2024届高三英语一轮复习语法专题 ：定语从句和状语从句 课件(共36张PPT)

(共36张PPT)
定语从句和状语从句
高考专题
定语从句
　　定语从句是修饰主句中某一名词（短语）或代词（有时也可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分）的从句，被修饰的对象称为先行词，一般由关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）引导，作用相当于形容词。
　　If you have a friend [ who knows your heart], distance can't keep you two apart.
先行词
关系词
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
特点 起限定作用，与先行词关系紧密， 不可省略，否则会造成句意不完整 仅作补充或说明，若省略，句意不发生改变
形式 一般紧跟先行词，且中间不加逗号 用逗号与主句隔开
先行词 名词（短语）或代词 名词（短语）、代词、整个主句
或主句的一部分
引导词 关系代词（作宾语时可省略）、关系副词 关系代词（不包括that,且作宾语时
不可省略）、关系副词（不包括why）
示例 He has two sisters who are working in the city. 他有两个在这座城市工作的妹妹。 (他可能还有别的不在这座城市工作的妹妹) He has two sisters, who are working in the city.
他有两个妹妹,都在这座城市工作。
1. 定语从句的分类
2. 关系代词
关系代词 用法 示例
that 只用于引导限制性定语从句,先行词指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略 He is a man that/who means what he says.
他是一个说话算数的人。(指人,作主语)
He is no longer the boy that/who he was twenty years ago.
他再不是20年前的那个男孩子了。(指人,作表语)
The book (that/which) you are reading is written by Mark Twain.你正在读的那本书是马克·吐温写的。(指物,作宾语)
Football is a game that/which is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。(指物,作主语)
The man (who/whom/that) you met just now is my old friend.
你刚才遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。(指人,作宾语)
which 先行词指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,作宾语时可省略
who 先行词指人,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略
whom 先行词指人,在从句中作宾语,一般可省略
2. 关系代词
关系代词 用法 示例
whose 先行词指人或物, 在从句中作定语 (可与of whom/which互换) Workers built shelters for survivors whose/of whom homes had been destroyed.
工人们为家园被毁的幸存者修建避难所。(指人)
In this article, we'll talk about a type of comfort food whose/of which power mainly lies in the associations it calls to mind.
在本文里,我们要讲一类治愈系食物,它的力量主要在于它所唤起的联想。(指物)
2. 关系代词
关系代词 用法 示例
as 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词指人或物，通常与such、the same等连用，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词只能是整个主句 Such books as I have read are classical works.
我所读过的书都是些经典著作。(指物,作宾语)
My trouble is the same as yours is.
我的困难同你的一样。(指物,作表语)
She became angry, as many could see.
她生气了,许多人都看得出。(非限制性定语从句)
（1）that和which
　　当先行词指物时，限制性定语从句的引导词既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列几种情况下宜用that不用which：
3. 易混关系代词辨析
情况 示例
当先行词是everything、anything、nothing、all、none、few、little、some等不定代词，或被every、any、all、some、no、little、 few、much等修饰时 There is little that I can do for you.
几乎没有什么我能为你做的了。
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said
李老师说的话你都记下来了吗
当先行词被序数词修饰时 The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
（1）that和which
　　当先行词指物时，限制性定语从句的引导词既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列几种情况下宜用that不用which：
3. 易混关系代词辨析
情况 示例
当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
当先行词被the very、the only等修饰时 After the fire in his house, the old car was the only thing that
he owned.家里发生火灾后,那辆旧车是他唯一拥有的东西。
当先行词既有人又有物时 They talked about the people and things that they saw in that
country.他们谈论在那个国家见到的人和事。
as which
从句位置 可置于句首、句中、句末 从句一般只能置于先行词后
先行词 只能是整个主句 可以是名词或代词,也可以是整个主句
或主句的部分内容
意义 通常表示对主句内容的评论或解释, 意为“正如,好像” 表示对先行词的补充说明
（2）as和which
　　as、which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，区别如下：
3. 易混关系代词辨析
as which
示例 As Aristotle said, no one would choose to live without friends, even if he had all other goods. 正如亚里士多德所说:没有人愿意过百善俱全而独缺朋友的生活。(置于句首) Overeating, as is known to all, is the main cause of obesity.众所周知,吃得过多是肥胖症的主要原因。 (置于句中) The night has turned cold, as is usual around here. 夜晚变得很冷,这一带经常如此。(置于句末) In the same year, gold was discovered near San Francisco, which started a gold rush. 同年,旧金山附近发现黄金,引发了淘金热。(先行词是整个主句)
The sun, which had hidden all day, came out in full splendor.整天躲在云层里的太阳又光芒四射了。 (先行词是名词sun)
（2）as和which
3. 易混关系代词辨析
　　当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，常将介词置于关系代词前，构成“介词+关系代词”结构，该结构既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指人时，关系代词常用whom；先行词指物时，关系代词常用which。此时，whom和which不可省略。
4. 介词+关系代词which/whom
This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.
