专题02 完形填空10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Kimiyuki Suda should be a perfect customer for Japan’s car-makers. He’s a young, successful executive (主管) at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has a handsome 1 . He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses 2 subways and trains. “It’s not inconvenient at all,” he says. Besides, “and having a car is so 20th century.”
Suda reflects a worrisome 3 in Japan: the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, 4 among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices. 5 mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is 6 . Last year sales fell 6.7 percent, if you don’t count the mini-car market. There have been larger one-year drops in other nations: sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2009 7 a tax increase. But experts say Japan is 8 in that sales have been decreasing steadily over time. Since 1994, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2009.
Alarmed by this state of 9 , the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) 10 a comprehensive study of the market in 2008. It found that a 11 wealth gap, demographic (人口结构的) changes and 12 lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their 13 longer, replace their cars with smaller ones or 14 car ownership altogether. JAMA 15 a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year. Some experts believe that if the trend continues for much longer, further consolidation (合并) in automotive industry is likely.
1．A．payment B．profit C．income D．budget
2．A．rarely B．mostly C．partially D．occasionally
3．A．tide B．current C．drift D．trend
4．A．occasionally B．remarkably C．essentially D．particularly
5．A．While B．If C．Because D．Since
6．A．shaking B．stretching C．slipping D．surfing
7．A．according to B．in terms of C．thanks to D．in view of
8．A．unique B．similar C．mysterious D．extra
9．A．adventure B．distress C．growth D．decay
10．A．revised B．relieved C．launched D．proceeded
11．A．lengthening B．widening C．quickening D．strengthening
12．A．general B．adequate C．ordinary D．average
13．A．cycles B．labels C．vehicles D．devices
14．A．pick up B．hang up C．hold up D．give up
15．A．pursues B．predicts C．ensures D．demands
【答案】
1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了日本汽车行业面临的现状。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是东京一家互联网服务公司的一位年轻、成功的高管，收入可观。A. payment支付；B. profit利润；C. income收入；D. budget预算。根据句中的“a young, successful executive(主管)”可知，他的收入应该不错。故选C。
2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但现在他主要使用地铁和火车。A. rarely很少；B. mostly主要地；C. partially部分地；D. occasionally偶尔。根据But可知，上下文之间是转折关系。上文说“He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle.(他曾经拥有丰田的Hilux Surf，一款运动型多用途车。)”可知，这里表示他现在不开车了，主要乘坐公共交通工具。故选B。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Suda反映了日本令人担忧的趋势：汽车正在失去其情感吸引力，尤其是在年轻人中，他们更喜欢把钱花在最新的电子设备上。A. tide潮汐；B. current潮流，气流；C. drift流动；D. trend趋势，动向。根据本句中冒号后的内容“the automobile is losing its emotional appeal”和最后一段中的“if the trend continues for much longer”可知，这里是说Suda的情况反映了当前日本的一种趋势。故选D。
4．考查副词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. occasionally偶尔；B. remarkably惊人地；C. essentially本质上；D. particularly特别，尤其。根据空后的“among the young”可知，此处是特别强调在年轻人当中失去吸引力。故选D。
5．考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管迷你车和豪华外国品牌车仍然很受欢迎，但介于两者之间的一切都在下滑。A. While尽管，当……时；B. If如果；C. Because因为；D. Since自从，既然。根据句中的“mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular”和上下文可知，这里表示让步，应用While引导让步状语从句。故选A。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. shaking摇动；B. stretching拉长；C. slipping滑到，下降；D. surfing冲浪。本句含有一个让步状语从句，空处应和前面的“still popular”表达相反的意思，所以这里是说介于迷你车和豪华外国品牌车的一切汽车销量都在下滑。故选C。
7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果不算微型车市场，去年的销量下降了6.7%。其他国家一年的销量下降幅度更大:由于税收增加，2009年德国的销量下降了9%。A. according to根据；B. in terms of就……而言；C. thanks to幸亏，多亏了；D. in view of鉴于，由于。根据空前的“sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2009”和空后的“a tax increase”可知，汽车在德国的销量下降和税收增加之间是因果关系，所以应用in view of。故选D。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但专家表示，日本的独特之处在于，销售量随着时间的推移一直在稳步下降。A. unique独特的；B. similar相似的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. extra额外的。根据上句中的“There have been larger one-year drops in other nations”和空后的“sales have been decreasing steadily over time”可知，其他国家的销售量一年降幅较大，而日本的销售量是稳步逐年下降，所以日本的情况比较独特。故选A。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：日本汽车制造商协会（JAMA）对这种衰退状况感到震惊，于2008年对市场进行了全面研究。A. adventure冒险；B. distress悲伤，痛苦；C. growth增长；D. decay衰退。根据上文中的“the automobile is losing its emotional appeal”以及“fell”“decreasing”等信息可知，如今汽车领域衰退。故选D。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. revised修订；B. relieved缓和；C. launched发起；D. proceeded继续做（或从事、进行）。根据空后的“a comprehensive study”可知，这里是说发起一项研究。故选C。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究发现，贫富差距不断扩大、人口结构的变化和对汽车普遍缺乏兴趣，导致日本人保留自己的汽车更久，用更小的汽车替换自己的汽车，或者完全放弃使用汽车。A. lengthening（使）变长；B. widening范围扩大，程度加深；C. quickening加快；D. strengthening巩固。根据空后的“wealth gap”可知，这里是说贫富差距扩大。故选B。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. general普遍的；B. adequate足够的；C. ordinary普通的；D. average平均的。根据上文中的“a comprehensive study of the market”可知，这是对市场进行的全面调查，所以反映的情况应是普遍存在的现象，由此可知，这里指社会普遍对汽车缺乏兴趣。故选A。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考第11题。A. cycles自行车；B. labels标签；C. vehicles车辆；D. devices设备。根据下文中的“their cars”可知，这里是近义词复现，指他们的汽车。故选C。
14．考查动词短语辨析。句意参考第11题。A. pick up（开车）接人；B. hang up挂断电话；C. hold up支持住；D. give up放弃。根据上文中的“a 11 wealth gap, demographic(人口结构的) changes and 12 lack of interest in cars”可知，这些都是社会上存在的对汽车销售不利的因素，所以这里指放弃汽车所有权。故选D。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：JAMA预计今年的销售额将进一步下降1.2%。A. pursues追求；B. predicts预测，预计；C. ensures确保；D. demands要求。根据句中的“a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year”可知，这里是预测今年的情况。故选B。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）When it came to moral reasoning, we like to think our views on right and wrong are rational. But ultimately they are grounded in emotion. Philosophers have argued over this claim for a quarter of a millennium without 16 . Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter. Though reason can shape moral judgment, emotion is often 17 .
Harvard psychologist Joshua Greene does brainscans of people as they study the so-called trolley problem. Suppose a trolley is rolling down the track toward five people who will die unless you pull a lever (杠杆) that pushes it onto another track where, 18 , lies one person who will die instead. An easy call, most people say: 19 the loss of life — a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal, as philosophers put it — is the thing to do.
But suppose the only way to save the five people is to push someone else onto the track — a bystander whose body will bring the trolley to a stop before it hits the others. It’s still a one-for-five 20 , and you still initiate the action that dooms the one. 21 , now you are more directly involved; most people say it would be wrong to do this trade-off. Why According to Greene’s brain scans, the second situation more thoroughly excites parts of the brain linked to 22 than does the lever-pulling situation. Apparently, the intuitive hesitation of giving someone a deadly push is more 23 than the hesitation of a deadly lever pull. Further studies suggest that in both cases the emotional concerns 24 control with more rational parts of the brain. In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win. And when they lose, it is only after a tough 25 process. The few people who approve of pushing an innocent man onto the tracks take longer to reach their decision. So too with people who approve of smothering (闷死) a crying baby rather than catching the attention of enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other 26 . Greene explains that our intuitive dislike to the killing of an innocent gradually evolved to become especially sensitive to visions of direct physical attack.
Princeton philosopher Peter Singer argues that we should 27 our moral intuitions (本能) and ask whether they deserve respect in the first place. Why obey moral impulses that evolved to serve the “ 28 gene” — such as sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends Why not worry more about people an ocean away whose suffering we could 29 relieve Isn’t it better to save 10 starving African babies than to keep your 90-year-old father on life support In the absence of a tough decision-making process, reason may indeed be a(n) “ 30 of the passions”.
