专题15 议论文专练
知考法 明考向: 议论文也是高考阅读经常考查的一种文体。多数在高考阅读理解的第四篇,文本一般是论述一个道理或阐明一个观点。议论文难度相对比较大,命题角度呈多样化,如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·全国乙卷 , D篇）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
Step1. 分析首段,掌握论点
Step2. 细读中间段,搞清论据
Step3. 注意尾段,搞清结论
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
1．Why did Nosek send the advice
A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism.
C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology.
2．How does assuming you are wrong help
A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts.
C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself.
3．What does the author think of science theories
A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong
C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者对在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这条建议的看法，并肯定了它所带来的好处。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made—he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.(他并没有反对我的任何特定主张——他提出了一个追求更好科学的策略，并鼓励其他人也这样做。)”和第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，Nosek提出的这条建议是一个追求更好科学的策略，从假设自己错了开始，就会更容易接受批评，让自己减少错误，由此可推测出，Nosek提出这条建议是为了提醒作者对批评持开放态度。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，假设你错了可以帮助你获得如何减少错误的建设性建议，而减少错误或许是你和你的批评者的共同目标，由此可推测出，假设你错了可以帮助设立一个建设性的改进目标。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.(正如科学理论在变化，科学方法也在变化)”可知，作者认为科学理论是变化的、动态的。故选A。
4．标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一句“At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: ‘Assume you are wrong.’(在上周的一次会议上，我收到了一条有趣的建议：‘假设你错了。’)”和最后一段最后一句“Perhaps the focus on a shared goal—our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong—can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.(也许关注一个共同的目标——我们作为科学家和人类的目标是减少错误——可以帮助弥补科学动机或沟通中的任何伤害)”可知，本文主要讨论了在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这个方法，它有助于让所有人关注减少错误这一共同目标，从而让科学取得进步，由此可推测出，B项“力求减少错误”最适合作本文标题。故选B。
Passage 2
（2024·山东泰安·一模）As to psychological well-being, the comfort zone is frequently perceived as a haven, a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful. Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits.
The comfort zone can be understood as a behavioral metaphor. Within a comfort zone, an individual takes on a state of minimal anxiety without a perception of risk, responding predictably to deliver a consistent level of performance. These include behaviors that people do commonly, find relaxing, or that take them away from high-stress situations. Engaging in the same manner over time leads to a predictable and familiar zone of comfort. As creatures of habit, we become dependent on these routines that we know we can complete well to feel secure. However, by stepping outside of our comfort zone, we learn about our ability to handle new situations and control risks, leading to greater self-confidence, and lower levels of anxiety.
One study found that individuals who are more secure in stepping out of their comfort zone are more likely to be excited by and look forward to new experiences, feeling greater confidence in their ability to take them on.
One behavior that demonstrates the benefits of stepping out of a comfort zone is learning to play a musical instrument. When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.
Music offers a safe way to step out of your initial comfort zone because you can begin by practicing in an isolated setting, which offers a casual, safe way to build a new skill set. By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.
5．What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Habitat. B．Shelter. C．Community. D．Destination.
6．Which will not be considered when we step out of our comfort zone
A．We recall the old experience.
B．We think whether it is worth the risk.
C．We evaluate our thirsty for the activity.
D．We weigh the strengths and weaknesses.
7．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph
A．The definition of the comfort zone.
B．The importance of psychological well-being.
C．The process of learning a new musical instrument.
D．The benefits of stepping out of one’s comfort zone.
