专题02 完形填空12篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）According to a research, the average reading score of students in the USA this year declined in comparison to the previous study last year. The study indicates that there is a significant 1 in reading ability levels in grades 7-12. The result confirms what American secondary teachers have been saying, that both high and low achieving students are often unmotivated to read. This 2 of motivation has been the major reason for their poor reading ability.
Perhaps it is no surprise to researchers that the decline in reading ability 3 American students’ decreasing freedom in choosing reading method and time. One of the best ways to deal with the situation is for teachers to provide time in the academic day for voluntary reading of texts. There may be objections to the use of already 4 academic time, but the research indicates that time spent reading in school 5 academic performance. Most students who are given extra reading time in school get higher scores in reading tests. This is true even for the “light” or 6 reading of young adult literature.
An argument for providing 7 in the school day for reading practice is the comparison to the necessary practice one needs in order to become skilled at a sport: the increased practice hours increase performance. Even 10 minutes a day of reading can have dramatic effects by simply 8 students to multiple texts. Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student. And this additional volume of reading can bring huge 9 to the students.
Besides, compared with the crowded casual classroom environment, independent reading libraries in school can help students produce a sense of being 10 . Students can discover authors, explore topics that 11 them, and improve their reading habits.
The research concludes that there are millions of students who do not have the basic reading 12 that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple judgement. The effects of underdeveloped reading ability on the student and on the economy of the American society can mean the 13 of billions of dollars in wages and earnings over a lifetime.
Therefore, secondary educators need to guide students to associate reading with enjoyment by offering time and choices. This 14 can result in making reading a desired activity and making students 15 to read.
1．A．balance B．drop C．reflection D．concentration
2．A．lack B．input C．feedback D．operation
3．A．harms B．includes C．matches D．prevents
4．A．boring B．unique C．random D．limited
5．A．improves B．provides C．realizes D．breaks
6．A．innocent B．fun C．precious D．serious
7．A．rules B．teaching C．time D．fund
8．A．adding B．exposing C．attaching D．mailing
9．A．benefits B．symbols C．hobbies D．friends
10．A．dependent B．traditional C．formal D．inferior
11．A．interest B．defeat C．cheat D．invent
12．A．resources B．companions C．opportunities D．skills
13．A．income B．method C．loss D．presence
14．A．production B．link C．knowledge D．discovery
15．A．social B．reluctant C．keen D．practical
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出缺乏阅读动机导致美国7-12年纪的学生的阅读能力水平显著下降，而解决这个问题的最佳方法之一是教师在教学日提供时间自愿阅读课文，通过提供时间和选择来引导学生将阅读与享受联系起来。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，7-12年级的阅读能力水平显著下降。A. balance平衡；B. drop下降；C. reflection反映；D. concentration专心。根据上文“According to a research, the average reading score of students in the USA this year declined”推知，7-12年级学生的阅读能力下降了。故选B。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种缺乏动力是他们阅读能力差的主要原因。A. lack缺乏；B. input投入；C. feedback反馈；D. operation操作。根据“unmotivated to read”可知，这些孩子缺乏阅读的动力。故选A。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许研究人员并不感到惊讶，阅读能力的下降与美国学生在选择阅读方法和时间方面的自由度下降相匹配。A. harms伤害；B. includes包括；C. matches匹配；D. prevents预防，阻止。根据“decline in reading ability”和“students’ decreasing freedom in choosing reading method and time”可知，阅读能力的下降是因为学生在选择阅读方法和时间方面的自由度下降相，因此它们二者是一致的、相匹配的。故选C。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：可能有人反对使用已经有限的学习时间，但研究表明，在学校花时间阅读可以提高学习成绩。A. boring无聊的；B. unique独特的；C. random随机的；D. limited有限的。根据常识和“already”可知，此处是指用原本已经有限的学习时间。故选D。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. improves提高，改善；B. provides提供；C. realizes意识到；D. breaks打破。根据下文“Most students who are given extra reading time in school get higher scores in reading tests.”可知，在学校花时间阅读可以提高学习成绩。故选A。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是“轻松”或有趣的青少年文学读物也是如此。A. innocent无辜的；B. fun有趣的；C. precious珍贵的；D. serious严重的。根据“light”和“or”可知，此处是指即使阅读轻松或有趣的读物也可以学习成绩。故选B。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在学校里为阅读练习提供时间的一个论点是，将其与一个人掌握运动技能所需的必要练习进行比较：练习时间的增加会提高成绩。A. rules规则；B. teaching教学，学说；C. time时间，次数；D. fund基金。根据“the increased practice hours increase performance.”可知，此处是指提供阅读的时间。故选C。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是每天10分钟的阅读，只要让学生接触多篇课文，也会产生戏剧性的效果。A. adding增加；B. exposing使接触；C. attaching附着；D. mailing邮寄。根据“multiple texts”和下文“Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student.”可知，此处是指让学生接触多篇文章。故选B。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种额外的阅读量可以给学生带来巨大的好处。A. benefits好处；B. symbols象征；C. hobbies爱好；D. friends朋友。根据上文“he increased practice hours increase performance.”和“Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student.”可知，此处是指额外阅读带来的好处。故选A。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，与拥挤随意的课堂环境相比，学校的独立阅览室可以帮助学生产生正式感。A. dependent依赖的；B. traditional传统的；C. formal正式的；D. inferior低劣的。呼应上文“the crowded casual classroom environment”此处指独立的阅览室帮助学生产生正式的感觉。故选C。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生可以发现作者，探索他们感兴趣的话题，并改善他们的阅读习惯。A. interest使……感兴趣；B. defeat打败；C. cheat作弊；D. invent发明。根据“and improve their reading habits.”推知，此处指探索感兴趣的话题，并改善阅读。故选A。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究得出的结论是，有数百万学生不具备定位相关信息或做出简单判断所需的基本阅读技能。A. resources资源；B. companions同伴；C. opportunities机会；D. skills技能。根据定语从句“that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple judgement.”可知，此处是指缺乏定位相关信息或做出简单判断的技能。故选D。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：阅读能力不足对学生和美国社会经济的影响可能意味着一生将损失数十亿美元的工资和收入。A. income收入；B. method方法；C. loss损失；D. presence在场。根据“The effects of underdeveloped reading ability on the student and on the economy of the American society”推知，这种情况导致的后果是损失数十亿美元的工资和收入。故选C。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种联系可以使阅读成为一种理想的活动，并使学生热衷于阅读。A. production生产，产品；B. link联系；C. knowledge知识；D. discovery发现。根据上文“associate reading with enjoyment by offering time and choices.”可知，此处是指“将阅读和乐趣联系在一起”的这种联系。故选B。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. social社会的；B. reluctant不情愿的；C. keen热切的，热情的；D. practical实际的，实践的。根据上文“making reading a desired activity”和“and”可知，此处是指这种联系会让学生热衷于阅读的。故选C。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Globalization Is Causing the Death of Minority Languages
As the world becomes more connected, language diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Forty percent of the world’s 7,000 languages in 16 are at risk of disappearing, according to estimates by the Endangered Languages Project. That trend is 17 linked to economic globalization, as suggested by a new report published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
“The dominating effect of a single socioeconomic factor, GDP per capita (人均), on speaker growth rate suggests that economic growth and globalization are 18 drivers of recent language speaker declines (mainly since the 1970s onwards), through political and educational developments,” the researchers conclude in their report.
Actually, the impact of global economies on language 19 has been an argument that goes all the way back to the 1970s, when Herbert Schiller proposed the hotly debated theory of “cultural imperialism”, which suggested economically powerful nations hold huge cultural 20 over the weaker countries they influence.
However, such impact has never been fully 21 until now, according to researchers. In the study, the researchers first established a set of 22 languages, based on several factors: small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic 23 . After dealing with the numbers by using data selected from the Ethnologue, an authoritative source for basic information about the world’s languages, the researchers concluded that 25 percent of the world’s languages are under immediate 24 of disappearing forever.
Threatened languages were numerous in highly economically developed regions, like northwestern North America, northern Europe, and eastern Asia. 25 they explored relationships between the danger of extinction and multiple environmental factors, including rainfall and temperature, GDP per capita was the factor most tightly correlating with at-risk languages.
Of course, there are factors 26 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages. According to UNESCO, languages are also 27 with external forces such as military, religious, cultural or educational subiugation (征服), or by 28 forces such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language. 29 , even the internet has been linked to the extinction of little-spoken tongues by creating a digital 30 that locks out some groups and give advantages to others (and their languages).
