。根据最后一段““She was there to make sure that we were protected,” says Markus Rex, “Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.””（“她在那里确保我们受到保护，”Markus Rex说，“Mohaupt无疑是这个领域的冠军。”）和全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了Mohaupt这名负责历史上最大的北极研究探险队安全任务的优秀的后勤协调员，她是保护北极探险队成员的天使。故选B。
Passage 7
（2024·山东青岛·一模）An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” —cagles don’t hunt flies—meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters.But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles.
The story starts with the acacia trees(金合欢树)in an African wildlife area in central KenyaSome of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores(食草动物).The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leavesThis is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.
But these ants are in trouble.Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree-protecting ants.This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt.
This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in．
“These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida.
The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras.The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover.Instead, they are targeting water buffalo.But this also isn’t the end of the story.Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line
25．What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2mean
A．Direct. B．Discourage. C．Identify. D．Seek.
26．What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction
A．Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B．Damaging the hiding place for lions.
C．Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D．Starting off the disturbance of the chain.
27．The author mentions lions, zebras and water buffalo to show that ______.
A．animals fall victim to bigger ones B．the ecology is on the road to recovery
C．animals are corelated in the ecosystem D．species are firmly positioned in the food chain
28．What is the text mainly about
A．What ecologists find about animals. B．Why African lions are endangered.
C．How tiny ants affect the way lions hunt. D．How the law of the jungle works in Africa.
【答案】25．B 26．B 27．C 28．C
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小蚂蚁如何影响狮子的捕猎方式。
25．词句猜测题。根据上文“The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leaves. This is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores(蚂蚁正在积极攻击并赶走试图以树叶为食的食草动物。这是非常有效的；蚂蚁不仅在身体上伤害食草动物)”可知，蚂蚁对合欢树具有保护作用。由此猜测“ but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.”意为“蚂蚁还释放出可以阻止其他潜在攻击者的化学物质”，即deter意为“阻止”，与discourage同义。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.(蚂蚁的入侵影响了一件又一件事。这使得金合欢树无法抵御食草动物，尤其是大象。大象吃金合欢的速度是未被入侵地区的5到7倍。狮子在寻找食物的时候，没有更多的树可以用来躲藏。)”可知，在食物链中大象破坏狮子的藏身之处。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida.(来自佛罗里达州的生态学家托德·帕尔默(Todd Palmer)说:“这些微小的入侵者正在拉动非洲生态系统的纽带，决定谁被吃掉，在哪里被吃掉。”)”和最后一段“The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras. The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover. Instead, they are targeting water buffalo. (已经濒临灭绝的狮子正在设法解决这个问题，不再把注意力集中在斑马身上。斑马，当然，可以更好地看到它们靠近，因为缺乏掩护。相反，它们的目标是水牛。)”可知，蚂蚁的入侵导致金合欢树大量被吃，使得狮子在狩猎时失去掩护，这导致以斑马为主食的狮子转而猎杀水牛。由此推知，作者提到狮子、斑马和水牛是为了说明动物在生态系统中是相互关联的。故选C。
28．
主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章第一段“But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles.(但是东非的狮子应该关注这些看起来微不足道的蚂蚁，因为这些蚂蚁正在改变它们的生活方式。)”可知，文章主要介绍了小蚂蚁如何影响狮子的捕猎方式。故选C。
Passage 8
（2024·广东·一模）We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from
A study led by Markus Paulus, professor at Loyola Marymount University, shows that the ability has its roots in earliest childhood. “It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings,” says Markus Paulus.
In this research, Paulus recorded the interaction between mother and child over several months. The babies came into the lab for the first time at the age of6 months , while their final visit was when they were18 months old. As they engaged in various play situations , the interactions and imitations of mother and child were analyzed. The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.
Paulus’ research shows that mutual imitation is the keystone of knowledge transfer , through which children successfully learn various skills, such as how to use objects , waving and acquisition of language. “This interaction is the nucleus of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human,” says Paulus.
“Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again. ”
29．Why does the author mention the example of wheels
A．To praise the invention of car wheels. B．To describe the process of trial and error.
C．To emphasize the necessity of new tools. D．To show the importance of prior knowledge.
30．What can we learn about Paulus’ research
A．Children’s imitation was recorded by mothers.
B．Sensitive mothers encouraged children’s imitation.
C．Children’s ability was analyzed through interaction.
D．Effective interaction promoted children’s development.
31．What does the underlined word “nucleus” mean in paragraph 4
A．Core. B．Result. C．Aim. D．Content.