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How to Identify Comfort Zone
B．Staying Inside Comfort Zone is Important
C．Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning
D．How to Take Yourself Away from High-stress Situations
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了走出舒适区能够给人带来好处。作为习惯，人们变得依赖于舒适区带来的无论是行为上还是精神上的安全感。然而，走出舒适区，人们就会了解到自己有处理新情况和控制风险的能力，从而获得更大的自信，降低焦虑水平，从而能够接受新体验，促进新学习的产生。
5．词句猜测题。根据后文的进一步解释“a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful(一个熟悉的地方，个人感到平静和安宁)”可知，划线词“haven”应是指安全的，熟悉的地方，即，避风港，庇护所等，与选项B“Shelter.(庇护所)”表达含义相同。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.(当我们考虑舒适区之外的行为时，我们必须评估我们参与该活动的愿望。通过权衡利弊，我们评估一种情况看起来有多不舒服，以及进入这种未知情况的危险是否值得冒险)”可知，在考虑走出舒适区行为时，会评估参与该活动的愿望，权衡利弊，是否值得冒险。由此可知，选项A“We recall the old experience.(我们回忆起过去的经历)”并不在考虑范围之内。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。根据末尾段末尾句内容“By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.(通过拿起和练习一种新的乐器，你已经向自己证明了你有能力满足一个不熟悉的目标，从而减少焦虑)”提出了学习一种新的乐器这一话题，由此推知，文章接下来会讲述作为想要走出舒适区的新手如何学习乐器。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。通读文章内容可知，文章第一段末尾内容“Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits. (超越这种心理状态可能会有好处)”揭示了文章的核心要义，即，文章主要讲述的是走出舒适区可能会有的好处，尤其在后文用学习乐器作为举例，详细论述了走出舒适区能够促进自己提升能力，尤其是在学习方面。由此可知，选项C“Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning(走出舒适区促进学习)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选C项。
Passage 3
（2024·湖南长沙·一模）Nothing earns attention like rarity. In the natural world, rarity is most clearly represented by the last members of a declining species. These scarce (稀有) plants and animals are extremely valuable; they represent the final hope for preventing extinction. The efforts toward conserving rare species have made an enormous difference. In the past few decades, declines of many endangered plants and animals have been reversed (逆转). But the attention to scarcity could come at the expense of overlooking the ordinary.
If we are to conserve nature, we must maintain our focus on the familiar. Increasingly, conservation is turning its sights in this direction — to safeguard what is common, not just what is rare.
There are good reasons to consider the common. A study of North American birds uncovered that we have lost three billion birds on this continent within the past two generations.
These declines include species once considered widespread and secure, like the common redpoll, whose numbers are down by 29 million and the common nighthawk, down by 26 million. The shocking losses are a reminder that the mark of a species in trouble is not rarity, but rate of decline.
Notably, the shifts in abundance of common species can translate into sizeable shifts in ecosystem functioning. One caribou herd (北美驯鹿群), numbering in the hundreds of thousands, removes millions of kilograms of food for animals every year and returns nutrients to the soil in the form of millions of kilograms of animal wastes.
The value of common species is not just ecological and economic, but psychological. Study after study demonstrates that encounters with the natural world improve our mental state. Losing familiar species — whether birds in our backyard or butterflies on our doorstep — is likely to shrink (收缩) such opportunities for engagement.
Rarity will always occupy a significant place in conservation. But in our pursuit for a sustainable and biodiverse future, we must avoid “the extinction of commonness”.
9．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To make a survey. B．To offer a suggestion.
C．To introduce the topic. D．To provide an example.
10．What does the example of bird study suggest according to the text
A．Species loss balances the ecosystem.
B．Birds produce many nutrients to the soil.
C．Species rate of decline arouses people’s concern.
D．Birds are described as widespread and secure animals.
11．What can we conclude from the passage
A．Rarity matters most in conservation.
B．Familiar species shouldn’t be ignored.
C．Biodiversity results in the extinction of commonness.
D．People’s physical state shrinks for the sustainable development.
12．Where is this text most probably taken from
A．A news report. B．A health column.
C．A biology magazine. D．A travel brochure.