16．A．comprehension B．hesitation C．resolution D．permission
17．A．reliable B．invisible C．impressive D．decisive
18．A．unfortunately B．obviously C．surprisingly D．inevitably
19．A．regretting B．minimizing C．justifying D．estimating
20．A．struggle B．deal C．loss D．mistake
21．A．Likewise B．However C．Therefore D．Moreover
22．A．memory B．reason C．emotion D．sensory
23．A．enduring B．obvious C．acceptable D．intense
24．A．compete for B．come from C．take over D．engage in
25．A．self-reflecting B．decision-making C．problem-solving D．attention-calling
26．A．innocents B．hostages C．relatives D．soldiers
27．A．trust B．apply C．examine D．ignore
28．A．superior B．stubborn C．caring D．selfish
29．A．willingly B．collectively C．deliberately D．cheaply
30．A．master B．advocate C．slave D．protester
【答案】
16．C 17．D 18．A 19．B 20．B 21．B 22．C 23．D 24．A 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．D 29．D 30．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍当涉及道德推理时，我们喜欢认为我们对是非的看法是理性的，但实际上它们是基于情感的，科学家们通过脑部扫描证实了这一结论。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：哲学家们对这一说法争论了250年，但没有得出结论。A. comprehension理解；B. hesitation犹豫；C. resolution解决；D. permission允许。根据下文“Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter.”可知，现在借助脑部扫描的科学家正在解决这一问题，所以之前哲学家们争论了很久但没有得出结论。故选C。
17．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但情感往往是决定性的。A. reliable可靠的；B. invisible看不见的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. decisive决定性的。根据上文“Though reason can shape moral judgment”可知，此处表达语义的转折，虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但是情感应该是更有决定性。故选D。
18．考查副词词义辨析。句意：假设一辆电车沿着轨道朝五个人驶去，除非你拉动杠杆把它推到另一条轨道上，不幸的是，另一条轨道上躺着一个会死的人。A. unfortunately不幸地；B. obviously显然地；C. surprisingly令人惊讶地；D. inevitably不可避免地。根据空后“lies one person who will die instead”可知，另一条轨道上会有因此而必死的人，所以是不幸的。故选A。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数人说，这是一个简单的号召：把生命的损失降到最低——正如哲学家们所说的，这是一个“功利主义”的目标。A. regretting后悔；B. minimizing最小化；C. justifying对……作出解释；D. estimating评估。根据上文一换五的抉择和下文“a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal”可知，此处表达在这样的困境下，去做实用主义的决定，即把生命的损失降低到最低，决定用一个人的死亡换五个人的生命。故选B。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这仍然是一换五的交易，你仍然发起了令另一个人死亡的行动。A. struggle斗争；B. deal交易；C. loss失去；D. mistake错误。根据下文“to do this trade-off”可知，此处表达把一个旁观者推向轨道，换来五个人的生命，还是一个一换五的交易。故选B。
21．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，现在你更直接地参与其中；大多数人认为这种权衡是错误的。A. Likewise相似地；B. However但是；C. Therefore因此；D. Moreover此外。根据空后“now you are more directly involved”可知，此处是在和上一段的困境进行比较，突显现在的困境的不同，强调语义的转折，所以However“但是”符合语境。故选B。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据Greene的脑部扫描，第二种情况比拉动杠杆的情况更能激发大脑中与情感相关的部分。A. memory记忆；B. reason理性；C. emotion情感；D. sensory感官。根据下文“the emotional concerns”可知，此处表达第二种情况下人们的决策不同，是因为这种情况与情感更相关。故选C。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显然，给某人致命一推时，直觉上的犹豫比致命一拉杠杆时的犹豫更强烈。A. enduring持久的；B. obvious明显的；C. acceptable可接受的；D. intense强烈的。根据上文“giving someone a deadly push”和下文“the hesitation of a deadly lever pull”，并结合常识可知，推一个人去死和不拉动杠杆让一个人死相比，更令人愧疚，所以引起的犹豫会更强烈。故选D。
24．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：进一步的研究表明，在这两种情况下，情感上的担忧在与大脑中更理性的部分争夺控制权。A. compete for争夺；B. come from来自；C. take over接管；D. engage in参与。根据下文“In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win.”可推知，此处表达情感和理性在大脑中争取控制权。故选A。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而当它们失败时，也只是经过了艰难的决策过程。A. self-reflecting自我反思的；B. decision-making决策的；C. problem-solving解决问题的；D. attention-calling引起注意的。根据下文“take longer to reach their decision”可推知，此处表达情感败给理性的情况下，是经历了一个艰难的决策过程的。故选B。
26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些赞成闷死哭泣的婴儿而不是引起敌军注意的人也是如此，敌军会杀死婴儿和其他无辜的人。A. innocents无辜的人；B. hostages人质；C. relatives亲戚；D. soldiers士兵。根据空前“enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other”可推知，敌军会杀死婴儿以及和婴儿一样无辜的人。故选A。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：普林斯顿大学哲学家Peter Singer认为，我们应该审视自己的道德直觉，首先问问它们是否值得尊重。A. trust信任；B. apply运用；C. examine审视；D. ignore忽视。根据下文“ask whether they deserve respect in the first place”可知，哲学家Peter Singer质疑我们的道德直觉，所以是觉得我们应该审视它。故选C。
28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么要服从那些为“自私基因”服务的道德冲动——比如对亲友的同情？A. superior更好的；B. stubborn固执的；C. caring体贴的；D. selfish自私的。根据下文“sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends”可知，这种道德冲动会让我们偏向与自己更亲近的亲友，所以应该是自私的基因。故选D。
29．考查副词词义辨析。句意：为什么不更多地担心大洋彼岸的人们呢？我们可以低廉地减轻他们的痛苦。A. willingly愿意地；B. collectively集体地；C. deliberately故意地；D. cheaply低廉地。根据下文“to save 10 starving African babies”可知，解决这些非洲婴儿的饥饿问题的花费应该是比较低廉的。故选D。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在缺乏艰难决策过程的情况下，理性可能确实是“激情的奴隶”。A. master主人；B. advocate拥护者；C. slave奴隶；D. protester抗议者。根据上文“And when they lose, it is only after a tough ____10____ process.”可知，在有艰难决策过程的情况下，情感会输给理性，所以艰难决策缺席的时候，理性会输给情感，成为激情的奴隶。故选C。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Many of the world’s most brilliant scientific minds were also fantastically weird. From Pythagoras’outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’, the path to greatness is paved with some truly 31 habits. Scientists are increasingly realizing that intelligence is less about genetic luck than we tend to think. According to the latest review of the evidence, around 40% of what distinguishes the brainiacs from the blockheads in adulthood is 32 . Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful influence on our brains, shaping their structure and changing the way we think.
Of all history’s great minds, arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits was Albert Einstein. So what better person to study for clues to 33 behaviors to try ourselves Could there be any benefits in following Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even 34 choices
GOOD SLEEP
It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain, and Einstein took this advice more seriously than most. He reportedly slept for at least 10 hours per day. But can you really sleep your way to a 35 mind
Many of the most radical breakthroughs in human history, including the periodic table and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, have supposedly occurred while their discoverer was 36 . The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted.
DAILY WALK
Besides, Einstein’s daily walk was sacred to him. While he was working at Princeton University, New Jersey, he’d walk the mile and a half journey there and back. He followed in the footsteps of other 37 walkers, including Darwin, who went for three 45minute walks every day. These short walks weren’t just for 38 . There’s plenty of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.
EATING SPAGHETTI
So what do geniuses eat Alas, it’s not clear what 39 Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the Internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti.
It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20%of the body’s energy though it only 40 2% of its weight. Just like the rest of the body, the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, which can give the brain a valuable boost, but unfortunately this doesn’t mean eating spaghetti 41 is a good idea.
NO SOCKS
No list of Einstein’s eccentricities would be complete without a mention of his 42 of socks. “When I was young,” he wrote in a letter to his cousin-and later, wife-Elsa, “I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.”
43 , there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless, but changing into casual clothing, 44 a more formal outfit, has been linked to poor performance on tests of abstract thinking.
And what better way to end that with some advice from the man himself. “The important thing is not to stop 45 . Curiosity has its own reason for existing,” he told LIFE magazine in 1955.
31．A．beneficial B．crucial C．peculiar D．particular
32．A．environmental B．cultural C．cognitive D．genetic
33．A．self-regulating B．life-shaping C．health-promoting D．mind-enhancing
34．A．fashion B．career C．life D．education
35．A．stronger B．sharper C．more conscious D．more conscientious
36．A．unconscious B．distracted C．confused D．disturbed
37．A．unnoticed B．resourceful C．deliberate D．devoted
38．A．fitness B．passion C．breakthroughs D．clarity
39．A．constituted B．fueled C．enriched D．advanced
40．A．accounts for B．makes up for C．consists of D．adds up to
41．A．every once in a while B．to your heart’s content C．to some extent D．more often than not
42．A．discrimination B．disobedience C．dislike D．discretion
43．A．Regrettably B．Alternatively C．Fortunately D．Consequently
44．A．accompanied by B．coupled with C．in line with D．as opposed to
45．A．chasing B．believing C．persevering D．questioning
【答案】
31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 36．A 37．D 38．A 39．B 40．A 41．B 42．C 43．A 44．D 45．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要以爱因斯坦为例，说明日常习惯对大脑有着强大的影响，塑造了它们的结构，改变了我们的思维方式。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从完全禁止信徒食用豆子的毕达哥拉斯（Pythagoras），到进行裸体“空气浴”本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin），这些科学家在通往伟大的道路上都不乏有一些非常奇怪的嗜好。A. beneficial有益的；B. crucial至关重要的；C. peculiar怪异的；D. particular特殊的。根据上文中的“From Pythagoras’outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’”可知，此处指的是这些伟人的“怪异”行为。故选C项。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最新研究证明，决定你成年后是天才还是傻瓜的因素中，40％是环境因素。A. environmental环境的；B. cultural文化的C. cognitive认识的；D. genetic遗传的。根据下文中的“Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful influence on our brains”可知，我们的日常习惯对大脑有强大的影响，结合选项，此处为environmental表示“环境的”符合语境。故选A项。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果要找一个研究对象，寻找可以让大脑更聪明的行为，就没有比爱因斯坦更适合的人选了。A. self-regulating自动调节的；B. life-shaping塑造生活的；C. health-promoting提升健康的；D. mind-enhancing提升心智的。根据上文中的“arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits”可知，习惯与智慧结合在一起的是爱因斯坦，由此可知，此处指的是用习惯“提升大脑”。故选D项。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么我们能从爱因斯坦的睡眠、饮食，甚至时尚选择中学到点什么吗？A. fashion时尚；B. career职业生涯；C. life生活；D. education教育。根据上文中的“Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even”并结合下文讲述的各方面的怪异形为中的“NO SOCKS”可知，此处与“时尚”有关。故选A项。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们真的能靠睡觉变聪明吗？A. stronger更强大的；B. sharper更敏锐的；C. more conscious更有意识的；D. more conscientious更勤勉的。根据上文中的“It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain”并结合该部分讲述的睡眠促进大脑可知，此处指的是“更敏锐的”思维。故选B项。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据说，人类历史上的许多最具颠覆性的突破，比如发现元素周期表以及爱因斯坦的狭义相对论，都得益于发现者无意识间获得的灵感.。A. unconscious无意识的；B. distracted注意力分散的；C. confused迷惑的；D. disturbed不安的。根据下文中的“The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted.”可知，爱因斯坦的狭义相对论是在睡梦中出现的，由此可知，此处为“无意识的”符合语境。故选A项。
37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：爱因斯坦跟随其他忠诚的散步者的脚步，其中就包括了达尔文（Darwin），达尔文每天要散步三次，每次持续45分钟。A. unnoticed未注意的；B. resourceful机敏的；C. deliberate故意的；D. devoted挚爱的，忠诚的。根据下文中的“who went for three 45minute walks every day”可知，此处用devoted walkers表示“忠诚的散步者”。故选D项。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些短距离的散步不仅仅是为了健身。A. fitness健康；B. passion激情；C. breakthroughs突破；D. clarity清晰。根据上文中的“These short walks”以及常识可知，散步是为了“健康”，下文中“There’s plenty of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.”表明，散步不仅有助于“健康”还能增强记忆力，创造力和解决问题的能力。故选A项。
39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：很可惜，我们还不清楚爱因斯坦是吃什么来为大脑提供养分的，不过互联网上盛传一种可疑的说法，即爱因斯坦提升智慧的方法是吃意大利面。A. constituted构成；B. fueled给……提供燃料；增强；C. enriched丰富；D. advanced推进。根据本段主题“EATING SPAGHETTI”可知，本段讲述的是饮食方面的怪异行为对大脑的影响。结合下文中的“Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the Internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti.”可知，此处指的是爱因斯坦吃什么为大脑提供养分。故选B项。
40．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：众所周知，大脑是个贪恋美食的馋鬼，虽然只占身体重量的2%，却消耗着身体中20%的能量。A. accounts for占比……；B. makes up for弥补；C. consists of由……组成。D. adds up to合计达……。根据“It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20%of the body’s energy”可知，此处讲述的是大脑只占身体重量的20%。故选A项。