32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why does Evolution Matter B．How to Interact with Children
C．Imitation: The Engine of Evolution D．Cultural Learning: The Root of Imitation
【答案】29．D 30．D 31．A 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了模仿对于人际互动，学习和人类文明演进的重要性。
29．推理判断题。根据第一段“We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from (我们通过几千年积累的知识来了解世界。站在伟人的肩膀上，我们不必经历无尽的尝试和错误，就像汽车的轮子不必每次都重新发明一样。但是我们向别人学习的能力从何而来呢？)”和第二段“It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings(人们通常认为孩子的模仿能力是天生的，但根据我们的观察，孩子模仿是因为他们自己被照顾者模仿。这种相互作用使知识的文化转移成为可能，通过几代人的努力，知识的文化转移最终导致了人类的发展)”可推知，作者提到轮子的例子是为了强调先前知识的重要性。正是站在巨人的肩膀上，我们不必再重新进行研究和试验。故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段“The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.(这项长期研究表明，母亲在与6个月大的孩子互动时越敏感，她模仿孩子的次数越多，孩子在18个月大时的整体能力就越强)”可知，Paulus的研究表明，妈妈越频繁地模仿孩子，孩子的发育水平越好。因此可知，有效的互动促进了孩子们的发展。故选D。
31．词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human”可知，这种相互作用最终导致了人类进化的成功，说明是学习的核心，故划线词意思是“核心”。故选A。
32．主旨大意题。根据最后一段““Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again.”(“文化学习是人类进化的重要组成部分，它植根于对他人的模仿，尤其是我们童年早期的照顾者，”保卢斯说。“通过这种方式，我们相互学习，并将知识传授给下一代，因此某些动作或技术不必不断地重新发明。”)”结合文章主要讲述了模仿在人类进化中的重要性，强调了模仿对于人类进化的推动作用。因此，最佳标题应该是“模仿：进化的引擎”。故选C。专题14 说明文专练
知考法 明考向: 说明文在高考试卷中充当压轴的角色,文章相对较难理解。主要考查某些概念、定义等，还涉及事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等,事物或某种现象产生的原因、过程、演变等。词义猜测题和主旨大意题或标题归内题常出现于说明文中,由于涉及某些专业知识,给学生理解文章带来了一定的难度。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·新课标 II , D篇）
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular. B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are overpopulated. D．People enjoy living close to nature.
2．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers. B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park. D．To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
3．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
4．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study. B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education. D．Intercultural communication.
Step1. 认真阅读首段，首段往往提出要说明的事物即说明对象
Step2. 搞清说明顺序，包括时间、空间、逻辑顺序,这有助于把握文章的脉络，防止只见“树木”,不见“森林”
Step3. 认清一些说明方法:下定义、举例子、作比较、打比方等。
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）The apparent complexities of the TikTok algorithm(算法)may actually be as simple as a bag of chips. In a video with more than 700,000 views, creator Celeste Aria laid out her “Dorito theory”, which she uses to explain the addictive nature of endlessly-scrolling social media feeds.
Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about, and Aria’s Roman Empire is Doritos. In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.
Essentially, the Dorito theory suggests that activities like eating Doritos, which provide a quick burst of pleasure but lack lasting satisfaction, can be highly addictive. Aria compared it to consuming foods that offer deeper satisfaction, like a hearty steak, where the feeling of fullness and contentment lasts longer.
The theory can apply to a lot of different experiences, but it’s particularly well-suite d as a metaphor for the dopamine(多巴胺)boosts that occur while scrolling through social media feeds. Dr. Jamie Sorenson, a board-certified psychiatrist, said that the Dorito theory is consistent with existing ideas regarding addiction. “The more immediate the reward is, the more likely we are to repeat that behavior, whether it’s eating Doritos or scrolling on social media.”
Aria may not be a licensed medical professional, but she treats junk food the way any nutritionist would. “I’d recommend just trying to remove anything that you think falls into the Dorito category,” she says in her video.
The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating(共鸣)with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.
1．What do the underlined words “Roman Empire” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．A video. B．A subject. C．A country. D．A snack.
2．What makes Aria addicted to chips according to the text
A．Social media. B．Different flavors. C．Lasting satisfaction. D．First-bite feeling.
3．How does Aria explain the Dorito theory
A．By introducing a concept. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting an expert’s words.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．TikTok: an appealing platform
B．Celeste Aria: an insightful discoverer
C．Chips or steaks: a challenging choice
D．The Dorito theory: an ongoing hit online
Passage 2
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects.
The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.
On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results.
“By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.”
For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings.
“The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”
Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.
5．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme
A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity.
C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation.
6．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5
A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient.
7．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found.
C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented.