【答案】9．C 10．C 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出了过去几十年来，对稀有物种的保护努力已经取得了巨大成功，同时强调对普通物种的保护也重视至关重要。他提到了一项关于北美鸟类的研究，指出了普通物种数量的急剧下降，以及这些物种数量减少对生态系统功能的影响。最后，作者强调了普通物种在心理、生态和经济上的重要性，并呼吁保护普通物种以实现可持续和生物多样化的未来。
9．推理判断题。文章第一段“Nothing earns attention like rarity. In the natural world, rarity is most clearly represented by the last members of a declining species. These scarce (稀有) plants and animals are extremely valuable; they represent the final hope for preventing extinction. The efforts toward conserving rare species have made an enormous difference. In the past few decades, declines of many endangered plants and animals have been reversed (逆转). But the attention to scarcity could come at the expense of overlooking the ordinary.(没有什么比稀有更吸引人了。在自然界中，稀有最明显地体现在一个正在衰退的物种的最后成员身上。这些稀有的动植物极其珍贵；它们是防止物种灭绝的最后希望。保护稀有物种的努力已经产生了巨大的影响。在过去的几十年里，许多濒危动植物的数量下降趋势已经逆转。但是，对稀缺性的关注可能是以忽视普通物种为代价的)”中先肯定了我们对稀有物种的保护和取得的成就，但最后一句“But the attention to scarcity could come at the expense of overlooking the ordinary.”把话题由对稀有物种的保护引到普通物种上来，再结合第二段中“If we are to conserve nature, we must maintain our focus on the familiar. Increasingly, conservation is turning its sights in this direction — to safeguard what is common, not just what is rare.(如果我们要保护自然，我们必须把注意力集中在熟悉的事物上。自然资源保护越来越多地将目光转向这个方向——保护常见的东西，而不仅仅是稀有的东西)”可知，对普通物种的保护才是本文的主题，所以第一段的目的是引入话题。故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There are good reasons to consider the common.(我们有充分的理由考虑普通的物种)”和第四段中“These declines include species once considered widespread and secure, like the common redpoll, whose numbers are down by 29 million and the common nighthawk, down by 26 million. The shocking losses are a reminder that the mark of a species in trouble is not rarity, but rate of decline.(这些减少的物种包括曾经被认为分布广泛和安全的物种，比如普通的红背鸟，它们的数量减少了2900万只，普通的夜鹰，减少了2600万只。这些令人震惊的损失提醒我们，濒危物种的标志不是稀有，而是减少的速度)”可推知，对普通鸟类研究的这些例子表明这些物种的减少速度令人震惊，引起了人们的担忧。故选C项。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Notably, the shifts in abundance of common species can translate into sizeable shifts in ecosystem functioning.(值得注意的是，普通物种数量的变化可以转化为生态系统功能的巨大变化)”和第六段中“The value of common species is not just ecological and economic, but psychological.(普通物种的价值不仅仅是生态和经济上的，还有心理上的)”可推知，普通物种有生态、经济和心理上的价值，不应该被忽视。故选B项。
12．推理判断题。通读全文，结合第二段“If we are to conserve nature, we must maintain our focus on the familiar. Increasingly, conservation is turning its sights in this direction — to safeguard what is common, not just what is rare.(如果我们要保护自然，我们必须把注意力集中在熟悉的事物上。自然资源保护越来越多地将目光转向这个方向——保护普通的东西，而不仅仅是稀有的东西)”和最后一段中“Rarity will always occupy a significant place in conservation. But in our pursuit for a sustainable and biodiverse future, we must avoid “the extinction of commonness”.(稀有物种总是在保护中占有重要地位。但是，在我们追求可持续和生物多样性的未来时，我们必须避免“普通物种的灭绝”)”可推知，本文论述在生物保护中对普通物种的保护的重要性，与生物学相关，所以很更能出自生物学杂志。故选C项。
Passage 4
（2024·湖南邵阳·一模）Some people worry that there’s too much technology in our lives. And they may have a point, given how countless people now carry the internet around in their pocket and use it as a primary form of communication. It’s practically difficult to shun technology in our world. There are computer microchips (微芯片) in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets! Where will it end
Well, if certain people have their way, it’ll go even further. We’ll have microchips implanted (植入) into our brains that can interact with the computers by thought alone. It may sound like something from the science fiction, but in many ways, things look quite promising. Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers, microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains.
For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression.
However, it’s another thing to place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical concerns, not least of which is what these chips will be made of. The inside of the brain is a mass of highly reactive chemicals and electrical activity. Implants would need to be inert (静止的) enough to not upset the delicate processes by their presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them. Current technology has made impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe.
How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain A surprising 60 per cent of Americans say they’d be okay with it, but that’s when it’s purely theoretical. In reality, the possibility of having strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad at fictional microchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists.
Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us.
13．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．A summary of the article. B．An introduction to the main topic.
C．An overview of the whole article. D．An argument over the main topic.
14．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 3
A．The process of human-computer interaction.
B．The possible treatment for particular diseases.
C．The future of microchips and devices alike.
