专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）A generation understandably frightened by “adulting” may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. And once established, the habit can easily make the jump to those of us more advanced in years. After all, a kid is inside every one of us, and few people are resistant to the infectiousness of creativity. Young people are the primary drivers of language change, but even we “olds” — as the young are used to putting it — like to change things up now and then. As new slang creeps across generational divides, however, it inevitably stirs up people’s deepest linguistic anxieties. Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment.
It has long been ordinary for one language to borrow from another, and even from a dialect of the same language: Black English has lent mainstream English words like diss and the “angry” meaning of salty. Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did. On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a “smol kitty” and a “smol baby,” but not a “smol mailbox” or “smol Blu-ray player.” Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. Just missing out on becoming Word of the Year at the American Dialect Society’s 2019 meeting was yeet, seemingly meant to imitate the sound of something being thrown into a container or through a net (and often pronounced with a celebratory gesture to that effect). One now speaks of “yeeting” an empty can into the trash, and the word has even developed an irregular past-tense form, yote. We have kidspeak to thank for introducing these new layers of playfulness into our vocabulary.
English today is arguably more fertile than it’s been since Shakespeare’s time, and those worried about the novelty of kidspeak might consider that not so long ago pedants (顽固派) were insisting the proper person should say “bal-coh-nee” for balcony, stamp out “nonwords” such as standpoint, and use obnoxious to mean “Tripe for injury.” Their arguments failed miserably when presented to everyday speakers, who tend to have good intuition about how language should work.
Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words.
1．According to the speaker, what does the popularity of childlike language reflect
A．Old people’s increasing anxieties. B．People’s reluctance to growing up.
C．Young people’s resistance to changes. D．The deepening of generational divides.
2．The example of “smol’” is intended to ________.
A．form a sharp contrast with the word “yeet”
B．illustrate that kidspeak enriches the English language
C．reveal how new words are loaned from other languages
D．remind readers that many English words are borrowed words
3．Which of the following statements about kidspeak is the writer most likely to agree with
A．Kidspeak does more good than harm to English.
B．Kidspeak is not all playful as commonly thought.
C．Kidspeak was awarded 2019’s Word of the Year.
D．Kidspeak is regarded as something overestimated.
4．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The emergence of kidspeak is the result of linguists’ collective wisdom.
B．The English language hasn’t changed much since Shakespeare’s time.
C．The development of English depends mainly on everyday speakers.
D．The advancement of the American idiom contributes to kidspeak.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述由于成年人越来越多地在他们的谈话中穿插一些儿童的语言而孕育出的一种语体风格——儿童语，随着儿童语的兴起，我们实际上正在见证英语的丰富。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A generation understandably frightened by ‘adulting’ may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. (这一代年轻人对‘成年’这个概念感到恐惧是可以理解的，正因如此，他们很有可能欣然接受儿童化的语言这种语言层面的安慰食物)”可知，年轻人对“成年”这一概念感到恐惧，所以会接受儿童化的语言作为语言层面的安慰，故儿童化语言的流行反映了人们不愿意长大。故选B。
2．推理判断题。第二段中“Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did.(儿童语以与古斯堪的纳维亚语、法语和拉丁语完全相同的方式扩展了我们的词汇)”提到儿童语扩展了我们的词汇，下文“On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a ‘smol kitty’ and a ‘smol baby,’ but not a ‘smol mailbox’ or ‘smol Blu-ray player.’ Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. (例如，在互联网上，儿童用语指的是‘小猫咪’和‘小婴儿’，而不是‘小邮箱’或‘小蓝光播放器’。因此，Smol不仅仅是‘小’的一种拼写方式，而是一个更具体的术语，指的是可爱)”是举例证实上述观点，说明儿童语丰富了英语这门语言，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment. (儿童语言的新趋势是否代表了英语的低能化？恰恰相反：随着儿童语的兴起，我们实际上正在见证英语的丰富)”以及最后一段“Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words. (在今天的新闻周期中，儿童语言的出现是值得庆祝的。这个新俚语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步。这会使谈话更有趣。至少，我很高兴能和现在的英语生活在一起，被所有的新词包围着)”可知，儿童语对英语利大于弊。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. (这个新俚语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步)”可知，儿童语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步，故可推知，美国习语的进步促进了儿童语的发展，故选D。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）“Choose your friends wisely” may not only be good parental advice but also a way to do better in college, a research study finds.
The group of three researchers put that advice to the test at Berea College, a small liberal arts school in Kentucky, by looking at how much friends actually influence study habits and grades. They found that students who befriended studious (勤奋的) peers spent more hours studying themselves and posted higher grades during their freshman year.
“It’s no fun to study by yourself,” said Nirav Mehta, one of the study’s authors, explaining the intuition behind the study. “If you want to goof off, and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get some studying done too.”
Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades. They found almost the same results: students who were assigned a studious roommate freshman year also studied more each day and had higher grade-point averages.
Unfortunately, the opposite is also true, the researchers found. If you have friends and roommates who don’t study a lot, you’re likely to get dragged down by their poor habits, studying less and earning lower grades.
Analyzing friends and study habits is usually difficult for researchers. But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying. At the beginning of freshman year, the students were surveyed on their high school study habits. The researchers also had access to roommate assignments, high school grades and college grades.
From this information, the economists calculated the average amount of time each student’s college friends had reported studying in high school. They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student’s friends had spent studying, on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year.
5．The phrase “goof off” (paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
A．achieve higher grades B．choose your friends
C．go to the library D．be lazy about studying
6．Why did the researchers also study the randomly assigned roommates
A．To further test the theory. B．To figure out more study habits.
C．To put forward a new theory. D．To get more students to work hard.
7．To carry out their research, what information did the researchers collect from students at Berea College
A．How many studious friends they have.
B．How they comment on their friends’ grades.
C．How much time they spent studying each day.
D．How they thought of their own college grades.
8．What suggestion would the researchers most likely give college students
A．If you want to do well in study, you’d better pick a hardworking friend.
B．If you want to get on well with your roommates, you’d better work hard.
C．If you want to raise your GPA, you’d better keep track of your study time.
D．If you want to have a happy freshman year, you’d better care less about peer effects.
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．C 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员证明，那些与勤奋的同龄人成为朋友的学生，会花更多的时间学习，并且取得更高的成绩。
5．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It’s no fun to study by yourself (独自学习毫无乐趣)”以及下文“and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get some studying done too. (而你的朋友在图书馆，那么你也要去图书馆。当你在那里的时候，你可能也要完成一些学习)”可知，独自学习没有乐趣，如果你不想学习，而这时朋友恰好在图书馆的话，你也会去，这样多少可以学点。由此猜测，goof off意为“不想学习”，与D项“be lazy about studying”意思接近。故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades. They found almost the same results: students who were assigned a studious roommate freshman year also studied more each day and had higher grade-point averages. (当然，勤奋的人可能会被其他勤奋的人吸引。无论他们的朋友是谁，他们都可能会成功，并获得尽可能多的A。因此，研究人员检查了随机分配的室友是否也对学习习惯和成绩有积极影响。他们发现了几乎相同的结果：大一时被安排好室友的学生每天学习的次数也更多，平均成绩也更高)”推知，研究人员同时研究了随机分配的室友是为了进一步测试上文提到的理论——与勤奋的人交朋友会取得好成绩。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying. (但是Berea College的学生被要求在每个学期结束时列出他们最好的四个朋友，他们每天都仔细记录他们的时间，包括花在学习上的时间)”可知，为了进行研究，研究人员在Berea College大学收集了学生每天用多长时间学习的信息。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“From this information, the economists calculated the average amount of time each student’s college friends had reported studying in high school. They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student’s friends had spent studying, on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year. (根据这些信息，经济学家计算出了每个学生的大学朋友报告在高中学均时间。他们发现，学生的朋友平均每周多花10个小时学习，学生自己在大学的学习时间可能每天增加近25分钟，而学生自己的平均绩点可能在大一期间增加近十分之一分)”可知，研究发现如果朋友勤奋好学，那么你也会在他们的影响下变得努力，进而取得较好的成绩。由此推知，研究者最有可能给大学生的建议是：如果想在学习上取得好成绩，你最好选择一个勤奋的朋友。故选A。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The tennis ball is such an unassuming object in our lives that we take its appearance for granted. Who hasn’t stumbled upon one of them, forgotten, in the far corner of their closet or garage Despite its passive presence, one of the most crazy internet debates of 2018 centered on its distinctive color: Is it actually yellow, or is it green The shade in question originates from an unlikely source: David Attenborough, the legendary British documentarian known internationally for his Planet Earth series, played a central role in how we see the tennis ball today.
The sport of modern tennis was born out of the English game of lawn tennis, which by most accounts was invented in the 1870s. Lawn tennis was an outdoor adaptation of the indoor racket game “real tennis,” which itself was an adoption of the French pastime jeu de paume, or “the palm game.” After many iterations (迭代), including balls made of cork, wool, and even human hair, the tennis ball found what was then its ideal form: a ball made of a rubber core encased in white or black melton, a tightly woven and felted fabric.