16．A．reality B．stock C．use D．need
17．A．to a great extent B．at that time C．in this way D．in the end
18．A．official B．major C．complete D．cultural
19．A．difference B．familiarity C．similarity D．diversity
20．A．dominance B．ruling C．preference D．spread
21．A．globalized B．furthered C．quantified D．communicated
22．A．endangered B．extinct C．fluent D．native
23．A．development B．feature C．gap D．range
24．A．pressure B．control C．law D．threat
25．A．Once B．While C．As D．Because
26．A．apart from B．as to C．on behalf of D．in terms of
27．A．halved B．associated C．threatened D．replaced
28．A．definite B．local C．double D．internal
29．A．Somehow B．Moreover C．Comparatively D．Therefore
30．A．divide B．device C．clip D．trade
【答案】
16．C 17．A 18．B 19．D 20．A 21．C 22．A 23．D 24．D 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．B 29．B 30．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，世界上使用中的语言因各种因素正在面临着消失的危险。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据濒危语言项目的估计，世界上7000种正在使用的语言中有40%有消失的风险。A. reality现实；B. stock库存；C. use使用；D. need需要。根据下文“are at risk of disappearing（正面临着消失的危险）”可知，这里说的是在使用中的语言，故选择C项。
17．考查短语词义辨析。句意：正如发表在《英国皇家学会学报B》上的一份新报告所表明的那样，这一趋势在很大程度上与经济全球化有关。A. to a great extent在很大程度上；B. at that time那时；C. in this way用这种方法；D. in the end最后。结合句意可知，语言的消失在很多大程度上与经济全球化有关，to a great extent“在很大程度上”，符合题意，故选择A项。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：单一社会经济因素的主导效应，人均GDP(人均), 研究人员在报告中总结道：“关于语言增长率的研究表明，经济增长和全球化是最近（主要是自20世纪70年代以来）通过政治和教育发展导致语言水平下降的主要驱动因素。A. official官方的；B. major主要的；C. complete完全的；D. cultural文化的。根据上文的“economic growth and globalization（经济增长与全球化）”可知，这两者是语言水平下降的主要驱动因素，故选择B项。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，全球经济对语言多样性的影响一直是一个可以追溯到20世纪70年代的论点，当时赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论，该理论认为经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位。A. difference不同；B. familiarity熟悉；C. similarity相似性；D. diversit多样性。根据第一段中“As the world becomes more connected, language diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate.（随着世界的联系越来越紧密，语言多样性正在以前所未有的速度下降。）”可知，这里说的是全球经济对语言多样性的影响，故选择D项。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，全球经济对语言多样性的影响一直是一个可以追溯到20世纪70年代的论点，当时赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论，该理论认为经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位。A. dominance支配地位；B. ruling裁决；C.preference偏好；D.spread传播；根据上文
“when Herbert Schiller proposed the hotly debated theory of “cultural imperialism”（赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论）”可知，这里说的是经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位，故选择A项。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究人员表示，到目前为止，这种影响从未被完全量化。A. globalized全球化；B. furthered促进，增进；C. quantified量化；D. communicated交流。根据下文“After dealing with the numbers by using data selected from the Ethnologue, an authoritative source for basic information about the world’s languages, the researchers concluded that 25 percent of the world’s languages are under immediate ____9____ of disappearing forever.（研究人员通过使用从世界语言基本信息的权威来源人种学中选择的数据处理这些数字后得出结论，世界上25%的语言正面临着永远消失的直接威胁）”可知，上文说的是，这种影响，在之前从未被量化，故选择C项。
22．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，研究人员首先基于几个因素建立了一套濒危语言：讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小。A. endangered濒危的；B. extinct灭绝的；C. fluent流利的；D. native本地的。根据下文“small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic ____8____. （讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小）”可知，上文说的是濒危的语言，故选择A项。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，研究人员首先基于几个因素建立了一套濒危语言：讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小。A. development发展；B. feature特点；C. gap差距；D. range范围。根据上文“small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic（者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理）”可知，这里说的是濒危语言的几个因素，地理范围小，符合题意，故选择D项。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过使用从世界语言基本信息的权威来源人种学中选择的数据处理这些数字后得出结论，世界上25%的语言正面临着永远消失的直接威胁。A. pressure压力；B. control控制；C. law法律；D. threat威胁。根据of后的disappearing可知，这里要说的是面临着消失的威胁，故选择D项。
25．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们探索灭绝危险与包括降雨量和温度在内的多种环境因素之间的关系时，但人均国内生产总值是与风险语言最密切相关的因素。A. Once一旦；B. While尽管；C. As正如；D. Because因为。结合上下句之间的关系可知，此处使用while“尽管”引导让步状语符合句意，故选择B项。
26．考查短语词义辨析。句意：当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。A. apart from此外；B. as to至于；C. on behalf of代表；D. in terms of从……某方面来说。根据下文“According to UNESCO, languages are also 12 with external forces such as military, religious, cultural or educational subiugation (征服), or by 13 forces such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language.（根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。）”可知，除了GDP之外还有其他的因素影响到语言的消失，故选择A项。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。A. halved减半；B. associated联系；C. threatened威胁；D. replaced替代。根据上文“Of course, there are factors 11 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages.（当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。）”可知，这里说的是处GDP之外的威胁到语言的一些因素，故选择C项。
28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。A. definite肯定的；B. local当地的；C. double加倍的；D. internal内心的。根据下文“such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language.（例如一个社区对自己语言的消极态度。）”可知，这里说的是当地对于语言的影响，故选择B项。
29．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，即使是互联网也与小语种的灭绝联系在一起，因为它造成了一个数字鸿沟，将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势。A. Somehow不知怎么地；B. Moreover此外；C. Comparatively相对地；D. Therefore因此。根据上文“Of course, there are factors 11 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages.（当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。）”结合下文可知，本段主要讲述的是除GDP之外的影响因素，此处属于递进关系，故选择B项。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，即使是互联网也与小语种的灭绝联系在一起，因为它造成了一个数字鸿沟，将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势。A. divide差异，分水岭；B. device设备；C. clip猛击；D. trade交易。根据下文“that locks out some groups and give advantages to others (and their languages)（将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势）”可知，这里说的是因为网络带来的语言使用上的差异，故选择A项。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）In the history of language, words rise and fall. We make and remake them; they make and remake us. The story of a word is as complex as a hurricane. It is 31 to know for sure how it catches on, meets new needs, and acquires new meanings. It is impossible to 32 the decline of one word on the rise of another.
But in the destinies of two pairs of words is a suggestion of a turning in American 33 . It is a turning away from an idea of the natural worth of things: from “pleasure”, with its sense of a (n) 34 condition of mind, to “fun” , so closely affiliated with outward activities; from “excellence”, an inner trait whose attainment is its own reward, to “achievement”, which comes through hard work and 35 .
“Pleasure” speaks of a state of mind that comes organically, that need not be artificially induced. “Fun”, though almost the same as “pleasure” for contemporary speakers, often 36 artificial inducement(诱导). You don’t feel fun; you do a fun thing. And “fun” has no hint of elitism, while “pleasure” does.
If “pleasure” comes from being, “fun” comes from doing and, often, switching off the brain. The transition of American usage from “pleasure” to “fun” perhaps partly accounts for the American 37 on activities for all occasions, rather than trusting pleasure to develop on its own. In “Eat, Pray, Love”, the best-selling memoir by Elizabeth Gilbert, she concludes that “Americans have an 38 to relax into pure pleasure. Ours is an entertainment-seeking nation, but not 39 a pleasure-seeking one.” Italians, 40 , have mastered “bel far niente (the joy of doing nothing)”.
Then there is the 41 from “excellence” to “achievement”. “Excellence” has a hint of virtue. Anyone can achieve, in garbage collection or neurosurgery, but how many can truly be 42
“Achievement”, like “fun”, is outward in nature. It comes in doing specific things. It is more about checking boxes than 43 inner potentials. The achievement culture influences every aspect of life today. From elementary-school testing to the continual pressure to over-schedule as a university student, educational culture emphasizes the accumulation of achievements over intellectual sparkle. Wall Street stumbled(绊跌) in part because so many chased achiever bonuses while neglecting the 44 of excellence in their vocation. An American culture of immediate celebrity teaches young people that fame is a(n) 45 in itself rather than an incidental symptom of excellence in craft.
31．A．necessary B．difficult C．possible D．crucial
32．A．impose B．criticize C．impress D．blame
33．A．literature B．culture C．history D．population
34．A．peaceful B．uneasy C．internal D．external
35．A．recognition B．admission C．identification D．reflection
36．A．covers B．hides C．involves D．connects
37．A．persistence B．resistance C．existence D．insistence
38．A．inaction B．inspiration C．inability D．instinct
39．A．absolutely B．particularly C．specifically D．necessarily
40．A．for example B．in fact C．in the long run D．on the contrary
41．A．exchange B．transformation C．transition D．transplantation
42．A．distinguished B．outstanding C．excellent D．successful
43．A．abandoning B．fulfilling C．enhancing D．awarding
44．A．core B．purchase C．nature D．pursuit
45．A．process B．progress C．consequence D．end
【答案】
31．B 32．D 33．B 34．C 35．A 36．C 37．D 38．C 39．D 40．D 41．C 42．C 43．B 44．D 45．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讲述了美国人对pleasure和fun，excellence和achievement这两组词使用频率的变化，即pleasure和excellence使用频率降低，fun和achievement使用频率增加，指出并分析美国文化所发生的转变。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们很难确切知道它是如何流行起来的，是如何满足新需求的，以及是如何获得新意思的。A. necessary必要的；B. difficult困难的；C. possible可能的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据前一句中的“as complex as a hurricane”可知，知道一个词流行、满足新需求以及拥有新词义的方式是很难的。故选B。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们不可能将某一词的衰退归咎于另一词的兴起。A. impose推行；B. criticize批判；C. impress给……留下深刻的好印象；D. blame归咎，责怪。故根据上文中的“In the history of language, words rise and fall.(在语言的历史中，词语跌落起伏)”可知，词语有兴有落，这是自然的现象，所以不能将一个词的衰退归咎到其他词的兴起上。选D。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但两组词的命运却暗示了美国文化的转变。A. literature文学；B. culture文化；C. history历史；D. population人口。根据最后一段中的“American culture”可知，此处是culture的原词复现。故选B。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是对注重事物内在价值这一观点的偏离：从表示内心状态的“愉悦”到和外部活动紧密相关的“娱乐”；从其成就本身即为回报的内在品质“卓越”到历经苦干和认可获得的“成就”。A. peaceful和平的；B. uneasy不安的；C. internal内部的，内在的；D. external外部的，外在的。根据后面的“to ‘fun’, so closely affiliated with outward activities”可知，此处pleasure和fun对照，所以空处应和outward对照，表示“内心状态”。故选C。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. recognition认可；B. admission承认；C. identification确认；D. reflection反映。根据空前的“‘achievement’, which comes through hard work”可知，此处只历经苦干和认可才获得的“成就”。故选A。
36．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“娱乐”虽然对现代人来说几乎和“愉悦”相同，但通常含有人为诱导的因素。A. covers覆盖；B. hides隐藏；C. involves包含；D. connects将……联系起来。根据上文中的“comes organically”和空后的“artificial inducement(刺激)”可知，这里指“娱乐”含有人为诱导的因素。故选C。
37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国人从“愉悦”到“娱乐”使用的转变，可能在一定程度上解释了美国人在所有场合都坚持行动，而不相信愉悦会自行生成。A. persistence锲而不舍；B. resistance反对；C. existence存在；D. insistence坚持。insistence on意为“坚持”，为固定搭配。故选D。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在Elizabeth Gilbert最畅销的回忆录《美食，祈祷，爱》中，她总结道，“美国人无法放松到纯愉悦中。我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家。”A. inaction无行动；B. inspiration启发；C. inability无能，不能；D. instinct本能。根据上文中的“rather than trusting pleasure to develop on its own”可知，美国人不相信愉悦会自行生成，所以他们不能放松到纯愉悦的状态。故选C。
39．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家。A. absolutely绝对地；B. particularly特别；C. specifically具体地；D. necessarily必然地。not necessarily意为“不一定”，为固定搭配。故选D。
40．考查介词短语辨析。句意：而意大利人则掌握了“无所事事”之美。A. for example例如；B. in fact事实上；C. in the long run从长远来看；D. on the contrary恰恰相反。根据上一句“Ours is an entertainment-seeking nation, but not 9 a pleasure-seeking one.(我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家)”和下文中的“have mastered ‘bel far niente (the joy of doing nothing)’”可知，美国人和意大利人的情况是相反的。故选D。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：还有从“卓越”到“成就”的转变。A. exchange交换；B. transformation（彻底的）变化；C. transition转变，过渡；D. transplantation移植。根据上文中的“The transition of American usage from ‘pleasure’ to ‘fun’”可知，上文讲述了pleasure到fun的转变，此处为transition的原词复现，讲述了另一组词的转变。故选C。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论是捡垃圾者还是神经外科医生，任何人都可以取得成就，但真正卓越者有几人？A. distinguished杰出的；B. outstanding出色的；C. excellent卓越的；D. successful成功的。根据上文中的“from ‘excellence’ to ‘achievement’”和本句中的“achieve”可知，此处是问有多少人能真正做到卓越。故选C。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它与其说是发挥内在潜能，不如说是勾选（任务完成与否的）复选框。A. abandoning抛弃；B. fulfilling实现；C. enhancing促进；D. awarding奖励。根据前面的“checking boxes”可知，此处是说发挥内在潜能。fulfil potential意为“发挥潜能”。故选B。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：华尔街出现不顺利的部分原因是许多人追求成就者奖金，而忽视了在职业中追求卓越。A. core核心；B. purchase购买；C. nature自然；D. pursuit追求。根据前面的“chased achiever bonuses”可知，此处与之对应，说的是追求卓越。故选D。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：追逐即时声名的美国文化教给年经人的是：名望本身是追求的终极目标，而非卓越技能的偶然现象。A. process过程；B. progress进步；C. consequence后果；D. end目的。根据后面的“an incidental symptom”可知，这里与之相反，是说不是偶尔现象，而是终极目标。故选D。
（22-23高一下·上海浦东新·期中）Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio There was a time when some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses would mean the 46 of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio 47 and developed quickly. And now, despite the development in complicated smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.