D．The existing application of microchip implants.
15．How may most Americans react to implanting chips in the brain in reality
A．They may reject it. B．They may expect it.
C．They may adjust to it. D．They may feel curious about it.
16．Which word can best describe the technology of computer-brain interface implants
A．Imaginary. B．Practical. C．Unfulfilled. D．Impossible.
【答案】13．B 14．D 15．A 16．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。在我们的世界里，几乎很难避开科技。我们的手表、汽车、电灯开关，甚至我们的宠物里都有计算机微芯片。文章主要探讨了将微芯片植入人类大脑的可能性。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“There are computer microchips (微芯片) in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets!(我们的手表，汽车，电灯开关，甚至我们的宠物里都有电脑芯片!)”提到电脑芯片在人们日常生活中已经是普遍存在，从这些事实引发思考：“Where will it end (它将在哪里结束？)”从而引出本文的话题：将微芯片植入人类大脑的可能性。故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains. (由于能够通过计算机远程发送和接收信息，微芯片和其他相关设备早已被植入大脑)”和第三段“For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression.(例如，电极已经植入癫痫患者的大脑，以便更好地记录甚至预测异常的神经活动。类似地，通过植入设备引起大脑关键区域活动的深部脑刺激，是治疗帕金森氏症等疾病的既定方法，甚至正在研究治疗抑郁症等疾病)”可推知，作者想通过例子说明微芯片植入的现有应用。故选D。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In reality, the possibility of having strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad at fictional microchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists.(事实上，让陌生人在你的大脑里植入芯片的可能性很可能被证明是没有吸引力的，尤其是对于一个数百万人对疫苗中虚构的微芯片感到愤怒的人群，对于害怕牙医的人群来说更多)”可知，在现实中，大多数美国人可能会拒绝对在大脑中植入芯片。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us.(最终，计算机与大脑接口植入技术离我们还很遥远)”可推知，计算机与大脑接口植入技术还未实现。故选C。
Passage 5
（2024·广东·一模）If there was an app on your phone that claimed to improve your memory, would you be willing to try it It’s hard to resist the idea of having a better memory. After all, our memories are delicate and can be affected by various factors such as diseases, injuries, mental health conditions, and aging.
In response to this perceived need, the brain training industry has grown rapidly, offering a wide range of accessible and affordable mental exercises through smartphone and tablet apps. Many researchers have found evidence suggesting that well-designed exercises can improve mental abilities and even lead to better scores on IQ tests. They compare the brain to muscles, suggesting that targeted repetition of memory exercises can strengthen and condition our memory processes, similar to how athletes engage in strength and conditioning by repeatedly exercising specific muscle groups.
In contrast to everyday activities like reading a detailed article or solving a complex puzzle, memory training apps are specifically designed to provide a more challenging workout for the brain. These apps typically involve tasks that require tracking a large number of objects while being distracted by a secondary task, such as mental calculations or exploring a game’s landscape. If this brain training proves effective, it could be beneficial for individuals with brain-related disabilities or those recovering from conditions like cancer.
Critics, though, argue that while the concept is appealing, the overall evidence fails to demonstrate significant improvement in core brain processes. Additionally, despite the claims made by many apps and brain training companies, scientists have yet to identify the key factors that make an intervention truly effective or determine the best approaches to address the diverse needs of individuals seeking help.
While the question is still open to debate, there is evidence suggesting that short-term working memory training can benefit high-functioning individuals, such as college students. However, it’s important to note that brain training, like diet and exercise, is unlikely to have identical effects on every individual.
17．In what way is the brain similar to muscles according to many researchers
A．In testing results. B．In work processes.
C．In bodily functions. D．In training methods.
18．What is the main feature of the typical tasks in memory training apps
A．Detailed. B．Effective. C．Demanding. D．Complicated.
