专题04 阅读六选四10篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Is lying ever morally acceptable 1 However, there seem to be several instances in which lying seems the most moral choice. Besides, if a broad definition of “lying” is adopted, it seems completely impossible to escape lies.
According to authors such as Kant, a society that accepts lies is a society in which trust is destroyed. And the sense of collectivity is also harmed. However, A less questionable sort of cases in which lying is accepted includes so-called “white lies.” In some circumstances, it seems better to tell a small lie than having someone worrying unnecessarily, or becoming sad. 2 People accept these cases in terms of their results.
Some favourable attitudes toward lying come from the consideration of more dramatic situations. Consider the situation in which someone is angered, out of control, and asks you where she can find a friend of yours so that she can kill that friend. You know where the friend is and lying will help the angry lady calm down. Should you tell the truth Once you start thinking about it, there are plenty of circumstances where lying seems to be morally excusable.
But who is to say whether the situation is qualified to excuse you from lying There are plenty of circumstances in which humans seem to convince themselves of being able to be excused from lying. But in the eyes of their peers, they actually are not. 3
Today, many cases of lying may be seen as the outcome of self-cheating, perhaps a subconscious one. Besides, once we broaden our definition for what a lie may be, we come to see that lies are deeply-seated in our society. Clothing, makeup, plastic surgeries are all topics for discussion.
4 And people unhesitatingly accept them, or even welcome them.
Therefore, before you criticize lying, think again.
A．Actions of this sort are usually forgiven by most people.
B．White lies for most cases cause unexpected negative results.
C．Many people are just cheating themselves believing their lies are morally acceptable.
D．There’s no denying that lying can be seen as a threat to civil society.
E．Such kind of lying in daily life shows all the people’s ignorance.
F．Actually, plenty of aspects of our culture are ways of “masking” how certain things appear.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．F
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为谎言根植于我们的社会文化中，如果采用“说谎”的广义定义，似乎完全不可能避免谎言。
1．根据后文“However, there seem to be several instances in which lying seems the most moral choice(然而，在某些情况下，撒谎似乎是最合乎道德的选择)”中的转折词however可知，前文和后文含义相反，所以选项D“不可否认，说谎会被视为对公民社会的威胁。”切合文意。故选D。
2．根据前文“In some circumstances, it seems better to tell a small lie than having someone worrying unnecessarily, or becoming sad.(在某些情况下，撒个小谎似乎比让别人不必要地担心或悲伤要好。)”和后文“People accept these cases in terms of their results.(人们根据结果接受这些案例。)”可知，此处是指这种谎言会被大部分人接受，所以选项A“这种行为通常会被大多数人原谅。”切合文意。故选A。
3．根据前文“There are plenty of circumstances in which humans seem to convince themselves of being able to be excused from lying. But in the eyes of their peers, they actually are not.(在很多情况下，人类似乎都能说服自己会被原谅撒谎。但在同龄人眼中，他们其实不是。)”可知，此处是指很多时候人只是自欺欺人地认为自己的谎言会被原谅，所以选项C“许多人只是在欺骗自己，认为他们的谎言在道德上是可以接受的。”切合文意。故选C。
4．根据前文“Besides, once we broaden our definition for what a lie may be, we come to see that lies are deeply-seated in our society. Clothing, makeup, plastic surgeries are all topics for discussion.(此外，一旦我们扩大了对谎言的定义，我们就会发现谎言在我们的社会中根深蒂固。服装、化妆、整形手术都是讨论的话题。)”可知，此处是指谎言根植于我们的文化中，所以选项F“实际上，我们文化的很多方面都是“掩盖”某些事物的方式。”切合文意，与下文“And people unhesitatingly accept them, or even welcome them.(人们会毫不犹豫地接受他们，甚至欢迎他们。)”是顺承关系。故选F。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The Heat Vacuum (真空)
Air-conditioning accounts for nearly 15 percent of building energy use in the U.S. today. The number of days with record heat could increase in the coming decades. These two facts present a difficult problem: 5
Researchers at Stanford University say part of the solution is a material that pulls heat from buildings and radiates it into outer space. 6 It originated in the 1980s, when engineers found that certain types of painted-metal roofing pulled heat from buildings and radiated in wavelengths that pass through the earth’s atmosphere. Radiative cooling never worked during the day, however, because no one had made a material that both radiates thermal energy (热能) and reflects sunlight. Reflection is critical: if a material absorbs sunlight, heat from the sun negates any cooling that thermal radiation might achieve.
7 In trials on the roof of its lab, the material, made of layers of hafnium dioxide and silicon dioxide (二氧化铪和二氧化硅) on a base of silver; titanium and silicon (银、钛和硅), reflected 97 percent of sunlight. The silicon dioxide atoms absorb heat from the air on one side of the mirror and releasing thermal radiation on the other. The material radiates primarily at wavelengths between eight and 13 nanometers, which can go through the earth’s atmosphere, so rather than warming the air around the building, the heat escapes to space.
Shanhui Fan, senior author of a 2014 Nature paper describing the work, imagines such mirrors covering the roofs of buildings. With its roof continually releasing heat, a building’s air-conditioning can relax and consume less energy. 8 Remove the mirror component and pair the material with solar cells, for example, and it could cool the cells while allowing light to reach them, making them more efficient.
A．In a warming world, how can we cool our homes and workplaces while reducing energy use
B．The researchers spent the first five years studying reflection.
C．What is the most economical and feasible way to save energy for our future generations
D．There could be other applications.
E．To solve the problem, the Stanford team created what amounts to a very effective mirror.
F．The basic concept is known as radiative cooling.
