句子成分（按功能）
主语
主语是句子所表述的主体,说明句子讲的是“谁”或“什么”。主语一般位于句首,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等充当。
例如:
The sun was just setting.太阳刚往下落。[<牛津高阶>]
Nobody can help you except yourself.只有你自己才能帮助你。
Three will be enough for us.三个对我们来说足够了。
To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在如此短的时间内完成那项任务确实是一个挑战。
Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他肯定会来参加讨论的。
[注意]动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。例如:
It is illegal to drive without a licence.
无照驾驶是违法的。
It is no use arguing with him.
与他争辩是徒劳的。
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她来或不来都无关紧要。
谓语
谓语说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,通常由动词或短语动词充当。谓语有人称和数的变化,可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。
简单谓语
由一个动词或短语动词构成。
例如:
The car parks operate a pay-as-you-leave system.
这些停车场按“离开时付费”的模式运作。
Don't take on too much work-the extra cash isn't worth it.
不要太卖命了--多挣那点钱不值得。
复合谓语
复合谓语有多种结构,包括:半助动词+不定式( appear to do, seem to do, happen to do 等);
情态动词+动词原形;be+形容词+不定式(be about to do , be determined to do, be ready to do 等);
动词被动式+不定式/现在分词/过去分词(be known to be, be found to do, be kept doing 等);
used to+动词;连系动词+表语。
例如:
I happened to meet him on my way back.
我在回家的路上碰巧遇见了他。
Passengers may not take any photo during flight.
飞行期间,旅客不得拍照。
She was determined to find out who was responsible for this.
她决意弄清楚谁该对此事负责。
She is known to be a good teacher.
大家都称她是一位优秀教师。
There used to be a pond.
这儿从前有一个池塘。
She went blind at the age of ten.
她十岁时失明了。
【注意] 谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
例如:
She has served the family faithfully for thirty years.
她为这个家忠心耿耿地操劳了三十年。
宾语
宾语在句中主要充当动作的对象或行为的承受者,一般置于及物动词或介词之后,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)以及从句等充当。
例如:
Everyone should obey the laws.人人都应遵纪守法。
He invited us to the party yesterday.昨天他邀请我们参加聚会。
Jack chose to take a job in Paris.杰克决定在巴黎找份工作。
I don't mind opening the window.我不介意打开窗户。
Have you determined which cellphone you should buy 你已经决定要买哪个手机了吗
【知识拓展]有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语与间接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前,也可位于其后,位于其后时,要在间接宾语前加to或 for 等介词。
例如:
Can you pass her the book = Can you pass the book to her
你能递给她那本书吗
补语
补语主要对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语两类。
主语补足语
主语补足语通常由名词、形容词、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或介词短语等充当。
例如:
He was found the right man for the job.
大家认为他是这项工作的合适人选。
The injured were found weak in the house.
那些伤者在房子里被发现时身体很虚弱。
She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.
有人看见她从犯罪现场跑开。
He was bid to hold his tongue.
他被命令闭嘴。
English is considered of great importance for us.
英语对我们非常重要。
宾语补足语
宾语补足语主要对句中的宾语作进一步补充、解释、说明,使其意思更加完整、正确,通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)等充当。
例如:
We elected him monitor.
我们选他当班长。
I'm sure we'll find her hard at work when we get home.
我确信我们到家时会发现她在努力工作。
When he woke up, he found himself in a strange place.
醒来后,他发现自己在一个陌生的地方。
Please ask the young man in.请让那个年轻人进来。
He could hear his heart beating fast.
他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。
I had my bike repaired this morning.
今天早晨我让人修理了我的自行车。
You can ask your teacher to help you with your English.
你可以请老师帮助你学习英语。
[注意] 含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时,宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。
例如:
We found her reading in the library.
我们发现她在图书馆里读书。
She was found reading in the library.