19．What do critics think memory training apps lack
A．Legal claims. B．Proven effects. C．Tailored services. D．Appealing concepts.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Can our memory be improved
B．Does brain training actually work
C．What have scientists found about memory
D．What does the brain training industry bring
【答案】17．D 18．C 19．B 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了许多研究者认为经过良好设计的大脑练习能够改善记忆力，但批评者则对这些应用程序的有效性表示怀疑，值得注意的是，虽然有证据显示短期记忆训练对高功能人群有益，但大脑训练并不是对每个人都有效。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They compare the brain to muscles, suggesting that targeted repetition of memory exercises can strengthen and condition our memory processes, similar to how athletes engage in strength and conditioning by repeatedly exercising specific muscle groups. (他们将大脑类比于肌肉，表明有针对性的重复记忆练习可以加强和调节我们的记忆过程，类似于运动员通过反复锻炼特定肌肉群来增强力量和调节能力)”可知，许多研究者认为大脑类似于肌肉，也可以通过重复的练习来得到加强和调节，即训练方法相似。故选D项。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In contrast to everyday activities like reading a detailed article or solving a complex puzzle, memory training apps are specifically designed to provide a more challenging workout for the brain. These apps typically involve tasks that require tracking a large number of objects while being distracted by a secondary task, such as mental calculations or exploring a game’s landscape. (与阅读一篇详细的文章或解决一个复杂的谜题等日常活动不同，记忆训练应用程序是专门为大脑提供更具挑战性的锻炼而设计的。这些应用通常涉及需要跟踪大量对象的任务，同时被次要任务分散注意力，例如心算或探索游戏景观)”可知，记忆训练应用程序中典型任务的主要特点是具有挑战性，非常苛刻。故选C项。
19．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Critics, though, argue that while the concept is appealing, the overall evidence fails to demonstrate significant improvement in core brain processes. (然而，批评者认为，尽管这个概念很吸引人，但总体证据未能证明大脑核心过程有显著改善)”可知，批评者认为记忆训练应用程序缺乏经过证实的效果。故选B项。
20．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的话题是通过手机应用程序进行大脑训练以提高记忆力，许多研究者认为经过良好设计的大脑练习能够改善记忆力，但批评者则对这些应用程序的有效性表示怀疑，值得注意的是，虽然有证据显示短期记忆训练对高功能人群有益，但大脑训练并不是对每个人都有效。因此，B项“大脑训练真的有效吗？”契合文章主旨，最适合作为标题。故选B项。
Passage 6
（2024·河北邯郸·二模）What you believe in has a magic way of shaping your reality. The concept of “you can become what you believe” is more than just a motivational quote. It’s a truth that stresses the remarkable influence of your mindset (心态) on your journey through life. At the heart of this idea lies the distinction between two fundamental mindsets: the growth mindset and the fixed mindset.
The growth mindset is a mindset that embraces the idea that abilities and intelligence can be developed through devotion, effort, learning, and perseverance. Those with a growth mindset grow better on challenges, viewing them as opportunities to learn and improve. Effort is seen as a path to mastery, and setbacks are viewed as stepping stones on the journey to success. Criticism is taken constructively as a chance to improve skills, and the success of others serves as inspiration and a blueprint for one’s own progress.
In contrast, the fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that your abilities, intelligence, and talents are fixed characteristics that cannot be changed. People with a fixed mindset tend to avoid challenges, fearing that failure might reveal their limitations. They avoid pushing themselves because they see it as a sign of their weakness. Criticism is frequently interpreted as a personal attack, and envy or anger can be stirred up by others’ achievement. In nature, a fixed mindset limits individuals to their current abilities and limits their potential for growth.
The power of a growth mindset lies in its capacity to drive positive change. By believing in the potential for growth and improvement, individuals open themselves to a world of possibilities. “If you imagine less, less will be what you, undoubtedly deserve. Do what you love and don’t stop until you get what you love. Work as hard as you can, and think big, “Debbie Millman, a writer, designer, educator, artist and brand consultant said.
21．What is the author’s argument
A．People’s mindsets are diverse. B．One’s heart affects one’s mindset.
C．Mindset determines what one can be. D．Mindset depends on one’s character.
22．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about the growth mindset
A．Its limitation. B．Its possibility.
C．Its disadvantages, D．Its characteristics.
23．What way does the author use to illustrate the two different mindsets
A．Giving examples. B．Making comparisons.
C．Conducting analysis. D．Quoting famous sayings.
24．What might be Debbie Millman’s suggestion
A．Think carefully before you act. B．Imagine less and practice more.
C．Stay true to yourself and never change. D．Pursue your dreams and never give up.