For nearly a century, tennis balls were white or black. It wasn’t until 1972 that tennis balls took on their bright neon colour. At the time, Attenborough was working as a studio controller for the BBC． In the late 1960s he had led the charge for the BBC to broadcast Wimbledon, perhaps the most iconic of tennis tournaments, in color for the first time ever.
Broadcasting tennis in color brought the matches to life, but it made tracking the ball on screen difficult—especially when it fell near the white courtlines. So the International Tennis Federation undertook a study that found that yellow tennis balls were easier for home viewers to see on their screens. An official 1972 ITF rule change required that all regulation balls have a uniform surface and be white or yellow in color. However, Wimbledon did not change the ball color to yellow until 1986.
In 1991, the Chicago Tribune ran a story about white tennis balls making a comeback. In reality, most manufacturers never stopped producing white balls in smaller quantities. Grant Golden, a former United States clay court champion, declared that the comeback of white tennis balls would “go right down the toilet” because “the yellow ball is perfect.”
The unmistakable shade of the tennis ball is officially called “optic yellow” by the ITF. The next time a tennis ball comes rolling out from the recesses of your closet, take a moment to regard the power of its humble design.
9．According to paragraph 2, tennis originated from _________.
A．English real tennis B．French palm game
C．English lawn tennis D．French indoor racket
10．Which of the following is most likely to be the major reason for changing the ball color to yellow
A．The comment made by Grant Golden.
B．The production of tennis balls with a rubber core.
C．The proposal raised by David Attenborough.
D．The finding of a study conducted by ITF.
11．Which of the following statements is true about Wimbledon, the tennis tournament
A．Tennis balls at Wimbledon adopted a bright neon color in 1972.
B．Attenborough was the first to convince BBC to broadcast Wimbledon on TV.
C．It wasn’t until the late 1960s that Wimbledon was broadcast in color.
D．Golden suggested that white tennis balls make a comeback to Wimbledon.
12．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．The new color of tennis balls
B．The unmistakable history of modern tennis
C．The evolution of broadcasting tennis matches
D．David Attenborough’s contributions to Wimbledon
【答案】9．C 10．D 11．C 12．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了网球颜色的更迭。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The sport of modern tennis was born out of the English game of lawn tennis, which by most accounts was invented in the 1870s.(现代网球运动起源于英国的草地网球，大多数人认为草地网球发明于19世纪70年代。)”可知，现代网球起源于英国的草地网球。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“So the International Tennis Federation undertook a study that found that yellow tennis balls were easier for home viewers to see on their screens. An official 1972 ITF rule change required that all regulation balls have a uniform surface and be white or yellow in color.(因此，国际网球联合会进行了一项研究，发现黄色的网球更容易让家庭观众在屏幕上看到。1972年国际网联正式修改了规则，要求所有规则用球的表面必须统一，颜色必须为白色或黄色。)”可知，国际网球联合会研究发现黄色的网球更容易让观众在屏幕上看到，所以于1972年统一修改了规则，将网球颜色统一为白色或黄色。故选D项。
11．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“At the time, Attenborough was working as a studio controller for the BBC. In the late 1960s he had led the charge for the BBC to broadcast Wimbledon, perhaps the most iconic of tennis tournaments, in color for the first time ever.(当时，阿滕伯勒是BBC的演播室控制员。20世纪60年代末，他带领英国广播公司首次用彩色电视转播了也许是最具代表性的网球锦标赛温布尔登网球公开赛。)”可知，直到20世纪60年代末，温布尔登网球公开赛才第一次用彩色电视转播，C项正确；根据“However, Wimbledon did not change the ball color to yellow until 1986.(然而，温布尔登直到1986年才将球的颜色改为黄色。)”可知，温布尔登网球公开赛是直到1986年才将球的颜色改为黄色，A项错误；根据文章倒数第二段“Grant Golden, a former United States clay court champion, declared that the comeback of white tennis balls would “go right down the toilet” because “the yellow ball is perfect.”(前美国红土冠军格兰特·戈尔登宣称，白色网球的回归将“彻底失败”，因为“黄色的网球是完美的”。)”可知，Golden宣称白色网球的回归将“彻底失败”，D项错误；B项文章没有提到。故选C项。
12．主旨大意题。阅读文章可知，文章第一段“Despite its passive presence, one of the most crazy internet debates of 2018 centered on its distinctive color: Is it actually yellow, or is it green (尽管它的存在很被动，但2018年最疯狂的互联网辩论之一集中在它独特的颜色上：它实际上是黄色的，还是绿色的 )”提出了论点，网球的颜色成为2018年最疯狂的互联网辩论之一；第二段介绍了网球的起源；第三、四、五、六段介绍了网球颜色的更迭。由此可知，A项“The new color of tennis balls(网球的新颜色)”更能概括文章主题。故选A项。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）In the city of Midland, Michigan in the United States sits the Charles, W. Howard(CWH)Santa Claus School. This is not a school that children attend to learn grammar and fractions but one that adults travel to once a year. There, they learn how to play the role of Santa Claus.
For better or worse, Christmas is a profitable business in the modern world, particularly in the US. Therefore, during winter, thousands of people are hired by businesses to put on Santa’s famous red cloak, red hat, and white beard. These Santas will appear at public spaces, where starry-eyed children sit on their knees and dreamily recite their lists of all the wonderful Christmas gifts they desire.
Given this demand, the CWH Santa Claus School is dedicated to training adults to be the best Santa Claus they can be. Started by Charles Howard himself in New York in 1937, the school has a mission to uphold the traditional image and preserve the history of Santa Claus. Meanwhile, it also teaches students how to incorporate their personalities into the role. The school was relocated to a new place in Midland by its current manager, Tom Valent, in 1986. It now offers a three-day crash course every October for aspiring Santa Clauses to learn under the guidance of Valent and other instructors. The curriculum (课程) includes such content as singing, toy production, and even reindeer care.
The CWH Santa School is called the “Harvard of Santa schools”. In addition to being a family-run operation, it recruits (招募) Santa teachers from all over the world to hand down knowledge about how to be the very best Santa Claus.
13．The underlined word “incorporate” is closest in meaning to________.
A．inspire B．imagine C．introduce D．include
14．What’s the best title for the passage
A．A For-profit School in US B．The Origin of Santa Claus
C．A School with a Difference D．Where to Find the Best Santa Claus
15．What can be concluded from the passage
A．The CWH Santa School enjoys a very good reputation.
B．History is on the curriculum in the CWH Santa School.
C．The school trains children to interact with Santa Claus.
D．The current manager needs to have a global vision.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国密歇根州米德兰市CWH圣诞老人学校的基本情况。
13．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“The school was relocated to a new place in Midland by its current manager, Tom Valent, in 1986. It now offers a three-day crash course every October for aspiring Santa Clauses to learn under the guidance of Valent and other instructors. The curriculum(课程)includes such content as singing, toy production, and even reindeer care.(1986年，学校由现任经理汤姆·瓦伦特(Tom Valent)搬迁到米德兰的一个新址。现在，每年10月，它都会为有抱负的圣诞老人提供为期三天的速成课程，让他们在瓦伦特和其他讲师的指导下学习。课程内容包括唱歌、制作玩具，甚至还有驯鹿看护。)”以及划线词之前“Given this demand, the CWH Santa Claus School is dedicated to training adults to be the best Santa Claus they can be. Started by Charles Howard himself in New York in 1937, the school has a mission to uphold the traditional image and preserve the history of Santa Claus. (鉴于这种需求，CWH圣诞老人学校致力于培训成年人成为最好的圣诞老人。这所学校由查尔斯·霍华德于1937年在纽约创立，其使命是维护圣诞老人的传统形象，保存圣诞老人的历史。)”可知为了培训成年人成为最好的圣诞老人，CWH圣诞老人学校每年都会为有抱负的圣诞老人提供为期三天的速成课程，而最好的圣诞老人其性格一定是与传统圣诞老人的性格相符合的，所以此处应理解为培养最好的圣诞老人，学校尽可能地将学生的性格融入到圣诞老人的角色中，所以划线词的意思应与D项include“包括；包含”意思相近。故选D项。
14．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“In the city of Midland, Michigan in the United States sits the Charles, W. Howard(CWH)Santa Claus School. This is not a school that children attend to learn grammar and fractions but one that adults travel to once a year. There, they learn how to play the role of Santa Claus.(在美国密歇根州的米德兰市，坐落着一所查尔斯·霍华德圣诞老人学校。这不是一所孩子们去学习语法和分数的学校，而是一所成年人每年去一次的学校。在那里，他们学习如何扮演圣诞老人的角色。)”提出CWH圣诞老人学校的话题，文章第二、三段及第四段都是在围绕着CWH圣诞老人学校的运行情况展开，纵观全文，文章的主要内容是在介绍这所与众不同的学校，所以C项A School with a Difference作为文章的标题最为合适。故选C项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The CWH Santa School is called the “Harvard of Santa schools”. In addition to being a family-run operation, it recruits(招募)Santa teachers from all over the world to hand down knowledge about how to be the very best Santa Claus.(CWH圣诞老人学校被称为“圣诞老人学校中的哈佛”。除了是一个家族经营的企业外，它还从世界各地招募圣诞老人老师，传授如何成为最好的圣诞老人的知识。)”可知CWH圣诞老人学校被誉为“圣诞老人学校中的哈佛”，所以可以推断其拥有不错的声誉。故选A项。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）A modern masterpiece from one of Italy’s most acclaimed authors, My Brilliant Friend is a rich, intense, and generous-hearted story about two friends, Elena and Lila. Elena Ferrante’s unique style lends itself perfectly to a detailed portrait of these two women that is also the story of a nation and a touching thinking on the nature of friendship. The story begins in the 1950s, in a poor but exciting neighborhood on the outskirts of Naples. Growing up on these tough streets the two girls learn to rely on each other ahead of anyone or anything else. As they grow, as their paths repeatedly split apart and meet again, Elena and Lila remain best friends whose respective destinies are reflected in the other. They are likewise the mirror of a nation undergoing momentous change.