8．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text
A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off.
C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work.
Passage 3
（2024·山东临沂·一模）When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
9．What did Turnbull think of the Ik people
A．Heartless. B．Helpful. C．Restless. D．Generous.
10．What does the underlined word “altruism” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Trying to be strong and tough to survive.
B．Making full use of the surrounding resources.
C．Being devoted to themselves or their relatives.
D．Caring about the needs and happiness of others.
11．What does paragraph 3 intend to convey
A．Friendships guarantee a well-being life. B．Folks assist each other to get support.
C．Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. D．People tend to provide resources for free.
12．How does Aktipis intend to apply her findings
A．By designing a policy for public health.
B．By monitoring individual health histories.
C．By creating a system against collective hardship.
D．By lowering insurance prices for individual victims.
Passage 4
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel.
People didn’t need to experience a reward or positive outcome while around the object—simply being exposed to the object would be enough to make people like it. To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a foreign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word (up to 25 repetitions). Next, after reading the words, participants were asked to guess at the meaning of each word by filling out a rating scale (indicating how positive or negative they thought the meaning of the word was).
He found that participants liked words that they had said more often, while words that participants hadn’t read at all were rated more negatively, and words that had been read 25 times were rated highest. Just the me re exposure to the word was enough to make participant s like it more.
One place where the me re exposure effect occurs is in advertising. It explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once. Of course, there’s a caution here:the me re exposure effect doesn’t happen for things we initially dislike. Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things (including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. Additionally, researchers have found that the me re exposure effect occurs in studies with human research participants as well as in studies with non-human animals.
Another key finding from this analysis was that participants eventually started to like object s less after many repeated exposures. In other words,a smaller number of repeated exposures will make you like something more——but, if the repeated exposures continue, you could eventually get tired of it.
13．What is the key factor in Robert Zajonc’s test
A．Frequency. B．Preference. C．Originality. D．Achievement.
14．Which of the following is an example of mere-exposure effect
A．We favor an advertisement at the first sight.
B．A student joined in the club because of love.
C．We are more convinced of what we met before.
D．A student read as many English words as possible.
15．What can we learn about “mere exposure effect” according to paragraph 4
A．It is the result of advertising. B．It has nothing to do with animals.
C．It is true of what we dislike at first. D．It can be applied to multiple senses.
16．What is the text mainly about
A．More love because of more exposures. B．The study on mere exposure effect.
C．Better results from the earlier exposures. D．The application of mere exposure effect.
Passage 5
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.
To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer. Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. If they mess that up, they start plummeting.
Sondhi and a team of researchers set up experiments to investigate how different lights influence flight behavior. First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground.
What if the light is spread over a wide area The researchers stretched a large white sheet across the tree and projected a UV light on it. If the insects were truly “attracted” to the light, they should fly up toward it. Instead, the insects cruised (巡航) straight through this illuminated corridor, flying how they would during the day. The team then placed the sheet on the ground and shined the light on it, which is when something truly odd happened: All these moths flying over it turned upside down and crashed out of the sky. Directionality of light is a huge factor in the pattern we have seen, not just brightness or color.
“Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.” says Sondhi.
17．What can be inferred about “like a moth to a flame” in the new study
A．A moth is generally attracted by a flame. B．Artificial lights are valuable for a moth.
C．Brightness indicates up for a moth. D．A moth has a sense of direction.
18．What does the underlined word “plummeting” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Crashing. B．Speeding. C．Freezing. D．Suspending.
19．What lights influence insects most in the experiments
A．UV lights on the tree. B．Upward-pointing lights.
C．Downward-pointing lights. D．Lights of different colors.
20．What is Sondhi’s attitude toward artificial lights
A．Concerned. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral.
Passage 6
（2024·山东淄博·一模）There was no way to escape when they spotted a polar bear. Verena Mohaupt and a handful of colleagues were trapped on a floating sea ice while the bear gazed at them, smelling the air, a dangerous sign.
“That’s when everything kicks in,” Mohaupt says, “and you focus on what’s important.” As a colleague fired into the sky as a warning shot, Mohaupt radioed their research ship a few kilometres away, whose helicopter luckily arrived quickly and Mohaupt didn’t have to use the gun that was hanging over her shoulder.
Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC——the largest Arctic research exploration in history. The project, consisting of roughly 300 scientists, led by scientist MarkusRex, has collected massive measurements that will help better forecast how warming will transform the globe in the coming decades. For months, the exploration operated in constant darkness while polar bears wandered nearby, storms rocked the ship and the ice shifted and cracked. Then, when the Sun returned, the ice began to melt, creating a life-threatening risk and a nightmare for researchers who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.