【答案】21．C 22．D 23．B 24．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为人有两种心态, 一种是成长型心态, 一种是固定型心态。作者呼吁人们要培养成长型心态, 做好自己喜欢的事情。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The concept of ‘you can become what you believe’ is more than just a motivational quote. It’s a truth that stresses the remarkable influence of your mindset (心态) on your journey through life. (‘你能成为你相信的人’这句话不仅仅是一句励志名言。这是一个真理，强调你的心态对你的人生旅程的显著影响。)”可知，作者论点是心态决定一个人能成为什么样的人。故选C项。
22．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“The growth mindset is a mindset that embraces the idea that abilities and intelligence can be developed through devotion, effort, learning, and perseverance. Those with a growth mindset grow better on challenges, viewing them as opportunities to learn and improve. (成长型心态是一种心态，它认为能力和智力可以通过投入、努力、学习和坚持来发展。那些有成长型心态的人在挑战中成长得更好，把它们视为学习和提高的机会。)”可知，本段主要讨论了成长型心态的特征。故选D项。
23．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The growth mindset is a mindset that embraces the idea that abilities and intelligence can be developed through devotion, effort, learning, and perseverance. (成长心态是一种心态，它认为能力和智力可以通过投入、努力、学习和坚持来发展。)”第三段中“In contrast, the fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that your abilities, intelligence, and talents are fixed characteristics that cannot be changed. (与此相反，固定型心态的特点是相信你的能力、智力和天赋是固定的特征，不能改变。)”可知，作者利用对比的方式比较了两种不同心态的差异。故选B项。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Do what you love and don’t stop until you get what you love. (做你喜欢的事，在得到你喜欢的东西之前不要停止。)”可知，Debbie Millman建议, 做自己喜欢的事, 追求梦想，永不放弃。故选D项。专题15 议论文专练
知考法 明考向: 议论文也是高考阅读经常考查的一种文体。多数在高考阅读理解的第四篇,文本一般是论述一个道理或阐明一个观点。议论文难度相对比较大,命题角度呈多样化,如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。
做真题 悟技法
（2023·全国乙卷 , D篇）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
Step1. 分析首段,掌握论点
Step2. 细读中间段,搞清论据
Step3. 注意尾段,搞清结论
练模拟 提能力
Passage 1
（2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
1．Why did Nosek send the advice
A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism.
C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology.
2．How does assuming you are wrong help
A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts.
C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself.
3．What does the author think of science theories
A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong
C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science
Passage 2
（2024·山东泰安·一模）As to psychological well-being, the comfort zone is frequently perceived as a haven, a familiar location where individuals feel calm and peaceful. Pushing beyond this psychological state might have benefits.
The comfort zone can be understood as a behavioral metaphor. Within a comfort zone, an individual takes on a state of minimal anxiety without a perception of risk, responding predictably to deliver a consistent level of performance. These include behaviors that people do commonly, find relaxing, or that take them away from high-stress situations. Engaging in the same manner over time leads to a predictable and familiar zone of comfort. As creatures of habit, we become dependent on these routines that we know we can complete well to feel secure. However, by stepping outside of our comfort zone, we learn about our ability to handle new situations and control risks, leading to greater self-confidence, and lower levels of anxiety.
One study found that individuals who are more secure in stepping out of their comfort zone are more likely to be excited by and look forward to new experiences, feeling greater confidence in their ability to take them on.
One behavior that demonstrates the benefits of stepping out of a comfort zone is learning to play a musical instrument. When we consider actions outside of our comfort zone, we must assess our desire to engage in that activity. By weighing the pros and cons, we evaluate how uncomfortable a situation may seem, and whether the danger of entering such an unknown situation will be worth the risk.
Music offers a safe way to step out of your initial comfort zone because you can begin by practicing in an isolated setting, which offers a casual, safe way to build a new skill set. By picking up and practicing a new instrument, you have proven to yourself that you are capable of meeting an unfamiliar objective, thus decreasing anxiety.
5．What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Habitat. B．Shelter. C．Community. D．Destination.
6．Which will not be considered when we step out of our comfort zone
A．We recall the old experience.
B．We think whether it is worth the risk.
C．We evaluate our thirsty for the activity.