有人发现她在图书馆里读书。
状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等，通常由副词、介词短语、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句来充当,在句中可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的、方式、伴随等。
例如:
However，forgiveness is possible, and it can be extremely beneficial to your physical and mental health.
然而,宽恕他人是可以做到的,且对你的身心健康十分有利。
He lay on his bed with the sunlight falling on his face.
他躺在床上,沐浴着阳光。
Written in a hurry , this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好!
Working hard, you'll get a good achievement.
努力学习,你就会取得好成绩。
I returned home that day to find that everything was in good order.
那天我回到家发现一切都那么井井有条。
The students are doing their homework in the classroom.
学生们正在教室里做作业。
They set out early so that they might arrive on time.
他们早早动身,以便可以准时到达。
[注意]一般来说,状语在句中的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。为了强调状语或使它与上下文紧密衔接,通常把状语放于句首。句中如果没有助动词,状语就位于动词前面。如果动词前有助动词,状语应位于助动词之后。
表语
表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征或状态等。表语一般放在系动词之后,与系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语和从句等充当。
例如:
Linda turned doctor like her mother after graduation.
琳达毕业后像她妈妈一样当了医生。
Money isn't everything we must get.
钱并不是我们必须得到的一切。
He was the second to enter the meeting hall.
他是第二个进入会议厅的。
The teacher's words remain fresh in my mind.
老师的话我记忆犹新。
The water is off.
停水了。[《牛津高阶)]
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要意图是指出这个问题的困难所在。
My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
我的猫最喜爱的活动是睡觉。
The machine is out of order.
这台机器出故障了。
The cause of the fire was that somebody carelessly threw away a cigarette end.
火灾的起因是有人乱扔烟头。
【归纳总结]凡是和形状、大小、颜色、年龄、价格、高度、类型等有关的名词,都可在其前加 of 作表语。
例如:
The twin sisters are of the same size so the skirt fits each of them exactly.
这对双胞胎姐妹的身材一样,所以这件裙子非常适合她们两个。
定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的修饰语,可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
前置定语
可充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、动名词等。
例如:
It's a fantastic place ,really beautiful!
这真是个好地方,漂亮极了!
The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
父母已经尽了他们的职责，并且可能继续这样做。[全国高考]
We all know that the elephant has four legs.
我们都知道大象有四条腿。
I prefer to see a woman doctor.
我希望让女医生给我看病。
My mother asked me to put my little brother into the sleeping bag.
妈妈让我把弟弟放在睡袋里。
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
地上全是落叶。
【注意】 有些名词和其同根形容词都可以作定语,但是意义不同。
例如:
a gold medal一块金牌
golden sunshine金色的阳光
后置定语
可充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、从句等。
例如:
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事情要告诉你。
The buildings around are of the modern style.
周围的建筑物都是现代风格的。
The girl in red is Lucy.
穿红色衣服的女孩是露西。
I need a piece of paper to write on.
我需要一张写字用的纸。
A little child learning to walk often falls.
学走路的小孩常常摔倒。
Who were the so-called guests invited to your party last night
昨晚受邀参加你的聚会的那些所谓的客人是谁
She is the girl who likes singing.
她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。
[注意]分词(短语)作定语在句中通常有两个位置,如果是单个的分词,常放在被修饰词前作前置定语;如果是分词短语,常放在被修饰词后作后置定语。
同位语
同位语对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明,是与其所修饰的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分。名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)以及从句等都可充当同位语。同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词或代词之后,但有时两者也会被其他成分隔开。
例如:
She won her first victory, a victory that was applauded by the public.
她获得了自己的第一次胜利,一次得到公众欢呼的胜利。
She won her first victory , a victory that was applauded by the public.
她获得了自己的第一次胜利,一次得到公众欢呼的胜利。
Myra herself got a medal for her work for the aged.
迈拉自己由于为老人服务而获得了一枚奖章。
He is working as hard as before, that is to say, very hard.