这是我写这封信用的那支钢笔。(限制性定语从句)
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person, to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，她无人可以求助。(非限制性定语从句)
关系副词 用法 示例
when 先行词通常是表示时间的词语,在从句中作时间状语(可与at/in/on/during which互换) There comes a time when/in which the old must give way to the new.新旧更替的时代已经到来。
Autumn is the season when/in which trees shed their leaves.
秋天是树木落叶的季节。
where 先行词通常是表示具体地点的词,也可以是表示抽象地点的词语(如degree、point、situation、stage等),在从句中作地点状语(可与at/in which互换) In many of the places where/in which the butterfly can be found, people are destroying the natural environment.在许多可以发现这种蝴蝶的地方,人们正破坏那里的自然环境。(具体地点)
She had got to the point where/at which she felt that she could not take any more.她已经到了忍无可忍的地步。(抽象地点)
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入了难以判断对错的境地。(抽象地点)
5. 关系副词
关系副词 用法 示例
why 先行词是reason,在从句中作原因状语(可与for which互换) Tell me the reason why/for which you were absent yesterday.
告诉我你昨天缺席的原因。
5. 关系副词
1. The statues fill only one part of the emperor's huge tomb, 　　　　 still has not been
completely unearthed. (人教B1U2)
2. People in modern times can read the classic works　　　　 were written by Chinese
in ancient times. (人教B1U5)
3. 　　　　 the Chinese saying goes, “A kind-hearted person lives a long life.”(外研B3U2)
4. After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with 　　　　 a well was built
near a primary school in Uganda. (外研B3U2)
which
that/which
As
which
即练即清3
5. Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time 　　　　
people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
(人教B1U5)
6. In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions and 　　　　 lives were in
danger. (外研B3U2)
7. The number of people 　　　　 were killed or badly injured in the quake was more
than 400,000. (人教B1U4)
8. As you go through your daily life, you will encounter many difficult situations 　　 things may go wrong. (译林XB4U1)
when
whose
that/who
where
即练即清3
状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
时间 状语 从句 when、 while、 as As it grew darker, it became colder.天渐黑,越发冷起来了。(随着)
As/When he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.
他讲话结束的时候,听众掌声雷动。(接短暂性动词,表示动作前后发生)
He's been watching TV as/when/while his wife has been watering the flowers.
他妻子在浇花的时候,他一直在看电视。(接延续性动词,表示动作同时发生)
before、 after He rushed out of the office before I realized what was happening.
我还没意识到发生了什么事,他就冲出了办公室。
The house was empty after they moved out.他们搬走后,这座房子就空了。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
时间 状语 从句 till/until She stood there till/until he passed out of sight.她站在那里,直到望不见他的身影。
Until they had finished the work, they did not go home.
他们直到工作完成了才回家。(置于句首时,一般不用till)
since I feel much happier since I started my new job.
自从我开始了新工作,我感觉快活多了。
once You can't cancel the contract once you've signed.
你一旦签了字就不能取消合同。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
时间 状语 从句 as soon as、 the first time、 the moment等 The summer heat hit me as soon as I got off the flight.
一下飞机,就有一股暑热袭来。
My cat had disappeared the moment the storm hit.
暴风雨袭来的那一刻我的猫就失踪了。
I fell in love with Dream of the Red Chamber the first time I read it.
我第一次读到《红楼梦》时就喜欢上了它。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
条件 状语 从句 if、unless If we want light, we must conquer darkness.如果我们想要光明,就得征服黑暗。
I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果明天不下雨,我就要走了。
as/so long as、 in case As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.