41．考查固定短语词义辨析。句意：就像身体的其他部分一样，大脑也喜欢吃单糖，这可以给大脑带来宝贵的促进作用，但不幸的是，这并不意味着尽情地吃意大利面是个好主意。A. every once in a while偶尔，时常；B. to your heart’s content尽兴地；C. to some extent某种程度上；D. more often than not通常情况下。根据上文中的“the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, which can give the brain a valuable boost”可知，大脑喜欢甜食，这对大脑有促进作用，结合“but unfortunately”可知，此处讲述的应是这并不意味着可以“尽情地”吃意大利面。故选B项。
42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在列举爱因斯坦的怪癖时，如果不写上他对袜子的极度厌恶，那这个怪癖单显然是不完整的。A. discrimination歧视；B. disobedience不服从；C. dislike厌恶；D. discretion谨慎；慎重。根据下文中的““I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.””可知，此处指的是他对袜子的“厌恶”。故选C项。
43．考查副词词义辨析。句意：令人遗憾的是，尚未出现任何直接针对不穿袜子的影响进行的研究，但已经有研究表明，换上休闲服装，而不是更正式的服装之后，人们在抽象思维测试中的表现会变得糟糕。A. Regrettably令人遗憾的是；B. Alternatively要不，或者；C. Fortunately幸运地；D. Consequently因此。根据下文中的“there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless”可知，没有任何证据证明不穿袜子的影响，这应该是“遗憾地”。故选A项。
44．考查短语词义辨析。句意：令人遗憾的是，尚未出现任何直接针对不穿袜子的影响进行的研究，但已经有研究表明，换上休闲服装，而不是更正式的服装之后，人们在抽象思维测试中的表现会变得糟糕。A. accompanied by连同；B. coupled with加上，外加；C. in line with与……一致；D. as opposed to与……截然相反；对照。根据空前的“changing into casual clothing”与空后的“a more formal outfit”的可知，空前后内容意义相反，所以应为“与……截然相反”符合语境。故选D项。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“最重要的是，不要停止发问；好奇心的存在是有原因的，”1955年爱因斯坦接受《生活》杂志采访时说道。A. chasing追逐；B. believing相信；C. persevering坚持；D. questioning质疑。根据下文中的“Curiosity has its own reason for existing” he told LIFE magazine in 1955.”可知，好奇心就是要不断提出“质疑”。故选D项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）A question of judgement
The pandemic has required many people to make difficult judgements. Politicians have had to decide which restrictions to impose on citizens’ behavior and individuals were forced to assess how much personal risk to take, Managers, faced with tough calls like which parts of their operations to close, have not been 46
Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have. But it is remarkably difficult to define 47 , and many people are not sure whether they personally possess it. Sir Andrew Likierman has spent a long time talking to leaders in a wide range of fields, from business and the army to the law and medicine, in an effort to create a 48 for understanding judgment.
First, he had to define the word. He suggests that judgment is “the 49 of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”. And he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a 50 -taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one's personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision. At each stage, decision-makers must ask themselves questions, such as whether they have the relevant experience and expertise to make their choice, and whether the option they favor is 51 .
Expertise can be useful in making judgements. But it is not the same thing. “Academics have expertise,” Sir Andrew observes, “They don't necessarily have judgement.” People with judgement know when they are out of their depth in making a decision and typically then seek the 52 of someone who has the right background and knowledge. It is, of course, possible to follow all these steps and still make the 53 choice. But Sir Andrew argues that a sensible process improves the chance of getting it right. The temptation is to look at people's track records when assessing whether they have good judgment, but 54 may have played a huge part, “While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”
The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more 55 . Those with routine tasks generally have limited scope for judgment. Line supervisors have some rights to decide by themselves. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is 56 .Deciding not to take action is also a judgement with potentially serious consequences. The world is full of people whose lack of judgement brought their careers or personal life 57 .
Some people think that good judgment is innate. Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self- aware and better understand other people. People with good judgment tend to have a breadth of experiences and relationships that enables them to recognize parallels or analogies that others 58
Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics; a tendency to ignore others, stick to rules 59 context, rush into action without reflection and struggle to make up their minds. Many leaders make bad judgments because they unconsciously filter the information they receive or are not 60 critical of what they hear or read. The danger is that people ignore insights that they don't want to hear, a tendency that can increase with age.
46．A．included B．guaranteed C．promoted D．spared
47．A．equally B．naturally C．precisely D．wisely
48．A．brochure B．catalogue C．framework D．timetable
49．A．combination B．equivalent C．foundation D．selection
50．A．formula B．process C．subsequence D．standard
51．A．frequent B．practical C．precious D．unique
52．A．advice B．approval C．contribution D．praise
53．A．logical B．major C．smart D．wrong
54．A．experience B．luck C．occupation D．support
55．A．responsibility B．tasks C．information D．courage
56．A．exaggerated B．fixed C．high D．minimal
57．A．calming down B．cheering up C．cleaning up D．crashing down
58．A．copy B．emphasize C．miss D．value
59．A．in line with B．based on C．instead of D．without regard to
60．A．clearly B．mainly C．publicly D．sufficiently
【答案】
46．D 47．C 48．C 49．A 50．B 51．B 52．A 53．D 54．B 55．A 56．C 57．D 58．C 59．D 60．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了判断力是一种难以定义而很需要的能力。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理者们也未能幸免，因为他们面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择。A. included包括；B. guaranteed保证；C. promoted促进；D. spared使……逃脱。根据上文“faced with tough calls like which parts of their operations to close(面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择)”可知，管理者们面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择，他们也没有从中幸免，故选D项。
47．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但要精确定义它非常困难，许多人不确定自己是否拥有它。A. equally平等地；B. naturally自然地；C. precisely精准地；D. wisely聪明地。根据上文“Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have(良好的判断力是每个人都希望拥有的品质)”以及下文“many people are not sure whether they personally possess it(许多人不确定自己是否拥有它)”可知，此处上下文说的是良好的判断力，但是许多人不确定自己是否拥有它，所以很难精准地对它定义，故选C项。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Andrew Likierman爵士花了很长时间与从商业、军队到法律和医学等各个领域的领导人交谈，试图建立一个理解判断的框架。A. brochure手册；B. catalogue目录；C. framework框架；D. timetable时间表。根据下文“First, he had to define the word(首先，他必须定义这个词)”、“he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a process -taking in information(他认为，根据这样的定义，判断涉及一个获取信息的过程)”以及“At each stage, decision-makers must ask themselves questions(在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己问题)”可知，Andrew Likierman爵士首先定义理解力这个词，然后他认为判断涉及一个获取信息的过程，在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己问题，由此可知，Andrew Likierman爵士制定了一个理解判断力的框架，故选C项。
49．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他认为，判断是“个人素质与相关知识以及经验融合而成的观点和决策”。A. combination结合；B. equivalent对应物；C. foundation基础；D. selection选择。根据下文“personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience”可知，个人素质与相关知识以及经验融合而成的观点和决策，故选A项。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他认为，根据这样的定义，判断力包括一个接受信息的过程，决定信任谁和信任什么，总结个人知识，检查任何先前的信念或感受，总结可用的选择，然后做出决定。A. formula公式；B. process过程；C. subsequence顺序；D. standard标准。根据下文“taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one's personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision(接受信息，决定信任谁和信任什么，总结个人知识，检查任何先前的信念或感受，总结可用的选择，然后做出决定)”可知，这是一个过程，空白处应填表示“过程”含义的名词，故选B项。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己一些问题，比如他们是否有相关的经验和专业知识来做出选择，以及他们喜欢的选择是否实用。A. frequent频繁的；B. practical实用的；C. precious宝贵的；D. unique独一无二的。根据上文“whether they have the relevant experience and expertise to make their choice(他们是否有相关的经验和专业知识来做出选择)”可知此处上下文说的是要有相关的经验和专业知识，分析四个选项，B项“practical(实用的)”表示的含义符合语境，修饰the option表示“实用的选择”，故选B项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有判断力的人知道什么时候他们在做决定时力不从心，然后通常会寻求有正确背景和知识的人的建议。A. advice建议；B. approval同意；C. contribution贡献；D. praise表扬。根据下文“someone who has the right background and knowledge(有正确背景和知识的人)”可知，可以通过这些人寻求建议，因为他们有正确的背景和知识，故选A项。
53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，遵循所有这些步骤，仍有可能做出错误的选择。A. logical符合逻辑的；B. major主要的；C. smart聪明的；D. wrong错误的。根据下文“Sir Andrew argues that a sensible process improves the chance of getting it right.( 安德鲁爵士认为，一个合理的过程可以提高把事情做好的机会)”可知，合理的过程能提高把事情做好的机会，但是仍然会存在出错的可能，故选D项。
54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在评估人们是否有良好的判断力时，人们很想看看他们的过往记录，但运气可能起了很大作用。A. experience经验；B. luck运气；C. occupation职业；D. support支持。根据下文“success is not a signal that there has been good judgment(成功并不是有良好判断力的信号)”可知，成功并不代表着有良好的判断力，由此可推理出作者认为其中也有运气的成分，故选B项。
55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着人们承担更多的责任，所需的判断程度往往会增加。A. responsibility责任；B. tasks任务；C. information信息；D. courage勇气。根据下文“Line supervisors have some rights to decide by themselves. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high(生产线主管有一些自行决定的权利。对于首席执行官来说，涉及判断的决策比例很高)”可知，涉及承担更多责任的岗位，需要更高的判断力，故选A项。
56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于首席执行官来说，涉及判断的决策比例很高。A. exaggerated夸大了的；B. fixed固定的；C. high高的；D. minimal最小的。根据上文“The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility(随着人们承担更多的责任，所需的判断力程度往往会增加) ”可知，承担更多责任的岗位，所需的判断力程度往往会增加，首席执行官是一个承担了更多责任的岗位，所以涉及判断的决策比例很高，故选C项。
57．考查动词短语辨析。句意：世界上到处都是缺乏判断力导致职业生涯或个人生活崩溃的人。A. calming down镇静下来；B. cheering up高兴起来；C. cleaning up打扫；D. crashing down崩溃。根据上文“Deciding not to take action is also a judgement with potentially serious consequences.(决定不采取行动也是一种具有潜在严重后果的判断)”以及“lack of judgement(缺乏判断力)”可知，不采取行动会导致缺乏判断力，带来职业生涯或个人生活崩溃的严重后果，分析四个选项，D项“crashing down(崩溃)”符合语境，故选D项。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：具有良好判断力的人往往拥有丰富的经验和人际关系，这使他们能够识别他人遗漏的相似之处或类比。A. copy复制；B. emphasize强调；C. miss漏掉；D. value珍惜。根据上文“Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self- aware and better understand other people. People with good judgment tend to have a breadth of experiences and relationships(安德鲁爵士承认，有些人天生就有倾听、自我意识和更好地理解他人的能力。有良好判断力的人往往有丰富的经验和人际关系)”可知，安德鲁爵士认可有些人天生就有倾听、自我意识和更好地理解他人的能力，这些人天生就有良好判断力，由此可推理出这些品质是其他人所没有的，故选C项。
59．考查介词短语辨析。句意：其他人可能有错误的特征；忽视他人的倾向，不考虑实际情况而坚持规则，不经思考而仓促行动，难以下定决心。A. in line with 与……一致；B. based on基于；C. instead of用……代替；D. without regard to不考虑。根据上文“Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics(其他人可能有错误的特征)”可知，此处上下文说的是错误的特征，分析四个选项，D项“without regard to(不考虑)”表达的含义符合语境，放在句子中表示“不考虑实际情况而坚持规则”，与句子表达的含义一致，故选D项。
60．考查副词词义辨析。句意：许多领导者之所以做出错误的判断，是因为他们无意识地过滤了收到的信息，或者对听到或读到的信息没有进行足够的批判性思考。A. clearly清晰地；B. mainly主要地；C. publicly公开地；D. sufficiently足够地。根据上文“Many leaders make bad judgments(许多领导者之所以做出错误的判断)”可知此处上下文说的是领导做出的错误判断，分析四个选项，D项“sufficiently(足够地)”放在句子中表示“没有进行足够的批判性思考”含义，与句子表达的含义一致，故选D项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, however, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviours have multiple components. 61 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll 62 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected Never. Do people get on without paying Of course! Are there inspectors to 63 that people have paid Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus They are 64 . Safety and security for the old, the sick, the disabled No time for that. And how about jumping lights Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why Because the target is 65 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 66 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 67 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit their targets. But they also hit cyclists. People are hurt on buses and by buses.