他和过去一样努力工作,也就是说,非常努力。
We two went to the book store yesterday.
我们两人昨天去了书店。
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.
第一个计划是夜袭,被否决了。
The news that we're having a holiday tomorrow is true.
我们明天放假的消息是真的。
练习题
一、单项选择
1．She has been a student for ten years. 句子的谓语是 ________.
A．has been B．She C．a student D．for ten years
2．Today, American English is in common international use. 划线部分是______.
A．状语 B．表语 C．宾语 D．谓语
3．I was thinking about childhood memories. 请选出本句中的谓语。
A．was B．thinking about C．was thinking about D．think about
4．Inspired, he asked his fans to make videos, which he then joined together into one performance.主句中的谓语是：
A．inspired B．asked C．make D．joined
5．Which part is the VERB of the following sentence “The earth is a beautiful place.”
A．“earth” B．“is” C．“beautiful” D．“place” E．“the”
6．I open the window to let some fresh air in.(挑出句中状语)
A．I B．open C．the window D．to let some fresh air in
7．His illness was ________smoking and drinking.
A．because B．because of
C．due to D．thanks to
8．I know the boy very well. I have seen him ________ up from childhood.
A．grow B．grew C．growing D．to grow
9．Suddenly, a man driving a motor car _______ the girl’s bag and took it away, ______ into the darkness.
A．seizing , disappeared B．seized, disappeared
C．seizing, disappearing D．seized, disappearing
10．The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very different period of my life.
A．adverbial B．subject C．predicative D．attribute
11．Shenzhen Experimental School, one of the most renowned schools in Shenzhen, lies at the foot of Guanlong Mountain.
What sentence element does the underlined part serve as
A．adverbial (状语) B．complement (补语)
C．attributive (定语) D．appositive (同位语)
12．They are all interested in the newly-built apartments along the river, but _______ really want to buy any yet.
A．none of them
B．none of what
C．none of whom
D．none of which
13．That guy kills his time by playing PC games day and night. I wonder whether he could find anything________ at all.
A．worth to do B．worth doing
C．worthy being done D．is worth to be done
14．The farmer uses wood to build a house ________to store grain.
A．in which B．where C．which D．with which
15．Reading this instructive book, _________.
A．tears came into his eyes B．his eyes were filled with tears
C．he burst into tears D．the stories touched him deeply.
16 . There is a lab building behind the main teaching building. (挑出句中主语)
A．There B．is C．a lab building D．the main teaching building
二、指出下列句子中画线部分所做的句子成分
1．① The boy is②to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
2．She ①sat there, ②reading a newspaper.
3．Would you please tell① me ②your address
4．The boy ①who is sitting behind is loved by ②everyone.
5．We found ①the dog ②lying on the ground.
三、选词填空
Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. Justify B. correspondingly C. rigid D. tackle E. consequence F. channel
G. ultimately H. interpretation I. substantial J. tendency K. relevant
1．Authorities have a responsibility to promote initiatives to ________ the energy of young people towards more worthwhile ends such as the acquisition of a basic skill.
2．Education is supposed to be ________ to the real world and the challenges students are facing.
3．There is a growing ________ among young people to search for balance in life through daily tai chi practice.
4．Contrary to our expectation, the well-established pianist’s ________ of the music was rather too literal.
5．Despite the Yupik people’s preservation of their independence and heritage, the process of globalization will ________ lead to the changes in their traditional way of life.
6．Many countries are exploring ways to ease the financial problem as a(n) ________ of the rising medical costs of their ageing populations.
7．Teenagers need to be motivated to ________ their academic stress by setting realistic goals and dividing their work into reasonable daily targets.
8．The Japanese have a ________ code of etiquette, which may seem artificial to people from other cultures.
9．The “sentimental value” of the stuff in our lives cannot ________ the behaviour of those compulsive hoarders.