【答案】5．A 6．F 7．E 8．D
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了用辐射冷却的方法在减少能源消耗的同时为我们的家庭和工作场所降温。
5．根据前文“Air-conditioning accounts for nearly 15 percent of building energy use in the U.S. today. The number of days with record heat could increase in the coming decades. These two facts present a difficult problem:(如今，空调占美国建筑能耗的近15%。未来几十年，创纪录高温的天数可能会增加。这两个事实提出了一个难题)”可知，空处应是难题的具体内容，且和建筑能耗和高温有关，所以A项“In a warming world, how can we cool our homes and workplaces while reducing energy use (在一个变暖的世界里，我们如何在减少能源消耗的同时为我们的家庭和工作场所降温？)”符合题意。故选A项。
6．根据前文“Researchers at Stanford University say part of the solution is a material that pulls heat from buildings and radiates it into outer space.(斯坦福大学的研究人员表示，部分解决方案是一种材料，它可以从建筑物中吸收热量并将其辐射到外太空)”以及后文“It originated in the 1980s, when engineers found that certain types of painted-metal roofing pulled heat from buildings and radiated in wavelengths that pass through the earth’s atmosphere. Radiative cooling never worked during the day, however, because no one had made a material that both radiates thermal energy and reflects sunlight. (它起源于20世纪80年代，当时工程师们发现，某些类型的涂漆金属屋顶可以吸收建筑物的热量，并以穿过地球大气层的波长辐射出去。然而，辐射冷却在白天从来没有起过作用，因为没有人制造出既能辐射热能又能反射阳光的材料 )”可知后文出现辐射冷却这个新的概念，所以应该是空处提出的概念，所以F项“The basic concept is known as radiative cooling.(其基本概念被称为辐射冷却)”符合文意，其中radiative cooling为同词复现。故选F项。
7．根据后文“In trials on the roof of its lab, the material, made of layers of hafnium dioxide and silicon dioxide on a base of silver; titanium and silicon, reflected 97 percent of sunlight. The silicon dioxide atoms absorb heat from the air on one side of the mirror and releasing thermal radiation on the other.(在其实验室屋顶上进行的试验中，这种材料由以银为基底的二氧化铪和二氧化硅层制成；钛和硅，反射了97%的阳光。二氧化硅原子从镜子一侧的空气中吸收热量，并在另一侧释放热辐射)”可知，出现的镜子在前文中并未提及过，所以应是出现在空处，所以E项“To solve the problem, the Stanford team created what amounts to a very effective mirror.(为了解决这个问题，斯坦福大学的研究小组创造了一个非常有效的镜子)”符合文意。故选E项。
8．根据前文“Shanhui Fan, senior author of a 2014 Nature paper describing the work, imagines such mirrors covering the roofs of buildings. With its roof continually releasing heat, a building’s air-conditioning can relax and consume less energy.(2014年发表在《自然》杂志上的一篇描述这项工作的论文的资深作者Shanhui Fan想象了这样的镜子覆盖在建筑物的屋顶上。由于屋顶不断释放热量，建筑的空调可以放松，消耗更少的能源)”以及后文“Remove the mirror component and pair the material with solar cells, for example, and it could cool the cells while allowing light to reach them, making them more efficient.(例如，移除镜面组件并将材料与太阳能电池配对，它可以在让光线到达电池的同时冷却电池，使其更高效)”可知，此处是在讲述镜子除了使房子降温外，其他的用途，所以D项“There could be other applications.(可能还有其他的应用)”符合文意。故选D项。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Face Up to Reality
Calls to restrict the use of face recognition technology are growing louder, but it is already too late. Given its widespread uptake by tech companies and the police, including London’s Metropolitan Police as of last week, a permanent roll back is impossible.
The latest talk of a ban came with reports that the European Commission is considering temporarily banning use of the technology in public spaces. The proposed pause of up to five years would aim to give politicians in Europe time to develop measures to reduce the potential risks of face recognition systems. Some US cities, such as San Francisco, are already considering or have enacted bans. 9 For one, public areas make up a fraction of the physical spaces we inhabit. What about the many that are privately owned, such as shops, schools and museums, in which face recognition is steadily being rolled out, sometimes without our knowledge
At present, most of us associate face recognition with CCTV cameras. 10 Facebook, for example, runs face recognition algorithms (算法) on users’ photos to automatically identify them in other images on the site, which for years functioned on an opt-out basis. Russian search engine Yandex has a sophisticated search function that, given one image of a face, can find pictures online of the same person even in different poses and lighting conditions.
Potential abuses of the technology are causing a lot of the backlash (强烈反对) against it. It has already become a tool for mass surveillance.
11 An independent analysis of a face recognition trial by London’s Metropolitan Police found that 81 percent of matches the system flagged to a watch list of suspects were incorrect. And it is even less accurate for some ethnic minorities, which scales up the risk that use of these systems will worsen racial biases.
So what to do Given both the rate at which the technology is developing and its ubiquity (无处不在), a ban on its use in public spaces would be too little, too late. 12 A strict set of rules on when and how it can be used needs to be decided quickly. Face recognition technology is here to stay; implementing a temporary ban would be the regulatory equivalent of burying our faces in the sand.
A．This applies to face recognition too.
B．What face recognition needs is regulation.
C．It is advancing in the online world too, beyond the scope of such a ban, however.
D．Other concerns relate to the fact that the technology is flawed.
E．Companies cannot let market forces decide how promising new technology will be used.
F．But the prohibitions are so limited that they are hardly bans at all.
【答案】9．F 10．C 11．D 12．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要以“人脸识别技术”是否应该被禁用为话题进行了讨论。该技术不仅用于官方的搜索，也在私人场所广泛使用，不仅用于现实世界，也在网络上应用广泛，因此，禁令的颁布已为时过晚。因此，作者提出了“严格监管”的解决方案。
9．根据前文“Some US cities, such as San Francisco, are already considering or have enacted bans.(一些美国城市，如旧金山，已经在考虑或颁布了禁令。)”提及了颁布人脸识别系统的相关禁令，而后文“For one, public areas make up a fraction of the physical spaces we inhabit. What about the many that are privately owned, such as shops, schools and museums, in which face recognition is steadily being rolled out, sometimes without our knowledge (首先，公共区域只占我们居住的物理空间的一小部分。那么许多私人拥有的场所呢，比如商店、学校和博物馆，这些地方正在稳步推出人脸识别技术，有时我们并不知情。)”则提出禁令无法在私人场所执行，前后存在转折关系，由此可推知，设空句应是转折句，表达“不现实性”或“局限性”含义。选项F“But the prohibitions are so limited that they are hardly bans at all.(但这些禁令是如此有限，以至于根本算不上禁令。)”为转折句，在句意上符合分析，用在段中与前后文衔接紧密。故选F。
10．根据后文“Facebook, for example, runs face recognition algorithms on users’ photos to automatically identify them in other images on the site…(例如，Facebook在用户的照片上运行人脸识别算法，以便在网站上的其他图像中自动识别他们……)”，“Russian search engine Yandex has a sophisticated search function that, given one image of a face…(俄罗斯搜索引擎Yandex有一个复杂的搜索功能，给定一张人脸图像……)”举例提出了“人脸识别”技术在网络上的应用，因此，设空句应是对该部分内容的总述，突出关键词“网络应用”。选项C“It is advancing in the online world too, beyond the scope of such a ban, however.(然而，它在网络世界也在发展，超出了这种禁令的范围。)”在句意上符合分析，且在结构上与前文构成转折关系，在逻辑表达方面呼应主旨。故选C项。
11．设空为该段中心主旨句。结合后文“An independent analysis of a face recognition trial by London’s Metropolitan Police found that 81 percent of matches the system flagged to a watch list of suspects were incorrect.(伦敦大都会警察局对人脸识别试验进行的独立分析发现，该系统标记到嫌疑人观察名单上的81%的匹配是不正确的。)”用举例的方式提出了该技术的缺陷，因此，设空句应包含“缺陷”核心词。选项D“Other concerns relate to the fact that the technology is flawed.(其他担忧与技术存在缺陷有关。)”符合分析。故选D项。
12．根据段首句“So what to do ( 那么该怎么办呢 )”可知，设空句应提出解决方案，且后文“A strict set of rules on when and how it can be used needs to be decided quickly.(需要尽快制定一套关于何时以及如何使用的严格规则。)”提出了关键词“严格的使用规则”，因此，设空句应包含该关键词。选项B“What face recognition needs is regulation.(人脸识别需要的是监管。)”在句意上符合分析，提出了解决方案。故选B项。
（22-23高一下·上海浦东新·期中）AGCCI builds digital skills and momentum (动力) towards a better future
In the rural Rwandan village where Chantal grew up, access to digital technology was basically non-existent. But when she was selected to attend one of the country’s top high schools, Chantal took to computer science right away. After doing well in her exams, she told her mother she wanted to pursue a career in programming. Her mother’s response, she says, did not surprise her: “She laughed and said ‘Do you know where you are from That’s for students from the cities, rich families or boys,’” Chantal recalls.