If the target was changed to 68 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 69 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another problem: people become immensely 70 in hitting targets. Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time Tailwinds Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a trip is 71 to take. A one-hour flight is now 72 as a two-hour flight. It’s the same with rail journeys. They now take twice as long as they did 20 or even 40 years ago.
The 73 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion or even two and you may well 74 others. Everything (well almost everything) can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a cost. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting or, as it is sometimes called, “management by objectives” with the use of “key performance indicators” (KPI). But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not to 75 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better achieve the objective.
61．A．Emphasize B．Identify C．Assess D．Explain
62．A．nearly B．curiously C．eagerly D．quickly
63．A．claim B．prove C．check D．recall
64．A．threatened B．ignored C．mocked D．blamed
65．A．punctuality B．hospitality C．competition D．innovation
66．A．Yet B．So C．Besides D．Still
67．A．hired B．trained C．rewarded D．grouped
68．A．comfort B．revenue C．efficiency D．security
69．A．friendly B．quiet C．cautious D．diligent
70．A．persistent B．practical C．emotional D．inventive
71．A．assigned B．tailored C．adapted D．meant
72．A．billed B．restricted C．classified D．compromised
73．A．moral B．background C．style D．form
74．A．interpret B．criticize C．sacrifice D．tolerate
75．A．specify B．predict C．restore D．create
【答案】
61．A 62．D 63．C 64．B 65．A 66．B 67．C 68．B 69．C 70．D 71．D 72．A 73．A 74．C 75．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了为员工设定目标并不难。然而，要理解它们的负面影响要困难得多。大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分。强调一个，其他的就会被歪曲。所有好的目标都应该有多个标准，这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素有关。诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。
61．考查动词词义辨析。句意：强调一个，其他的就会被扭曲。A. Emphasize强调；B. Identify认出，识别；C. Assess评价；D. Explain解释。根据上文“Most work-related behaviours have multiple components.”说明大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分，以及该句中的“and the others become distorted.”可推知，此处为强调一个，其他的就会被歪曲。故选A项。
62．考查副词词义辨析。句意：乘坐伦敦的公共汽车，你很快就会看到这对司机是如何起作用的。A. nearly几乎，差不多；B. curiously好奇地；C. eagerly渴望地；D. quickly快速地。 根据句意以及该句中的“see how this works with drivers.”可推知，此处为乘坐伦敦的公共汽车，你很快就会看到这对司机是如何起作用的。故选D项。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是否有检查人员检查人们是否付款？A. claim声称，断言；B. prove证明；C. check检查；D. recall回忆。根据上文“Are they carefully inspected ”以及该句中的“inspectors”可推知，此处为是否有检查人员检查人们是否付款？故选C项。
64．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被忽视了。A. threatened威胁；B. ignored忽视；C. mocked嘲笑；D. blamed责备。根据上文所有的问题都几乎给出的否定回答，结合该句的问题“And people who run for the bus ”可推知，此处为他们被忽视了。故选B项。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为目标是准时。A. punctuality准时；B. hospitality热情好客；C. competition比赛；D. innovation革新。根据上文“Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.”公共汽车几乎和骑自行车的人一样经常这样做。以及下文“People complained that buses were late and infrequent.”人们抱怨公共汽车迟到而且不频繁。可推知，此处为因为目标是准时。故选A项。
66．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。A. Yet然而；B. So所以；C. Besides此外；D. Still仍然。根据上文“People complained that buses were late and infrequent.”人们抱怨公共汽车迟到而且不频繁。可推知，此处为因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加。故选B项。
67．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。A. hired雇佣；B. trained训练；C. rewarded奖励；D. grouped分组。根据该句中的“or punished according to the time they took.”以及下文“And drivers hit their targets.”可推知，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。故选C项。
68．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果目标改为收入，就会有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价。A. comfort安慰；B. revenue收入；C. efficiency效率；D. security安全。根据下文“you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.”可推知，此处为如果目标改为收入，就会有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价。故选B项。
69．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果标准改为安全，你会得到更谨慎的司机遵，他们守交通法规。A. friendly友好的；B. quiet安静的；C. cautious谨慎的；D. diligent勤奋的。根据该句中的“If the criterion changed to safety”可推知，此处为如果标准改为安全，司机开车时会更谨慎。故选C项。
70．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：还有一个问题：人们在实现目标方面变得非常有创造力。A. persistent持续的；B. practical实际的；C. emotional情感的；D. inventive有创造力的。根据下文“Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time ”提出问题，以及下文具体的解决方案，可推知，此处为人们在实现目标方面变得非常有创造力。故选D项。
71．考查动词词义辨析。句意：航空公司只是改变了旅行的时间。A. assigned分配；B. tailored量身定制；C. adapted适应；D. meant意味，打算。根据下文“A one-hour flight is now 12 as a two-hour flight.”可知，此处为航空公司改变了原来的飞行时间。故选D项。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个小时的飞行现在被标榜为两个小时的飞行。A. billed把……宣布；B. restricted限制；C. classified分类；D. compromised妥协。根据句意以及该句中的“as a two-hour flight.”可知，此处为一个小时的飞行现在被标榜为两个小时的飞行。be billed as“被标榜为，被宣传为”。故选A项。
73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个故事的寓意很简单。A. moral寓意；B. background背景；C. style风格；D. form形式。根据下文“Most jobs are… well ____14____ others.”具体的说明解释可知，可推知，此处为这个故事的寓意很简单。故选A项。
74．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数工作都是多维度的，有多个标准。选择一个甚至两个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。A. interpret解释；B. criticize批评；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. tolerate忍受。根据上文“Emphasize one and the others become distorted.”以及下文“Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.”可推知，此处为大多数工作都是多维度的，有多个标准。选择一个甚至两个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。故选C项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。A. specify指定；B. predict预计；C. restore恢复；D. create创造。根据上文“All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback.”提到所有好的目标都应该有多个标准，这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素有关。以及该句中的“…is not to specify just one or even two dimensions of the objective”可推知，此处为诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。故选A项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）One of the presents in my house this Christmas was a late 18th-century volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (大英百科全书). It is a window into the discoveries and thinking of the time. The encyclopaedia is an entertaining reminder of how 76 some of our current truths are bound to be. Certainties in areas we haven’t yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. And one of those we are still remarkably 77 is the effect of food and exercise on our bodies. We’re surrounded by confident 78 on how to eat, how to avoid or reverse obesity (肥胖), and yet the advice seems pointless while the world gets fatter. Much of what we think we know is a pile of assumptions rather than 79 .
Our confusion is the theme of Spoon-Fed, a book by one of Britain’s leading nutrition researchers, Tim Spector of King’s College London. Its subtitle is: “Why almost everything we’ve been told about food is wrong.” It is a call for us to 80 more.
One by one Spector offers answers to recent food 81 . Coffee can save our lives, he says. Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 per cent. Butter does not damage our hearts, Spector argues, and salt is vital. Eggs have gone “from heroes to villains and back again”. Don’t say no to all red meat on 82 grounds; occasional small quantities of high-quality unprocessed meat provide important vitamins and iron and are “probably good for you“. Exercise is so good for longevity and happiness that it should be considered our No 1 drug, but the one thing for which it’s 83 useless is losing weight. Vitamin pills are a multibillion-pound industry with almost no proven 84 but which can cause real harm. Even vitamin D, which Spector used to study and believe in, he now 85 .
Spector also offers more than a set of currently 86 tips. The science of nutrition has not been solved by him, as he would be the first to admit. His most 87 point is that there is no one size that fits all. Our bodies are complex, and our reactions are 88 : yet nobody wants to pay for the research that might explain why.
Some combination of food choices, genes, environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome — the unique microbe (微生物的) combinations in our body ― yes different 89 for each of us, leaving some lean and two thirds of us too fat. This is the territory Spector wants to explore further and which might just allow us to 90 the global trend to obesity, with all the risks we’ve witnessed this year.