Ferrante is the author of three previous works of critically acclaimed fiction: The Days of Abandonment, Troubling Love, and The Lost Daughter. With this novel, the first in a quartet, she proves herself to be one of Italy’s great storytellers. She has given her readers a masterfully plotted page-turner, abundant and generous in its narrative details and characterizations, that is also a stylish work of literary fiction destined to delight her many fans and win new readers to her fiction.
As “Ferrante Fever” swept the English-speaking literary world, you might have mistaken it for a phenomenon exclusive to women readers. Elena Ferrante’s four Neapolitan Novels, translated from the Italian, arrived on our shores in covers of light pinks and blues, with introduction that promised a fascinating narration of female friendship, ideally marketed for moms and their daughters alike. So well-received was this focus on the sisterhood of the books-perhaps because we often limit women to writing about “women’s issues” — that the series’ historical sweep, its intense criticism of capitalism and its cruel violence, did not always get their due.
This is likely to change as the Ferrante craze reaches its natural peak: an acclaimed HBO series that doesn’t steer away from her socialist themes. No doubt quite a few men are on the bandwagon already. While they are indeed thrilled by the societal scope of Ferrante’s narrative, they are also learning something about the vitality of feminine closeness and identity.
16．In My Brilliant Friend, Elena and Lila ________.
A．represent the country’s spirit B．are interdependent on each other
C．stay together throughout their life D．are coming from different background
17．The writing focus on girls’ relationship may overshadow the description of ________.
A．motherhood B．capitalistic cruelty
C．male friendship D．domestic violence
18．What is likely to change as the Ferrante craze intensifies
A．That the book switches to socialist theme.
B．That the readership is mainly limited to women.
C．People’s view towards girls’ closeness and identity.
D．That the bandwagons are increasingly popular among boys.
19．What can be inferred from this article
A．The book comes with a book turning device to help reading easily.
B．HBO changed the book’s theme in the adaptation of the screenplay.
C．Elena Ferrante’s quartet gain wide appeal both in women and in men.
D．The character Elena in the book is a self-portrait of the author Elena Ferrante.
【答案】16．B 17．B 18．C 19．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了意大利著名作家Elena Ferrante的作品，以及弗兰特热所带来的的影响。
16．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A modern masterpiece from one of Italy’s most acclaimed authors, My Brilliant Friend is a rich, intense, and generous-hearted story about two friends, Elena and Lila. Elena Ferrante’s unique style lends itself perfectly to a detailed portrait of these two women that is also the story of a nation and a touching thinking on the nature of friendship. The story begins in the 1950s, in a poor but exciting neighborhood on the outskirts of Naples. Growing up on these tough streets the two girls learn to rely on each other ahead of anyone or anything else. As they grow, as their paths repeatedly split apart and meet again, Elena and Lila remain best friends whose respective destinies are reflected in the other.(《我的天才女友》是意大利最受欢迎的作家之一的现代杰作，讲述了两个朋友Elena和Lila的故事，内容丰富、激烈、慷慨。Elena Ferrante的独特风格完美地描绘了这两位女性的细节，这也是一个国家的故事，也是对友谊本质的感人思考。故事始于20世纪50年代，在那不勒斯郊区一个贫穷但令人兴奋的社区。在这些艰苦的街道上长大，这两个女孩学会了在任何人或任何事情之前依赖彼此。随着她们的成长，虽然她们的道路一再分开，但又再次相遇，Elena和Lila仍然是最好的朋友，她们各自的命运都反映在对方身上。)”可知，Elena和Lila两个人历经坎坷最终还是彼此最好的朋友，在任何人或任何事情上依赖彼此。故选B。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“So well-received was this focus on the sisterhood of the books-perhaps because we often limit women to writing about “women’s issues” — that the series’ historical sweep, its intense criticism of capitalism and its cruel violence, did not always get their due.(这两本书对姐妹情谊的关注如此受欢迎——也许是因为我们常常把女性局限于写“女性问题”——以至于这个系列的历史背景，对资本主义及其残酷暴力的强烈批评，并不总是得到应有的重视。)”可知，这本书对于两个女孩之间情谊的关注掩盖其了对资本主义残酷的描述。故选B。
18．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This is likely to change as the Ferrante craze reaches its natural peak: an acclaimed HBO series that doesn’t steer away from her socialist themes. No doubt quite a few men are on the bandwagon already. While they are indeed thrilled by the societal scope of Ferrante’s narrative, they are also learning something about the vitality of feminine closeness and identity.(随着对Ferrante的狂热达到自然的顶峰，这种情况可能会发生变化：这部广受好评的HBO剧集没有偏离她的社会主义主题。毫无疑问，已经有不少人在赶时髦了。虽然他们确实为Ferrante叙述的社会范围感到兴奋，但他们也从女性亲密关系和身份认同的活力中学到了一些东西。)”可知，随着Ferrante热的加剧，人们会对女性亲密关系和身份认同有新的认识。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Ferrante is the author of three previous works of critically acclaimed fiction: The Days of Abandonment, Troubling Love, and The Lost Daughter. With this novel, the first in a quartet, she proves herself to be one of Italy’s great storytellers. She has given her readers a masterfully plotted page-turner, abundant and generous in its narrative details and characterizations, that is also a stylish work of literary fiction destined to delight her many fans and win new readers to her fiction(Ferrante之前写过三部广受好评的小说：《被遗弃的日子》《烦恼的爱》和《暗处的女儿》。这部小说是她四部小说中的第一部，她证明了自己是意大利最伟大的说书人之一。她给读者带来了一部情节巧妙、引人入胜的作品，叙述细节和人物刻画丰富而慷慨，这也是一部时尚的文学小说作品，注定要取悦她的众多粉丝，并为她的小说赢得新读者。)”以及文章最后一段“No doubt quite a few men are on the bandwagon already.(毫无疑问，已经有不少人在赶时髦了。)”可知，Ferrante的四重奏有大量的粉丝，在男女读者中都有广泛的吸引力。故选C。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Surveillance is nothing new. The dark Satanic mill of 18th-century Britain had supevisros to crack the whip. Shops have long used CCTV to monitor customers and staff, and some factory workers have had to face the humiliation of timed toilet breaks. Still, if you enjoy the comfort of a white-collar job, you may be astonished to learn just how much you are being watched.
Calls and emails are monitored using ever more advanced software. Artificial intelligence is taking the monitoring to new levels, tracking everything from Zoom-call rictus and twitchy keyboard strokes to the consistent note of irritation in your voice, in an attempt to assess your productivity and judge your state of mind.
Surveillance is rising because work-from-home policies mean that employers are keen to keep tabs on their remote workforce. Before the pandemic, around one in ten of the large businesses had spying software. Within three years it expects the share to each 70 %.
Bosses also have ever-expanding amounts of data at their disposal, enlarging the digital footprint that can be monitored. Widely used software such as Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams or Slack can tell managers what time you clock in or how many calls you join on their platforms. Employee badges fitted with motion sensors and microphones can alert bosses if someone is loafing about. The blurring boundaries between work and home mean that video surveillance and other intrusive tools are barging into workers’ personal lives, social-media accounts and private devices at all times of the day.
The law is scrambling to adjust. In the state of New York, employees subject to electronic monitoring must be told in advance, under a new law introduced on May 7th. Connecticut and Delaware require similar disclosures. California is considering new laws to strengthen privacy protections for workers, including a ban on digital monitoring without prior notice. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation establishes some basic rights for staff. Yet it is still early days and the technology is advancing fast. As a result, most firms are only just getting their heads around how much remote work is likely to remain permanent. A clear boundary between embracing new technologies on the one hand, and protecting workers on the other, has still to be drawn.