Though the details vary, versions of Chantal’s story are shared by girls across Africa and around the world. 13 Even for girls who do have exposure to tech, their interest is often dampened by a lack of gender-responsive and interdisciplinary curricula. This was the experience of Sizolwethu, whose high school offered classes on information and communication technologies: “I was fortunate,” she says, “but I was never that much in love with it,” The courses had failed to connect technology to the real-world challenges she saw facing her community and country — a key driver of many girls’ career choices, research shows.
14 There, she says, her passion for tech grew as the camp “opened eyes to the game changing innovations that can impact Africa. I learned that with little or no resources, I can make a huge difference if passion and determination are there.”
Launched in 2018 by UN Women and the African Union Commission (AUC), AGCCI working to empower girls across Africa by helping them build digital literacy (数字素养) a computer skills and placing them on the path to tech careers.
AGCCI’s coding camp was a turning point for Chantal, too. She credits the initiative was pushing her to pursue. Information Technology at the university level — despite the pressure she was receiving against it. 15
16 Awa Ndiaye-Seck, UN Woman Special Representative to the African Union and UNECA says, “We are to address not only the policy-level bothlenecks related to access to technology and finances, but also the gender-based harmful norms and practices that prevent women and girls for pursuing STEM fields.”
A．The absence of workable woman role models further drives their under-representation.
B．The camp inspired me in the world of technology and made me develop an interest in it.
C．AGCCI works both to train and empower girls and to increase their inclusion in the tech sector more generally.
D．Everything changed for Sizolwethu when she attended a coding camp run by the African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI)
E．Now she is using the skills she learned to develop applications that help her community, such as a bus booking system and more.
F．A lack of exposure to tech coupled with strong gendered norms (性别标准) continue to keep girls out of the field from an early age.
【答案】13．F 14．D 15．E 16．C
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了AGCCI致力于培训和赋予女孩权力，并更广泛地促进她们融入科技行业，从而为更美好的未来打造数字技能和动力。
13．根据上文“Though the details vary, versions of Chantal’s story are shared by girls across Africa and around the world.(尽管细节各不相同，但非洲和世界各地的女孩都在分享尚塔尔的故事)”以及后文“Even for girls who do have exposure to tech, their interest is often dampened by a lack of gender-responsive and interdisciplinary curricula.(即使是那些接触过科技的女孩，她们的兴趣也常常因为缺乏性别敏感和跨学科的课程而受到抑制)”可知，本句是在说明导致女孩们被排除在编程工作之外的因素。故F选项“缺乏对科技的接触，再加上强烈的性别规范，使得女孩们从小就被排除在这个领域之外”符合语境，故选F。
14．根据后文“There, she says, her passion for tech grew as the camp “opened eyes to the game changing innovations that can impact Africa. I learned that with little or no resources, I can make a huge difference if passion and determination are there.”(她说，在那里，她对科技的热情与日俱增，因为编程营“让人们看到了可以影响非洲的改变游戏规则的创新。”我认识到，即使资源很少或没有，只要有激情和决心，我也能做出巨大的改变。”)”可知，后文主要列举了Sizolwethu对编程营的看法，说明她加入了编程营。故D选项“当Sizolwethu参加了由非洲女孩编程倡议组织（AGCCI）举办的编程营后，她的一切都改变了”符合语境，故选D。
15．根据上文“AGCCI’s coding camp was a turning point for Chantal, too. She credits the initiative was pushing her to pursue. Information Technology at the university level — despite the pressure she was receiving against it.( AGCCI的编程营对Chantal来说也是一个转折点。她认为是这个倡议推动了她的追求。她选择了大学级别的信息技术专业——尽管她受到了反对的压力)”可知，上文提到了Chantal选择了信息技术专业，故本句承接上文说明她目前的情况，E选项she指代Chantal。故E选项“现在，她正在利用所学的技能开发应用程序来帮助她的社区，比如公交订票系统等等”符合语境，故选E。
16．根据后文“Awa Ndiaye-Seck, UN Woman Special Representative to the African Union and UNECA says, “We are to address not only the policy-level bothlenecks related to access to technology and finances, but also the gender-based harmful norms and practices that prevent women and girls for pursuing STEM fields.”(联合国驻非洲联盟和联合国非洲经济委员会妇女特别代表Awa Ndiaye-Seck说：“我们不仅要解决与获得技术和资金有关的政策层面的瓶颈，还要解决基于性别的有害规范和做法，这些规范和做法阻碍了妇女和女孩从事STEM领域的工作。”)”可知，本段主要总结全文，指出AGCCI对于女性教育的作用。故C选项“AGCCI致力于培训和赋予女孩权力，并更广泛地促进她们融入科技行业”符合语境，故选C。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Michelle Yeoh’s Astounding First Oscar Win at 60 Makes History
There’s no stopping Michelle Yeoh.
Not only did Yeoh claim her first Oscar win for the hit film Everything Everywhere All At Once, but she did it while making history as the first Asian woman to win Best Actress.
17 She’s been an actor for nearly 40 years, but it’s taken the huge success of Everything Everywhere All At Once to elevate her to a new height of fame and recognition. Her tremendous performance as Evelyn, an Asian-American immigrant mother struggling to make ends meet finally uncovered her exceptional talent and personal appeal to the rest of the world.
Thankfully, she’s no longer in the shadows; it’s her moment, and all we can do as spectators is embrace her journey. From Hong Kong martial arts films to Hollywood favorites like James Bond and The Mummy, she’s been making an impact since the very beginning. 18 In the eighties, as she started out in the male-dominated Hong Kong film industry, men viewed her with distrust and a touch of fear. But the former Miss Malaysia didn’t let up: she kept up with the men and often surpassed them in the gym, training day and night until she was satisfied with her progress.
19 She dedicated her win to “the Asian community and anyone who has ever been identified as a minority.” “For all the little boys and girls who look like me watching tonight, this is a beacon of hope and possibilities. This is proof-dream big and dreams do come true. And ladies, don’t let anybody tell you you’re ever past your prime.”
What’s so admirable about Yeoh is that she’s never let rejection or doubt spoil her vision. 20 In this case, it was Everything Everywhere All At Once, but even if the movie hadn’t received the applause it did, Yeoh would have carved out something else to lift her up.
A．Many people told her to call it quits, believing that she’d already reached the glass ceiling.
B．Yeoh took the stage to deliver a touching speech with advice to never give up on your dreams.
C．The actress has been on a roll over the past year-surfing from one high to another.
D．This is a woman who has been so assured about her abilities from the start that she continued to strive and strive until the right opportunity came her way.
E．However, her road is paved with obstacles, and she’s not hesitant in raising awareness about prejudice she’s encountered throughout her career.
F．Rather than letting these failures define us, we need to use them as a chance to learn and grow.