Perhaps the 48 in podcasting is not surprising - it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. 49 , it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are 50 podcasts; now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. 51 , anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
But where did this 52 for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin Journalist Ben Hammersley told the BBC that two changes greatly 53 the market — one technical and one cultural. In 2012, Apple released the iPhone podcast app, followed by a great improvement in inexpensive recording and editing equipment. Finally, the development of 4G mobile phone connections and 54 wi-fi meant listeners could browse, download or stream shows whenever and wherever they wanted.
Technological development has driven many changes in our 55 consumption habits. But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to. The cultural breakthrough came in 2014 with a very specific podcast, Serial, a piece of non-fiction investigative journalism. It tells a non-fiction story over multiple episodes (集) which 56 people’s imagination. To date, the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million 57 . Advertisers soon realised the money-making potential of this and other successful podcasts. And where the 58 goes, the money follows.
Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational content that BBC Learning English offers! And these aural treats (听觉享受) are 59 on a wide range of platforms. Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers 60 what they want to promote. And if there isn’t a podcast to suit your interests, you can now easily make and distribute them — and become your very own broadcaster.
46．A．chance B．extent C．end D．value
47．A．survived B．approached C．functioned D．benefited
48．A．balance B．growth C．theme D．range
49．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Instead
50．A．monitoring B．producing C．advertising D．applying
51．A．For instance B．In advance C．By contrast D．In fact
52．A．technology B．trend C．exchange D．permit
53．A．affected B．regulated C．challenged D．divided
54．A．newborn B．widespread C．academic D．costly
55．A．power B．economy C．media D．educating
56．A．confirmed B．spotted C．analyzed D．attracted
57．A．editions B．lines C．downloads D．character
58．A．content B．audience C．platform D．civilization
59．A．changeable B．measurable C．memorable D．available
60．A．target B．conduct C．preserve D．illustrate
【答案】
46．C 47．A 48．B 49．A 50．B 51．D 52．B 53．A 54．B 55．C 56．D 57．C 58．B 59．D 60．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了播客的发展及其优点。
46．考查名词词义辨析。句意：曾经有一段时间，一些人认为在我们家能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束。A. chance机会；B. extent程度；C. end结束；D. value价值。由上文“some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses”可知，一些人认为在家里能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束，the end of“……的结束”，故选C。
47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但无线电得以幸存并迅速发展。A. survived幸存；B. approached接近；C. functioned起作用；D. benefited受益。由下文“developed quickly”可知，无线电得以幸存并迅速发展，故选A。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许播客的发展并不令人惊讶——它提供了一个数字音频文件，可以随时下载和存储以供收听。A. balance平衡；B. growth发展；C. theme主题；D. range范围。由上文“the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.”可知，播客不断受人们欢迎，这说明播客发展很快，故选B。
49．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还可以从互联网上在线收听，并在电脑或MP3播放器上播放。A. Besides此外；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Instead代替。上文“it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time.”在介绍播客的好处，此处“it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player.”在介绍播客其他的好处，所以此处用“此外”符合语境，故选A。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：制作播客的不仅仅是广播公司，比如英国广播公司；现在，与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司正在制作这些节目。A. monitoring监测；B. producing制作（电影、戏剧等）；C. advertising做广告；D. applying申请。由下文“making them”可知，此处表示制作，produce与make同义，故选B。
51．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，任何有话要说的人，只要花几英镑购买设备，就可以参与进来。A. For instance例如；B. In advance提前；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In fact事实上。由下文“anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.”和上文提到的制作播客不仅仅是广播公司可知，除了与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司外，实际上任何有话要说的人都可以参与进来，故选D。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是这种制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势是从哪里开始的呢？A. technology技术；B. trend趋势；C. exchange交换；D. permit执照。由下文“for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin”可知，此处指制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势，故选B。
53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：记者Ben Hammersley告诉BBC，两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响——一个是技术上的，另一个是文化上的。A. affected影响；B. regulated调整；C. challenged挑战；D. divided分开。由上文“two changes greatly”以及上文提出制作播客是从何时开始的可知，此处在对上文进行回答——两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响，促进了播客的发展，故选A。
54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络意味着听众可以随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目。A. newborn新生的；B. widespread广泛传播的；C. academic学术的；D. costly昂贵的。由下文“shows whenever and wherever they wanted.”可知，随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目是由于4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络发展造成的，故选B。
55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化。A. power能量；B. economy经济；C. media媒体；D. educating教育。由下文“But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to.(但是不管这项技术有多好，仍然需要一些值得看或听的东西)”和文章谈论播客的发展可知，此处指科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化，故选C。
56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它讲述了一个多集的吸引人们想象力的非小说故事。A. confirmed确认；B. spotted认出；C. analyzed分析；D. attracted吸引。由下文“the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million”可知，这部非小说故事很受人们欢迎，由此可知，它吸引人们的想象力，故选D。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：到目前为止，第一季和第二季的下载量已经超过了3.4亿。A. editions版本；B. lines线；C. downloads下载；D. character性格。由上文“the show have had more than 340 million”可知，此处指下载量已经超过了3.4亿，故选C。
58．考查名词词义辨析。句意：观众去哪里，钱就跟到哪里。A. content内容；B. audience观众；C. platform平台；D. civilization文明。由下文“the money follows.”可知，有观众就能挣钱。故选B。
59．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些听觉享受可以在各种平台上获得。A. changeable可改变的；B. measurable显著的；C. memorable难忘的；D. available可利用的；可获得的。由上文“Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational contream that BBC Learning English offers!”故一切东西都在播客上有，所以此处指这些听觉享受可以在多种平台上获得。选D。
60．考查动词词义辨析。句意：观众是特定的，这可以帮助广告商瞄准他们想要推广的内容。A. target以…为目标；瞄准；B. conduct管理；C. preserve保护；D. illustrate阐明。由上文“Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers”和下文“what they want to promote”可知，广告商可以瞄准播客上的观众来做广告，故选A。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Our view of such unique contributions to science often 61 the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors (前任者).
62 such greats as Darwin and Einstein—whose remarkable contributions are duly celebrated — we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left. This evolutionary view of human innovation weakens the idea of 63 genius and recognizes the accumulative nature of scientific progress.
Consider one 64 scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who assumed the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space. By combining different numbers of weights of these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all the elements in the then-known periodic table. These successes are all the more noteworthy given the fact that Nicholson was 65 about the presence of proto-elements: they do not actually exist. Yet, amid his often fanciful theories and wild guesses, Nicholson also 66 a new theory about the structure of atoms. Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, 67 this interesting idea to come up with his now-famous model of the atom.
What are we to make of this story We propose that science is constantly 68 , much as species of animals do. In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics that 69 random genetic mutations (变异). In the same way, random or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for 70 in science. 71 mutations prove beneficial, the animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.
72 for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains. Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing. The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup (马镫) placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to give important speed advantages when turning on egg-shaped tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope. Had he 73 the speed advantage that would be provided by riding acey-deucy No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee. His 74 just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.
Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity — a happy 75 . The time seems right for abandoning the naive notions of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically exploring the true origins of creative behavior.