10．A ________ number of Aboriginal songlines were lost due to the destruction of their ancient way of life.句子成分（按功能）
主语
主语是句子所表述的主体,说明句子讲的是“谁”或“什么”。主语一般位于句首,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等充当。
例如:
The sun was just setting.太阳刚往下落。[<牛津高阶>](名词)
Nobody can help you except yourself.只有你自己才能帮助你。(代词)
Three will be enough for us.三个对我们来说足够了。(数词)
To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在如此短的时间内完成那项任务确实是一个挑战。(动词不定式短语)
Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。(动名词短语)
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他肯定会来参加讨论的。(从句)
[注意]动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。例如:
It is illegal to drive without a licence.
无照驾驶是违法的。(It作形式主语,to drive...是真正的主语)
It is no use arguing with him.
与他争辩是徒劳的。(lt作形式主语,arguing with him是真正的主语)
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她来或不来都无关紧要。(It 作形式主语, whether she...是真正的主语)
谓语
谓语说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,通常由动词或短语动词充当。谓语有人称和数的变化,可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。
简单谓语
由一个动词或短语动词构成。
例如:
The car parks operate a pay-as-you-leave system.
这些停车场按“离开时付费”的模式运作。(实义动词)
Don't take on too much work-the extra cash isn't worth it.
不要太卖命了--多挣那点钱不值得。(动词短语)
复合谓语
复合谓语有多种结构,包括:
半助动词+不定式( appear to do, seem to do, happen to do 等);
情态动词+动词原形;
be+形容词+不定式(be about to do , be determined to do, be ready to do 等);
动词被动式+不定式/现在分词/过去分词(be known to be, be found to do, be kept doing 等);
used to+动词;
连系动词+表语。
例如:
I happened to meet him on my way back.
我在回家的路上碰巧遇见了他。(半助动词+不定式)
Passengers may not take any photo during flight.
飞行期间,旅客不得拍照。(情态动词+动词原形)
She was determined to find out who was responsible for this.
她决意弄清楚谁该对此事负责。(be+形容词+不定式)
She is known to be a good teacher.
大家都称她是一位优秀教师。(动词被动式+不定式)
There used to be a pond.
这儿从前有一个池塘。(used to+动词)
She went blind at the age of ten.
她十岁时失明了。(连系动词+表语)
【注意] 谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
例如:
She has served the family faithfully for thirty years.
她为这个家忠心耿耿地操劳了三十年。(主语 She是第三人称单数,因此谓语必须用第三人称单数)
宾语
宾语在句中主要充当动作的对象或行为的承受者,一般置于及物动词或介词之后,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)以及从句等充当。
例如:
Everyone should obey the laws.人人都应遵纪守法。(名词)
He invited us to the party yesterday.昨天他邀请我们参加聚会。(代词)
Jack chose to take a job in Paris.杰克决定在巴黎找份工作。(动词不定式短语)
I don't mind opening the window.我不介意打开窗户。(动名词短语)
Have you determined which cellphone you should buy 你已经决定要买哪个手机了吗 (从句)
【知识拓展]有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语与间接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前,也可位于其后,位于其后时,要在间接宾语前加to或 for 等介词。
例如:
Can you pass her the book = Can you pass the book to her
你能递给她那本书吗 (her 作间接宾语,the book 作直接宾语)
补语
补语主要对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语两类。
主语补足语
主语补足语通常由名词、形容词、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或介词短语等充当。
例如:
He was found the right man for the job.
大家认为他是这项工作的合适人选。(名词）
The injured were found weak in the house.
那些伤者在房子里被发现时身体很虚弱。(形容词)
She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.
有人看见她从犯罪现场跑开。(现在分词短语)
He was bid to hold his tongue.
他被命令闭嘴。(不定式短语)
English is considered of great importance for us.
英语对我们非常重要。(介词短语)
宾语补足语
宾语补足语主要对句中的宾语作进一步补充、解释、说明,使其意思更加完整、正确,通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)等充当。
例如:
We elected him monitor.