【答案】17．C 18．E 19．B 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了60岁的杨紫琼获得了奥斯卡影后，成为首位奥斯卡亚裔影后。
17．根据空后内容“She’s been an actor for nearly 40 years, but it’s taken the huge success of Everything Everywhere All At Once to elevate her to a new height of fame and recognition.(她已经当了近40年的演员，但直到《瞬息全宇宙》的巨大成功才把她的名气和认知度提升到一个新的高度。)”可知，下文讲述的是杨紫琼从演多年，直到这部电影的成功才将她的知名度等提升到一个新的高度。选项C“The actress has been on a roll over the past year-surfing from one high to another.(这位女演员在过去的一年里一直顺风顺水——从一个高潮到另一个高潮。)”与下文内容一致，指的是杨紫琼的事业一直在稳步上升。故选C。
18．根据空后内容“In the eighties, as she started out in the male-dominated Hong Kong film industry, men viewed her with distrust and a touch of fear. But the former Miss Malaysia didn’t let up: she kept up with the men and often surpassed them in the gym, training day and night until she was satisfied with her progress.(上世纪80年代，当她开始进入男性主导的香港电影行业时，男人们对她充满了不信任和一丝恐惧。但这位前马来西亚小姐并没有放弃：她赶上了男选手，并经常在健身房超越他们，日以继夜地训练，直到她对自己的进步感到满意。)”可知，下文主要讲述的是面对男性对她的质疑，杨紫琼不断努力，直到自己满意。选项E“However, her road is paved with obstacles, and she’s not hesitant in raising awareness about prejudice she’s encountered throughout her career.(然而，她的道路充满了障碍，她毫不犹豫地提高人们对她在职业生涯中遇到的偏见的认识。)”讲述的正是她努力提高自己，战胜别人对自己的偏见。故选E。
19．根据空后内容“She dedicated her win to “the Asian community and anyone who has ever been identified as a minority.” “For all the little boys and girls who look like me watching tonight, this is a beacon of hope and possibilities. This is proof-dream big and dreams do come true. And ladies, don’t let anybody tell you you’re ever past your prime.”(她将自己的胜利献给“亚裔社区和任何曾经被认定为少数族裔的人”。“对于所有像我一样正在观看今晚晚会的小男孩和小女孩来说，这是一座希望和可能性的灯塔。这就是证明——梦想大，梦想就会成真。女士们，不要让任何人告诉你们，你们的黄金时代已经过去了。”)”可知，下文是杨紫琼获奖后发表的演讲内容。选项B“Yeoh took the stage to deliver a touching speech with advice to never give up on your dreams.(杨紫琼上台发表了一篇感人的演讲，并建议大家永远不要放弃自己的梦想。)”引出下文演讲的具体内容，与下文一致。故选B。
20．根据空前内容“What’s so admirable about Yeoh is that she’s never let rejection or doubt spoil her vision.(杨紫琼令人钦佩的是，她从不让拒绝或怀疑破坏她的愿景。)”可知，杨紫琼从不让拒绝或怀疑破坏她的愿景，是一个令人钦佩的人。而下文“In this case, it was Everything Everywhere All At Once, but even if the movie hadn’t received the applause it did, Yeoh would have carved out something else to lift her up.(这部电影的名字是《瞬息全宇宙》，但即使这部电影没有获得如此多的掌声，杨紫琼也会创造出别的东西来提升自己。)”仍然讲述的是杨紫琼会不断提升自己。选项D“This is a woman who has been so assured about her abilities from the start that she continued to strive and strive until the right opportunity came her way.(这是一个从一开始就对自己的能力非常自信的女人，她一直在努力奋斗，直到合适的机会出现。)”呈上讲述杨紫琼对自己很自信，让人钦佩；同时引出下文，这部电影《瞬息全宇宙》是她展现自己的机会。故选D。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）High-quality customer service is preached (宣扬) by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store 21 . Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school.
“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group, “the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.”
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. 22 .
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems, ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers. The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long-check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting (业余兼职的) local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. 23 . It also avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. 24 . “Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.”
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.
A．Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.
B．Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
C．However, few customers believe the parking service will be improved.
D．This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly.
E．Instead, they will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
F．The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.
【答案】21．E 22．F 23．D 24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了零售商们如何提升客服质量。
21．根据空格后句“Store managers are often the last to hear complaints”（商店经理往往是最后一个听到抱怨的人）可知，这里指的一种现状，即顾客不太向经理投诉，E选项的“Instead, they will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.”（相反，他们会警醒朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人和任何愿意倾听的人），刚好解释了后句原因，故选E。
22．根据空格前句“For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews.”（对于每一位不满意的顾客，一家商店将因负面评价而再损失三家。）可知，这里指的是指数式增长，F选项的“The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.”（由此产生的“滚雪球效应”对零售商来说可能是灾难性的。），刚好是对前句的总结，故选F。
23．根据空格后句“It also avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.”（它还避免了那些盯着同一个停车位的人之间的冲突。）可知，这里指的是这种做法带来的另一个好处，那么前句应为一个好处。D选项的“This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly.”（这种指导消除了顾客无休止地在停车场绕圈的需要），恰好指出一个好处，符合要求，故选D。
24．根据空格后句“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.”（反应灵敏、友好的零售商比那些不那么友好的零售商更有可能解决问题。）可知，这里指的是对顾客友好的重要性，B选项的“Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.”（最重要的是，销售人员应对愤怒的顾客要有外交技巧和礼貌），与后句语义相呼应，故选B。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Eat Better for the Planet
You are environmentally conscious—and hungry. Here are answers to all your eco-friendly food questions.
Does what I eat have an effect on climate change
Yes. The world’s food system is responsible for about 1/4 of the planet-warming greenhouse gases that humans generate each year. That includes raising and harvesting all the plants, animals, as well as processing, packaging, and shipping food to markets all over the world.
How exactly does food contribute to global warming
When forests are cleared to make room for farms and livestock, large stores of carbon are released into the atmosphere, which heats up the planet. 25 , all of which generate emissions(排放).
Is there a simple food choice I can make that would reduce my climate footprint
26 . A number of studies have concluded that people who eat a meat-heavy diet could shrink their food related footprint by 1/3 or more by moving to a vegetarian diet. Giving up dairy would reduce those emissions even further.
Should I buy only produce that is local and seasonal
27 , since transportation accounts for only about 6% of food total climate footprints. That said, some perishable(易腐烂的)fruits and vegetables shipped by plane can have a high carbon footprint. By contrast, apples, oranges, and bananas are often shipped by sea, which is more fuel efficient.
Can I really make a difference
It’s true that one person alone can make only a tiny dent in the global climate problem. 28 . As the world’s population keeps growing, farmers will need to control their emissions and grow more food on less land to limit the deforestation. Experts have argued that it would make a difference if the world’s heaviest meat eaters scaled back(缩减)—even moderately.