There are perfectly legitimate reasons for surveillance at work. Many jobs require monitoring for safety, security and compliance. Investment banks’ traders are tracked to prevent insider dealing, and the decisions of social-media moderators (仲裁人) are traced and recorded to ensure consistency and accountability. In the same way that companies collect data on customers’ behaviour in order to improve their products, so professional employers are using monitoring tools to measure the productivity and engagement of their most important resource: their people. In the future such tools could help spot bad posture, root out bullying, and identify and share best practice among staff.
20．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．the phenomenon of workplace monitoring
B．the history of surveillance in different industries
C．the new norm of employees after the pandemic
D．the benefits and drawbacks of remote work policies
21．According to paragraph 3, employers are more interested in keeping an eye on staff because ________.
A．spying software are much more popularized than ever before
B．more and more new employees are coming from remote areas
C．they share the way to manage employees during the epidemic
D．they want to ensure the productivity of employees working from home
22．The underlined sentence in paragraph 4 is used to ________.
A．point out how intense the competition is for Google
B．show the wide range of office software on the market
C．compare the performance of different spying software
D．list employers’ one possible access to staff’s working data
23．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the author
A．Monitoring at workplace is reasonable in some walks of life
B．Artificial Intelligence can forward employees’ email to their bosses.
C．Most workers in California are currently free from digital monitoring
D．Bosses can balance embracing new technology and protecting privacy.
【答案】20．A 21．D 22．D 23．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了工作场所存在的员工被监控的现象，电话和电子邮件被越来越先进的软件监控，老板们也有越来越多的数据可供他们使用，扩大了可以监控的数字足迹。为此相关的法律被制定出，加强对员工的隐私保护。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Surveillance is nothing new. The dark Satanic mill of 18th-century Britain had supevisros to crack the whip. Shops have long used CCTV to monitor customers and staff, and some factory workers have had to face the humiliation of timed toilet breaks. Still, if you enjoy the comfort of a white-collar job, you may be astonished to learn just how much you are being watched.(监视并不是什么新鲜事。18世纪英国黑暗的撒旦工厂有监督者来鞭策。商店长期以来一直使用闭路电视监控顾客和员工，一些工厂工人不得不面临定时上厕所的羞辱。不过，如果你享受白领工作的舒适，你可能会惊讶地发现自己被监视得如此之多)”结合文章主要说明了工作场所存在的员工被监控的现象，电话和电子邮件被越来越先进的软件监控，老板们也有越来越多的数据可供他们使用，扩大了可以监控的数字足迹。为此相关的法律被制定出，加强对员工的隐私保护。由此可知，这篇文章主要是关于工作场所监控现象。故选A。
21．细节理解题。根据第三段“Surveillance is rising because work-from-home policies mean that employers are keen to keep tabs on their remote workforce. Before the pandemic, around one in ten of the large businesses had spying software. Within three years it expects the share to each 70 %.(监控正在增加，因为在家工作的政策意味着雇主们热衷于密切关注他们的远程员工。在流感大流行之前，大约十分之一的大型企业拥有间谍软件。预计在三年内，这一比例将分别达到70%)”可知，雇主对关注员工更感兴趣，因为他们想确保员工在家工作的效率。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据第四段内容“Bosses also have ever-expanding amounts of data at their disposal, enlarging the digital footprint that can be monitored. Widely used software such as Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams or Slack can tell managers what time you clock in or how many calls you join on their platforms. Employee badges fitted with motion sensors and microphones can alert bosses if someone is loafing about. The blurring boundaries between work and home mean that video surveillance and other intrusive tools are barging into workers’ personal lives, social-media accounts and private devices at all times of the day.(老板们也有越来越多的数据可供他们使用，扩大了可以监控的数字足迹。谷歌Workspace、Microsoft Teams或Slack等广泛使用的软件可以告诉经理你的打卡时间，或者你在他们的平台上打了多少个电话。员工徽章上装有运动传感器和麦克风，如果有人在闲逛，可以提醒老板。工作和家庭之间模糊的界限意味着，视频监控和其他侵入性工具正在每时每刻闯入员工的个人生活、社交媒体账户和私人设备)”可知，第4段中划线的句子是为了列出雇主获取员工工作数据的可能途径。故选D。
23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There are perfectly legitimate reasons for surveillance at work. Many jobs require monitoring for safety, security and compliance. Investment banks’ traders are tracked to prevent insider dealing, and the decisions of social-media moderators (仲裁人) are traced and recorded to ensure consistency and accountability.(在工作中进行监控是有完全合理的理由的。许多工作需要监控安全性、安全性和合规性。投资银行的交易员被跟踪以防止内幕交易，社交媒体主持人的决定被追踪和记录，以确保一致性和问责制)”可知，B选项“在某些行业，在工作场所进行监控是合理的”正确。故选A。
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Scrolling through Hudson Valley Craigslist one night, I come across a sprawling — but cozy — oak-floored Victorian house that’s perfectly isolated despite being two hundred years old. I buy it for a hundred and fifty thousand dollars, without having to borrow any money from my parents.
Moving is a breeze. Even at the end of the brisk drive upstate, I’m in a sea of B．L. M. signs and rainbow flags, and nobody wants to shoot me for my political beliefs. In fact, I receive several compliments on my electric pickup truck, and everyone calls me Chief.
Upon my arrival, the family of mice living in my house pack up and leave, but not before thoughtfully scrubbing the oven of their waste.
I chop so much wood for the natural-stone fireplace that my hands become calloused (长了老茧) (hotly) and I put on twenty pounds of muscle. Every day I wake up at 5 A．M. to volunteer at a nearby animal sanctuary, because the valley’s grand sunrises have transformed me, overnight, into a morning person.
A seemingly rude but bighearted neighbor, Meeks, shovels the snow from my driveway and tends to the yard, unprompted. When I offer to pay him for his work, Meeks says, “Please. I’m a huge fan of your writing—the art you put into the world is payment enough.”
At my favorite local dive, I play in a weekly poker game with a cast of colorful townies, like in “Nobody’s Fool.” We drink boilermakers all night but always make it home safely because the sparkling-clean Main Street trolley runs twenty-four hours a day.
Though I’m undoubtedly rich, and the value of my house has skyrocketed, my presence doesn’t interfere with the area’s cost of living, which remains low thanks to policies enacted by President Ocasio-Cortez.
My dad, a retired fighter pilot who’s always respected me, buys a small Cessna so he and my mom can fly up to visit once a month. Whenever he’s in town, my dad makes improvements to the house without being asked. When I offer to pay him, he says, “Please. Just seeing you this happy, successful, and physically powerful is payment enough.”
I don’t miss going to concerts, comedy shows. or the doctor. Most nights I’m content to sit by the fire with Meeks, sipping on applejack and playing cribbage, a simple game that I intuitively grasp.
I make frequent trips into Manhattan to see my friends, who’ve collectively decided not to have kids so we can hang more. They chuckle as I complain about the city prices, their envy subtle but detectable. Stirred by my glow, one by one they buy (slightly less impressive) houses down the road from mine.
A few years later, I adapt a novel into a critically acclaimed HBO mini-series, which I co-create with my pal and professional equal, John Oliver.
On my ninetieth birthday, I pass away in my sleep, calloused hands folded (hotly) on my barrel chest. The whole valley turns up for my Viking funeral, where the mayor puts the key to the city or township or whatever around my tree-trunk neck.
When my next of kin offers to pay for the funeral service, the mayor says, “Please. His time here, upstate, was payment enough.”
24．From the description of his early settlement into this part of the countryside, we can infer that the author ____.
A．likes to do things on his own B．is reluctant to make the changes
C．pursues his political beliefs strongly D．is critical of the environment where he lives
25．Which of the following statements about the author is TRUE according to the passage
A．He enjoys watching comedies in the neighbourhood.
B．His depiction of the present life attracts his friends.
C．He gains some weight because he eats more than he did.
D．His parents are quite concerned what kind of life he is leading.
26．All the statements of others’ comment on the author contain the expression “payment enough” which is to illustrate ________.