D．We weigh the strengths and weaknesses.
7．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph
A．The definition of the comfort zone.
B．The importance of psychological well-being.
C．The process of learning a new musical instrument.
D．The benefits of stepping out of one’s comfort zone.
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How to Identify Comfort Zone
B．Staying Inside Comfort Zone is Important
C．Stepping Outside Comfort Zone Promotes Learning
D．How to Take Yourself Away from High-stress Situations
Passage 3
（2024·湖南长沙·一模）Nothing earns attention like rarity. In the natural world, rarity is most clearly represented by the last members of a declining species. These scarce (稀有) plants and animals are extremely valuable; they represent the final hope for preventing extinction. The efforts toward conserving rare species have made an enormous difference. In the past few decades, declines of many endangered plants and animals have been reversed (逆转). But the attention to scarcity could come at the expense of overlooking the ordinary.
If we are to conserve nature, we must maintain our focus on the familiar. Increasingly, conservation is turning its sights in this direction — to safeguard what is common, not just what is rare.
There are good reasons to consider the common. A study of North American birds uncovered that we have lost three billion birds on this continent within the past two generations.
These declines include species once considered widespread and secure, like the common redpoll, whose numbers are down by 29 million and the common nighthawk, down by 26 million. The shocking losses are a reminder that the mark of a species in trouble is not rarity, but rate of decline.
Notably, the shifts in abundance of common species can translate into sizeable shifts in ecosystem functioning. One caribou herd (北美驯鹿群), numbering in the hundreds of thousands, removes millions of kilograms of food for animals every year and returns nutrients to the soil in the form of millions of kilograms of animal wastes.
The value of common species is not just ecological and economic, but psychological. Study after study demonstrates that encounters with the natural world improve our mental state. Losing familiar species — whether birds in our backyard or butterflies on our doorstep — is likely to shrink (收缩) such opportunities for engagement.
Rarity will always occupy a significant place in conservation. But in our pursuit for a sustainable and biodiverse future, we must avoid “the extinction of commonness”.
9．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To make a survey. B．To offer a suggestion.
C．To introduce the topic. D．To provide an example.
10．What does the example of bird study suggest according to the text
A．Species loss balances the ecosystem.
B．Birds produce many nutrients to the soil.
C．Species rate of decline arouses people’s concern.
D．Birds are described as widespread and secure animals.
11．What can we conclude from the passage
A．Rarity matters most in conservation.
B．Familiar species shouldn’t be ignored.
C．Biodiversity results in the extinction of commonness.
D．People’s physical state shrinks for the sustainable development.
12．Where is this text most probably taken from
A．A news report. B．A health column.
C．A biology magazine. D．A travel brochure.
Passage 4
（2024·湖南邵阳·一模）Some people worry that there’s too much technology in our lives. And they may have a point, given how countless people now carry the internet around in their pocket and use it as a primary form of communication. It’s practically difficult to shun technology in our world. There are computer microchips (微芯片) in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets! Where will it end
Well, if certain people have their way, it’ll go even further. We’ll have microchips implanted (植入) into our brains that can interact with the computers by thought alone. It may sound like something from the science fiction, but in many ways, things look quite promising. Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers, microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains.
For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression.
However, it’s another thing to place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical concerns, not least of which is what these chips will be made of. The inside of the brain is a mass of highly reactive chemicals and electrical activity. Implants would need to be inert (静止的) enough to not upset the delicate processes by their presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them. Current technology has made impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe.
How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain A surprising 60 per cent of Americans say they’d be okay with it, but that’s when it’s purely theoretical. In reality, the possibility of having strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad at fictional microchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists.
Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us.
13．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．A summary of the article. B．An introduction to the main topic.
C．An overview of the whole article. D．An argument over the main topic.
14．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 3
A．The process of human-computer interaction.
B．The possible treatment for particular diseases.
C．The future of microchips and devices alike.
D．The existing application of microchip implants.
15．How may most Americans react to implanting chips in the brain in reality
A．They may reject it. B．They may expect it.
C．They may adjust to it. D．They may feel curious about it.
16．Which word can best describe the technology of computer-brain interface implants
A．Imaginary. B．Practical. C．Unfulfilled. D．Impossible.