A．On the other hand, if many people made changes to their diets, that could start to add up
B．A number of experts have argued that a sustainable food system can and should include plenty of animals
C．Also, fossil fuels are used to operate farm machinery and ship food around the globe
D．Consuming less red meat and dairy will typically have the biggest effect for most people in wealthy countries
E．In general, what you eat matters a lot more than where it comes from
F．In some cases it can be worse—organic farms often require more land
【答案】25．C 26．D 27．E 28．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要针对有关饮食和全球变暖的关系问题给出了具体的回答。
25．上文“When forests are cleared to make room for farms and livestock, large stores of carbon are released into the atmosphere, which heats up the planet.”（当森林被砍伐为农场和牲畜腾出空间时，大量的碳被释放到大气中，使地球变暖。）说明了饮食和全球变暖之间的关系，结合下文“all of which generate emissions”（所有这些都会产生排放。）可知，空处需要列举更多饮食和环境之间的关系，C项“Also, fossil fuels are used to operate farm machinery and ship food around the globe”（此外，化石燃料被用于操作农业机械和在全球范围内运输食品）与上文构成并列递进关系，并照应下文“all of which”，衔接恰当。故选C项。
26．下文“A number of studies have concluded that people who eat a meat-heavy diet could shrink their food related footprint by 1/3 or more by moving to a vegetarian diet. Giving up dairy would reduce those emissions even further.”（许多研究得出结论，那些以肉类为主的人可以通过转向素食来减少三分之一或更多的与食物相关的碳足迹。放弃乳制品会进一步减少这些排放。）可知，减少肉类和乳制品可以减少碳排放，D项“Consuming less red meat and dairy will typically have the biggest effect for most people in wealthy countries”（对于富裕国家的大多数人来说，少吃红肉和乳制品通常会产生最大的影响。）衔接下文恰当，故选D项。
27．上文“Should I buy only produce that is local and seasonal ”（我应该只买当地的应季产品吗 ）对于食物来源问题提出疑问，结合下文“since transportation accounts for only about 6% of food total climate footprints. That said, some perishable(易腐烂的)fruits and vegetables shipped by plane can have a high carbon footprint. By contrast, apples, oranges, and bananas are often shipped by sea, which is more fuel efficient. ”（因为交通运输只占食物总气候足迹的6%。也就是说，一些由飞机运输的易腐水果和蔬菜可能会产生高碳足迹。相比之下，苹果、橙子和香蕉通常通过海运，这更节省燃料）可知，在选择食物方面，交通运输不是主要考虑的问题，食物的选择更关键，E项“In general, what you eat matters a lot more than where it comes from”（总的来说，你吃什么比它来自哪里更重要。）总结下文段意，衔接恰当。故选E项。
28．上文“It’s true that one person alone can make only a tiny dent in the global climate problem.”（的确，一个人对全球气候问题的影响微乎其微。）说明个人的努力很难对全球气候问题有所帮助，A项“On the other hand, if many people made changes to their diets, that could start to add up”（另一方面，如果许多人改变他们的饮食习惯，影响就能累计增加。）衔接前文，说明个人的影响微不足道，但如果大家都改变饮食习惯，就能产生巨大的影响，衔接恰当。故选A项。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）How good are you at maths Some people love the challenge of algebra or enjoy working out number puzzles such as Sudoko. Maths is all around us, from working out how to split the bill after a meal, to calculating your household bills. 29 It can seem daunting, but this ‘maths anxiety’ is perfectly normal, and you’re definitely not alone. And anyway, our worries and fears don’t necessarily reflect our ability. 30 Research has found that maths teachers who are nervous about teaching the subject can pass on their anxiety to the pupils, and girls may be more likely to be affected.
The Programme for International Student Assessment found around 31% of 15 and 16-year-olds across 34 countries said they got very nervous doing maths problems, 33% said they got tense doing maths homework, and nearly 60% said they worried maths classes would be difficult. Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC she believes giving students, particularly girls, good role models “is critical, especially at a young age”. 31
Writing for BBC Future, David Robson says “It’s not clear why maths arouses so much fear compared to geography. But the fact that there’s a right or wrong answer — there’s no room for bluffing (吓唬) — might make you more worried about underperforming. 32 Psychologists have been trying to work out why mental arithmetic can bring us out in a sweat. That seed of fear may come from many sources, but some suggest that expressing your fears can loosen their hold on you, and encourage children to see a maths test as a challenge, not a threat. Ideally, we need to think positively about maths and give it a second chance.
A．The problem really starts in childhood, at school.
B．She thinks the key is to get people, especially women, who love teaching maths to children.
C．Since math is a subject of fixed answers, children are often scared of giving the wrong answer.
D．And once we assume we’re not a ‘maths person’, we avoid solving things that we probably could do.
E．More often than not, children aren’t aware of how they can practice basic math outside of school and homework.
F．But many dread the moment when they have to deal with numbers and feel a sense of worry and confusion.
【答案】29．F 30．A 31．B 32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了数学不好的原因以及相关的研究。
29．根据后文“It can seem daunting, but this ‘maths anxiety’ is perfectly normal, and you’re definitely not alone.(这似乎令人生畏，但这种“数学焦虑”是完全正常的，你绝对不是一个人)”推知，空处提到了对数学的焦虑。故F选项“但是很多人害怕处理数字的时刻，感到担心和困惑”符合语境，故选F。
30．根据后文“Research has found that maths teachers who are nervous about teaching the subject can pass on their anxiety to the pupils, and girls may be more likely to be affected.(研究发现，在教学过程中感到紧张的数学老师会把他们的焦虑传递给学生，而女孩可能更容易受到影响)”可知，后文提到了教学过程，说明是在说明对数学的焦虑从学校就开始了。故A选项“这个问题在儿童时期，在学校就开始了”符合语境，故选A。
31．根据上文“Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC she believes giving students, particularly girls, good role models “is critical, especially at a young age”.(波士顿大学奎斯特罗姆商学院的Shulamit Kahn告诉BBC，她认为给学生，尤其是女孩树立好榜样“至关重要，尤其是在小时候”)”可知，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明Shulamit Kahn对于数学教育的看法，B选项中She指代Shulamit Kahn。故B选项“她认为关键是要让那些喜欢数学的人，尤其是女性去教孩子”符合语境，故选B。
32．根据上文“But the fact that there’s a right or wrong answer — there’s no room for bluffing (吓唬) — might make you more worried about underperforming.(但事实上，有一个正确或错误的答案——没有虚张声势的余地——可能会让你更担心表现不佳)”以及后文“Psychologists have been trying to work out why mental arithmetic can bring us out in a sweat. That seed of fear may come from many sources, but some suggest that expressing your fears can loosen their hold on you, and encourage children to see a maths test as a challenge, not a threat. Ideally, we need to think positively about maths and give it a second chance.(心理学家一直在努力研究为什么心算会让我们大汗淋漓。恐惧的种子可能有很多来源，但有些人认为，表达你的恐惧可以放松它们对你的控制，并鼓励孩子将数学考试视为挑战，而不是威胁。理想情况下，我们需要积极看待数学，给它第二次机会)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明表现不佳的表现，故D选项“一旦我们认为自己不是一个‘数学人’，我们就会避免解决我们可能会做的事情”符合语境，故选D。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The Power of the Press
In modern countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. However, this freedom can easily be abused. 33 Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold suffering to individuals by publishing details about their private lives. Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.
The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press. The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23, 000 inhabitants in South Dakota. 34 They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic problems. If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed. They would have continued to struggle against economic odds and would have lived in obscurity. But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy, an event which radically changed their lives. The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty reporters and photographers.
The rise to fame was swift. 35 Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs. Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufactures who wished to advertise their products. The old farmhouse the family lived in was to be replaced by a new $ 500, 000 home. Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for the family at press conferences. While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame. 36 They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value. Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity.
A．Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the country.
B．Stories about people often attract far more public attention than imagined.
C．It is hard not to read news about the miserable things happening in the world.