A．he is tolerant of others’ payment B．he has paid enough for what he wants
C．he has done enough that deserves rewards D．he is willing to pay enough for what others do for him
27．What might be the best title of this passage
A．My routine as a writer B．My fantasy in upstate
C．My pursuit of happiness D．My work in the countryside
【答案】24．A 25．B 26．C 27．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文中作者主要描述了自己在北州生活的幻想情形。
24．推理判断题。根据第四段“I chop so much wood for the natural-stone fireplace that my hands become calloused (长了老茧) (hotly) and I put on twenty pounds of muscle. Every day I wake up at 5 A. M. to volunteer at a nearby animal sanctuary, because the valley’s grand sunrises have transformed me, overnight, into a morning person.(我为天然石砌的壁炉砍了太多的木头，以至于我的手都长了老茧（热得），我的肌肉也长了二十磅。我每天早上5点起床。我去附近的动物保护区做志愿者，因为山谷里壮观的日出一夜之间把我变成了一个早起的人)”可推知，从他早期乡村定居的描述中，我们可以推断作者喜欢自己做事情，故选A。
25．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Stirred by my glow, one by one they buy (slightly less impressive) houses down the road from mine.(在我的光芒的鼓舞下，他们一个接一个地在我家附近买了房子（稍微没那么令人印象深刻）)”可知，B选项“他对当前生活的描述吸引了他的朋友”正确。故选B。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“Every day I wake up at 5 A. M. to volunteer at a nearby animal sanctuary, because the valley’s grand sunrises have transformed me, overnight, into a morning person.(我去附近的动物保护区做志愿者，因为山谷里壮观的日出一夜之间把我变成了一个早起的人)”；倒数第六段“My dad, a retired fighter pilot who’s always respected me, buys a small Cessna so he and my mom can fly up to visit once a month. Whenever he’s in town, my dad makes improvements to the house without being asked. When I offer to pay him, he says, “Please. Just seeing you this happy, successful, and physically powerful is payment enough.”(我的父亲是一位退休的战斗机飞行员，他一直很尊重我，他买了一架小型塞斯纳飞机，这样他和我妈妈就可以每月飞过来看我一次。只要我爸爸在城里，他就会不请自来地把房子装修一下。当我提出付钱给他时，他说:“拜托。看到你这么快乐，这么成功，这么强壮，就足够了。”)”以及最后一段“When my next of kin offers to pay for the funeral service, the mayor says, “Please. His time here, upstate, was payment enough.”(当我的近亲提出支付葬礼费用时，市长说:“拜托了。他在纽约州北部待了一段时间，这是他应得的报酬。”)”可推知，所有其他人对作者的评论都包含了“支付足够”的表达，这是为了说明他做得够多了，应该得到奖励。故选C。
27．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“On my ninetieth birthday, I pass away in my sleep, calloused hands folded (hotly) on my barrel chest.(在我九十岁生日那天，我在睡梦中死去，长满老茧的双手交叠在我的肌肉发达的胸膛上)”以及最后一段“When my next of kin offers to pay for the funeral service, the mayor says, “Please. His time here, upstate, was payment enough.”(当我的近亲提出支付葬礼费用时，市长说:“拜托了。他在纽约州北部待了一段时间，这是他应得的报酬。”)”结合文中作者主要描述了自己在北州生活的幻想情形。可知，B选项“我在北州的幻想”最符合文章标题。故选B。
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）It’s a common experience: You’re looking through a social media page, and you see pictures of friends traveling or going to parties. Suddenly you start to wonder why you’re not doing those things. Are you missing out on something fun and exciting because you’re locked into everyday life This experience has come to be known as the fear of missing out, sometimes shortened FOMO. To some extent people have always worried about missing out on things. But with the rise of social media, FOMO is becoming much more common.
Wanting to be in on the fun when exciting things are happening is completely normal. But for some people, it can lead to fascination with checking their phones to find out what other people are doing. Even while doing things that are fun or necessary, people can feel like there’s something better going on elsewhere. This urge to connect can ironically lead them to disconnect from the people they are actually with. It prevents them from being satisfied with the good things in their lives. It can even be dangerous; some people try to check messages while driving.
It’s important to remember that what people choose to post on social media does not necessarily reflect their life overall. People tend to pick and choose the things they share, so we only ever know a small part of anyone else’s life.
It’s also important to be modest and accept your limitations. You cannot be everywhere and do everything that might be interesting or productive, and that’s OK.
It might even be necessary to turn off your phone or log out of social media for a while. Get rid of the constant reminders of everything that’s happening in the world. You can even set particular times in your day to check email and social media. By stepping away for a time, you can help keep other people’s lives in perspective.
Finally, focus on the things in front of you. Relish them, do them well and let everything else go. When you fully engage with life, you’ll worry less about what you’re not doing.
Don’t let the fear of missing out cause you to miss out on the good things you have in life. Relax, enjoy what you do and let other people enjoy their lives without envying them.
28．The fear of missing out is mainly caused by________ according to the passage.
A．locking into others’ life
B．the frequent use of social media
C．the rise of social media
D．travelling or going to parties
29．What result may follow if you are crazy to find out what is going on in the world
A．No checking messages while driving.
B．Checking social media unwillingly.
C．Being pleased with my good things.
D．Separating from the people around.
30．The underlined world “relish” (in paragraph 6) is closed in meaning to________.
A．enjoy B．ignore C．hate D．envy
31．Which of the following might be the author’s advice according to the passage
A．Try to check and find out what people have shared in media.
B．Let other people enjoy our lives without envying theirs.
C．Don’t let thoughts of what you could be doing steal your happiness.
D．Pick and choose the things people share on social media.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．A 31．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是随着社交媒体的兴起，“错过恐惧症”，也称FOMO变得越来越普遍，作者在文中给出了一些缓解这种情况的建议。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段的“To some extent people have always worried about missing out on things. But with the rise of social media, FOMO is becoming much more common.(在某种程度上，人们总是担心会错过一些东西。但随着社交媒体的兴起，FOMO变得越来越普遍。)”可知，害怕错过的主要原因是社交媒体的频繁使用，故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Even while doing things that are fun or necessary, people can feel like there’s something better going on elsewhere. This urge to connect can ironically lead them to disconnect from the people they are actually with.(即使在做一些有趣或必要的事情时，人们也会觉得其他地方有更好的事情发生。具有讽刺意味的是，这种联系的冲动会导致他们与真正在一起的人断开联系。)”可知，如果你疯狂地想知道世界上发生了什么，结果会是与周围的人分离。故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“focus on the things in front of you(专注于你面前的事情)”和“do them well and let everything else go(做好它们，放下其他一切)”可知，划线词所在的句子表示“享受它们，做好它们，放下其他一切”，划线词的意思是“享受”，和enjoy意思相近，故选A。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Don’t let the fear of missing out cause you to miss out on the good things you have in life. Relax, enjoy what you do and let other people enjoy their lives without envying them.(不要因为害怕错过而错过你生活中拥有的美好事物。放松，享受你所做的，让别人享受他们的生活，不要嫉妒他们。)”可知，作者的建议可能是不要让你可能在做的事情的想法偷走你的幸福，故选C。
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）For more than 600 years, English speakers used “because” as a conjunction meaning “for the reason that,” dutifully following it with a full clause of explanation (or at least the word of). Then, a few years ago, this old word suddenly began bursting with new life, as people started using it in a manner that disobeyed all grammatical rules: How do you know climate change is real “Because science.” Why are you sleepy “Because wine.” Academics became nervously excited, debating whether “because” had evolved into a preposition and if so, which types of nouns would appropriately fit this new construction. But there was little disagreement on the driving force behind the change.
The title of Gretchen McCulloch's new book, “Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language”, is in honor of this kind of linguistic change —evolution made possible by the dominance of the web and the never-before-seen explosion of informal writing that has come with it. Her aim is to explain how the internet has shaped language. McCulloch is an internet linguist, and her book about internet language is, fittingly, a mixture drawn from academic and internet cultures. In some measure, Because Internet offers a history of the Web along with an introduction to linguistics and a survey of the most fascinating research from her field, including a study that took advantage of geotags on social media to show how new words spread from place to place. Her work is also a well-researched retort (反驳)to grammarians who think technology is to blame for why kids are engaging in what grammarians believe are lazy, senseless talks. On the contrary, she argues, it’s making us more creative in our writing than ever before.
The formal, unemotional writing we were all taught in the classroom simply won't do in places designed for virtual communications, McCulloch explains. And she breaks down the many ways we’ve managed to use keyboards to restore the dynamism of face-to-face interaction. For a start: We tap all caps when we FEEL LIKE SHOUTING. We use the abbreviation lol not just to mean “laughing out loud” but also to get out of awkward situations or to offer empathy. And we lengthen words to show just how much we feeeeeeeeel.
32．According to the passage, which of the following examples best reflects how people use the word “because” nowadays when answering the question “why were you late for school this morning ”
A．Because the traffic was bad. B．Because of the traffic.
C．Because traffic. D．Because I got stuck in a traffic jam.
33．The book “Because Internet" informs its readers about________.
A．how to keep pace with the evolution of language
B．how to have effective communication online
C．how to organize meaningful sentences in English
D．how to use new words and signals on social media
34．Gretchen McCulloch believes the way we talk has changed because________.
A．we have developed abbreviations to replace many words
B．we can no longer show our identity through the language we use
C．the explosion of informal writing in virtual communication has evolved the language
D．today's kids are not taught at school how to communicate with others
【答案】32．C 33．A 34．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。通过实例表明互联网塑造了语言的演变。
32．判断推理题。由文第一段第二句“Then, a few years ago, this old word suddenly began bursting with new life, as people started using it in a manner that disobeyed all grammatical rule”（然后，几年前，这个古老的文字突然充斥生活，因为人们开始不按照语法规则使用它）可知，能够反映当前人们使用方式的是不遵循语法规则的选项，because后跟名词前应加介词of，故选C项。
33．细节理解题。由文第二段第二句“Her aim is to explain how the internet has shaped language.”（作者的目的是解释网络塑造语言的方式）可知，这本书想告诉读者语言的演变，故选A项。
34．细节理解题。由文第二段最后一句““Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language”, is in honor of this kind of linguistic change ——evolution made possible by the dominance of the web and the never-before-seen explosion of informal writing that has come with it.”（《因为网络：理解语言新规则》这本书就是纪念这种语言改变，这种改变因为网络的统治以及随之而来的前所未见的非正式书写的爆炸式出现而成为可能）可知，本书作者认为我们讲话的方式改变是因为非正式书写的爆炸式增加，故选C项。
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony — and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet — took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.
Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight”
into their own inadequacy. Why should this be Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coauthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.
In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd . What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that engender competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.
There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.
If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement (毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way.
35．Which can be the best title of this passage
A．Special or Not Teach Kids To Figure It Out
B．Let’s Admit That We Are Not That Special
C．Tips On Making Ourselves More Special
D．Tell The Truth: Kids Overestimate their Talents
36．The author thinks the real problem is that ______.
A．we don’t know whether our young people are talented or not
B．young people don’t know how to assess their abilities realistically
C．no requirement is set up for young people to get better
D．we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged
37．Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage
A．They usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations.
B．They tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are.
C．They are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams.
D．They lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing.
38．We can infer from the passage that those high-scoring students ______.
A．know how to cultivate clear logic and proper grammar
B．don’t know how well they perform due to their stringent self-judgement
C．don’t view themselves as competent because they know their limits
D．tend to be very competent in their high-scoring fields
【答案】35．A 36．B 37．C 38．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了能力不够的人的一些表现，以及摆脱这种困境的方法。
35．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up. (正如Dunning和Kruger所指出的，成功向我们表明一切都是对的，但失败更为模糊：任何事情都可能会出问题。利用这些外部反馈，来弄清楚出你是在何时何地搞砸了。)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了教孩子们弄清楚自己能力是否特殊的方法，所以“特殊与否？教孩子们弄明白”可以作为文章标题。故选A项。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段“In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. (在我们渴望提升他们的自尊时，我们忘记了教他们如何现实地评估自己的能力，这是从数学到音乐再到体育等任何方面变得更好的关键要求。)”可知，我们忘记了教会年轻人现实地评估自己的能力，即年轻人不知道如何现实地评估自己的能力。故选B项。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段“while high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. (而得分较高的学生对自己的评价要严格得多。作者指出，贫困学生对自己的不足“缺乏洞察力”。)”以及第三段“In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself. (换句话说，为了更好地判断我们在一项活动中做得有多好，我们必须在活动本身上做得更好。)”可知，贫困学生通常会在自我评价中给自己打高分，他们往往无法确切地知道自己有多糟糕，以及他们缺乏监控自我表现的能力，没有提及他们在测验和考试中表现得不够聪明。故选C项。
38．推理判断题。根据第二段“Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. (在一次又一次的研究中发现了这种夸大的自我判断，通常在我们最不擅长某项任务的时候，我们才会对自己的表现给予最慷慨的评价。)”可知，那些高分的学生往往在评价自己在高分领域的表现时非常有能力。故选D项。专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）A generation understandably frightened by “adulting” may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. And once established, the habit can easily make the jump to those of us more advanced in years. After all, a kid is inside every one of us, and few people are resistant to the infectiousness of creativity. Young people are the primary drivers of language change, but even we “olds” — as the young are used to putting it — like to change things up now and then. As new slang creeps across generational divides, however, it inevitably stirs up people’s deepest linguistic anxieties. Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment.
It has long been ordinary for one language to borrow from another, and even from a dialect of the same language: Black English has lent mainstream English words like diss and the “angry” meaning of salty. Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did. On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a “smol kitty” and a “smol baby,” but not a “smol mailbox” or “smol Blu-ray player.” Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. Just missing out on becoming Word of the Year at the American Dialect Society’s 2019 meeting was yeet, seemingly meant to imitate the sound of something being thrown into a container or through a net (and often pronounced with a celebratory gesture to that effect). One now speaks of “yeeting” an empty can into the trash, and the word has even developed an irregular past-tense form, yote. We have kidspeak to thank for introducing these new layers of playfulness into our vocabulary.
English today is arguably more fertile than it’s been since Shakespeare’s time, and those worried about the novelty of kidspeak might consider that not so long ago pedants (顽固派) were insisting the proper person should say “bal-coh-nee” for balcony, stamp out “nonwords” such as standpoint, and use obnoxious to mean “Tripe for injury.” Their arguments failed miserably when presented to everyday speakers, who tend to have good intuition about how language should work.
Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words.
1．According to the speaker, what does the popularity of childlike language reflect
A．Old people’s increasing anxieties. B．People’s reluctance to growing up.
C．Young people’s resistance to changes. D．The deepening of generational divides.
2．The example of “smol’” is intended to ________.
A．form a sharp contrast with the word “yeet”
B．illustrate that kidspeak enriches the English language
C．reveal how new words are loaned from other languages
D．remind readers that many English words are borrowed words
3．Which of the following statements about kidspeak is the writer most likely to agree with
A．Kidspeak does more good than harm to English.
B．Kidspeak is not all playful as commonly thought.
C．Kidspeak was awarded 2019’s Word of the Year.
D．Kidspeak is regarded as something overestimated.
4．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The emergence of kidspeak is the result of linguists’ collective wisdom.
B．The English language hasn’t changed much since Shakespeare’s time.
C．The development of English depends mainly on everyday speakers.
D．The advancement of the American idiom contributes to kidspeak.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）“Choose your friends wisely” may not only be good parental advice but also a way to do better in college, a research study finds.
The group of three researchers put that advice to the test at Berea College, a small liberal arts school in Kentucky, by looking at how much friends actually influence study habits and grades. They found that students who befriended studious (勤奋的) peers spent more hours studying themselves and posted higher grades during their freshman year.
“It’s no fun to study by yourself,” said Nirav Mehta, one of the study’s authors, explaining the intuition behind the study. “If you want to goof off, and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get some studying done too.”
Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades. They found almost the same results: students who were assigned a studious roommate freshman year also studied more each day and had higher grade-point averages.
Unfortunately, the opposite is also true, the researchers found. If you have friends and roommates who don’t study a lot, you’re likely to get dragged down by their poor habits, studying less and earning lower grades.
Analyzing friends and study habits is usually difficult for researchers. But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying. At the beginning of freshman year, the students were surveyed on their high school study habits. The researchers also had access to roommate assignments, high school grades and college grades.
From this information, the economists calculated the average amount of time each student’s college friends had reported studying in high school. They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student’s friends had spent studying, on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year.
5．The phrase “goof off” (paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
A．achieve higher grades B．choose your friends
C．go to the library D．be lazy about studying
6．Why did the researchers also study the randomly assigned roommates
A．To further test the theory. B．To figure out more study habits.
C．To put forward a new theory. D．To get more students to work hard.
7．To carry out their research, what information did the researchers collect from students at Berea College
A．How many studious friends they have.
B．How they comment on their friends’ grades.
C．How much time they spent studying each day.
D．How they thought of their own college grades.
8．What suggestion would the researchers most likely give college students
A．If you want to do well in study, you’d better pick a hardworking friend.
B．If you want to get on well with your roommates, you’d better work hard.
C．If you want to raise your GPA, you’d better keep track of your study time.
D．If you want to have a happy freshman year, you’d better care less about peer effects.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）The tennis ball is such an unassuming object in our lives that we take its appearance for granted. Who hasn’t stumbled upon one of them, forgotten, in the far corner of their closet or garage Despite its passive presence, one of the most crazy internet debates of 2018 centered on its distinctive color: Is it actually yellow, or is it green The shade in question originates from an unlikely source: David Attenborough, the legendary British documentarian known internationally for his Planet Earth series, played a central role in how we see the tennis ball today.
The sport of modern tennis was born out of the English game of lawn tennis, which by most accounts was invented in the 1870s. Lawn tennis was an outdoor adaptation of the indoor racket game “real tennis,” which itself was an adoption of the French pastime jeu de paume, or “the palm game.” After many iterations (迭代), including balls made of cork, wool, and even human hair, the tennis ball found what was then its ideal form: a ball made of a rubber core encased in white or black melton, a tightly woven and felted fabric.
For nearly a century, tennis balls were white or black. It wasn’t until 1972 that tennis balls took on their bright neon colour. At the time, Attenborough was working as a studio controller for the BBC． In the late 1960s he had led the charge for the BBC to broadcast Wimbledon, perhaps the most iconic of tennis tournaments, in color for the first time ever.
Broadcasting tennis in color brought the matches to life, but it made tracking the ball on screen difficult—especially when it fell near the white courtlines. So the International Tennis Federation undertook a study that found that yellow tennis balls were easier for home viewers to see on their screens. An official 1972 ITF rule change required that all regulation balls have a uniform surface and be white or yellow in color. However, Wimbledon did not change the ball color to yellow until 1986.