76．A．well-known B．aim-oriented C．ill-founded D．long-lived
77．A．certain about B．ignorant of C．capable of D．worried about
78．A．decisions B．courses C．focuses D．suggestions
79．A．facts B．chances C．reasons D．features
80．A．investigate B．demand C．concentrate D．spend
81．A．supplies B．shortages C．standards D．myths
82．A．culture B．history C．economy D．health
83．A．equally B．practically C．socially D．impossibly
84．A．effectiveness B．consciousness C．competitiveness D．emptiness
85．A．serves B．shares C．recognizes D．dismisses
86．A．pointless B．topical C．defensible D．additional
87．A．emotional B．significant C．questionable D．forgivable
88．A．individual B．unpredictable C．important D．available
89．A．changes B．outcomes C．profits D．addicts
90．A．start B．analyze C．stop D．reflect
【答案】
76．C 77．B 78．D 79．A 80．A 81．D 82．D 83．B 84．A 85．D 86．C 87．B 88．A 89．B 90．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了我们对食物和运动对身体的作用认识仍然存在困惑和假设，作者Spector指出了一些迄今为止的食品误解，提出了个性化营养学的重要性，并呼吁进行更多研究以解释个体之间的微生物组成的差异和其与肥胖之间的关系。最终目的是希望通过正确的饮食和锻炼习惯控制全球肥胖的趋势。
76．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：百科全书是一个有趣的提醒，提醒我们当前的一些真理必然是多么没有根据。A. well-known众所周知的；B. aim-oriented以目标为导向的；C. ill-founded缺乏根据的；D. long-lived长寿的。根据下文“Certainties in areas we haven’t yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. (我们尚未了解的领域的确定性在未来几个世纪中看起来与其中一些一样荒谬)”可知，当前的一些被认为是真理的东西可能是缺乏根据的。故选C项。
77．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：我们仍然非常无知的其中一个是食物和运动对我们身体的影响。A. certain about确定；B. ignorant of无知；C. capable of有能力；D. worried about担心。根据“one of those”及空后“the effect of food and exercise on our bodies.”可知，对于食物和运动对我们身体的影响我们仍是无知的。故选B项。
78．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们被关于如何饮食，如何避免或逆转肥胖的自信建议所包围，但当世界变得更胖时，这些建议似乎毫无意义。A. decisions决定；B. courses课程；C. focuses重点；D. suggestions建议。根据空后“how to eat, how to avoid or reverse obesity”可知，这些都是建议。故选D项。
79．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们认为我们所知道的大部分内容都是一堆假设而不是事实。A. facts事实；B. chances机会；C. reasons原因；D. features特征。根据空前“rather than(而不是)”可知，空处应为与“assumptions”相对应的词，故选A项。
80．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这要求我们进行更多调查。A. investigate调查；B. demand需求；C. concentrate集中；D. spend花费。根据空前“Why almost everything we’ve been told about food is wrong.(为什么我们被告知的几乎所有关于食物的东西都是错误的)”可知，我们被告知的关于食物的东西是错误的，所以要求我们进行“调查”，故选A项。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特为最近一个接一个的食物神话提供了答案。A. supplies供应；B. shortages短缺；C. standards标准；D. myths神话。根据下文“Coffee can save our lives, he says. Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 percent. Butter does not damage our hearts, Spector argues, and salt is vital. Eggs have gone “from heroes to villains and back again”. (咖啡可以拯救我们的生命，他说。每天三到四杯可以降低患心脏病的风险，并可能将死亡风险降低8%。黄油不会伤害我们的心脏，斯佩克特认为，盐是至关重要的。鸡蛋已经“从英雄变成了恶棍，然后再回来”)”可知，食物的作用被夸大其词了，斯佩克特认为这些是食物神话。故选D项。
82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不要以健康为由对所有红肉说不，偶尔少量的优质未加工肉类提供重要的维生素和铁，“可能对你有好处”。A. culture文化；B. history历史；C. economy经济；D. health健康。根据下文“provide important vitamins and iron”可知，红肉提供了维生素和铁，空处表示不要以“健康”为由，故选D项。
83．考查副词词义辨析。句意：运动对长寿和幸福是如此有益，以至于它应该被认为是我们的第一大药物，但它实际上毫无用处的一件事就是减肥。A. equally同等；B. practically实际上；C. socially社会；D. impossibly不可能。根据空后“useless is losing weight.”可知，运动对减肥“实际上”是没有用处的，故选B项。
84．考查名词词义辨析。句意：维生素丸是一个价值数十亿英镑的行业，几乎没有被证实的有效性，但可能会造成真正的伤害。A. effectiveness有效性；B. consciousness意识；C. competitiveness竞争力；D. emptiness空虚。根据空前“almost no proven”及空后“real harm”可知，维生素丸没有被证明“有效性”，可能还有害。故选A项。
85．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是斯佩克特曾经研究和相信的维生素D，他现在也对他不屑一顾。A. serves服务；B. shares股份；C. recognizes承认；D. dismisses不屑一顾。根据空前“used to study and believe in”及“now”可知，空处表达的意思与前文相反，即曾经研究和相信，现在不屑一顾。故选D项。
86．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特还提供了不止一套目前可以辩护的技巧。A. pointless无意义；B. topical局部；C. defensible可辩护；D. additional附加。根据“a set of currently 11 tips.”可知，斯佩克特有不止一套理论来支持他的观点，可以为其辩护，故选C项。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他最重要的观点是没有放之四海而皆准的标准。A. emotional情绪化的；B. significant重要的；C. questionable可疑的；D. forgivable可原谅的。根据空后“no one size that fits all”可知，这是他最重要观点，故选B项。
88．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的身体非常复杂，反应也因人而异：然而没有人愿意为可能解释这一现象的研究买单。A. individual个人的；B. unpredictable不可预测的；C. important重要的；D. available可用的。根据常识可知，每个人对不同的食物或运动项目的反应因人而异的。故选A项。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食物选择，基因，环境和我们微生物组产生的化学反应的某种组合——我们体内独特的微生物组合——是的，我们每个人的结果都不同，留下一些瘦肉和三分之二的人太胖。A. changes变化；B. outcomes结果；C. profits利润；D. addicts成瘾者。根据前文“Some combination of food choices, genes, environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome—the unique microbe (微生的)combinations in our body”可知，不同的食物选择，基因和环境及微生物产生的微生物组合的结果是不一样的，故选B项。
90．考查动词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特希望进一步探索，这可能使我们能够阻止全球肥胖趋势，以及我们今年目睹的所有风险。A. start开始；B. analyze分析；C. stop阻止；D. reflect反思。根据空后“the global trend to obesity”可知，斯佩克特想进步一的进行研究，以阻止全球的肥胖趋势。故选C项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）What can you make with a 3D printer
Theoretically speaking, you can make anything with a 3D printer, though its main uses are in industries like manufacturing, prototyping, construction and medicine. However, now hobbyists can create the 91 items at home, and many are even selling their wares online as a part time job.
3D printers were also a critical tool 92 of the COVID-19 pandemic, when PPE was in short supply. Hospitals 93 on 3D printers to supply their staff with gowns, masks and respirators, as well as to create parts for ventilators. One Seattle high school student even 94 a mask factory from his home using a 3D printer.
Now, with scientists able to create prosthetics (假肢) and implants via 3D printing, the 95 in medicine are arguably among some of the most exciting. They can also create 96 body parts like ears from stem cells, collagen and structural proteins in the human body called fibrin; this process is known as bioprinting, though much of it is still in the testing phases. 97 , researchers can test pharmaceuticals easily and ethically with tissue created from 3D printers.
In the future, designers and hobbyists may not be asking the question “How do 3D printers work ” because 3D printers will likely be so 98 in our daily lives. Today, kids are being taught about 3D printing in elementary school, and many local libraries currently have the machines available, as do stores like UPS and Staples.
Honestly, the possibilities are 99 in the aerospace, electronic, medical, energy and automotive industries, where 3D printers will become even more vital tools. While this can be handy when it comes to cars, which can be customized for buyers, it is even more essential in the 100 field. Although we’re still probably 10 to 15 years away from 3D printed organs like kidneys, this scientific advancement is most definitely 101 .
And 102 the opportunities in space, where the defense and aerospace 3D printing market is expected to reach $ 5. 58 billion by 2026. In the future, 3D printing could transform space exploration and space tourism by allowing astronauts to create objects 103 while in space. Imagine a future in which buildings and food are created in space!
When will you be able to print nearly anything at home We’re getting there. “We are at the 104 of a manufacturing age,” Bourell says, “which I believe may have an impact 105 that of the Information Age.”