我们选他当班长。(名词)
I'm sure we'll find her hard at work when we get home.
我确信我们到家时会发现她在努力工作。(形容词)
When he woke up, he found himself in a strange place.
醒来后,他发现自己在一个陌生的地方。(介词短语)
Please ask the young man in.请让那个年轻人进来。(副词)
He could hear his heart beating fast.
他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。(现在分词)
I had my bike repaired this morning.
今天早晨我让人修理了我的自行车。(过去分词)
You can ask your teacher to help you with your English.
你可以请老师帮助你学习英语。(动词不定式短语)
[注意] 含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时,宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。
例如:
We found her reading in the library.
我们发现她在图书馆里读书。(宾语补足语)
She was found reading in the library.
有人发现她在图书馆里读书。(主语补足语)
状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等，通常由副词、介词短语、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句来充当,在句中可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的、方式、伴随等。
例如:
However，forgiveness is possible, and it can be extremely beneficial to your physical and mental health.
然而,宽恕他人是可以做到的,且对你的身心健康十分有利。(副词,表程度)
He lay on his bed with the sunlight falling on his face.
他躺在床上,沐浴着阳光。(with 复合结构,表伴随)
Written in a hurry , this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好!(过去分词短语,表原因)
Working hard, you'll get a good achievement.
努力学习,你就会取得好成绩。(现在分词短语,表条件)
I returned home that day to find that everything was in good order.
那天我回到家发现一切都那么井井有条。(不定式短语,表结果)
The students are doing their homework in the classroom.
学生们正在教室里做作业。(介词短语,表地点)
They set out early so that they might arrive on time.
他们早早动身,以便可以准时到达。(从句，表目的)
[注意]一般来说,状语在句中的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。为了强调状语或使它与上下文紧密衔接,通常把状语放于句首。句中如果没有助动词,状语就位于动词前面。如果动词前有助动词,状语应位于助动词之后。
表语
表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征或状态等。表语一般放在系动词之后,与系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语和从句等充当。
例如:
Linda turned doctor like her mother after graduation.
琳达毕业后像她妈妈一样当了医生。(名词)
Money isn't everything we must get.
钱并不是我们必须得到的一切。(代词)
He was the second to enter the meeting hall.
他是第二个进入会议厅的。(数词)
The teacher's words remain fresh in my mind.
老师的话我记忆犹新。(形容词)
The water is off.
停水了。[《牛津高阶)](副词)
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要意图是指出这个问题的困难所在。(不定式短语)
My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
我的猫最喜爱的活动是睡觉。(动名词)
The machine is out of order.
这台机器出故障了。(介词短语)
The cause of the fire was that somebody carelessly threw away a cigarette end.
火灾的起因是有人乱扔烟头。(从句)
【归纳总结]凡是和形状、大小、颜色、年龄、价格、高度、类型等有关的名词,都可在其前加 of 作表语。
例如:
The twin sisters are of the same size so the skirt fits each of them exactly.
这对双胞胎姐妹的身材一样,所以这件裙子非常适合她们两个。
定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的修饰语,可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
前置定语
可充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、动名词等。
例如:
It's a fantastic place ,really beautiful!
这真是个好地方,漂亮极了!(形容词)
The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
父母已经尽了他们的职责，并且可能继续这样做。[全国高考](代词)
We all know that the elephant has four legs.
我们都知道大象有四条腿。(数词)
I prefer to see a woman doctor.
我希望让女医生给我看病。(名词)
My mother asked me to put my little brother into the sleeping bag.
妈妈让我把弟弟放在睡袋里。(动名词)
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
地上全是落叶。(过去分词)
【注意】 有些名词和其同根形容词都可以作定语,但是意义不同。
例如:
a gold medal一块金牌(由金子做的)
golden sunshine金色的阳光(像金子般的)
后置定语
可充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、从句等。
例如:
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事情要告诉你。(形容词)
The buildings around are of the modern style.