只要你继续努力,你就必定会成功。
In case I forget, please remind me about it.万一我忘了这件事,请提醒我。
given that、 on condition that等 Given that I have enough money, I'll travel around the world.
鉴于我有足够的钱,我要去周游世界。
He agreed to lend me his car on condition that I return it by tomorrow.
他同意借给我他的车,但条件是在明天之前归还。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
原因 状语 从句 because、 since、as You shouldn't get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
不应该仅仅因为有人说你的坏话就生气。(直接原因,语气最强)
Since the road is wet, it must have rained.
路是湿的,一定是下过雨了。(表示附带说明,语气弱于because)
As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
由于天色已晚,我决定去一家旅馆住宿。(语气最弱)
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
原因 状语 从句 now (that)、 in that、 considering (that)等 Now (that) they got to know each other a little better,they get along just fine.
由于彼此之间有了进一步了解,他们相处得不错。
Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.
理论之所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。
Considering (that) there are so many challenges to deal with, are you still
optimistic about the future of VR 考虑到需要应对这么多挑战,你对虚拟现实的未来还抱有乐观心态吗
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
让步 状语 从句 although、though、as、while Honest advice benefits conduct though/although it's unpleasant to the ear.
忠言逆耳利于行。
Happy as/though they were, there was something missing.尽管他们很快乐,但总缺少点什么。(as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,though可倒可不倒)
While I'm willing to help, I don't have much time available.
尽管我愿意帮忙,但是没有多少时间。(while通常置于句首)
even though/if The Internet has made it possible for friends to keep in touch easily even though/if they are on opposite sides of the world.即使天各一方,互联网也能使朋友轻松保持联系。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
让步 状语 从句 疑问词+-ever、 no matter+疑问词等 You can stay in touch with friends no matter where you are or what you are doing.无论你在哪里,在做什么,都可以和朋友保持联系。
We can download software, documents, and images whenever we need them.在任何需要的时候,我们可以下载软件、文档和图片。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
目的 状语 从句 so that、 in order that It is very important to protect wild lives so that humankind can still live on earth.
保护好野生生物极为重要,这样人类才能继续在地球上生存。(往往有情态动词)
We talked quietly in order that we should not disturb the other passengers.
我们小声说话,以免打扰别的旅客。
in case、 for fear that等 Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.带把伞,以防下雨。
They hid themselves behind some bushes for fear that the enemy found them.
他们躲在树丛后面,以防被敌人发现。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
结果 状语 从句 so that、 so...that、 such...that等 He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了错误的决定,结果毁掉了半生。
She spoke so quietly that I could hardly hear her. 她说话轻得我几乎听不见。
It is expanding at such a rate that we can only imagine what it will comprise in the
future. 它飞速扩张,我们只能想象它将来会包含什么。
方式 状语 从句 as Do as you would be done by.你要人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。
as if/though The little boy spoke as if he were a grown-up.那小男孩说起话来像个大人似的。
四、状语从句
1. 各类状语从句的引导词
分类 引导词 示例
比较 状语 从句 as...as...、 not as/so...as... It's not as/so smooth as I thought. 这没有我想象的那么顺利。
than The time available is less than we had hoped for.
可利用的时间比我们原先希望的少。
地点 状语 从句 where、 wherever等 Where there is life,there is hope.有生命就有希望。
We'll go wherever you say.你说去哪儿我们就去哪。
Imagine her surprise when she saw the gold coins where the stone had been!
想象一下,当她看到原先石头所在之处的金币时有多么惊讶!
情况 示例
当状语从句主语与主句主语一致,且谓语中含有be动词时,常省略从句主语和be动词 When (he was) asking the teacher, he was polite.
他向老师问问题时很有礼貌。
Send the goods now if (they are) ready.货物如已备好,请立即邮寄。
A great man, though (he is) dead, yet lives.伟大的人虽死犹生。
当从句主语是it,且谓语中含有be动词时,常省略it和be动词 I'll go there myself when (it is) possible.可能的时候我会亲自去那里。
Put a comma where (it is) needed.在需要的地方加上逗号。
The matter, if (it is) well handled, will benefit us a lot.