91．A．appealing B．delicate C．artificial D．nonindustrial
92．A．by means B．at the height C．in terms D．regardless
93．A．reflected B．switched C．relied D．intended
94．A．ran B．attached C．rolled D．spun
95．A．tendencies B．implications C．situations D．advances
96．A．manned B．actual C．spotless D．genetic
97．A．Contrarily B．Precisely C．Additionally D．Imaginably
98．A．advanced B．interwoven C．intermediate D．novel
99．A．endless B．applicable C．limited D．stuck
100．A．automotive B．industrial C．manufacturing D．medical
101．A．on the horizon B．in the mind C．in the course D．at present
102．A．transfer B．consider C．illustrate D．overlook
103．A．in supply B．in stock C．on demand D．under control
104．A．center B．doorway C．crossroads D．destination
105．A．comparable to B．based on C．absent from D．proportional to
【答案】
91．D 92．B 93．C 94．A 95．D 96．D 97．C 98．B 99．B 100．D 101．A 102．B 103．C 104．C 105．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了3D打印机的使用现状及未来的发展方向。
91．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，现在业余爱好者可以在家里制作非工业产品，许多人甚至在网上兼职销售他们的产品。A. appealing有吸引力的；B. delicate精美的；C. artificial人造的；D. nonindustrial非工业的。根据前文“though its main uses are in industries like manufacturing, prototyping, construction and medicine. ”可知，3D打印机主要用途是在制造业、原型制造业、建筑业和医药业上，however表示前后句内容的转折，可推断出业余爱好者可以在家制造的是非工业产品。故选D项。
92．考查介词短语辨析。句意：3D打印机在新冠肺炎疫情高峰期也是一个关键工具，当时个人保护装备供应不足。A. by means通过……的方式；B. at the height在高峰期；C. in terms根据；D. regardless不管。根据下文“when PPE was in short supply”可知，当时个人保护装备供应不足可推断出在疫情高峰期的时候才会产生这样的状况。故选B项。
93．考查动词词义辨析。句意：医院依靠3D打印机为员工提供长袍、口罩和呼吸器，并为呼吸机制造零件。A. reflected反映；B. switched改变；C. relied依赖；D. intended打算。根据后文“3D printers to supply their staff with gowns, masks and respirators, as well as to create parts for ventilators”可知，3D打印机在那时起到了很重要的作用，推断出医院是依靠3D打印机制造它们需要的产品。故选C项。
94．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一名西雅图高中生甚至在家里用3D打印机经营口罩工厂。A. ran经营；B. attached附属于；C. rolled翻滚；D. spun快速旋转。根据后文“ a mask factory”根据常识可知，工厂是需要经营的。故选A项。
95．考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，随着科学家能够通过3D打印制造假肢和植入物，医学的进步可以说是最令人兴奋的。A. tendencies趋势；B. implications牵涉；C. situations情况；D. advances进步。根据前文“Now, with scientists able to create prosthetics (假肢) and implants via 3D printing,”可知，科学家可以用3D打印机制造假肢和植入物，推断出这是一种医学的进步。故选D项。
96．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们还可以从人体中的干细胞、胶原蛋白和称为纤维蛋白的结构蛋白中制造遗传的身体部位，如耳朵；这一过程被称为生物打印，尽管其中大部分仍处于测试阶段。A. manned需人操纵的；B. actual实际的；C. spotless极清洁的；D. genetic遗传的。根据后文“body parts like ears”可知，3D打印技术还能打印人的身体的某个部分，根据常识，人身体的部分是遗传的。故选D项。
97．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，研究人员可以用3D打印机制作的组织轻松、合乎道德地测试药物。A. Contrarily反之；B. Precisely准确地；C. Additionally此外；D. Imaginably想象得出的是。根据后文“researchers can test pharmaceuticals easily and ethically with tissue created from 3D printers. ”研究者用3D打印机制作的组织进行药物测试，继续阐述3D打印机的作用，additionally意为“此外”，表示话题的转换。故选C项。
98．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在未来，设计师和爱好者可能不会问“3D打印机是如何工作的？”因为3D打印机很可能会在我们的日常生活中交织在一起。A. advanced先进的；B. interwoven交织的；C. intermediate中间的；D. novel新奇的。根据后文“Today, kids are being taught about 3D printing in elementary school, and many local libraries currently have the machines available, as do stores like UPS and Staples.”可知，如今，孩子们在小学学习3D打印，许多当地图书馆目前都有这种机器，UPS和Staples等商店也有。推断出3D打印技术已经和我们的生活交织在一起。故选B项。
99．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：老实说，这些可能性适用于航空航天、电子、医疗、能源和汽车行业，3D打印机将成为更重要的工具。A. endless无尽的；B. applicable可应用的；C. limited有限的；D. stuck卡住的。根据后文“where 3D printers will become even more vital tools”可知，3D打印机将成为更重要的工具在这些领域都能够成为重要的工具，推断出3D打印机有可能适用于航空航天、电子、医疗、能源和汽车行业。故选B项。
100．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这在汽车方面很方便，可以为买家定制，但在医疗领域更为重要。A. automotive汽车的；B. industrial工业的；C. manufacturing制造业的；D. medical医药的。根据后文“Although we’re still probably 10 to 15 years away from 3D printed organs like kidneys”可知，尽管我们离肾脏等3D打印器官可能还有10到15年的时间，说明前文所说的更重要的领域是医药领域。故选D项。
101．考查介词短语辨析。句意：尽管我们离肾脏等3D打印器官可能还有10到15年的时间，但这一科学进步肯定即将到来。A. on the horizon将要发生；B. in the mind在头脑中；C. in the course在……过程中；D. at present目前。Although表示前后句句意的转折，虽然3D打印器官可能还有10到15年的时间，但是这段时间过后这一科学进步就会到来。故选A项。
102．考查动词词义辨析。句意：考虑一下太空的机会，国防和航空航天3D打印市场预计到2026年将达到580亿。A. transfer转移；B. consider考虑；C. illustrate说明；D. overlook忽视。根据后文“where the defense and aerospace 3D printing market is expected to reach $ 5. 58 billion by 2026.”可知，国防和航空航天3D打印市场预计到2026年将达到580亿，推断出这是一个值得考虑的在太空的发展机会。故选B项。
103．考查介词短语辨析。句意：未来，3D打印可以让宇航员在太空中按需创作物体，从而改变太空探索和太空旅游。A. in supply供应中；B. in stock有货；C. on demand按要求；D. under control得到控制。根据后文“Imagine a future in which buildings and food are created in space!”可知，建筑和食物在未来可以在太空中被创造，推断出宇航员可以按照自己的需求创造所需的物品。故选C项。
104．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们正处于制造业时代的十字路口，”波瑞尔说，“我相信这可能会产生与信息时代相当的影响。”A. center中心；B. doorway门道；C. crossroads十字路口；D. destination目的地。根据前文“When will you be able to print nearly anything at home ”可知，说明我们由原来的批量生产转变为自己在家制造产品时，说明这是制造行业的制造方式的转变，crossroads意为“十字路口”也就是转折点，符合句意。故选C项。
105．考查非谓语动词短语辨析。句意：我们正在到达那里。“我们正处于制造业时代的十字路口，”波瑞尔说，“我相信这可能会产生与信息时代相当的影响。”A. comparable to可比拟的；B. based on以……为基础；C. absent from缺席；D. proportional to与……成比例。根据常识可知，信息时代给人类的各个方面带来深远的影响，推断出3D打印技术也是具有同样可比拟的深远意义。故选A项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）I forgot to pay my property tax last year. Was it a sign of early onset dementia(痴呆) Had I spent last September as an anti-government tax resister and the entire month of September had 106 my mind Then I realized the real problem: I have notification 107 .
Since 2020, many of us have lived 108 online, relying on a trillion apps to send helpful, pinging notifications. So many notifications that they’ve become a waterfall of sound I no longer hear. I’ve grown 109 of every notification. I live in a continuous state of “oops.”
My bad decisions and my 110 are to blame. My first error was inviting these pings and beeps into my life decades ago. As someone with a memory as reliable as an inattentive goldfish’s, I once depended on a detailed paper calendar and to-do list system to keep me on 111 . My careful notes worked for years. But I was eventually 112 transferring all the birthdays from one year’s calendar to the next. The coming of the PalmPilot (掌上电脑) thrilled me: I could enter the info once and, five days before each loved one’s birthday, the device would automatically inform me of the coming date.
That little PalmPilot was a gateway drug. I eventual专题02 完形填空10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Kimiyuki Suda should be a perfect customer for Japan’s car-makers. He’s a young, successful executive (主管) at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has a handsome 1 . He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses 2 subways and trains. “It’s not inconvenient at all,” he says. Besides, “and having a car is so 20th century.”
Suda reflects a worrisome 3 in Japan: the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, 4 among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices. 5 mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is 6 . Last year sales fell 6.7 percent, if you don’t count the mini-car market. There have been larger one-year drops in other nations: sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2009 7 a tax increase. But experts say Japan is 8 in that sales have been decreasing steadily over time. Since 1994, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2009.
Alarmed by this state of 9 , the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) 10 a comprehensive study of the market in 2008. It found that a 11 wealth gap, demographic (人口结构的) changes and 12 lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their 13 longer, replace their cars with smaller ones or 14 car ownership altogether. JAMA 15 a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year. Some experts believe that if the trend continues for much longer, further consolidation (合并) in automotive industry is likely.
1．A．payment B．profit C．income D．budget
2．A．rarely B．mostly C．partially D．occasionally
3．A．tide B．current C．drift D．trend
4．A．occasionally B．remarkably C．essentially D．particularly
5．A．While B．If C．Because D．Since
6．A．shaking B．stretching C．slipping D．surfing
7．A．according to B．in terms of C．thanks to D．in view of
8．A．unique B．similar C．mysterious D．extra
9．A．adventure B．distress C．growth D．decay
10．A．revised B．relieved C．launched D．proceeded
11．A．lengthening B．widening C．quickening D．strengthening
12．A．general B．adequate C．ordinary D．average
13．A．cycles B．labels C．vehicles D．devices
14．A．pick up B．hang up C．hold up D．give up
15．A．pursues B．predicts C．ensures D．demands
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）When it came to moral reasoning, we like to think our views on right and wrong are rational. But ultimately they are grounded in emotion. Philosophers have argued over this claim for a quarter of a millennium without 16 . Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter. Though reason can shape moral judgment, emotion is often 17 .
Harvard psychologist Joshua Greene does brainscans of people as they study the so-called trolley problem. Suppose a trolley is rolling down the track toward five people who will die unless you pull a lever (杠杆) that pushes it onto another track where, 18 , lies one person who will die instead. An easy call, most people say: 19 the loss of life — a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal, as philosophers put it — is the thing to do.
But suppose the only way to save the five people is to push someone else onto the track — a bystander whose body will bring the trolley to a stop before it hits the others. It’s still a one-for-five 20 , and you still initiate the action that dooms the one. 21 , now you are more directly involved; most people say it would be wrong to do this trade-off. Why According to Greene’s brain scans, the second situation more thoroughly excites parts of the brain linked to 22 than does the lever-pulling situation. Apparently, the intuitive hesitation of giving someone a deadly push is more 23 than the hesitation of a deadly lever pull. Further studies suggest that in both cases the emotional concerns 24 control with more rational parts of the brain. In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win. And when they lose, it is only after a tough 25 process. The few people who approve of pushing an innocent man onto the tracks take longer to reach their decision. So too with people who approve of smothering (闷死) a crying baby rather than catching the attention of enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other 26 . Greene explains that our intuitive dislike to the killing of an innocent gradually evolved to become especially sensitive to visions of direct physical attack.
Princeton philosopher Peter Singer argues that we should 27 our moral intuitions (本能) and ask whether they deserve respect in the first place. Why obey moral impulses that evolved to serve the “ 28 gene” — such as sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends Why not worry more about people an ocean away whose suffering we could 29 relieve Isn’t it better to save 10 starving African babies than to keep your 90-year-old father on life support In the absence of a tough decision-making process, reason may indeed be a(n) “ 30 of the passions”.