61．A．overlooks B．enriches C．questions D．reflects
62．A．Aiming at B．Longing for C．Holding back D．Setting aside
63．A．native B．creative C．subjective D．sensitive
64．A．stressed B．unrecognized C．celebrated D．respected
65．A．suspicious B．concerned C．wrong D．guilty
66．A．tested B．rejected C．accepted D．proposed
67．A．got rid of B．made room for C．jumped off from D．put up with
68．A．struggling B．reversing C．evolving D．shrinking
69．A．result from B．contribute to C．depart from D．relate to
70．A．priorities B．trials C．advances D．obstacles
71．A．If B．Until C．While D．Unless
72．A．Responsibility B．Prejudice C．Dislike D．Support
73．A．doubted B．neglected C．foreseen D．exceeded
74．A．motivation B．modification C．dedication D．publication
75．A．occasion B．life C．accident D．ending
【答案】
61．A 62．D 63．B 64．B 65．C 66．D 67．C 68．C 69．A 70．C 71．A 72．D 73．C 74．A 75．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了我们对一些伟人独一无二的科学贡献的看法往往忽视了前辈之前的经验和努力。科学创新更多的是一个试错的过程，是科学进步不断积累的结果。
61．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们对这种独一无二的科学贡献的看法往往忽视了这个人之前的经验和鲜为人知的前辈们的努力。A. overlooks忽视；B. enriches丰富；C. questions质疑；D. reflects反应。由上文“Our view of such unique contributions to science often”和下文“the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors”可知，我们认为科学贡献只属于某个或某几个人的看法往往忽视了一个人之前的经验和鲜为人知的前辈的努力，故选A。
62．考查动词短语辨析。句意：撇开达尔文和爱因斯坦这样的伟人不谈，他们的杰出贡献受到了应有的赞扬，我们认为创新更多的是一个试错的过程，前进两步有时会后退一步，也可能会向右或向左走一步或多步。A. Aiming at旨在；B. Longing for渴望；C. Holding back阻止；D. Setting aside把……放一旁。由下文“we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left.”和上文提到的人们认为科学发现是博物学家查尔斯·达尔文和理论物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦等智力明星的天才结晶可知，作者认同达尔文和爱因斯坦的贡献得到了应有的赞扬，但是作者还认为创新需要试错，也就是说除了达尔文和爱因斯坦的成就外，还有之前前辈的经验和努力也值得赞扬，所以此处指撇开达尔文和爱因斯坦这样的伟人不谈，故选D。
63．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种对人类创新的进化观削弱了创造性天才的观念，并承认了科学进步的累积性。A. native本地的；B. creative有创意的；C. subjective主观的；D. sensitive敏感的。由上文“This evolutionary view of human innovation”和上文提到的“the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein”可知，对达尔文和爱因斯坦这种天才，应该赞扬他们的贡献，但是也应该肯定前辈的经验和努力，由此可知，这种创新的进化观削弱了创造性天才的观念，故选B。
64．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：想想一位未被认可的科学家：约翰·尼科尔森，一位在1910年代工作的数学物理学家，他假设外太空中存在“原始元素”。A. stressed焦虑的；B. unrecognized未被认出的；C. celebrated著名的；D. respected受人尊敬的。由下文“scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who assumed the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space.”可知，此处举例子说明前辈的那些错误也是有意义的，这些前辈往往是没有被认可的，故选B。
65．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到尼科尔森对原始元素存在的看法是错误的：它们实际上并不存在，这些成功更值得注意。A. suspicious怀疑的；B. concerned关心的；C. wrong错误的；D. guilty内疚的。由下文“they do not actually exist.”可知，尼科尔森对原始元素存在的看法是错误的，因为实际上它们并不存在，故选C。
66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他经常异想天开的理论和疯狂的猜测中，尼科尔森还提出了一个关于原子结构的新理论。A. tested测试；B. rejected拒绝；C. accepted接受；D. proposed建议。由下文“a new theory about the structure of atoms”可知，尼科尔森提出一个关于原子结构的新理论，故选D。
67．考查动词短语辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖得主、现代原子理论之父尼尔斯·玻尔从这个有趣的想法中跳出来，提出了他现在著名的原子模型。A. got rid of摆脱；B. made room for腾出空间；C. jumped off from从……跳出来；D. put up with忍受。由下文“this interesting idea to come up with his now-famous model of the atom.”可知，尼尔斯·玻尔从这个有趣的想法中跳出来，提出了他现在著名的原子模型，故选C。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们认为科学在不断发展，就像动物物种进化一样。A. struggling挣扎；B. reversing修正；C. evolving进化；发展；D. shrinking缩水。由下文“much as species of animals do”和“In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics”可知，此处指就像动物物种进化一样，科学在不断发展，故选C。
69．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在生物系统中，生物体可能会因随机基因突变而表现出新的特征。A. result from起因于；B. contribute to有助于；C. depart from离开；D. relate to与……有关。由上文“organisms may display new characteristics that”和下文“random genetic mutations (变异)”可知，生物体新的特征是由于随机基因突变造成的，故选A。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，思想的随机或偶然突变可能有助于为科学进步铺平道路。A. priorities优先权；B. trials实验；C. advances进步；D. obstacles障碍。由上文“In the same way, random or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for”可知，思想的随机或偶然突变可能有助于为科学进步铺平道路，故选C。
71．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：如果突变被证明是有益的，动物或科学理论将继续茁壮成长，也许还会繁殖。A. If如果；B. Until直到；C. While当……时候；D. Unless除非。由下文“mutations prove beneficial, the animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.”可知，此处表示一种假设，应用if引导的条件状语从句，故选A。
72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对这种行为创新的进化观点的支持来自许多领域。A. Responsibility责任；B. Prejudice偏见；C. Dislike不喜欢；D. Support支持。由下文“Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing.”可知，作者举了一个美国赛马界有影响力的创新例子，来证明对这种行为创新的进化观点的支持来自许多领域，故选D。
73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他是否已经预见了骑“acey-deucy”马镫位置能有速度优势？A. doubted怀疑；B. neglected忽视；C. foreseen预见；D. exceeded超过。由上文“The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup (马镫) placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to give important speed advantages when turning on egg-shaped tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope(所谓的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，即骑手的脚放在左马镫中，比右马镫低25厘米，被认为在蛋形赛道上转弯时具有重要的速度优势。它是由一位相对不知名的骑师Jackie Westrope发明的)”和下文“No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee.”可知，骑师Jackie Westrope发现了这种“acey-deucy”马镫位置，但这是偶然发现的，并不是他提前能预测到的，此处提出问题：他是否已经预见了骑“acey-deucy”马镫位置有速度优势？下文对此做出否定回答，即证明了他没有预测到“acey-deucy”马镫位置有速度优势，故选C。
74．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的动机恰好与左手转弯表现的增强相吻合。A. motivation动机；B. modification修正；C. dedication奉献；D. publication出版。由下文“just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.”和上文提到他因为腿部受伤，导致左膝无法完全弯曲。这使他碰巧发现了有速度优势的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，由此可知，他发明“acey-deucy”马镫位置的动机和左手转弯表现的增强相吻合，故选A。
75．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多其他故事表明，新的进步可能来自错误、不幸，也可能来自纯粹的偶然发现——一场幸福的意外。A. occasion场合；B. life生活；C. accident意外；D. ending结尾。由上文“Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity—a happy”和上文举的Jackie Westrope在受伤后碰巧发现了会有速度优势的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，这完全是一场意外，由此可知，新的进步可能来自错误、不幸，也可能来自纯粹的偶然发现——一场幸福的意外。故选C。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）When you eat something really sour, there is something that can’t be ignored. It is the 76 that isn’t limited to your tongue. An especially sour bite has a way of making your entire face 77 into a look of discomfort. If you can’t 78 puckering (撅起) your mouth when you lick a lemon or snack on Sour Patch Kids, you can thank evolution.
That unmistakable sour flavor that stimulate your taste buds is a product that acids release when they combine with saliva (唾液) . When your mouth 79 this sign of acid, it lets you know in a dramatic way. Your taste receptors 80 and your face twists involuntarily in what’s known as a rejection response, according to Live Science.
Your tongue’s reactions to bitter or spicy foods are rejection 81 as well. Many plants found in nature with these 82 are poisonous, and your body’s strong reaction is its way of protecting you from harm. Sourness 83 naturally in fruits like citrus (柑橘), but it can be a warning of food-borne illness in many cases. 84 fruits and dairy products contain acid, which gives them a sour taste too.
It’s hard to ignore the sour flavor of what you’re eating when it twists your entire facial expression. This reaction isn’t necessarily enough to help someone who has already taken a bite of a bad apple, but it may protect the people they’re with. When our early human ancestors hunted for food, a sudden twisted face may have 85 that whatever that person put in their mouth wasn’t good to eat.
The pucker response to 86 flavors helped early humans avoid getting sick, but it doesn’t stop us from eating this kind of food today. The flavor is so sought after that there’s an entire candy market 87 to maximizing it in processed products. So why do we love to eat the very thing that our face and tongue warns us might kill us
The answer is 88 taste. Humans don’t naturally desire bitter, spicy, or sour foods, but foods with these characteristics are important components of a nutritious diet. 89 loving these flavors from birth, we’re conditioned to enjoy them through repeated exposure. By becoming familiar with the taste via our peers and family members, humans 90 learn which sour (and bitter and spicy) foods are healthy and which are potentially harmful.
Though we rely on the sense every day, taste doesn’t work exactly how you may assume.
76．A．challenge B．panic C．sensation D．impression
77．A．adjust B．perceive C．react D．contract
78．A．decline B．insist C．persist D．resist
79．A．distinguishes B．detects C．identifies D．encounters
80．A．take up B．light up C．get across D．bring down
81．A．responses B．impairments C．preferences D．guarantees
82．A．bitterness B．declines C．flavors D．textures
83．A．puts up B．picks up C．stays up D．shows up
84．A．Ripe B．Raw C．Spoiled D．Purchased
85．A．proved B．confessed C．communicated D．displayed
86．A．salty B．bitter C．spicy D．sour
87．A．ceased B．deserved C．desired D．devoted
88．A．acquired B．born C．gained D．undeveloped
89．A．Apart from B．Thanks to C．Instead of D．Regardless of
90．A．gradually B．faithfully C．barely D．respectively
【答案】
76．C 77．D 78．D 79．B 80．B 81．A 82．C 83．D 84．C 85．C 86．D 87．D 88．A 89．C 90．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人类舌头对酸这种味道的反应和形成过程。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种感觉并不局限于你的舌头。A. challenge挑战；B. panic惊慌；C. sensation感觉；D. impression印象；根据第2空“An especially sour bite has a way of making your entire face____ into a look of discomfort”（特别酸的一口会让你的整个脸都变得不舒服）可知，这种感觉不仅停留在舌头，而是延伸到了脸上，故选C。
77．考查动词词义辨析。句意：特别酸的味道会让你的整张脸皱成一团，看起来很不舒服。A. adjust调整；B. perceive感知；C. react反应；D. contract使收缩、与……订立合同；根据第5空“your face twists involuntarily in what’s known as a rejection response, according to Live Science”（据《生活科学》报道，脸会不由自主地扭曲，这就是所谓的排斥反应）和常识可知，吃到特别酸的东西，脸部会收缩，即扭曲，故选D。
78．考查动词词义辨析。句意： 当你在Sour Patch Kids上舔柠檬或零食时，如果你的嘴忍不住撅起，你可以感谢进化。A. decline拒绝；B. insist坚持；C. persist坚持；D. resist抵抗；根据第5空“your face twists involuntarily in what’s known as a rejection response, according to Live Science”（据《生活科学》报道，脸会不由自主地扭曲，这就是所谓的排斥反应）可知，此处指的是排斥行为，忍不住产生某种反应，can’t resist“忍不住做”，故选D。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当你的口腔检测到这种酸的迹象时，它会以一种戏剧性的方式让你知道。A. distinguishes辨别；B. detects发现、侦查；C. identifies识别；D. encounters遭遇；根据“排斥反应”可知，此处指的是机体的一种监测机制，与语境最贴合，故选B。
80．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：据《生活科学》报道，你的味觉受体会发活跃起来，脸会不由自主地扭曲，这就是所谓的排斥反应。A. take up占据；B. light up点亮；变快活；C. get across使理解；D. bring down减少、击落；根据“排斥反应”可知，人的某种机体在受到某种刺激后立即活跃起来，开展工作，保护机体免受伤害，故选B。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的舌头对苦味或辛辣食物的反应也是排斥反应。A. responses回应；反应；B. impairments损害；C. preferences偏好；D. guarantees保证；据第5空“your face twists involuntarily in what’s known as a rejection response, according to Live Science”（据《生活科学》报道，脸会不由自主地扭曲，这就是所谓的排斥反应）以及“as well”可知，此处指的也是排斥反应，故选A。
82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：自然界中发现的许多具有这些味道的植物都是有毒的，而你身体的强烈反应是保护你免受伤害的方式。A. bitterness苦；B. declines拒绝；C. flavors味道；D. textures质地；根据第6空“Your tongue’s reactions to bitter or spicy foods are rejection responses as well.”（你的舌头对苦味或辛辣食物的反应也是排斥反应）可知，此处指的是苦和辣这两种味道，故选C。
83．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：酸味自然存在在柑橘类的水果中，但在许多情况下，它是食源性疾病得一种警示。A. puts up搭建、张贴；B. picks up捡起；C. stays up熬夜；D. shows up露面；根据语境，此处指的是柑橘类水果含有酸味，此处用拟人手法，指酸味在水果中出现，故选D。
84．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：变质的水果和乳制品含有酸，这也会使它们有酸味。A. Ripe成熟的；B. Raw生的；C. Spoiled宠坏的、变质的；D. Purchased购买的；根据前句“Sourness shows up naturally in fruits like citrus, but it can be a warning of food-borne illness in many cases”（酸味自然存在在柑橘类的水果中，但在许多情况下，它是食源性疾病得一种警示）可知，此处指酸味的警示作用，根据常识可知，一般变质的水果是酸的，故选C。
85．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们的早期人类祖先在寻找食物时，一个突然的痛苦表情可能传达了这样的信息：那个人放进嘴里的东西不好吃。A. proved证明；B. confessed坦白；C. communicated交流、传达；D. displayed展示；根据前句“This reaction isn’t necessarily enough to help someone who has already taken a bite of a bad apple, but it may protect the people they’re with”（这种反应并不一定能帮助那些已经吃了一口坏苹果的人，但它会保护和他们在一起的人）可知，此处指的是向他人传达信息的功能，故选C。
86．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对酸味的反应有助于早期人类避免生病，但这并不能阻止我们今天吃这种食物。A. salty咸的；B. bitter苦的；C. spicy辣的；D. sour酸的；纵观上文可知，文章谈论的是对人类对酸味的反应，故选D。
87．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种味道十分受欢迎，整个糖果市场都在致力于将其最大化地应用于加工产品中。A. ceased停止；B. deserved值得；C. desired渴望；D. devoted奉献；根据前句“这种味道十分受欢迎”以及市场的逐利特性可知，整个糖果市场都在致力于将其最大化地应用于加工产品中，be devoted to doing“致力于做”，故选D。
88．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：答案是后天获得的味道口味。A. acquired已获得的；后天获得的；B. born出生的；C. gained获得（动词）；D. undeveloped欠发达的；根据后句“Humans don’t naturally desire bitter, spicy, or sour foods, but foods with these characteristics are important components of a nutritious diet.”（人类并不是天生就渴望苦、辣或酸的食物，但具有这些特征的食物是营养饮食的重要组成部分。）可知，这种味道是人类的后天习得的，故选A。
89．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：我们不是从一出生就喜欢这些味道，而是习惯于通过反复接触来享受它们。A. Apart from除了；B. Thanks to多亏、由于；C. Instead of代替、而不是；D. Regardless of不管；根据前半句“人类天生不喜欢苦、辣或酸的食物”可知，这不是从人类出生就爱的味道，而是习惯于通过反复接触来享受它们，故选C。
90．考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过同龄人和家人对味道的熟悉，人类逐渐了解哪些酸（苦、辣）食物是健康的，哪些可能有害。A. gradually逐渐地；B. faithfully忠诚地；C. barely仅仅、几乎没有；D. respectively分别、各自；根据第14题可知，这种改变通过反复接触、逐渐形成的过程，故选A。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Your Accomplishments and You
An interview requires that you show your qualifications, skills, and job experience. Discussing your accomplishments during an interview is a typical requirement and a great way to 91 yourself from other candidates. Your individual personal achievements tell the hiring managers what you value and allow your 92 to come through in unique ways. Personal achievements are a powerful source of information to discuss because they provide 93 and often quantifiable(可以计量的)information about your skills.