In 1991, the Chicago Tribune ran a story about white tennis balls making a comeback. In reality, most manufacturers never stopped producing white balls in smaller quantities. Grant Golden, a former United States clay court champion, declared that the comeback of white tennis balls would “go right down the toilet” because “the yellow ball is perfect.”
The unmistakable shade of the tennis ball is officially called “optic yellow” by the ITF. The next time a tennis ball comes rolling out from the recesses of your closet, take a moment to regard the power of its humble design.
9．According to paragraph 2, tennis originated from _________.
A．English real tennis B．French palm game
C．English lawn tennis D．French indoor racket
10．Which of the following is most likely to be the major reason for changing the ball color to yellow
A．The comment made by Grant Golden.
B．The production of tennis balls with a rubber core.
C．The proposal raised by David Attenborough.
D．The finding of a study conducted by ITF.
11．Which of the following statements is true about Wimbledon, the tennis tournament
A．Tennis balls at Wimbledon adopted a bright neon color in 1972.
B．Attenborough was the first to convince BBC to broadcast Wimbledon on TV.
C．It wasn’t until the late 1960s that Wimbledon was broadcast in color.
D．Golden suggested that white tennis balls make a comeback to Wimbledon.
12．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．The new color of tennis balls
B．The unmistakable history of modern tennis
C．The evolution of broadcasting tennis matches
D．David Attenborough’s contributions to Wimbledon
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）In the city of Midland, Michigan in the United States sits the Charles, W. Howard(CWH)Santa Claus School. This is not a school that children attend to learn grammar and fractions but one that adults travel to once a year. There, they learn how to play the role of Santa Claus.
For better or worse, Christmas is a profitable business in the modern world, particularly in the US. Therefore, during winter, thousands of people are hired by businesses to put on Santa’s famous red cloak, red hat, and white beard. These Santas will appear at public spaces, where starry-eyed children sit on their knees and dreamily recite their lists of all the wonderful Christmas gifts they desire.
Given this demand, the CWH Santa Claus School is dedicated to training adults to be the best Santa Claus they can be. Started by Charles Howard himself in New York in 1937, the school has a mission to uphold the traditional image and preserve the history of Santa Claus. Meanwhile, it also teaches students how to incorporate their personalities into the role. The school was relocated to a new place in Midland by its current manager, Tom Valent, in 1986. It now offers a three-day crash course every October for aspiring Santa Clauses to learn under the guidance of Valent and other instructors. The curriculum (课程) includes such content as singing, toy production, and even reindeer care.
The CWH Santa School is called the “Harvard of Santa schools”. In addition to being a family-run operation, it recruits (招募) Santa teachers from all over the world to hand down knowledge about how to be the very best Santa Claus.
13．The underlined word “incorporate” is closest in meaning to________.
A．inspire B．imagine C．introduce D．include
14．What’s the best title for the passage
A．A For-profit School in US B．The Origin of Santa Claus
C．A School with a Difference D．Where to Find the Best Santa Claus
15．What can be concluded from the passage
A．The CWH Santa School enjoys a very good reputation.
B．History is on the curriculum in the CWH Santa School.
C．The school trains children to interact with Santa Claus.
D．The current manager needs to have a global vision.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）A modern masterpiece from one of Italy’s most acclaimed authors, My Brilliant Friend is a rich, intense, and generous-hearted story about two friends, Elena and Lila. Elena Ferrante’s unique style lends itself perfectly to a detailed portrait of these two women that is also the story of a nation and a touching thinking on the nature of friendship. The story begins in the 1950s, in a poor but exciting neighborhood on the outskirts of Naples. Growing up on these tough streets the two girls learn to rely on each other ahead of anyone or anything else. As they grow, as their paths repeatedly split apart and meet again, Elena and Lila remain best friends whose respective destinies are reflected in the other. They are likewise the mirror of a nation undergoing momentous change.
Ferrante is the author of three previous works of critically acclaimed fiction: The Days of Abandonment, Troubling Love, and The Lost Daughter. With this novel, the first in a quartet, she proves herself to be one of Italy’s great storytellers. She has given her readers a masterfully plotted page-turner, abundant and generous in its narrative details and characterizations, that is also a stylish work of literary fiction destined to delight her many fans and win new readers to her fiction.
As “Ferrante Fever” swept the English-speaking literary world, you might have mistaken it for a phenomenon exclusive to women readers. Elena Ferrante’s four Neapolitan Novels, translated from the Italian, arrived on our shores in covers of light pinks and blues, with introduction that promised a fascinating narration of female friendship, ideally marketed for moms and their daughters alike. So well-received was this focus on the sisterhood of the books-perhaps because we often limit women to writing about “women’s issues” — that the series’ historical sweep, its intense criticism of capitalism and its cruel violence, did not always get their due.
This is likely to change as the Ferrante craze reaches its natural peak: an acclaimed HBO series that doesn’t steer away from her socialist themes. No doubt quite a few men are on the bandwagon already. While they are indeed thrilled by the societal scope of Ferrante’s narrative, they are also learning something about the vitality of feminine closeness and identity.
16．In My Brilliant Friend, Elena and Lila ________.
A．represent the country’s spirit B．are interdependent on each other
C．stay together throughout their life D．are coming from different background
17．The writing focus on girls’ relationship may overshadow the description of ________.
A．motherhood B．capitalistic cruelty
C．male friendship D．domestic violence
18．What is likely to change as the Ferrante craze intensifies
A．That the book switches to socialist theme.
B．That the readership is mainly limited to women.
C．People’s view towards girls’ closeness and identity.
D．That the bandwagons are increasingly popular among boys.
19．What can be inferred from this article
A．The book comes with a book turning device to help reading easily.
B．HBO changed the book’s theme in the adaptation of the screenplay.
C．Elena Ferrante’s quartet gain wide appeal both in women and in men.
D．The character Elena in the book is a self-portrait of the author Elena Ferrante.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Surveillance is nothing new. The dark Satanic mill of 18th-century Britain had supevisros to crack the whip. Shops have long used CCTV to monitor customers and staff, and some factory workers have had to face the humiliation of timed toilet breaks. Still, if you enjoy the comfort of a white-collar job, you may be astonished to learn just how much you are being watched.
Calls and emails are monitored using ever more advanced software. Artificial intelligence is taking the monitoring to new levels, tracking everything from Zoom-call rictus and twitchy keyboard strokes to the consistent note of irritation in your voice, in an attempt to assess your productivity and judge your state of mind.
Surveillance is rising because work-from-home policies mean that employers are keen to keep tabs on their remote workforce. Before the pandemic, around one in ten of the large businesses had spying software. Within three years it expects the share to each 70 %.
Bosses also have ever-expanding amounts of data at their disposal, enlarging the digital footprint that can be monitored. Widely used software such as Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams or Slack can tell managers what time you clock in or how many calls you join on their platforms. Employee badges fitted with motion sensors and microphones can alert bosses if someone is loafing about. The blurring boundaries between work and home mean that video surveillance and other intrusive tools are barging into workers’ personal lives, social-media accounts and private devices at all times of the day.
The law is scrambling to adjust. In the state of New York, employees subject to electronic monitoring must be told in advance, under a new law introduced on May 7th. Connecticut and Delaware require similar disclosures. California is considering new laws to strengthen privacy protections for workers, including a ban on digital monitoring without prior notice. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation establishes some basic rights for staff. Yet it is still early days and the technology is advancing fast. As a result, most firms are only just getting their heads around how much remote work is likely to remain permanent. A clear boundary between embracing new technologies on the one hand, and protecting workers on the other, has still to be drawn.
There are perfectly legitimate reasons for surveillance at work. Many jobs require monitoring for safety, security and compliance. Investment banks’ traders are tracked to prevent insider dealing, and the decisions of social-media moderators (仲裁人) are traced and recorded to ensure consistency and accountability. In the same way that companies collect data on customers’ behaviour in order to improve their products, so professional employers are using monitoring tools to measure the productivity and engagement of their most important resource: their people. In the future such tools could help spot bad posture, root out bullying, and identify and share best practice among staff.
20．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．the phenomenon of workplace monitoring
B．the history of surveillance in different industries
C．the new norm of employees after the pandemic
D．the benefits and drawbacks of remote work policies
21．According to paragraph 3, employers are more interested in keeping an eye on staff because ________.
A．spying software are much more popularized than ever before
B．more and more new employees are coming from remote areas
C．they share the way to manage employees during the epidemic
D．they want to ensure the productivity of employees working from home
22．The underlined sentence in paragraph 4 is used to ________.
A．point out how intense the competition is for Google
B．show the wide range of office software on the market
C．compare the performance of different spying software
D．list employers’ one possible access to staff’s working data
23．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the author
A．Monitoring at workplace is reasonable in some walks of life
B．Artificial Intelligence can forward employees’ email to their bosses.
C．Most workers in California are currently free from digital monitoring
D．Bosses can balance embracing new technology and protecting privacy.
（22-23高一下·上海·期中）Scrolling through Hudson Valley Craigslist one night, I come across a sprawling — but cozy — oak-floored Victorian house that’s perfectly isolated despite being two hundred years old. I buy it for a hundred and fifty thousand dollars, without having to borrow any money from my parents.