Tasked with the security of the mission, Mohaupt designed an extensive training course for the participants in which they learnt how to avoid the danger, like storm-rocking and ice-cracking. They jumped into a Norwegian channel in their survival suits and climbed out of the freezing waters using only their ice picks. They learnt how to escape from a crashed helicopter. And they discussed the psychological effects of being far from home. Mohaupt brought knitting equipment, yoga mats and a violin for their men tal health——although having been prepared for the isolation.
Mohaupt didn’t expect a career in polar regions, but says she has always been drawn to the north. “She was there to make sure that we were protected,” says Markus Rex, “Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.”
21．Why does the author mention a polar bear in the beginning
A．To show the threat of bears. B．To tell an interesting story.
C．To introduce Mohaupt’s job. D．To describe the polar scenery.
22．What can we know from paragraph 3
A．The working conditions were tough. B．Mohaupt helped to collect massive data.
C．The exploration went on in total darkness. D．Mohaupt’s duty was to protect polar bears.
23．Which of the following best describes Mohaupt
A．Ambitious and brave. B．Passionate and dependent.
C．Considerate and modest. D．Professional and responsible.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．A Potential Danger in the Exploration. B．A Guardian Angel of Polar Researchers.
C．A Great Scientific Exploration in History. D．A Great Female Scientist in Polar Research.
Passage 7
（2024·山东青岛·一模）An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” —cagles don’t hunt flies—meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters.But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles.
The story starts with the acacia trees(金合欢树)in an African wildlife area in central KenyaSome of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores(食草动物).The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leavesThis is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.
But these ants are in trouble.Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree-protecting ants.This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt.
This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in．
“These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida.
The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras.The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover.Instead, they are targeting water buffalo.But this also isn’t the end of the story.Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line
25．What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2mean
A．Direct. B．Discourage. C．Identify. D．Seek.
26．What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction
A．Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B．Damaging the hiding place for lions.
C．Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D．Starting off the disturbance of the chain.
27．The author mentions lions, zebras and water buffalo to show that ______.
A．animals fall victim to bigger ones B．the ecology is on the road to recovery
C．animals are corelated in the ecosystem D．species are firmly positioned in the food chain
28．What is the text mainly about
A．What ecologists find about animals. B．Why African lions are endangered.
C．How tiny ants affect the way lions hunt. D．How the law of the jungle works in Africa.
Passage 8
（2024·广东·一模）We learn about the world through the knowledge accumulated over thousands of years. standing on the shoulders of great men, we don’t have to experience endless trial and error, just as the wheels do not have to be reinvented each time to run a car. But where does our ability to learn from others come from
A study led by Markus Paulus, professor at Loyola Marymount University, shows that the ability has its roots in earliest childhood. “It’s generally assumed that children’s ability to imitate (模仿) is inborn, but according to our observation, children imitate because they themselves are imitated by caregivers. This interaction enables a cultural transfer of knowledge, which, through generations’ efforts, consequently leads to the development of human beings,” says Markus Paulus.
In this research, Paulus recorded the interaction between mother and child over several months. The babies came into the lab for the first time at the age of6 months , while their final visit was when they were18 months old. As they engaged in various play situations , the interactions and imitations of mother and child were analyzed. The long-term study showed that the more sensitive a mother was in her interactions with her six- month-old child and the more often she imitated the baby, the greater the child’s overall ability was at the age of18 months.
Paulus’ research shows that mutual imitation is the keystone of knowledge transfer , through which children successfully learn various skills, such as how to use objects , waving and acquisition of language. “This interaction is the nucleus of learning and, finally, gives rise to evolutionary success of human,” says Paulus.
“Cultural learning is an essential part of human evolution, and it is rooted in the imitation of others, particularly our caregivers during our earliest childhood,” says Paulus. “Through this, we learn from each other and pass on knowledge to the next generation, so certain actions or techniques do not have to be constantly invented again. ”
29．Why does the author mention the example of wheels
A．To praise the invention of car wheels. B．To describe the process of trial and error.
C．To emphasize the necessity of new tools. D．To show the importance of prior knowledge.
30．What can we learn about Paulus’ research
A．Children’s imitation was recorded by mothers.
B．Sensitive mothers encouraged children’s imitation.
C．Children’s ability was analyzed through interaction.
D．Effective interaction promoted children’s development.
31．What does the underlined word “nucleus” mean in paragraph 4
A．Core. B．Result. C．Aim. D．Content.
32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why does Evolution Matter B．How to Interact with Children
C．Imitation: The Engine of Evolution D．Cultural Learning: The Root of Imitation