Tips for explaining your personal achievements
When explaining your personal achievements, it is best to give a(n) 94 that relates to your job performance, duties, or specific industry. Keep the following in mind when providing an employer with some quality examples of your own personal achievements:
Be specific. When discussing your personal accomplishments, be specific and give 95 information to help the interviewer 96 the importance of your achievement. You can consider using the STAR interview technique. STAR is an acronym that stands for situation, task, action, and result. It provides a framework for your 97 when you are asked about your achievement.
Use 98 verbs. The key here is to use language that shows your devotion rather than just telling them your 99 . You can consider saying something like, “I stayed late at work for three weeks and 100 10 overtime hours to creating a campaign strategy that met all of our client’s requirements,” rather than, “I worked hard to come up with a campaign strategy.” These action verbs express your 101 to your job and can help an interviewer have a better understanding of your devotion to quality work.
Have an assertive(肯定的)tone. When explaining your personal achievements, be sure to make eye contact and speak 102 and directly. Having a(n) 103 tone will express confidence and show your strong communication skills. Include numbers and data when possible.
Prepare to explain your steps. A smart interviewer will probably have some 104 questions and want to further know about your process. Showing that you consistently take steps to 105 your skills is a characteristic of a growth mindset and shows a potential employer that you are a good candidate.
91．A．isolate B．distinguish C．choose D．keep
92．A．opponents B．candidates C．sufferings D．strengths
93．A．concrete B．subtle C．adequate D．unrealistic
94．A．presentation B．example C．speech D．list
95．A．latest B．limited C．detailed D．public
96．A．stress B．doubt C．acquire D．visualize
97．A．response B．employment C．experience D．discussion
98．A．beautiful B．regular C．special D．action
99．A．ambition B．requirement C．failures D．struggle
100．A．spared B．utilized C．wasted D．dedicated
101．A．key B．access C．commitment D．approach
102．A．freely B．eagerly C．quickly D．clearly
103．A．gentle B．positive C．warm D．deep
104．A．urgent B．key C．leading D．follow-up
105．A．demonstrate B．assess C．sharpen D．learn
【答案】
91．B 92．D 93．A 94．B 95．C 96．C 97．A 98．D 99．A 100．D 101．C 102．D 103．B 104．D 105．C
【导语】本文是说明文。面试要求你展示你的资格、技能和工作经验。在面试中讨论你的成就是一项典型的要求，本文提出一些让你从其他候选人中脱颖而出的好方法。
91．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在面试中讨论你的成就是一项典型的要求，也是让你从其他候选人中脱颖而出的好方法。A. isolate孤立；B. distinguish区分；C. choose选择；D. keep保持。根据“yourself from other candidates.”可知，区分你和其他候选人，distinguish...from固定搭配，意为“区分……和……”。故选B。
92．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的个人成就告诉招聘经理你的价值，并让你的优势以独特的方式表现出来。A. opponents对手；B. candidates候选人；C. sufferings苦难；D. strengths强项，优势。根据“Your individual personal achievements tell the hiring managers”可知，你的个人成就告诉招聘经理你的优势。故选D。
93．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：个人成就是一个强大的信息来源，因为它们提供了关于你的技能的具体且通常可量化的信息。A. concrete具体的；B. subtle微妙的；C. adequate足够的；D. unrealistic不现实的。根据“ and often quantifiable(可以计量的)information about your skills..”可知，个人成就是一个强大的信息来源，它提供关于你技能具体可量化的信息。故选A。
94．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在解释你的个人成就时，最好给出与你的工作表现、职责或特定行业有关的例子。A. presentation展示；B. example例子；C. speech演讲；D. list清单。根据“ Keep the following in mind when providing an employer with some quality examples of your own personal achievements:”可知，向雇主提供你个人成就的例子，此处example是同词复现。故选B。
95．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在讨论你的个人成就时，要具体并给出详细的信息，以帮助面试官了解你的成就的重要性。A. latest最新的；B. limited有限的；C. detailed详细的；D. public公开的。根据“When discussing your personal accomplishments, be specific and ”可知，在讨论你的个人成就时要详细。故选C。
96．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在讨论你的个人成就时，要具体并给出详细的信息，以帮助面试官了解你成就的重要性。A. stress强调；B. doubt怀疑；C. acquire获得；得到；捕获；D. visualize想象。根据“When discussing your personal accomplishments, be specific and”可知，详细信息帮助面试官捕获到你所获得的成就的重要性。故选C。
97．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你被问及你的成就时，它为你的回答提供了一个框架。A. response回应；B. employment就业；C. experience经验；D. discussion讨论。根据“when you are asked about your achievement.”可知，给你回答时提供框架。故选A。
98．考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：使用行为动词。A.beautiful美丽的；B. regular有规律的；C. special特殊的；D. action动作。根据下文“These action verbs express.”可知，建议使用行为动词。故选D。
99．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这里的关键是要用语言来表达你的投入，而不仅仅是告诉他们你的抱负。A. ambition雄心；B. requirement需要；C. failures失败；D. struggle斗争。根据“When discussing your personal accomplishments”可知，面试时不要只谈论你的抱负。故选A。
100．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你可以考虑这样说，“我工作了三周，花了10个小时加班来制定一个符合我们客户所有要求的竞选策略。”而不是说，“我努力工作来制定一个竞选策略。”A. spared抽出；B. utilized利用；C. wasted浪费；D. dedicated奉献。根据“can help an interviewer have a better understanding of your devotion to quality work.”可知，奉献10小时加班。故选D。
101．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些动作动词表达了你对工作的投入，可以帮助面试官更好地了解你对高质量工作的投入。A.key关键；B. access通向；C. commitment投入；D. approach方法。根据“help an interviewer have a better understanding of your devotion to quality work.”可知，动作动词表达你对工作的投入。故选C。
102．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在解释你的个人成就时，一定要有眼神交流，说话清晰直接。A. freely自由；B. eagerly渴望；C. quickly快速；D. clearly清晰。根据“and directly.”可知，说话要清晰直接。故选D。
103．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：积极的语调能表达你的自信，也能显示你很强的沟通技巧。A. gentle温和的；B. positive积极的；C. warm温暖的；D. deep深的。根据“express confidence.”可知，积极的语调能表达自信。故选B。
104．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：聪明的面试官可能会问一些后续问题，想进一步了解你的流程。A. urgent紧迫的；B. key关键的；C. leading领先的；D. follow-up随后的。根据“want to further know about your process.”可知，面试官想进一步了解你的流程可能会问一些后续问题。故选D。
105．考查动词词义辨析。句意：表现出你不断采取措施来提高自己的技能是成长型思维模式的一个特点，也向潜在的雇主展示了你是一个很好的候选人。A. demonstrate展示；B. assess评估 C. sharpen提高；D. learn学到。根据上文“Showing that you consistently take steps to”和下文“ is a characteristic of a growth mindset ”可知，提高自己的技能是成长型思维模式。故选C。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Self-confidence: one’s belief that they can meet all the demands of a task. Some people are born with it, and everyone else is out of 106 , right Wrong! Self-confidence is not something people are born with, like their height or hair color. It’s a skill that anyone can start 107 today.
One simple self-confidence builder is 108 self-talk. What you say to yourself 109 how you feel about yourself. Telling yourself “I can’t do anything right” or asking “Why did I even try ” could ruin you. Instead, if you get a bad grade on a test, try saying “I’ll do better next time.” Rather than focusing on your failure, 110 ways that you can improve, and try again.
Another way to 111 your confidence is to believe in yourself. Studies show that believing you can do something can increase your chance of success. If you put in the work to learn how to do something, believe in your ability. Don’t let 112 steal your energy and motivation away.