D．They were more than happy to make full use of their names.
E．It would never again be possible for them to lead normal lives.
F．As the parents had five children, life was an endless struggle against poverty.
【答案】33．B 34．F 35．A 36．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章用例子说明了媒体的力量很大，不仅能够给老百姓的生活带来重大的变化，甚至能够推翻一个政府。
33．下文“Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. (尽管我们可能喜欢阅读别人的生活，但是我们是否也同样喜欢阅读自己的生活，这是非常值得怀疑的。)”提出尽管我们可能喜欢阅读别人的生活，但是我们是否也同样喜欢阅读自己的生活，这是非常值得怀疑的，由此可知，空处引起下文，提出我们喜欢关注别人的生活，B项“关于人们的故事往往比想象中吸引更多的公众注意力。”符合，其中“Stories about people”呼应下文“the lives of others”，故选B。
34．上文“The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23, 000 inhabitants in South Dakota. (这家人住在南达科他州一个有23000居民的小镇阿伯丁。 )”描述了这家人住在小镇里，下文“They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic problems. (他们即将迎来第六个孩子，面临着更加紧迫的经济问题。)”描述了家里即将有第六个孩子，家庭更加贫穷，空处应该是在描述家里有五个孩子很贫穷的境况，F项“由于父母有五个孩子，生活就是与贫困进行无休止的斗争。”符合，且“five children”和下文“their sixth child”相照应，故选F。
35．上文“The rise to fame was swift. (名声迅速崛起。)”可知，这家人很快就有名了，空处应该承接上文，指出这家人如何在大众媒体的帮助下变得有名的，A项“电视摄像机和报纸把这个消息传给了全国的每一个人。”符合，故选A。
36．上文“While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame.(当这五个婴儿仍然安静地睡在医院托儿所的氧气帐篷里时，他们的父母正在为出名付出代价。)”指出这家人出名后，他们的父母为此付出了代价，下文“They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value. Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity. (他们已经成为商业化的受害者，因为他们的名字已经获得了市场价值。这些孩子不再是五个新的家庭成员，而是立刻变成了一种商品。)”具体指出这家人为出名付出了什么代价，空处应该也是描述这家人为出名付出的代价，E项“他们再也不可能过上正常的生活了。”符合，故选E。
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）What Makes Risk-Takers Tempt Fate
Moments before throwing herself off a thousand-foot cliff, Steph Davis feels a surge of fear and excitement. As she pushes away from the edge, these mixed feelings give way to an intense rush, then deep focus. She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds.
37 In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors.
Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA．Cynthia Thomson’s study found that individuals who reported riskier behavior usually shared a similar genetic constitution (构成). Scientists believe that people with this genetic variant produce more dopamine receptors. “So they need to seek out intense situations to bring up their dopamine levels,” says Thomson.
38 Several studies have shown that risk-taking behavior is linked to the earliest bonds (关系) we form with our primary caretakers. Those with less secure attachments are more likely to engage in dangerous activities.
There is the common idea that extreme sports enthusiasts are chasing thrills. But Tim Woodman, a professor at the Bangor University in Wales, suggests that it is about something altogether different: emotion regulation. In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. 39 “It’s rewarding because they’ve moved from a feeling of inadequacy to a sense of achievement,” says Woodman.
For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). 40 What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential.
A．Now, research suggests that they are right.
B．They seek out extreme sports as a way to actually feel.
C．Extreme sports such as wingsuiting are gaining popularity.
D．However, most scientists agree that personality is a complex mix of environmental and genetic influences.
E．They are actually extremely well-prepared athletes with high levels of self-awareness and a deep knowledge of the environment.
F．According to a study by the University of Colorado School of Medicine, 76 percent of wingsuiters have experienced a close call.
【答案】37．F 38．D 39．B 40．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因。
37．F选项“根据科罗拉多大学医学院的一项研究，76%的翼装者经历过死里逃生。”承接上文第一段“She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds. (她必须调整身体的位置，使她的翼服充满空气。然后，她必须在正确的时刻打开降落伞，并在60秒内完成着陆)”讲翼装者飞行经历，F选项用科学数据引出下文“In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts (面对如此致命的后果，为什么有些人仍然被冒险的尝试所吸引？)”翼装飞行可能带来的致命后果。故选F项。
38．由上文第三段“Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA. (甚至在我们出生之前，我们对风险的偏好就可能在我们的DNA中被描绘出来)”可知，有科学家认为喜欢冒险的性格早被基因决定了，呼应上文第二段“The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors. (答案可能在于基因、环境和心理因素的复杂组合)”，可得出性格会受到多种因素的影响（不仅限于基因），D选项“然而，大多数科学家都认为性格是环境和基因影响的复杂组合。”与上文第三段形成转折关系，讲述影响影响性格的多种因素。故选D项。
39．B选项“他们寻求极限运动作为一种真实感受的方式。”与上文“In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. (在他看来，那些参加高风险运动的人往往难以体验情绪，这种情况被称为述情障碍)”是因果关系，因为有些人难以体验情绪，所以寻求极限运动来感受情绪。故选B项。
40．结合上文用科学研究解释为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因，A选项“现在，研究表明他们是对的。”和下文“What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential. (人们从极限运动中获得的是深刻的转变——一种与深刻的自我感和真实感相联系的感觉，一种与自然世界的强大关系，一种自由感。他们有一种强烈的充分生活的感觉，仿佛充分发挥了自己的潜力)”肯定了上文“For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). (多年来，专业滑雪者、跳伞运动员和登山者一直认为他们并不鲁莽)”所讲的冒险者喜欢极限运动是对的的这个事实。故选A项。专题04 阅读六选四10篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Is lying ever morally acceptable 1 However, there seem to be several instances in which lying seems the most moral choice. Besides, if a broad definition of “lying” is adopted, it seems completely impossible to escape lies.
According to authors such as Kant, a society that accepts lies is a society in which trust is destroyed. And the sense of collectivity is also harmed. However, A less questionable sort of cases in which lying is accepted includes so-called “white lies.” In some circumstances, it seems better to tell a small lie than having someone worrying unnecessarily, or becoming sad. 2 People accept these cases in terms of their results.
Some favourable attitudes toward lying come from the consideration of more dramatic situations. Consider the situation in which someone is angered, out of control, and asks you where she can find a friend of yours so that she can kill that friend. You know where the friend is and lying will help the angry lady calm down. Should you tell the truth Once you start thinking about it, there are plenty of circumstances where lying seems to be morally excusable.
But who is to say whether the situation is qualified to excuse you from lying There are plenty of circumstances in which humans seem to convince themselves of being able to be excused from lying. But in the eyes of their peers, they actually are not. 3
Today, many cases of lying may be seen as the outcome of self-cheating, perhaps a subconscious one. Besides, once we broaden our definition for what a lie may be, we come to see that lies are deeply-seated in our society. Clothing, makeup, plastic surgeries are all topics for discussion.
4 And people unhesitatingly accept them, or even welcome them.
Therefore, before you criticize lying, think again.
A．Actions of this sort are usually forgiven by most people.
B．White lies for most cases cause unexpected negative results.
C．Many people are just cheating themselves believing their lies are morally acceptable.
D．There’s no denying that lying can be seen as a threat to civil society.