Moving is a breeze. Even at the end of the brisk drive upstate, I’m in a sea of B．L. M. signs and rainbow flags, and nobody wants to shoot me for my political beliefs. In fact, I receive several compliments on my electric pickup truck, and everyone calls me Chief.
Upon my arrival, the family of mice living in my house pack up and leave, but not before thoughtfully scrubbing the oven of their waste.
I chop so much wood for the natural-stone fireplace that my hands become calloused (长了老茧) (hotly) and I put on twenty pounds of muscle. Every day I wake up at 5 A．M. to volunteer at a nearby animal sanctuary, because the valley’s grand sunrises have transformed me, overnight, into a morning person.
A seemingly rude but bighearted neighbor, Meeks, shovels the snow from my driveway and tends to the yard, unprompted. When I offer to pay him for his work, Meeks says, “Please. I’m a huge fan of your writing—the art you put into the world is payment enough.”
At my favorite local dive, I play in a weekly poker game with a cast of colorful townies, like in “Nobody’s Fool.” We drink boilermakers all night but always make it home safely because the sparkling-clean Main Street trolley runs twenty-four hours a day.
Though I’m undoubtedly rich, and the value of my house has skyrocketed, my presence doesn’t interfere with the area’s cost of living, which remains low thanks to policies enacted by President Ocasio-Cortez.
My dad, a retired fighter pilot who’s always respected me, buys a small Cessna so he and my mom can fly up to visit once a month. Whenever he’s in town, my dad makes improvements to the house without being asked. When I offer to pay him, he says, “Please. Just seeing you this happy, successful, and physically powerful is payment enough.”
I don’t miss going to concerts, comedy shows. or the doctor. Most nights I’m content to sit by the fire with Meeks, sipping on applejack and playing cribbage, a simple game that I intuitively grasp.
I make frequent trips into Manhattan to see my friends, who’ve collectively decided not to have kids so we can hang more. They chuckle as I complain about the city prices, their envy subtle but detectable. Stirred by my glow, one by one they buy (slightly less impressive) houses down the road from mine.
A few years later, I adapt a novel into a critically acclaimed HBO mini-series, which I co-create with my pal and professional equal, John Oliver.
On my ninetieth birthday, I pass away in my sleep, calloused hands folded (hotly) on my barrel chest. The whole valley turns up for my Viking funeral, where the mayor puts the key to the city or township or whatever around my tree-trunk neck.
When my next of kin offers to pay for the funeral service, the mayor says, “Please. His time here, upstate, was payment enough.”
24．From the description of his early settlement into this part of the countryside, we can infer that the author ____.
A．likes to do things on his own B．is reluctant to make the changes
C．pursues his political beliefs strongly D．is critical of the environment where he lives
25．Which of the following statements about the author is TRUE according to the passage
A．He enjoys watching comedies in the neighbourhood.
B．His depiction of the present life attracts his friends.
C．He gains some weight because he eats more than he did.
D．His parents are quite concerned what kind of life he is leading.
26．All the statements of others’ comment on the author contain the expression “payment enough” which is to illustrate ________.
A．he is tolerant of others’ payment B．he has paid enough for what he wants
C．he has done enough that deserves rewards D．he is willing to pay enough for what others do for him
27．What might be the best title of this passage
A．My routine as a writer B．My fantasy in upstate
C．My pursuit of happiness D．My work in the countryside
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）It’s a common experience: You’re looking through a social media page, and you see pictures of friends traveling or going to parties. Suddenly you start to wonder why you’re not doing those things. Are you missing out on something fun and exciting because you’re locked into everyday life This experience has come to be known as the fear of missing out, sometimes shortened FOMO. To some extent people have always worried about missing out on things. But with the rise of social media, FOMO is becoming much more common.
Wanting to be in on the fun when exciting things are happening is completely normal. But for some people, it can lead to fascination with checking their phones to find out what other people are doing. Even while doing things that are fun or necessary, people can feel like there’s something better going on elsewhere. This urge to connect can ironically lead them to disconnect from the people they are actually with. It prevents them from being satisfied with the good things in their lives. It can even be dangerous; some people try to check messages while driving.
It’s important to remember that what people choose to post on social media does not necessarily reflect their life overall. People tend to pick and choose the things they share, so we only ever know a small part of anyone else’s life.
It’s also important to be modest and accept your limitations. You cannot be everywhere and do everything that might be interesting or productive, and that’s OK.
It might even be necessary to turn off your phone or log out of social media for a while. Get rid of the constant reminders of everything that’s happening in the world. You can even set particular times in your day to check email and social media. By stepping away for a time, you can help keep other people’s lives in perspective.
Finally, focus on the things in front of you. Relish them, do them well and let everything else go. When you fully engage with life, you’ll worry less about what you’re not doing.
Don’t let the fear of missing out cause you to miss out on the good things you have in life. Relax, enjoy what you do and let other people enjoy their lives without envying them.
28．The fear of missing out is mainly caused by________ according to the passage.
A．locking into others’ life
B．the frequent use of social media
C．the rise of social media
D．travelling or going to parties
29．What result may follow if you are crazy to find out what is going on in the world
A．No checking messages while driving.
B．Checking social media unwillingly.
C．Being pleased with my good things.
D．Separating from the people around.
30．The underlined world “relish” (in paragraph 6) is closed in meaning to________.
A．enjoy B．ignore C．hate D．envy
31．Which of the following might be the author’s advice according to the passage
A．Try to check and find out what people have shared in media.
B．Let other people enjoy our lives without envying theirs.
C．Don’t let thoughts of what you could be doing steal your happiness.
D．Pick and choose the things people share on social media.
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）For more than 600 years, English speakers used “because” as a conjunction meaning “for the reason that,” dutifully following it with a full clause of explanation (or at least the word of). Then, a few years ago, this old word suddenly began bursting with new life, as people started using it in a manner that disobeyed all grammatical rules: How do you know climate change is real “Because science.” Why are you sleepy “Because wine.” Academics became nervously excited, debating whether “because” had evolved into a preposition and if so, which types of nouns would appropriately fit this new construction. But there was little disagreement on the driving force behind the change.
The title of Gretchen McCulloch's new book, “Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language”, is in honor of this kind of linguistic change —evolution made possible by the dominance of the web and the never-before-seen explosion of informal writing that has come with it. Her aim is to explain how the internet has shaped language. McCulloch is an internet linguist, and her book about internet language is, fittingly, a mixture drawn from academic and internet cultures. In some measure, Because Internet offers a history of the Web along with an introduction to linguistics and a survey of the most fascinating research from her field, including a study that took advantage of geotags on social media to show how new words spread from place to place. Her work is also a well-researched retort (反驳)to grammarians who think technology is to blame for why kids are engaging in what grammarians believe are lazy, senseless talks. On the contrary, she argues, it’s making us more creative in our writing than ever before.
The formal, unemotional writing we were all taught in the classroom simply won't do in places designed for virtual communications, McCulloch explains. And she breaks down the many ways we’ve managed to use keyboards to restore the dynamism of face-to-face interaction. For a start: We tap all caps when we FEEL LIKE SHOUTING. We use the abbreviation lol not just to mean “laughing out loud” but also to get out of awkward situations or to offer empathy. And we lengthen words to show just how much we feeeeeeeeel.
32．According to the passage, which of the following examples best reflects how people use the word “because” nowadays when answering the question “why were you late for school this morning ”
A．Because the traffic was bad. B．Because of the traffic.
C．Because traffic. D．Because I got stuck in a traffic jam.
33．The book “Because Internet" informs its readers about________.
A．how to keep pace with the evolution of language
B．how to have effective communication online
C．how to organize meaningful sentences in English
D．how to use new words and signals on social media
34．Gretchen McCulloch believes the way we talk has changed because________.
A．we have developed abbreviations to replace many words
B．we can no longer show our identity through the language we use
C．the explosion of informal writing in virtual communication has evolved the language
D．today's kids are not taught at school how to communicate with others
（21-22高一下·上海·期中）By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony — and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet — took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.
Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight”
into their own inadequacy. Why should this be Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coauthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.
In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd . What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that engender competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.
There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.
If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement (毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way.
35．Which can be the best title of this passage
A．Special or Not Teach Kids To Figure It Out
B．Let’s Admit That We Are Not That Special
C．Tips On Making Ourselves More Special
D．Tell The Truth: Kids Overestimate their Talents
36．The author thinks the real problem is that ______.
A．we don’t know whether our young people are talented or not
B．young people don’t know how to assess their abilities realistically
C．no requirement is set up for young people to get better
D．we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged
37．Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage
A．They usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations.
B．They tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are.
C．They are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams.
D．They lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing.
38．We can infer from the passage that those high-scoring students ______.
A．know how to cultivate clear logic and proper grammar
B．don’t know how well they perform due to their stringent self-judgement
C．don’t view themselves as competent because they know their limits
D．tend to be very competent in their high-scoring fields