16．A．comprehension B．hesitation C．resolution D．permission
17．A．reliable B．invisible C．impressive D．decisive
18．A．unfortunately B．obviously C．surprisingly D．inevitably
19．A．regretting B．minimizing C．justifying D．estimating
20．A．struggle B．deal C．loss D．mistake
21．A．Likewise B．However C．Therefore D．Moreover
22．A．memory B．reason C．emotion D．sensory
23．A．enduring B．obvious C．acceptable D．intense
24．A．compete for B．come from C．take over D．engage in
25．A．self-reflecting B．decision-making C．problem-solving D．attention-calling
26．A．innocents B．hostages C．relatives D．soldiers
27．A．trust B．apply C．examine D．ignore
28．A．superior B．stubborn C．caring D．selfish
29．A．willingly B．collectively C．deliberately D．cheaply
30．A．master B．advocate C．slave D．protester
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Many of the world’s most brilliant scientific minds were also fantastically weird. From Pythagoras’outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’, the path to greatness is paved with some truly 31 habits. Scientists are increasingly realizing that intelligence is less about genetic luck than we tend to think. According to the latest review of the evidence, around 40% of what distinguishes the brainiacs from the blockheads in adulthood is 32 . Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful influence on our brains, shaping their structure and changing the way we think.
Of all history’s great minds, arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits was Albert Einstein. So what better person to study for clues to 33 behaviors to try ourselves Could there be any benefits in following Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even 34 choices
GOOD SLEEP
It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain, and Einstein took this advice more seriously than most. He reportedly slept for at least 10 hours per day. But can you really sleep your way to a 35 mind
Many of the most radical breakthroughs in human history, including the periodic table and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, have supposedly occurred while their discoverer was 36 . The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted.
DAILY WALK
Besides, Einstein’s daily walk was sacred to him. While he was working at Princeton University, New Jersey, he’d walk the mile and a half journey there and back. He followed in the footsteps of other 37 walkers, including Darwin, who went for three 45minute walks every day. These short walks weren’t just for 38 . There’s plenty of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.
EATING SPAGHETTI
So what do geniuses eat Alas, it’s not clear what 39 Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the Internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti.
It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20%of the body’s energy though it only 40 2% of its weight. Just like the rest of the body, the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, which can give the brain a valuable boost, but unfortunately this doesn’t mean eating spaghetti 41 is a good idea.
NO SOCKS
No list of Einstein’s eccentricities would be complete without a mention of his 42 of socks. “When I was young,” he wrote in a letter to his cousin-and later, wife-Elsa, “I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.”
43 , there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless, but changing into casual clothing, 44 a more formal outfit, has been linked to poor performance on tests of abstract thinking.
And what better way to end that with some advice from the man himself. “The important thing is not to stop 45 . Curiosity has its own reason for existing,” he told LIFE magazine in 1955.
31．A．beneficial B．crucial C．peculiar D．particular
32．A．environmental B．cultural C．cognitive D．genetic
33．A．self-regulating B．life-shaping C．health-promoting D．mind-enhancing
34．A．fashion B．career C．life D．education
35．A．stronger B．sharper C．more conscious D．more conscientious
36．A．unconscious B．distracted C．confused D．disturbed
37．A．unnoticed B．resourceful C．deliberate D．devoted
38．A．fitness B．passion C．breakthroughs D．clarity
39．A．constituted B．fueled C．enriched D．advanced
40．A．accounts for B．makes up for C．consists of D．adds up to
41．A．every once in a while B．to your heart’s content C．to some extent D．more often than not
42．A．discrimination B．disobedience C．dislike D．discretion
43．A．Regrettably B．Alternatively C．Fortunately D．Consequently
44．A．accompanied by B．coupled with C．in line with D．as opposed to
45．A．chasing B．believing C．persevering D．questioning
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）A question of judgement
The pandemic has required many people to make difficult judgements. Politicians have had to decide which restrictions to impose on citizens’ behavior and individuals were forced to assess how much personal risk to take, Managers, faced with tough calls like which parts of their operations to close, have not been 46
Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have. But it is remarkably difficult to define 47 , and many people are not sure whether they personally possess it. Sir Andrew Likierman has spent a long time talking to leaders in a wide range of fields, from business and the army to the law and medicine, in an effort to create a 48 for understanding judgment.
First, he had to define the word. He suggests that judgment is “the 49 of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”. And he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a 50 -taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one's personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision. At each stage, decision-makers must ask themselves questions, such as whether they have the relevant experience and expertise to make their choice, and whether the option they favor is 51 .
Expertise can be useful in making judgements. But it is not the same thing. “Academics have expertise,” Sir Andrew observes, “They don't necessarily have judgement.” People with judgement know when they are out of their depth in making a decision and typically then seek the 52 of someone who has the right background and knowledge. It is, of course, possible to follow all these steps and still make the 53 choice. But Sir Andrew argues that a sensible process improves the chance of getting it right. The temptation is to look at people's track records when assessing whether they have good judgment, but 54 may have played a huge part, “While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”
The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more 55 . Those with routine tasks generally have limited scope for judgment. Line supervisors have some rights to decide by themselves. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is 56 .Deciding not to take action is also a judgement with potentially serious consequences. The world is full of people whose lack of judgement brought their careers or personal life 57 .
Some people think that good judgment is innate. Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self- aware and better understand other people. People with good judgment tend to have a breadth of experiences and relationships that enables them to recognize parallels or analogies that others 58
Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics; a tendency to ignore others, stick to rules 59 context, rush into action without reflection and struggle to make up their minds. Many leaders make bad judgments because they unconsciously filter the information they receive or are not 60 critical of what they hear or read. The danger is that people ignore insights that they don't want to hear, a tendency that can increase with age.
46．A．included B．guaranteed C．promoted D．spared
47．A．equally B．naturally C．precisely D．wisely
48．A．brochure B．catalogue C．framework D．timetable
49．A．combination B．equivalent C．foundation D．selection
50．A．formula B．process C．subsequence D．standard
51．A．frequent B．practical C．precious D．unique
52．A．advice B．approval C．contribution D．praise
53．A．logical B．major C．smart D．wrong
54．A．experience B．luck C．occupation D．support
55．A．responsibility B．tasks C．information D．courage
56．A．exaggerated B．fixed C．high D．minimal
57．A．calming down B．cheering up C．cleaning up D．crashing down
58．A．copy B．emphasize C．miss D．value
59．A．in line with B．based on C．instead of D．without regard to
60．A．clearly B．mainly C．publicly D．sufficiently
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, however, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviours have multiple components. 61 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll 62 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected Never. Do people get on without paying Of course! Are there inspectors to 63 that people have paid Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus They are 64 . Safety and security for the old, the sick, the disabled No time for that. And how about jumping lights Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why Because the target is 65 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 66 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 67 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit their targets. But they also hit cyclists. People are hurt on buses and by buses.
If the target was changed to 68 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 69 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another problem: people become immensely 70 in hitting targets. Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time Tailwinds Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a trip is 71 to take. A one-hour flight is now 72 as a two-hour flight. It’s the same with rail journeys. They now take twice as long as they did 20 or even 40 years ago.
The 73 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion or even two and you may well 74 others. Everything (well almost everything) can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a cost. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting or, as it is sometimes called, “management by objectives” with the use of “key performance indicators” (KPI). But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not to 75 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better achieve the objective.
61．A．Emphasize B．Identify C．Assess D．Explain
62．A．nearly B．curiously C．eagerly D．quickly
63．A．claim B．prove C．check D．recall
64．A．threatened B．ignored C．mocked D．blamed
65．A．punctuality B．hospitality C．competition D．innovation
66．A．Yet B．So C．Besides D．Still
67．A．hired B．trained C．rewarded D．grouped
68．A．comfort B．revenue C．efficiency D．security
69．A．friendly B．quiet C．cautious D．diligent
70．A．persistent B．practical C．emotional D．inventive
71．A．assigned B．tailored C．adapted D．meant
72．A．billed B．restricted C．classified D．compromised
73．A．moral B．background C．style D．form
74．A．interpret B．criticize C．sacrifice D．tolerate
75．A．specify B．predict C．restore D．create
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）One of the presents in my house this Christmas was a late 18th-century volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (大英百科全书). It is a window into the discoveries and thinking of the time. The encyclopaedia is an entertaining reminder of how 76 some of our current truths are bound to be. Certainties in areas we haven’t yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. And one of those we are still remarkably 77 is the effect of food and exercise on our bodies. We’re surrounded by confident 78 on how to eat, how to avoid or reverse obesity (肥胖), and yet the advice seems pointless while the world gets fatter. Much of what we think we know is a pile of assumptions rather than 79 .
Our confusion is the theme of Spoon-Fed, a book by one of Britain’s leading nutrition researchers, Tim Spector of King’s College London. Its subtitle is: “Why almost everything we’ve been told about food is wrong.” It is a call for us to 80 more.
One by one Spector offers answers to recent food 81 . Coffee can save our lives, he says. Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 per cent. Butter does not damage our hearts, Spector argues, and salt is vital. Eggs have gone “from heroes to villains and back again”. Don’t say no to all red meat on 82 grounds; occasional small quantities of high-quality unprocessed meat provide important vitamins and iron and are “probably good for you“. Exercise is so good for longevity and happiness that it should be considered our No 1 drug, but the one thing for which it’s 83 useless is losing weight. Vitamin pills are a multibillion-pound industry with almost no proven 84 but which can cause real harm. Even vitamin D, which Spector used to study and believe in, he now 85 .
Spector also offers more than a set of currently 86 tips. The science of nutrition has not been solved by him, as he would be the first to admit. His most 87 point is that there is no one size that fits all. Our bodies are complex, and our reactions are 88 : yet nobody wants to pay for the research that might explain why.
Some combination of food choices, genes, environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome — the unique microbe (微生物的) combinations in our body ― yes different 89 for each of us, leaving some lean and two thirds of us too fat. This is the territory Spector wants to explore further and which might just allow us to 90 the global trend to obesity, with all the risks we’ve witnessed this year.
76．A．well-known B．aim-oriented C．ill-founded D．long-lived
77．A．certain about B．ignorant of C．capable of D．worried about
78．A．decisions B．courses C．focuses D．suggestions
79．A．facts B．chances C．reasons D．features
80．A．investigate B．demand C．concentrate D．spend
81．A．supplies B．shortages C．standards D．myths
82．A．culture B．history C．economy D．health
83．A．equally B．practically C．socially D．impossibly
84．A．effectiveness B．consciousness C．competitiveness D．emptiness
85．A．serves B．shares C．recognizes D．dismisses
86．A．pointless B．topical C．defensible D．additional
87．A．emotional B．significant C．questionable D．forgivable
88．A．individual B．unpredictable C．important D．available
89．A．changes B．outcomes C．profits D．addicts
90．A．start B．analyze C．stop D．reflect
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）What can you make with a 3D printer
Theoretically speaking, you can make anything with a 3D printer, though its main uses are in industries like manufacturing, prototyping, construction and medicine. However, now hobbyists can create the 91 items at home, and many are even selling their wares online as a part time job.