E．Such kind of lying in daily life shows all the people’s ignorance.
F．Actually, plenty of aspects of our culture are ways of “masking” how certain things appear.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The Heat Vacuum (真空)
Air-conditioning accounts for nearly 15 percent of building energy use in the U.S. today. The number of days with record heat could increase in the coming decades. These two facts present a difficult problem: 5
Researchers at Stanford University say part of the solution is a material that pulls heat from buildings and radiates it into outer space. 6 It originated in the 1980s, when engineers found that certain types of painted-metal roofing pulled heat from buildings and radiated in wavelengths that pass through the earth’s atmosphere. Radiative cooling never worked during the day, however, because no one had made a material that both radiates thermal energy (热能) and reflects sunlight. Reflection is critical: if a material absorbs sunlight, heat from the sun negates any cooling that thermal radiation might achieve.
7 In trials on the roof of its lab, the material, made of layers of hafnium dioxide and silicon dioxide (二氧化铪和二氧化硅) on a base of silver; titanium and silicon (银、钛和硅), reflected 97 percent of sunlight. The silicon dioxide atoms absorb heat from the air on one side of the mirror and releasing thermal radiation on the other. The material radiates primarily at wavelengths between eight and 13 nanometers, which can go through the earth’s atmosphere, so rather than warming the air around the building, the heat escapes to space.
Shanhui Fan, senior author of a 2014 Nature paper describing the work, imagines such mirrors covering the roofs of buildings. With its roof continually releasing heat, a building’s air-conditioning can relax and consume less energy. 8 Remove the mirror component and pair the material with solar cells, for example, and it could cool the cells while allowing light to reach them, making them more efficient.
A．In a warming world, how can we cool our homes and workplaces while reducing energy use
B．The researchers spent the first five years studying reflection.
C．What is the most economical and feasible way to save energy for our future generations
D．There could be other applications.
E．To solve the problem, the Stanford team created what amounts to a very effective mirror.
F．The basic concept is known as radiative cooling.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Face Up to Reality
Calls to restrict the use of face recognition technology are growing louder, but it is already too late. Given its widespread uptake by tech companies and the police, including London’s Metropolitan Police as of last week, a permanent roll back is impossible.
The latest talk of a ban came with reports that the European Commission is considering temporarily banning use of the technology in public spaces. The proposed pause of up to five years would aim to give politicians in Europe time to develop measures to reduce the potential risks of face recognition systems. Some US cities, such as San Francisco, are already considering or have enacted bans. 9 For one, public areas make up a fraction of the physical spaces we inhabit. What about the many that are privately owned, such as shops, schools and museums, in which face recognition is steadily being rolled out, sometimes without our knowledge
At present, most of us associate face recognition with CCTV cameras. 10 Facebook, for example, runs face recognition algorithms (算法) on users’ photos to automatically identify them in other images on the site, which for years functioned on an opt-out basis. Russian search engine Yandex has a sophisticated search function that, given one image of a face, can find pictures online of the same person even in different poses and lighting conditions.
Potential abuses of the technology are causing a lot of the backlash (强烈反对) against it. It has already become a tool for mass surveillance.
11 An independent analysis of a face recognition trial by London’s Metropolitan Police found that 81 percent of matches the system flagged to a watch list of suspects were incorrect. And it is even less accurate for some ethnic minorities, which scales up the risk that use of these systems will worsen racial biases.
So what to do Given both the rate at which the technology is developing and its ubiquity (无处不在), a ban on its use in public spaces would be too little, too late. 12 A strict set of rules on when and how it can be used needs to be decided quickly. Face recognition technology is here to stay; implementing a temporary ban would be the regulatory equivalent of burying our faces in the sand.
A．This applies to face recognition too.
B．What face recognition needs is regulation.
C．It is advancing in the online world too, beyond the scope of such a ban, however.
D．Other concerns relate to the fact that the technology is flawed.
E．Companies cannot let market forces decide how promising new technology will be used.
F．But the prohibitions are so limited that they are hardly bans at all.
（22-23高一下·上海浦东新·期中）AGCCI builds digital skills and momentum (动力) towards a better future
In the rural Rwandan village where Chantal grew up, access to digital technology was basically non-existent. But when she was selected to attend one of the country’s top high schools, Chantal took to computer science right away. After doing well in her exams, she told her mother she wanted to pursue a career in programming. Her mother’s response, she says, did not surprise her: “She laughed and said ‘Do you know where you are from That’s for students from the cities, rich families or boys,’” Chantal recalls.
Though the details vary, versions of Chantal’s story are shared by girls across Africa and around the world. 13 Even for girls who do have exposure to tech, their interest is often dampened by a lack of gender-responsive and interdisciplinary curricula. This was the experience of Sizolwethu, whose high school offered classes on information and communication technologies: “I was fortunate,” she says, “but I was never that much in love with it,” The courses had failed to connect technology to the real-world challenges she saw facing her community and country — a key driver of many girls’ career choices, research shows.
14 There, she says, her passion for tech grew as the camp “opened eyes to the game changing innovations that can impact Africa. I learned that with little or no resources, I can make a huge difference if passion and determination are there.”
Launched in 2018 by UN Women and the African Union Commission (AUC), AGCCI working to empower girls across Africa by helping them build digital literacy (数字素养) a computer skills and placing them on the path to tech careers.
AGCCI’s coding camp was a turning point for Chantal, too. She credits the initiative was pushing her to pursue. Information Technology at the university level — despite the pressure she was receiving against it. 15
16 Awa Ndiaye-Seck, UN Woman Special Representative to the African Union and UNECA says, “We are to address not only the policy-level bothlenecks related to access to technology and finances, but also the gender-based harmful norms and practices that prevent women and girls for pursuing STEM fields.”
A．The absence of workable woman role models further drives their under-representation.
B．The camp inspired me in the world of technology and made me develop an interest in it.
C．AGCCI works both to train and empower girls and to increase their inclusion in the tech sector more generally.
D．Everything changed for Sizolwethu when she attended a coding camp run by the African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI)
E．Now she is using the skills she learned to develop applications that help her community, such as a bus booking system and more.
F．A lack of exposure to tech coupled with strong gendered norms (性别标准) continue to keep girls out of the field from an early age.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Michelle Yeoh’s Astounding First Oscar Win at 60 Makes History
There’s no stopping Michelle Yeoh.
Not only did Yeoh claim her first Oscar win for the hit film Everything Everywhere All At Once, but she did it while making history as the first Asian woman to win Best Actress.
17 She’s been an actor for nearly 40 years, but it’s taken the huge success of Everything Everywhere All At Once to elevate her to a new height of fame and recognition. Her tremendous performance as Evelyn, an Asian-American immigrant mother struggling to make ends meet finally uncovered her exceptional talent and personal appeal to the rest of the world.
Thankfully, she’s no longer in the shadows; it’s her moment, and all we can do as spectators is embrace her journey. From Hong Kong martial arts films to Hollywood favorites like James Bond and The Mummy, she’s been making an impact since the very beginning. 18 In the eighties, as she started out in the male-dominated Hong Kong film industry, men viewed her with distrust and a touch of fear. But the former Miss Malaysia didn’t let up: she kept up with the men and often surpassed them in the gym, training day and night until she was satisfied with her progress.