One of the ugliest enemies of self-confidence is 113 yourself to others. Thinking that you are better than other people won’t give you confidence. 114 , it will make you proud. And thinking you are worse than others won’t make you 115 ; it will fill you with envy. Fight back by counting your blessings. Keep a journal and write down all the things that you’re 116 for.
Facing your fears is another way to build self-confidence. You might have a(n) 117 for public speaking. But how will you know if you never overcome your fears and try it Even if you fail, leaving your 118 zone can make you stronger. Don’t let fear become an obstacle in your journey toward excellence!
Finally, showing kindness to others is a great way to build self-confidence. Showing kindness 119 you that you can make a difference in the world. When you make others feel good, you, 120 , feel good about yourself.
106．A．order B．luck C．curiosity D．habit
107．A．practicing B．displaying C．applying D．updating
108．A．addictive B．independent C．positive D．energetic
109．A．links B．stretches C．limits D．influences
110．A．involve B．identify C．ignore D．indicate
111．A．shake B．inspire C．restore D．share
112．A．concentration B．embarrassment C．enthusiasm D．doubt
113．A．comparing B．communicating C．proving D．exposing
114．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．However D．Instead
115．A．humble B．intelligent C．negative D．flexible
116．A．respectful B．grateful C．responsible D．regretful
117．A．talent B．anxiety C．mood D．occasion
118．A．danger B．occupation C．comfort D．safety
119．A．informs B．confirms C．promises D．reminds
120．A．in turn B．in person C．in all D．in addition
【答案】
106．B 107．A 108．C 109．D 110．B 111．B 112．D 113．A 114．D 115．A 116．B 117．B 118．C 119．D 120．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了任何人都可以通过练习建立自信，介绍了一些建立自信的方法。
106．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有些人天生就有，其他人就没那么幸运了，对吧？A. order订单；B. luck运气；C. curiosity好奇心；D. habit习惯。根据上文“Some people are born with it, and everyone else is out of”可知，有些人天生有自信，而其他人则没那么幸运，短语out of luck表示“运气不好”。故选B。
107．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一项任何人都可以从今天开始练习的技能。A. practicing练习；B. displaying展示；C. applying应用；D. updating更新。根据上文“It’s a skill that anyone can start”以及后文介绍了增强自信的技巧，可知这是一项任何人都可以从今天开始练习的技能。故选A。
108．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个简单的自信建立者是积极的自我对话。A. addictive成瘾的；B. inde专题02 完形填空12篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）According to a research, the average reading score of students in the USA this year declined in comparison to the previous study last year. The study indicates that there is a significant 1 in reading ability levels in grades 7-12. The result confirms what American secondary teachers have been saying, that both high and low achieving students are often unmotivated to read. This 2 of motivation has been the major reason for their poor reading ability.
Perhaps it is no surprise to researchers that the decline in reading ability 3 American students’ decreasing freedom in choosing reading method and time. One of the best ways to deal with the situation is for teachers to provide time in the academic day for voluntary reading of texts. There may be objections to the use of already 4 academic time, but the research indicates that time spent reading in school 5 academic performance. Most students who are given extra reading time in school get higher scores in reading tests. This is true even for the “light” or 6 reading of young adult literature.
An argument for providing 7 in the school day for reading practice is the comparison to the necessary practice one needs in order to become skilled at a sport: the increased practice hours increase performance. Even 10 minutes a day of reading can have dramatic effects by simply 8 students to multiple texts. Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student. And this additional volume of reading can bring huge 9 to the students.
Besides, compared with the crowded casual classroom environment, independent reading libraries in school can help students produce a sense of being 10 . Students can discover authors, explore topics that 11 them, and improve their reading habits.
The research concludes that there are millions of students who do not have the basic reading 12 that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple judgement. The effects of underdeveloped reading ability on the student and on the economy of the American society can mean the 13 of billions of dollars in wages and earnings over a lifetime.
Therefore, secondary educators need to guide students to associate reading with enjoyment by offering time and choices. This 14 can result in making reading a desired activity and making students 15 to read.
1．A．balance B．drop C．reflection D．concentration
2．A．lack B．input C．feedback D．operation
3．A．harms B．includes C．matches D．prevents
4．A．boring B．unique C．random D．limited
5．A．improves B．provides C．realizes D．breaks
6．A．innocent B．fun C．precious D．serious
7．A．rules B．teaching C．time D．fund
8．A．adding B．exposing C．attaching D．mailing
9．A．benefits B．symbols C．hobbies D．friends
10．A．dependent B．traditional C．formal D．inferior
11．A．interest B．defeat C．cheat D．invent
12．A．resources B．companions C．opportunities D．skills
13．A．income B．method C．loss D．presence
14．A．production B．link C．knowledge D．discovery
15．A．social B．reluctant C．keen D．practical
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Globalization Is Causing the Death of Minority Languages
As the world becomes more connected, language diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Forty percent of the world’s 7,000 languages in 16 are at risk of disappearing, according to estimates by the Endangered Languages Project. That trend is 17 linked to economic globalization, as suggested by a new report published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
“The dominating effect of a single socioeconomic factor, GDP per capita (人均), on speaker growth rate suggests that economic growth and globalization are 18 drivers of recent language speaker declines (mainly since the 1970s onwards), through political and educational developments,” the researchers conclude in their report.
Actually, the impact of global economies on language 19 has been an argument that goes all the way back to the 1970s, when Herbert Schiller proposed the hotly debated theory of “cultural imperialism”, which suggested economically powerful nations hold huge cultural 20 over the weaker countries they influence.
However, such impact has never been fully 21 until now, according to researchers. In the study, the researchers first established a set of 22 languages, based on several factors: small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic 23 . After dealing with the numbers by using data selected from the Ethnologue, an authoritative source for basic information about the world’s languages, the researchers concluded that 25 percent of the world’s languages are under immediate 24 of disappearing forever.
Threatened languages were numerous in highly economically developed regions, like northwestern North America, northern Europe, and eastern Asia. 25 they explored relationships between the danger of extinction and multiple environmental factors, including rainfall and temperature, GDP per capita was the factor most tightly correlating with at-risk languages.
Of course, there are factors 26 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages. According to UNESCO, languages are also 27 with external forces such as military, religious, cultural or educational subiugation (征服), or by 28 forces such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language. 29 , even the internet has been linked to the extinction of little-spoken tongues by creating a digital 30 that locks out some groups and give advantages to others (and their languages).
16．A．reality B．stock C．use D．need
17．A．to a great extent B．at that time C．in this way D．in the end
18．A．official B．major C．complete D．cultural
19．A．difference B．familiarity C．similarity D．diversity
20．A．dominance B．ruling C．preference D．spread
21．A．globalized B．furthered C．quantified D．communicated
22．A．endangered B．extinct C．fluent D．native
23．A．development B．feature C．gap D．range
24．A．pressure B．control C．law D．threat
25．A．Once B．While C．As D．Because
26．A．apart from B．as to C．on behalf of D．in terms of
27．A．halved B．associated C．threatened D．replaced
28．A．definite B．local C．double D．internal
29．A．Somehow B．Moreover C．Comparatively D．Therefore
30．A．divide B．device C．clip D．trade
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）In the history of language, words rise and fall. We make and remake them; they make and remake us. The story of a word is as complex as a hurricane. It is 31 to know for sure how it catches on, meets new needs, and acquires new meanings. It is impossible to 32 the decline of one word on the rise of another.
But in the destinies of two pairs of words is a suggestion of a turning in American 33 . It is a turning away from an idea of the natural worth of things: from “pleasure”, with its sense of a (n) 34 condition of mind, to “fun” , so closely affiliated with outward activities; from “excellence”, an inner trait whose attainment is its own reward, to “achievement”, which comes through hard work and 35 .
“Pleasure” speaks of a state of mind that comes organically, that need not be artificially induced. “Fun”, though almost the same as “pleasure” for contemporary speakers, often 36 artificial inducement(诱导). You don’t feel fun; you do a fun thing. And “fun” has no hint of elitism, while “pleasure” does.
If “pleasure” comes from being, “fun” comes from doing and, often, switching off the brain. The transition of American usage from “pleasure” to “fun” perhaps partly accounts for the American 37 on activities for all occasions, rather than trusting pleasure to develop on its own. In “Eat, Pray, Love”, the best-selling memoir by Elizabeth Gilbert, she concludes that “Americans have an 38 to relax into pure pleasure. Ours is an entertainment-seeking nation, but not 39 a pleasure-seeking one.” Italians, 40 , have mastered “bel far niente (the joy of doing nothing)”.
Then there is the 41 from “excellence” to “achievement”. “Excellence” has a hint of virtue. Anyone can achieve, in garbage collection or neurosurgery, but how many can truly be 42
“Achievement”, like “fun”, is outward in nature. It comes in doing specific things. It is more about checking boxes than 43 inner potentials. The achievement culture influences every aspect of life today. From elementary-school testing to the continual pressure to over-schedule as a university student, educational culture emphasizes the accumulation of achievements over intellectual sparkle. Wall Street stumbled(绊跌) in part because so many chased achiever bonuses while neglecting the 44 of excellence in their vocation. An American culture of immediate celebrity teaches young people that fame is a(n) 45 in itself rather than an incidental symptom of excellence in craft.
31．A．necessary B．difficult C．possible D．crucial
32．A．impose B．criticize C．impress D．blame
33．A．literature B．culture C．history D．population
34．A．peaceful B．uneasy C．internal D．external
35．A．recognition B．admission C．identification D．reflection
36．A．covers B．hides C．involves D．connects
37．A．persistence B．resistance C．existence D．insistence
38．A．inaction B．inspiration C．inability D．instinct
39．A．absolutely B．particularly C．specifically D．necessarily
40．A．for example B．in fact C．in the long run D．on the contrary
41．A．exchange B．transformation C．transition D．transplantation
42．A．distinguished B．outstanding C．excellent D．successful
43．A．abandoning B．fulfilling C．enhancing D．awarding
44．A．core B．purchase C．nature D．pursuit
45．A．process B．progress C．consequence D．end
（22-23高一下·上海浦东新·期中）Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio There was a time when some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses would mean the 46 of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio 47 and developed quickly. And now, despite the development in complicated smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.
Perhaps the 48 in podcasting is not surprising - it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. 49 , it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are 50 podcasts; now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. 51 , anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
But where did this 52 for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin Journalist Ben Hammersley told the BBC that two changes greatly 53 the market — one technical and one cultural. In 2012, Apple released the iPhone podcast app, followed by a great improvement in inexpensive recording and editing equipment. Finally, the development of 4G mobile phone connections and 54 wi-fi meant listeners could browse, download or stream shows whenever and wherever they wanted.
Technological development has driven many changes in our 55 consumption habits. But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to. The cultural breakthrough came in 2014 with a very specific podcast, Serial, a piece of non-fiction investigative journalism. It tells a non-fiction story over multiple episodes (集) which 56 people’s imagination. To date, the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million 57 . Advertisers soon realised the money-making potential of this and other successful podcasts. And where the 58 goes, the money follows.
Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational content that BBC Learning English offers! And these aural treats (听觉享受) are 59 on a wide range of platforms. Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers 60 what they want to promote. And if there isn’t a podcast to suit your interests, you can now easily make and distribute them — and become your very own broadcaster.
46．A．chance B．extent C．end D．value
47．A．survived B．approached C．functioned D．benefited
48．A．balance B．growth C．theme D．range
49．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Instead
50．A．monitoring B．producing C．advertising D．applying
51．A．For instance B．In advance C．By contrast D．In fact
52．A．technology B．trend C．exchange D．permit
53．A．affected B．regulated C．challenged D．divided
54．A．newborn B．widespread C．academic D．costly
55．A．power B．economy C．media D．educating
56．A．confirmed B．spotted C．analyzed D．attracted
57．A．editions B．lines C．downloads D．character
58．A．content B．audience C．platform D．civilization
59．A．changeable B．measurable C．memorable D．available
60．A．target B．conduct C．preserve D．illustrate
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Our view of such unique contributions to science often 61 the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors (前任者).
62 such greats as Darwin and Einstein—whose remarkable contributions are duly celebrated — we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left. This evolutionary view of human innovation weakens the idea of 63 genius and recognizes the accumulative nature of scientific progress.
Consider one 64 scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who assumed the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space. By combining different numbers of weights of these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all the elements in the then-known periodic table. These successes are all the more noteworthy given the fact that Nicholson was 65 about the presence of proto-elements: they do not actually exist. Yet, amid his often fanciful theories and wild guesses, Nicholson also 66 a new theory about the structure of atoms. Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, 67 this interesting idea to come up with his now-famous model of the atom.
What are we to make of this story We propose that science is constantly 68 , much as species of animals do. In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics that 69 random genetic mutations (变异). In the same way, random or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for 70 in science. 71 mutations prove beneficial, the animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.
72 for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains. Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing. The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup (马镫) placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to give important speed advantages when turning on egg-shaped tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope. Had he 73 the speed advantage that would be provided by riding acey-deucy No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee. His 74 just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.
Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity — a happy 75 . The time seems right for abandoning the naive notions of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically exploring the true origins of creative behavior.
61．A．overlooks B．enriches C．questions D．reflects
62．A．Aiming at B．Longing for C．Holding back D．Setting aside
63．A．native B．creative C．subjective D．sensitive
64．A．stressed B．unrecognized C．celebrated D．respected
65．A．suspicious B．concerned C．wrong D．guilty
66．A．tested B．rejected C．accepted D．proposed
67．A．got rid of B．made room for C．jumped off from D．put up with
68．A．struggling B．reversing C．evolving D．shrinking
69．A．result from B．contribute to C．depart from D．relate to
70．A．priorities B．trials C．advances D．obstacles
71．A．If B．Until C．While D．Unless
72．A．Responsibility B．Prejudice C．Dislike D．Support
73．A．doubted B．neglected C．foreseen D．exceeded
74．A．motivation B．modification C．dedication D．publication
75．A．occasion B．life C．accident D．ending
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）When you eat something really sour, there is something that can’t be ignored. It is the 76 that isn’t limited to your tongue. An especially sour bite has a way of making your entire face 77 into a look of discomfort. If you can’t 78 puckering (撅起) your mouth when you lick a lemon or snack on Sour Patch Kids, you can thank evolution.
That unmistakable sour flavor that stimulate your taste buds is a product that acids release when they combine with saliva (唾液) . When your mouth 79 this sign of acid, it lets you know in a dramatic way. Your taste receptors 80 and your face twists involuntarily in what’s known as a rejection response, according to Live Science.
Your tongue’s reactions to bitter or spicy foods are rejection 81 as well. Many plants found in nature with these 82 are poisonous, and your body’s strong reaction is its way of protecting you from harm. Sourness 83 naturally in fruits like citrus (柑橘), but it can be a warning of food-borne illness in many cases. 84 fruits and dairy products contain acid, which gives them a sour taste too.
It’s hard to ignore the sour flavor of what you’re eating when it twists your entire facial expression. This reaction isn’t necessarily enough to help someone who has already taken a bite of a bad apple, but it may protect the people they’re with. When our early human ancestors hunted for food, a sudden twisted face may have 85 that whatever that person put in their mouth wasn’t good to eat.
The pucker response to 86 flavors helped early humans avoid getting sick, but it doesn’t stop us from eating this kind of food today. The flavor is so sought after that there’s an entire candy market 87 to maximizing it in processed products. So why do we love to eat the very thing that our face and tongue warns us might kill us
The answer is 88 taste. Humans don’t naturally desire bitter, spicy, or sour foods, but foods with these characteristics are important components of a nutritious diet. 89 loving these flavors from birth, we’re conditioned to enjoy them through repeated exposure. By becoming familiar with the taste via our peers and family members, humans 90 learn which sour (and bitter and spicy) foods are healthy and which are potentially harmful.
Though we rely on the sense every day, taste doesn’t work exactly how you may assume.
76．A．challenge B．panic C．sensation D．impression
77．A．adjust B．perceive C．react D．contract
78．A．decline B．insist C．persist D．resist
79．A．distinguishes B．detects C．identifies D．encounters
80．A．take up B．light up C．get across D．bring down
81．A．responses B．impairments C．preferences D．guarantees
82．A．bitterness B．declines C．flavors D．textures
83．A．puts up B．picks up C．stays up D．shows up
84．A．Ripe B．Raw C．Spoiled D．Purchased
85．A．proved B．confessed C．communicated D．displayed
86．A．salty B．bitter C．spicy D．sour
87．A．ceased B．deserved C．desired D．devoted
88．A．acquired B．born C．gained D．undeveloped
89．A．Apart from B．Thanks to C．Instead of D．Regardless of
90．A．gradually B．faithfully C．barely D．respectively
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Your Accomplishments and You
An interview requires that you show your qualifications, skills, and job experience. Discussing your accomplishments during an interview is a typical requirement and a great way to 91 yourself from other candidates. Your individual personal achievements tell the hiring managers what you value and allow your 92 to come through in unique ways. Personal achievements are a powerful source of information to discuss because they provide 93 and often quantifiable(可以计量的)information about your skills.
Tips for explaining your personal achievements
When explaining your personal achievements, it is best to give a(n) 94 that relates to your job performance, duties, or specific industry. Keep the following in mind when providing an employer with some quality examples of your own personal achievements:
Be specific. When discussing your personal accomplishments, be specific and give 95 information to help the interviewer 96 the importance of your achievement. You can consider using the STAR interview technique. STAR is an acronym that stands for situation, task, action, and result. It provides a framework for your 97 when you are asked about your achievement.
Use 98 verbs. The key here is to use language that shows your devotion rather than just telling them your 99 . You can consider saying something like, “I stayed late at work for three weeks and 100 10 overtime hours to creating a campaign strategy that met all of our client’s requirements,” rather than, “I worked hard to come up with a campaign strategy.” These action verbs express your 101 to your job and can help an interviewer have a better understanding of your devotion to quality work.
Have an assertive(肯定的)tone. When explaining your personal achievements, be sure to make eye contact and speak 102 and directly. Having a(n) 103 tone will express confidence and show your strong communication skills. Include numbers and data when possible.
Prepare to explain your steps. A smart interviewer will probably have some 104 questions and want to further know about your process. Showing that you consistently take steps to 105 your skills is a characteristic of a growth mindset and shows a potential employer that you are a good candidate.
91．A．isolate B．distinguish C．choose D．keep
92．A．opponents B．candidates C．sufferings D．strengths
93．A．concrete B．subtle C．adequate D．unrealistic
94．A．presentation B．example C．speech D．list
95．A．latest B．limited C．detailed D．public
96．A．stress B．doubt C．acquire D．visualize
97．A．response B．employment C．experience D．discussion
98．A．beautiful B．regular C．special D．action
99．A．ambition B．requirement C．failures D．struggle
100．A．spared B．utilized C．wasted D．dedicated
101．A．key B．access C．commitment D．approach
102．A．freely B．eagerly C．quickly D．clearly
103．A．gentle B．positive C．warm D．deep
104．A．urgent B．key C．leading D．follow-up
105．A．demonstrate B．assess C．sharpen D．learn
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Self-confidence: one’s belief that they can meet all the demands of a task. Some people are born with it, and everyone else is out of 106 , right Wrong! Self-confidence is not something people are born with, like their height or hair color. It’s a skill that anyone can start 107 today.
One simple self-confidence builder is 108 self-talk. What you say to yourself 109 how you feel about yourself. Telling yourself “I can’t do anything right” or asking “Why did I even try ” could ruin you. Instead, if you get a bad grade on a test, try saying “I’ll do better next time.” Rather than focusing on your failure, 110 ways that you can improve, and try again.
Another way to 111 your confidence is to believe in yourself. Studies show that believing you can do something can increase your chance of success. If you put in the work to learn how to do something, believe in your ability. Don’t let 112 steal your energy and motivation away.
One of the ugliest enemies of self-confidence is 113 yourself to others. Thinking that you are better than other people won’t give you confidence. 114 , it will make you proud. And thinking you are worse than others won’t make you 115 ; it will fill you with envy. Fight back by counting your blessings. Keep a journal and write down all the things that you’re 116 for.
Facing your fears is another way to build self-confidence. You might have a(n) 117 for public speaking. But how will you know if you never overcome your fears and try it Even if you fail, leaving your 118 zone can make you stronger. Don’t let fear become an obstacle in your journey toward excellence!
Finally, showing kindness to others is a great way to build self-confidence. Showing kindness 119 you that you can make a difference in the world. When you make others feel good, you, 120 , feel good about yourself.
106．A．order B．luck C．curiosity D．habit
107．A．practicing B．displaying C．applying D．updating
108．A．addictive B．independent C．positive D．energetic
109．A．links B．stretches C．limits D．influences
110．A．involve B．identify C．ignore D．indicate
111．A．shake B．inspire C．restore D．share
112．A．concentration B．embarrassment C．enthusiasm D．doubt
113．A．comparing B．communicating C．proving D．exposing
114．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．However D．Instead
115．A．humble B．intelligent C．negative D．flexible
116．A．respectful B．grateful C．responsible D．regretful
117．A．talent B．anxiety C．mood D．occasion
118．A．danger B．occupation C．comfort D．safety
119．A．informs B．confirms C．promises D．reminds
120．A．in turn B．in person C．in all D．in addition
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）February is an exciting month for our Courageous Kitchen(CK)! One of our founders, Dwight Turner will be speaking at the press conference this week. The event is hosted by the Thailand Authority of Tourism(TAT).
Here’s a peek into TAT’s interview with Dwight, where he discusses starting Courageous Kitchen, and 121 his personal passion for food with his mission to feed and educate more children in Bangkok.