3D printers were also a critical tool 92 of the COVID-19 pandemic, when PPE was in short supply. Hospitals 93 on 3D printers to supply their staff with gowns, masks and respirators, as well as to create parts for ventilators. One Seattle high school student even 94 a mask factory from his home using a 3D printer.
Now, with scientists able to create prosthetics (假肢) and implants via 3D printing, the 95 in medicine are arguably among some of the most exciting. They can also create 96 body parts like ears from stem cells, collagen and structural proteins in the human body called fibrin; this process is known as bioprinting, though much of it is still in the testing phases. 97 , researchers can test pharmaceuticals easily and ethically with tissue created from 3D printers.
In the future, designers and hobbyists may not be asking the question “How do 3D printers work ” because 3D printers will likely be so 98 in our daily lives. Today, kids are being taught about 3D printing in elementary school, and many local libraries currently have the machines available, as do stores like UPS and Staples.
Honestly, the possibilities are 99 in the aerospace, electronic, medical, energy and automotive industries, where 3D printers will become even more vital tools. While this can be handy when it comes to cars, which can be customized for buyers, it is even more essential in the 100 field. Although we’re still probably 10 to 15 years away from 3D printed organs like kidneys, this scientific advancement is most definitely 101 .
And 102 the opportunities in space, where the defense and aerospace 3D printing market is expected to reach $ 5. 58 billion by 2026. In the future, 3D printing could transform space exploration and space tourism by allowing astronauts to create objects 103 while in space. Imagine a future in which buildings and food are created in space!
When will you be able to print nearly anything at home We’re getting there. “We are at the 104 of a manufacturing age,” Bourell says, “which I believe may have an impact 105 that of the Information Age.”
91．A．appealing B．delicate C．artificial D．nonindustrial
92．A．by means B．at the height C．in terms D．regardless
93．A．reflected B．switched C．relied D．intended
94．A．ran B．attached C．rolled D．spun
95．A．tendencies B．implications C．situations D．advances
96．A．manned B．actual C．spotless D．genetic
97．A．Contrarily B．Precisely C．Additionally D．Imaginably
98．A．advanced B．interwoven C．intermediate D．novel
99．A．endless B．applicable C．limited D．stuck
100．A．automotive B．industrial C．manufacturing D．medical
101．A．on the horizon B．in the mind C．in the course D．at present
102．A．transfer B．consider C．illustrate D．overlook
103．A．in supply B．in stock C．on demand D．under control
104．A．center B．doorway C．crossroads D．destination
105．A．comparable to B．based on C．absent from D．proportional to
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）I forgot to pay my property tax last year. Was it a sign of early onset dementia(痴呆) Had I spent last September as an anti-government tax resister and the entire month of September had 106 my mind Then I realized the real problem: I have notification 107 .
Since 2020, many of us have lived 108 online, relying on a trillion apps to send helpful, pinging notifications. So many notifications that they’ve become a waterfall of sound I no longer hear. I’ve grown 109 of every notification. I live in a continuous state of “oops.”
My bad decisions and my 110 are to blame. My first error was inviting these pings and beeps into my life decades ago. As someone with a memory as reliable as an inattentive goldfish’s, I once depended on a detailed paper calendar and to-do list system to keep me on 111 . My careful notes worked for years. But I was eventually 112 transferring all the birthdays from one year’s calendar to the next. The coming of the PalmPilot (掌上电脑) thrilled me: I could enter the info once and, five days before each loved one’s birthday, the device would automatically inform me of the coming date.
That little PalmPilot was a gateway drug. I eventually 113 my brain to more powerful devices. And for years, generally they were at a 114 level. Then the pandemic hit and my notification stream became a series of alerts and even alerts for other unimaginable demands of alertness.
Then the other factor 115 kicked in. My actual hearing loss, a genetic gift from my father’s side, started getting worse, turning the world into a series of dull noises. Even with my hearing aids in, maybe I didn’t hear a notification.
Having become deaf to alerts both 116 and metaphorically, I reasoned that enduring a little wrist vibration with every notification would bring me back into being a responsible adult. 117 , I felt like I had severe nerve damage. After month 13 of the pandemic, my general stress level was peaking and I was too 118 to turn some off.
“You’re not the boss of me!” I yelled one afternoon when seven notifications popped up 119 . I turned away like a bad-tempered teen. The solution I’m turning off all notifications and moving my life back to 120 . Yes, it will be a tough adjustment. But it will force me to grab responsibility for my daily life back from all the devices.
The good news: Paper doesn’t chirp, buzz, flash or “pop up.” Paper just waits, quietly, non-judgmentally and trust you.
106．A．failed B．slipped C．lost D．bent
107．A．attentiveness B．alertness C．unwillingness D．deafness
108．A．largely B．barely C．closely D．specially
109．A．guilty B．ignorant C．unaware D．incapable
110．A．gene B．age C．job D．lifestyle
111．A．feet B．toes C．trick D．track
112．A．used to B．tired of C．exposed to D．involved in
113．A．outsourced B．positioned C．swayed D．split
114．A．tangible B．manageable C．approachable D．measurable
115．A．at length B．at play C．at odds D．at intervals
116．A．frantically B．accidentally C．literally D．excessively
117．A．Furthermore B．Meanwhile C．Thereby D．However
118．A．overwhelmed B．overblown C．overflown D．overtaken
119．A．contemporarily B．instinctively C．spontaneously D．simultaneously
120．A．ease B．work C．paper D．optimism
（2023高二下·上海·期中）There has, in recent years, been an outpouring of information about the impact of buildings on the natural environment. Information which explains and promotes green construction design strives to 121 others of its effectiveness and warns of the dangers of ignoring the issue. Seldom do these documents offer any advice to practitioners, such as those designing mechanical and electrical systems for a building, on how to use this knowledge on a 122 level.
Although there are a good many advocates of “green” construction in the architectural industry, able to list enough reasons why buildings should be designed in a (n) 123 way, that doesn’t translate into a booming green construction industry. Likewise, the fact that plenty of architectural firms have experience in green design is not enough to make green construction 124 . The driving force behind whether a building is constructed with minimal environmental impact 125 the owner of the building; that is, the person financing the project. If the owner considers green design unimportant, or of secondary importance, then more than likely, it will not be 126 into the design.
The commissioning (委任) process plays a key role in 127 the owner gets the building he wants, in terms of design, costs and risk. Owners who 128 the commissioning process, or fail to take “green” issues into account when doing so, often run into trouble once their building is up and running. Materials and equipment are installed as planned, and, at first glance, appear to fulfil their purpose adequately. 129 , in time, the owner realizes that operational and maintenance costs are higher than necessary, and that the occupants are dissatisfied with the results. These factors in turn lead to higher ownership costs as well as increased environmental impact.
In some cases, an owner may be 130 of the latest trends in green building design, which, however, does not necessarily lead to an interpretation that the client already has an idea of how green he intends the structure to be. Indeed, this initial interaction between owner and firm is the ideal time for a designer to outline and 131 the ways that green design can meet the client’s objectives. In this way, he may turn a project originally not 132 green design into a potential candidate.
Typically, when condiering whether or not to adopt a green 133 , an owner will ask about additional costs or return for investment. In a typical project, landscape architects, mechanical and electrical engineers are not involved until a much later stage. However, in green design, they have a role to play from they outset, since green design demands 134 between these disciplines, which requires additional cost. However, there are examples of green design which have demonstrated 135 costs for long-term operation, ownership and even construnction.
121．A．preserve B．convince C．exploit D．accuse
122．A．pracical B．measured C．tremendous D．theoretial
123．A．professional B．groundbreaking C．innovative D．sustainable
124．A．tap into experience B．live up to its name C．rise to fame D．come into being
125．A．refers to B．lies with C．races against D．calls on
126．A．knocked B．loaded C．factored D．stuffed
127．A．concluding B．stressing C．ensuring D．acknowledging
128．A．skip B．transport C．isolate D．cover
129．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．What’s more D．However
130．A．ignorant B．aware C．critical D．capable
131．A．promote B．perceive C．attribute D．impose
132．A．applited to B．anxious for C．destined for D．specific about
133．A．gesture B．approach C．origin D．patent
134．A．competition B．calculation C．cooperation D．distinction
135．A．increased B．extra C．fixed D．lower
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Who comes first
A child’s place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of occupations that will interest him or her as an adult. new research suggests. In two related studies researchers found that only children—and to a certain extent first-born children - were more interested in intellectual careers than later-born children. 136 later-born children were more interested in both artistic and outdoor-related careers.
These results 137 theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our personality, said Frederick T. L. Leong, co-author of the study and professor of psychology at Ohio University. “Parents 138 place different demands and have different expectations of children depending on their birth order. ”
“For example, parents may be extremely 139 of only children and worry about their physical safety. That may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or 140 activities. An only child will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than children with sisters or brothers. This will often make them feel special but the 141 is that they may suffer from jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and family life. ”
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre of attention, to then 142 the care of parents. Parents will also expect them to be responsible and “set an example”. The 143 from being the focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-born’s outlook on life. 144 first-borns may try to get back their parents’ attention and approval by achieving success in their careers. It is 145 that first-borns are significantly more often found as political leaders than any other birth-order position.
Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be a(n) 146 experience especially if the child wants to be taken seriously and treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth-order positions to take up dangerous sports. This may be a(n) 147 of the last-born’s rebelliousness-a result of being fed up with always being bossed about by everyone else in the family.
Middle children, however, have different 148 . “Middle-child syndrome” can mean feeling 149 between two other “more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is treated like an adult and a younger one who gets all the privileges and is treated like a spoilt child. Middle-borns have to learn to get on with older and younger children and this may contribute to them becoming good negotiators —of all the birth-order positions they are most skillful at 150 both authority figures and those holding inferior positions
136．A．In addition B．In contrast C．To be frank D．To sum up
137．A．fit into B．turn over C．lead to D．serve as
138．A．sensibly B．initially C．typically D．patiently
139．A．confident B．demanding C．ashamed D．protective
140．A．outdoor B．unknown C．social D．relaxing
141．A．difference B．purpose C．disadvantage D．benefit
142．A．sharing B．keeping C．gaining D．wasting
143．A．feedback B．prevention C．relief D．change
144．A．However B．Therefore C．Besides D．Otherwise
145．A．confusing B．worthwhile C．true D．fine
146．A．exciting B．frustrating C．common D．invaluable
147．A．honour B．reward C．risk D．sign
148．A．achievements B．advantages C．hobbies D．issues
149．A．sandwiched B．connected C．distinguished D．stimulated
150．A．working out B．depending on C．dealing with D．looking after