19 She dedicated her win to “the Asian community and anyone who has ever been identified as a minority.” “For all the little boys and girls who look like me watching tonight, this is a beacon of hope and possibilities. This is proof-dream big and dreams do come true. And ladies, don’t let anybody tell you you’re ever past your prime.”
What’s so admirable about Yeoh is that she’s never let rejection or doubt spoil her vision. 20 In this case, it was Everything Everywhere All At Once, but even if the movie hadn’t received the applause it did, Yeoh would have carved out something else to lift her up.
A．Many people told her to call it quits, believing that she’d already reached the glass ceiling.
B．Yeoh took the stage to deliver a touching speech with advice to never give up on your dreams.
C．The actress has been on a roll over the past year-surfing from one high to another.
D．This is a woman who has been so assured about her abilities from the start that she continued to strive and strive until the right opportunity came her way.
E．However, her road is paved with obstacles, and she’s not hesitant in raising awareness about prejudice she’s encountered throughout her career.
F．Rather than letting these failures define us, we need to use them as a chance to learn and grow.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）High-quality customer service is preached (宣扬) by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store 21 . Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school.
“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group, “the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.”
On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. 22 .
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems, ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers. The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long-check-out lines, and rude salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting (业余兼职的) local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. 23 . It also avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. 24 . “Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.”
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.
A．Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.
B．Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
C．However, few customers believe the parking service will be improved.
D．This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly.
E．Instead, they will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.
F．The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Eat Better for the Planet
You are environmentally conscious—and hungry. Here are answers to all your eco-friendly food questions.
Does what I eat have an effect on climate change
Yes. The world’s food system is responsible for about 1/4 of the planet-warming greenhouse gases that humans generate each year. That includes raising and harvesting all the plants, animals, as well as processing, packaging, and shipping food to markets all over the world.
How exactly does food contribute to global warming
When forests are cleared to make room for farms and livestock, large stores of carbon are released into the atmosphere, which heats up the planet. 25 , all of which generate emissions(排放).
Is there a simple food choice I can make that would reduce my climate footprint
26 . A number of studies have concluded that people who eat a meat-heavy diet could shrink their food related footprint by 1/3 or more by moving to a vegetarian diet. Giving up dairy would reduce those emissions even further.
Should I buy only produce that is local and seasonal
27 , since transportation accounts for only about 6% of food total climate footprints. That said, some perishable(易腐烂的)fruits and vegetables shipped by plane can have a high carbon footprint. By contrast, apples, oranges, and bananas are often shipped by sea, which is more fuel efficient.
Can I really make a difference
It’s true that one person alone can make only a tiny dent in the global climate problem. 28 . As the world’s population keeps growing, farmers will need to control their emissions and grow more food on less land to limit the deforestation. Experts have argued that it would make a difference if the world’s heaviest meat eaters scaled back(缩减)—even moderately.
A．On the other hand, if many people made changes to their diets, that could start to add up
B．A number of experts have argued that a sustainable food system can and should include plenty of animals
C．Also, fossil fuels are used to operate farm machinery and ship food around the globe
D．Consuming less red meat and dairy will typically have the biggest effect for most people in wealthy countries
E．In general, what you eat matters a lot more than where it comes from
F．In some cases it can be worse—organic farms often require more land
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）How good are you at maths Some people love the challenge of algebra or enjoy working out number puzzles such as Sudoko. Maths is all around us, from working out how to split the bill after a meal, to calculating your household bills. 29 It can seem daunting, but this ‘maths anxiety’ is perfectly normal, and you’re definitely not alone. And anyway, our worries and fears don’t necessarily reflect our ability. 30 Research has found that maths teachers who are nervous about teaching the subject can pass on their anxiety to the pupils, and girls may be more likely to be affected.
The Programme for International Student Assessment found around 31% of 15 and 16-year-olds across 34 countries said they got very nervous doing maths problems, 33% said they got tense doing maths homework, and nearly 60% said they worried maths classes would be difficult. Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC she believes giving students, particularly girls, good role models “is critical, especially at a young age”. 31
Writing for BBC Future, David Robson says “It’s not clear why maths arouses so much fear compared to geography. But the fact that there’s a right or wrong answer — there’s no room for bluffing (吓唬) — might make you more worried about underperforming. 32 Psychologists have been trying to work out why mental arithmetic can bring us out in a sweat. That seed of fear may come from many sources, but some suggest that expressing your fears can loosen their hold on you, and encourage children to see a maths test as a challenge, not a threat. Ideally, we need to think positively about maths and give it a second chance.
A．The problem really starts in childhood, at school.
B．She thinks the key is to get people, especially women, who love teaching maths to children.
C．Since math is a subject of fixed answers, children are often scared of giving the wrong answer.
D．And once we assume we’re not a ‘maths person’, we avoid solving things that we probably could do.
E．More often than not, children aren’t aware of how they can practice basic math outside of school and homework.
F．But many dread the moment when they have to deal with numbers and feel a sense of worry and confusion.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The Power of the Press
In modern countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. However, this freedom can easily be abused. 33 Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold suffering to individuals by publishing details about their private lives. Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.
The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press. The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23, 000 inhabitants in South Dakota. 34 They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic problems. If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed. They would have continued to struggle against economic odds and would have lived in obscurity. But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy, an event which radically changed their lives. The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty reporters and photographers.
The rise to fame was swift. 35 Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs. Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufactures who wished to advertise their products. The old farmhouse the family lived in was to be replaced by a new $ 500, 000 home. Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for the family at press conferences. While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame. 36 They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value. Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity.
A．Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the country.
B．Stories about people often attract far more public attention than imagined.
C．It is hard not to read news about the miserable things happening in the world.
D．They were more than happy to make full use of their names.
E．It would never again be possible for them to lead normal lives.
F．As the parents had five children, life was an endless struggle against poverty.
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）What Makes Risk-Takers Tempt Fate
Moments before throwing herself off a thousand-foot cliff, Steph Davis feels a surge of fear and excitement. As she pushes away from the edge, these mixed feelings give way to an intense rush, then deep focus. She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds.
37 In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors.
Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA．Cynthia Thomson’s study found that individuals who reported riskier behavior usually shared a similar genetic constitution (构成). Scientists believe that people with this genetic variant produce more dopamine receptors. “So they need to seek out intense situations to bring up their dopamine levels,” says Thomson.
38 Several studies have shown that risk-taking behavior is linked to the earliest bonds (关系) we form with our primary caretakers. Those with less secure attachments are more likely to engage in dangerous activities.
There is the common idea that extreme sports enthusiasts are chasing thrills. But Tim Woodman, a professor at the Bangor University in Wales, suggests that it is about something altogether different: emotion regulation. In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. 39 “It’s rewarding because they’ve moved from a feeling of inadequacy to a sense of achievement,” says Woodman.
For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). 40 What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential.
A．Now, research suggests that they are right.
B．They seek out extreme sports as a way to actually feel.
C．Extreme sports such as wingsuiting are gaining popularity.
D．However, most scientists agree that personality is a complex mix of environmental and genetic influences.
E．They are actually extremely well-prepared athletes with high levels of self-awareness and a deep knowledge of the environment.
F．According to a study by the University of Colorado School of Medicine, 76 percent of wingsuiters have experienced a close call.