1. How did you start CK and what is your 122
Courageous Kitchen began because I was looking for a way to 123 in my free time, but I didn’t know what to do. When a friend invited me to help teach English in a few poorer communities, I fell in love with it. Gradually I wanted to 124 more and more.
Later when I moved outside of the city center, we had space for a kitchen and I began to combine my two 125 . Quickly we learned that the kitchen is a great classroom. Students who were shy about speaking English suddenly had 126 , an application, and an urgency to speak in the kitchen. As their language skills improved, so did their 127 .
2. Why do you use food as a medium to help you achieve your goals
I love to eat and Bangkok is full of food and food enthusiasts. So it’s a great way to get people’s attention and bring them together for a 128 . This is true even when it may seem like we don’t have anything 129 . We may speak a different language, have different skin color, but when we sit at the table together, we share and learn about each other.
3. What do you think of Thai food What makes Thai cuisine outstanding to you
I love Thai food because of the 130 of influences on the cuisine. There is such a significant Indian influence, the Chinese influence is probably the strongest, and there’s an interesting impact from the hill tribes and neighboring countries in the region as well.
4. Why are you interested in helping society, and helping underprivileged kids in Bangkok
As a Black American I was raised with a strong sense of social 131 that all people are valuable, and that all people should be treated equally. Until this becomes a(n) 132 , we have a lot of work to do to create a better future for today’s kids. That’s true all over the world, but trying to solve global problems can seem 133 . That’s why it’s best to start by being the change we want to see in our local communities.
5. As a nonprofit, what do you expect to get in return for you work
As a nonprofit, my job is challenging but 134 every day. It’s a challenge to captivate people’s attention long enough to sympathize with people in need, and convince them to take action. 135 , seeing students, who may have never been in a real restaurant before, imagining themselves as chefs, speaking English more confidently, and becoming leaders in their families is a pretty great reward.
121．A．challenging B．appealing C．encountering D．connecting
122．A．interest B．objective C．reason D．appetite
123．A．give back B．look out C．hang on D．break out
124．A．grab B．crush C．contribute D．insist
125．A．opinions B．experiences C．hobbies D．passions
126．A．situation B．context C．practice D．activity
127．A．relief B．belief C．confidence D．breath
128．A．union B．strategy C．gathering D．purpose
129．A．in mind B．in hand C．in common D．in pocket
130．A．liberation B．diversity C．freedom D．isolation
131．A．justice B．responsibility C．judgement D．shock
132．A．means B．reality C．interpretation D．argument
133．A．boring B．inviting C．overwhelming D．disappointing
134．A．appealing B．rewarding C．convincing D．pleasing
135．A．However B．Furthermore C．Consequently D．Therefore
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Tattoos are enjoying a great popularity among college students in America. They 136 students’ shoulders, backs, arms, legs, feet, and even toes. A Harris online survey reported that 26 percent of college students in America had at least one tattoo. In the area of 137 nearly equal percentages of males (16%) and females (15%) have tattoos.
In fact, the tattoos are popular among all 138 groups, as documented by a 2011 Pew Research Center survey. The Pew research shows that in America, 36 percent of those aged 18 to 25, and 40 percent of those aged 26 to 40 have at least one tattoo. In July 2009, “tattoos” reached its highest ranking ever, coming in as the number two most 139 search term on the Internet.
Tattoos can be a sign of beauty or they can be used as a statement, to become empowered, to 140 something or someone, and to feel included. According to an article by Cate Lineberry in Smithsonian.com, humans have been tattooed for thousands of years. “These permanent designs — sometimes plain and simple, sometimes complicated, but always 141 — have served as amulets (护身符), status symbols, declarations of love, signs of religious beliefs, decorations and even forms of punishment,” she said.
Josh Schuhz, a student from University of Maryland, who has had 22 hours of tattoo work done, says he feels 142 by his tattoos. “Getting my tattoo was almost like 143 an important ceremony,” he said, “I’ve gotten work done almost everywhere I’ve traveled: Texas, New York, San Diego, Afghanistan and New Zealand. “Sehuhz’s tattoos are 144 by the work of spiritual and visual specialist artist Alex Grey.” I really love art, and Alex Grey’s work represents a(n) 145 energy, an energy not seen by the eye,” Schuhz explained.
Exercise Science major Shelly Stemper from Yale said she got her tattoo as a way to 146 with her older brother. “He’s nine years older than me, and we are fond of each other.” she said. “We decided to get tattoos together and had been looking for a tattoo that would be 147 for both of us. Once, on a family trip to Denali National Park in Alaska, we saw wolves and I chose a wolf paw while my brother a wolf head as our tattoos because we love this animal and they reminds us of our 148 .”
More college students in America began to accept and even 149 the art of tattooing. Tattoos are certain to be part of our culture for years to come, and due to the human desire to 150 oneself, tattoos promise to grow in diversity.
136．A．injure B．protect C．highlight D．decorate
137．A．skill B．scale C．gender D．shape
138．A．age B．occupation C．status D．race
139．A．requested B．neglected C．endangered D．managed
140．A．refuse B．remember C．present D．transform
141．A．beautiful B．dissatisfying C．personal D．different
142．A．limited B．forced C．cultivated D．empowered
143．A．going through B．backing up C．fitting in D．calling for
144．A．encouraged B．fascinated C．financed D．inspired
145．A．distractive B．spiritual C．physical D．religious
146．A．bond B．begin C．communicate D．deal
147．A．essential B．sensible C．meaningful D．beneficial
148．A．childhood B．personality C．responsibility D．family
149．A．judge B．welcome C．examine D．forbid
150．A．express B．devote C．prove D．recover
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Pope (罗马教皇) Francis wearing a massive, loose and white puffer coat. Elon Musk walking hand-in-hand with rival GM CEO Mary Barra. None of these things actually happened, but such AI-generated 151 did go viral online over the past week.
The situation demonstrates a new online reality: the 152 of a new crop of artificial intelligence tools has made it cheaper and easier than ever to create realistic images, as well as audio and videos. And these images are likely to pop up with increasing frequency on social media.
While these AI tools may enable new means of expressing creativity, the spread of computer-generated media also threatens to further 153 the information ecosystem. That risks 154 the challenges for users, news organizations and social media platforms to tell what’s real. There are also concerns that Al-generated images could be misused.
Images, compared to the Al-generated text, can be 155 powerful in provoking emotions when people view them, said Claire Leibowicz, head of AI and media integrity at the Partnership on AI. That can make it harder for people to slow down and 156 whether what they’re looking at is real or fake. 157 , bad guys could eventually attempt to create fake content in quantity in order to confuse Internet users and provoke certain behaviors.
Computer-generated image technology has improved rapidly in recent years, from the photoshopped image of a shark swimming through a flooded highway to the websites that four years ago began mass producing mostly 158 photos of people. But in most cases, the creators of the recent hot images don’t appear to have been ill-intended.
There are 159 by platforms, AI technology companies and industry groups to improve the transparency when a piece of content is generated by a computer. Platforms including Meta’s Facebook and Instagram, Twitter and YouTube have policies restricting or even 160 the sharing of media that could mislead users. But as use of AI-generated technologies grows, even such policies could threaten to 161 user trust. If, for example, a fake image accidentally slipped through a platform’s detection system, it could give people false confidence. Although there’s a detection system that says it’s real, it’s actually not.
Work is also underway on technical solutions that would, 162 , watermark an AI-generated image or include a transparent label in an image’s metadata, so anyone viewing it across the Internet would know it was created by a computer. “All these institutions are 163 disclosure and transparency,” Leibowicz said.
A group of tech leaders, including Musk and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, this week wrote an open letter 164 artificial intelligence labs to stop the training of the most powerful AI systems for at least six months, citing “profound risks to society and humanity.” 165 , it’s not clear whether any labs will take such a step. And as the technology rapidly improves and becomes accessible beyond a relatively small group of corporations doing responsible practices, lawmakers may need to get involved.
151．A．images B．dream C．article D．imagination
152．A．rise B．emphasis C．innovation D．population
153．A．rob B．pollute C．fire D．reverse
154．A．getting rid of B．coming up with C．adding to D．accounting for
155．A．equally B．necessarily C．especially D．nearly
156．A．underestimate B．overstate C．refer D．evaluate
157．A．As you know B．What’s more C．On the other hand D．To put it short
158．A．unachievable B．unbiased C．unconvincing D．uncomfortable
159．A．efforts B．cases C．demands D．resources
160．A．hacking B．urging C．publicizing D．prohibiting
161．A．ruin B．cease C．rebuild D．replace
162．A．in fact B．for example C．above all D．in short
163．A．committed to B．credited to C．mixed about D．worried about
164．A．counting on B．waiting on C．arranging for D．calling for
165．A．Namely B．Oddly C．Still D．Therefore
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Eating with families at table could prevent teenage girls from developing eating disorders.
New research 166 girls who regularly have family meals are much less 167 to adopt extreme weight control behaviours such as vomiting (呕吐), using laxatives (泻药) or diet pills.
A study surveying more than 2,500 American high school students 168 that girls who ate five or more family meals a week had a much healthier 169 with food in later life.
The research, published in international journal Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, polled students aged 13 to 17 in 1999 that were 170 up five years later. Regular family meals were found to have a protective effect regardless of the girls’ age, weight, socio-economic status, dieting 171 or relationship with her family.
Experts say doctors should 172 families to have dinner at the table instead of in front of the television to protect 173 serious eating disorders such as anorexia (厌食症) and bulimia (暴食症).
Belinda Dalton, director of eating disorders clinic The Oak house, said 174 with family helped “normalize” young people’s relationship with 175 .
“When young people are feeling that they’re helpless, they 176 something that they can control and food is something available and 177 for them to control. Clearly, if they’re sitting with their family on a regular basis then their family can be more in 178 of their eating,” Ms Dalton said.
“It’s about young people feeling 179 with their family and that builds self-esteem (自尊) and a sense of worth and that works very actively against someone developing an eating disorder.” An eating disorder expert, Kirsty Greenwood, said meal times were often difficult for 180 . “It’s typical that they feel very ashamed of their eating habits and often won’t eat with other people. Perhaps it’s because they haven’t experienced the importance of family meal in their growing up,” she said.
166．A．recommends B．explains C．argues D．shows
167．A．possibly B．likely C．probably D．hopefully
168．A．noticed B．realized C．researched D．found
169．A．relationship B．means C．hobby D．habit
170．A．approached B．followed C．kept D．held
171．A．manners B．behaviour C．habits D．patterns
172．A．encourage B．advocate C．advise D．persuade
173．A．against B．with C．about D．for
174．A．saying B．eating C．cooking D．tasting
175．A．interest B．vegetable C．work D．food
176．A．lead to B．turn to C．stick to D．belong to
177．A．accessible B．reasonable C．achievable D．possible
178．A．lack B．need C．control D．use
179．A．worried B．pleased C．concerned D．connected
180．A．girls B．victims C．sufferers D．casualties