周围的建筑物都是现代风格的。(副词)
The girl in red is Lucy.
穿红色衣服的女孩是露西。(介词短语)
I need a piece of paper to write on.
我需要一张写字用的纸。(动词不定式短语)
A little child learning to walk often falls.
学走路的小孩常常摔倒。(现在分词短语)
Who were the so-called guests invited to your party last night
昨晚受邀参加你的聚会的那些所谓的客人是谁 (过去分词短语)
She is the girl who likes singing.
她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。(从句)
[注意]分词(短语)作定语在句中通常有两个位置,如果是单 个的分词,常放在被修饰词前作前置定语;如果是分词短语,常放在被修饰词后作后置定语。
同位语
同位语对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明,是与其所修饰的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分。名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)以及从句等都可充当同位语。同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词或代词之后,但有时两者也会被其他成分隔开。
例如:
She won her first victory, a victory that was applauded by the public.
她获得了自己的第一次胜利,一次得到公众欢呼的胜利。(名词)
Myra herself got a medal for her work for the aged.
迈拉自己由于为老人服务而获得了一枚奖章。(代词)
He is working as hard as before, that is to say, very hard.
他和过去一样努力工作,也就是说,非常努力。(副词)
We two went to the book store yesterday.
我们两人昨天去了书店。(数词)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.
第一个计划是夜袭,被否决了。(动名词短语)
The news that we're having a holiday tomorrow is true.
我们明天放假的消息是真的。(从句)
练习题
一、单项选择
1．She has been a student for ten years. 句子的谓语是 ________.
A．has been B．She C．a student D．for ten years
【详解】考查句子成分分析。句意：她当了十年的学生。分析句子结构可知，主语是she;句子时态是现在完成时，谓语是has been;宾语是a student;状语是for ten days。故选A。
2．Today, American English is in common international use. 划线部分是______.
A．状语 B．表语 C．宾语 D．谓语
【详解】考查句子结构。句意：今天，美式英语在国际上普遍使用。Today在句中作时间状语；American English在句中作主语；is是系动词；in common international use在句中作表语。故选B。
3．I was thinking about childhood memories. 请选出本句中的谓语。
A．was B．thinking about C．was thinking about D．think about
【详解】考查谓语。句意：我正在想童年的记忆。分析句子结构，I是主语，was thinking about是谓语动词，childhoodmemories是宾语，该句使用了过去进行时，故选C。
4．Inspired, he asked his fans to make videos, which he then joined together into one performance.主句中的谓语是：
A．inspired B．asked C．make D．Joined
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：受到启发，他让他的粉丝们制作视频，然后他把这些视频组合成一个表演。A.inspired启发，过去分词作状语；B.asked让，要求，主句谓语动词；C.make做，动词不定式to make videos作asked的宾语补足语；D.joined加入，短语join together组合，作从句谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，这是一个关系代词whih引导的非限制性定语从句，主句是he asked his fans to make videos,主句中的主语是he,谓语动词是asked。故选B项。
5．Which part is the VERB of the following sentence “The earth is a beautiful place.”
A．“earth” B．“is” C．“beautiful” D．“place” E．“the”
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：哪一部分是句子“The earth is a beautiful place.”的动词 此处为主系表结构，The earth为主语；is为be动词，作谓语；a beautiful place作表语，beautiful修饰名词place作定语。故选B。
6．I open the window to let some fresh air in.(挑出句中状语)
A．I B．open C．the window D．to let some fresh air in
【详解】考查句子结构。句意：我打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。分析句子结构，本句是“主谓宾状”结构，主语为I,谓语为open,宾语为the window,状语为to let some fresh air in,为不定式短语作目的状语。故选D。
7．His illness was ________smoking and drinking.