Passage 5
（2024·广东·一模）If there was an app on your phone that claimed to improve your memory, would you be willing to try it It’s hard to resist the idea of having a better memory. After all, our memories are delicate and can be affected by various factors such as diseases, injuries, mental health conditions, and aging.
In response to this perceived need, the brain training industry has grown rapidly, offering a wide range of accessible and affordable mental exercises through smartphone and tablet apps. Many researchers have found evidence suggesting that well-designed exercises can improve mental abilities and even lead to better scores on IQ tests. They compare the brain to muscles, suggesting that targeted repetition of memory exercises can strengthen and condition our memory processes, similar to how athletes engage in strength and conditioning by repeatedly exercising specific muscle groups.
In contrast to everyday activities like reading a detailed article or solving a complex puzzle, memory training apps are specifically designed to provide a more challenging workout for the brain. These apps typically involve tasks that require tracking a large number of objects while being distracted by a secondary task, such as mental calculations or exploring a game’s landscape. If this brain training proves effective, it could be beneficial for individuals with brain-related disabilities or those recovering from conditions like cancer.
Critics, though, argue that while the concept is appealing, the overall evidence fails to demonstrate significant improvement in core brain processes. Additionally, despite the claims made by many apps and brain training companies, scientists have yet to identify the key factors that make an intervention truly effective or determine the best approaches to address the diverse needs of individuals seeking help.
While the question is still open to debate, there is evidence suggesting that short-term working memory training can benefit high-functioning individuals, such as college students. However, it’s important to note that brain training, like diet and exercise, is unlikely to have identical effects on every individual.
17．In what way is the brain similar to muscles according to many researchers
A．In testing results. B．In work processes.
C．In bodily functions. D．In training methods.
18．What is the main feature of the typical tasks in memory training apps
A．Detailed. B．Effective. C．Demanding. D．Complicated.
19．What do critics think memory training apps lack
A．Legal claims. B．Proven effects. C．Tailored services. D．Appealing concepts.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Can our memory be improved
B．Does brain training actually work
C．What have scientists found about memory
D．What does the brain training industry bring
Passage 6
（2024·河北邯郸·二模）What you believe in has a magic way of shaping your reality. The concept of “you can become what you believe” is more than just a motivational quote. It’s a truth that stresses the remarkable influence of your mindset (心态) on your journey through life. At the heart of this idea lies the distinction between two fundamental mindsets: the growth mindset and the fixed mindset.
The growth mindset is a mindset that embraces the idea that abilities and intelligence can be developed through devotion, effort, learning, and perseverance. Those with a growth mindset grow better on challenges, viewing them as opportunities to learn and improve. Effort is seen as a path to mastery, and setbacks are viewed as stepping stones on the journey to success. Criticism is taken constructively as a chance to improve skills, and the success of others serves as inspiration and a blueprint for one’s own progress.
In contrast, the fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that your abilities, intelligence, and talents are fixed characteristics that cannot be changed. People with a fixed mindset tend to avoid challenges, fearing that failure might reveal their limitations. They avoid pushing themselves because they see it as a sign of their weakness. Criticism is frequently interpreted as a personal attack, and envy or anger can be stirred up by others’ achievement. In nature, a fixed mindset limits individuals to their current abilities and limits their potential for growth.
The power of a growth mindset lies in its capacity to drive positive change. By believing in the potential for growth and improvement, individuals open themselves to a world of possibilities. “If you imagine less, less will be what you, undoubtedly deserve. Do what you love and don’t stop until you get what you love. Work as hard as you can, and think big, “Debbie Millman, a writer, designer, educator, artist and brand consultant said.
21．What is the author’s argument
A．People’s mindsets are diverse. B．One’s heart affects one’s mindset.
C．Mindset determines what one can be. D．Mindset depends on one’s character.
22．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about the growth mindset
A．Its limitation. B．Its possibility.
C．Its disadvantages, D．Its characteristics.
23．What way does the author use to illustrate the two different mindsets
A．Giving examples. B．Making comparisons.
C．Conducting analysis. D．Quoting famous sayings.
24．What might be Debbie Millman’s suggestion
A．Think carefully before you act. B．Imagine less and practice more.
C．Stay true to yourself and never change. D．Pursue your dreams and never give up.