这件事如果处理得好,会对我们大有益处。
有些状语从句有时会省略与主句相同的成分 I shall go shopping if you don't (go).如果你不去购物,我就去。
2. 状语从句的省略
温馨提示　after、before、because引导的状语从句无此用法。
1. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature 　　　 　 I like English and I'm good at it. (人教B1U1)
2. 　　 China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing lan-guage. (人教B1U5)
3. He had met wonderful teachers from small villages during his early school years and he was inspired by them to go and teach 　　　 he was needed the most.(北师大B1U1）
4. it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the
day it was created.(人教XB3U1)
5. 　　　　 we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be
gone.
because/since/as
As
where
即练即清4
Although/Though/While
If
1. And if you study festivals carefully, you may be surprised to find 　　　　 different cultures actually have a lot in common after all. (人教B3U1)
2. Over time, 　　　　 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
3. Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO, 　　　　 runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from disappearing. (人教B2U1)
4. These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died. This is 　　　　 people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks. (人教B3U4)
that
as/when
which
because
5. When the train arrived at the station, they took a taxi to Lake Louise, 　　　　 the
blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. (人教XB2U4)
6. the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.
7. However, what we eat isn't the most important thing. What's important is 　　　　
we eat it with. (北师大B1U3)
8. It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu—animal bones and shells on
　　　　 symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. (人教B1U5)
where
Although/Though/While
who/whom
which
9. There is concern 　　　　 the construction company that built the tower block had
not followed fire safety rules. (译林XB2U1)
10. The majority of residents in Chinatown are still ethnic Chinese, many of 　　　　
do not speak English fluently. (人教B3U3)
11. At the information desk at the entrance, I asked a lady 　　　　 the shoe section
was. (外研B1U2)
12. I had been waiting with my fellow graduating students for the moment 　　　　 I
would walk out onto the stage to receive my degree certificate. (译林XB4U4)
13. She has the window open, 　　　　 cold it is outside.
that
whom
where
when
however
14. One woman tripped over the stone 　　　 her water pot went crashing to the ground. (人教B3U2)
15. These terraces(梯田) also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of
　　 feed on insects that can harm the rice crops. (外研B1U6)
16. Whether big or small, what all our choices have in common is 　　　　 they lead to
specific consequences. (外研XB4U1)
17. They are recording and collecting digital images of cultural relics from the Mogao Caves, 　　　 were a key stop along the Silk Road throughout China's ancient history. (人教B2U1)
and
which
that
which
18. It remains to be seen 　　　　 the newly formed committee's policy can be put into
practice.
19. The Amazon River, from 　　　 the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilo-metres in length. (译林B3U1)
20. Put more simply, while people continue to argue over 　　　　 or not fatty food is
dangerous, we already know that sugar is a killer. (人教XB2U3)
21. Today, the caves are just as international as they were at the time 　　　　 people
travelled the Silk Road. (人教B2U1)
22. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's 　　　　 I was born.”
whether
which
whether
when
where
23. Actually, the film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work,
most of 　　　　 takes place behind the scenes. (译林B2U1)
24. A simple restaurant was 　　　　 he usually had the same meal of sausages, eggs
and coffee. (外研XB3U2)
25. Two years ago, I was told I had a serious disease 　　　　 was difficult to cure.
(人教B2U5)
26. Hard 　　　　 it was raining, they went on working in the field.
27. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and
put back together again in a place 　　　 they were safe from the water. (人教B2U1)
which
where
that/which
though/as
where
28. 　　　　 you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay moti-
vated after one or two nights.
29. On the first day, I should want to see the people 　　　　 kindness and gentleness
and companionship have made my life worth living. (外研XB1U2)
30. I really enjoy listening to music 　　 　　 it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
31. 　　　　 the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
32. Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to he has devoted his life. (人教XB1U5)
Unless
whose
because/since/as/for
When
whom
33. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell 　　　 close you
may be to victory.
34. Located 　　　　 the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt
and Road construction.
35. Sichuan hot pots are perfect for the damp, foggy climate in 　　　　 they were invented. (译林XB1U1)
36. The games my parents taught me 　　　 I was a child turned out to be very useful
later in my life.
how
where
which
when