A．because B．because of
C．due to D．thanks to
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：他的病是因为他抽烟和喝酒。due to“由于，归因于”,因…引起。可引导状语、定语或表语，但多引导表语。because of一般引导状语，不引导表语。thanks to常引导状语；除了“由于”的意思外，还可意为“多亏”,多引出好的原因。分析句意可知，本句是作表语，可译为因……而引起，故C项。
【名师点睛】due to because of thanks to“由于”词汇辨析
due to/because of/thanks to这三个短语意思相同，一般可以互换，但是要注意以下区别：
1)due to由于，归因于，因…引起。可引导状语、定语或表语，但多引导表语。
Her failure in the speech contest was due to her nervousness.
她在演讲比赛中失利，原因是她太紧张了
2)because of一般引导状语，不引导表语；但当主语是代词时，because of短语在句中可用作表语。He knew she was crying because of what he had said.他知道她哭是因为他说的话。
3)thanks to常引导状语；除了“由于”的意思外，还可意为“多亏”,多引出好的原因。
Thanks to you,I was saved from drowning.幸亏你，我才没有被淹死.
4)because表示原因，后面跟从句。
8．I know the boy very well. I have seen him ________ up from childhood.
A．grow B．grew C．growing D．to grow
【详解】考查动词短语。句意：我很了解这个男孩。我看着他从小长大。see sb.do sth“看见某人做了某事”,表示看见了事情的全过程，see sb.doing sth“看见某人正在做某事”,表示动作正在发生。结合句意及“from childhood”可知，此处指看见事情的全过程，故选A。
9．Suddenly, a man driving a motor car _______ the girl’s bag and took it away, ______ into the darkness.
A．seizing , disappeared B．seized, disappeared
C．seizing, disappearing D．seized, disappearing
【详解】考查谓语和非谓语动词。句意：突然，一个骑摩托车的人抓住这个女孩的包，抢走了，消失在黑夜中。句中第一空为句子谓语动词，根据“and took it away”可知这里在描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时；______into thedarkness.是分词作伴随状语，第二空为非谓语动词，disappear与其逻辑主语a man之间是主动关系，用现在分词，故选D项。
10．The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very different period of my life.
A．adverbial B．subject C．predicative D．Attribute
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：我第一次见到纳尔逊曼德拉的时候，是我人生中一个非常不同的时期。A.adverbial状语；B.subject主语；C.predicative表语；D.attribute定语。the time是主语；when I first met Nelson Mandela为定语从句；was为谓语；a very different period of my life.为表语；划线部分是定语。故选D。
11．Shenzhen Experimental School, one of the most renowned schools in Shenzhen, lies at the foot of Guanlong Mountain.
What sentence element does the underlined part serve as
A．adverbial (状语) B．complement (补语)
C．attributive (定语) D．appositive (同位语)
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：深圳实验学校位于Guanlong Mountain脚下，是深圳最著名的学校之一。分析可知，划线部分是对主语Shenzhen Experimental School的解释，所以属于同位语，故选D。
12．They are all interested in the newly-built apartments along the river, but _______ really want to buy any yet.
A．none of them
B．none of what
C．none of whom
D．none of which
【详解】考查代词。句意：他们都对河边新建的公寓很感兴趣，但是目前还没有人想要去买。根据句子分析可知，but为并列连词，连接前后两个分句，故应用代词them指代前文的“他们”,作of的宾语。故选A。
13．That guy kills his time by playing PC games day and night. I wonder whether he could find anything________ at all.
A．worth to do B．worth doing
C．worthy being done D．is worth to be done
【详解】考查固定句型。句意：那家伙没日没夜玩电脑游戏来消磨时间。我不知道他是否能找到一些值得做的事情。形容词短语be worth doing,意为“值得做某事”,用主动表被动，sth be worthy of being done,意为“某事值得被做”,介词后为动名词的被动结构。本句中使用worth doing修饰代词anything,相当于that is worth doing。故选B项。
14．The farmer uses wood to build a house ________to store grain.
A．in which B．where C．which D．with which
【详解】考查地点状语。句意：这位农夫用木头建了一所房子来储存谷物。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处使用inwhich,which指代house,与in搭配，在后面做地点状语，即，to store grain in the house。在本题中in which=where是不对的，因为只有在定语从句中，in which=where才是等价的，而这里是地点状语，所以不能等价。故选A。
15．Reading this instructive book, _________.
A．tears came into his eyes B．his eyes were filled with tears
C．he burst into tears D．the stories touched him deeply.
【详解】考查句子分析与主语一致。句意：读了这本有意义的书，他突然哭了起来。A.tears came into his eyes(泪水涌上了他的眼睛);B.his eyes were filled with tears(他的眼里充满了泪水);C.he burst into tears(他突然哭了起来);D.thestories touched him deeply(这些故事深深地感动了他)。根据状语reading可知，状语与主语之间为主动关系，所以句子的主语只能是he,故选C项。
16 . There is a lab building behind the main teaching building. (挑出句中主语)
There B．is C．a lab building D．the main teaching building
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：在主教学楼的后面有一座实验楼。在there be结构中，主语是其后面所接的名词或名词性短语，该句中，a labbuilding是主语，behind the main teaching building是状语，故选C。
17、 Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
A．subject B．object C．attributive(定语) D．predicative(表语)
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：无论它走到哪里，都会留下一串死鹿和死兔子之类的小动物。分析句子结构可知，本句考查固定短语搭配：leave sth.behind sb.,此句a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits为短语中的sth.作宾语，因为宾语太长，所以和behind it进行位置调换。故选B项。
二、指出下列句子中画线部分所做的句子成分
1．① The boy主语 is②to leave for Shanghai表语 tomorrow.
2．She ①sat谓语there, ②reading a newspaper状语.
3．Would you please tell① me 间接宾语②your address直接宾语
4．The boy ①who is sitting behind定语从句 is loved by ②everyone宾语.
5．We found ①the dog 宾语②lying on the ground宾补.
[小题1]考查句子成分。句意:这男孩明天要去上海。
该句第二处划线部分to leave for Shanghai应为动词不定式结构作句子的表语成分。
【小题2]考查句子成分。句意:她坐在那里看报纸。该句第二处划线部分reading a newspaper为现在分词短语作句子的状语成分。
【小题3]考查句子成分。句意:你能告诉我你的地址吗 分析句子可知，该句第一处划线部分me为代词作句子的间接宾语成分;该句第二处划线部分your address为名词短语作句子的直接宾语成分。故答案为:间接宾语;直接宾语。
【小题4]考查句子成分。句意:坐在后面的男孩受到大家的喜爱。分析句子可知，该句第一处划线部分who is sitting behind为定语从句作句子的定语成分修饰boy;该句第二处划线部分everyone为不定代词作句子的宾语成分。
[小题5]考查句子成分。句意:我们发现那条狗躺在地上。分析句子可知，该句第一处划线部分the dog为名词作句子的宾语成分;该句第二处划线部分lying on the ground为现在分词短语作句子的宾补成分。
三、选词填空
Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. Justify B. correspondingly C. rigid D. tackle E. consequence F. channel G. ultimately H. interpretation I. substantial J. tendency K. relevant
1．Authorities have a responsibility to promote initiatives to ________ the energy of young people towards more worthwhile ends such as the acquisition of a basic skill.
2．Education is supposed to be ________ to the real world and the challenges students are facing.
3．There is a growing ________ among young people to search for balance in life through daily tai chi practice.
4．Contrary to our expectation, the well-established pianist’s ________ of the music was rather too literal.
5．Despite the Yupik people’s preservation of their independence and heritage, the process of globalization will ________ lead to the changes in their traditional way of life.
6．Many countries are exploring ways to ease the financial problem as a(n) ________ of the rising medical costs of their ageing populations.
7．Teenagers need to be motivated to ________ their academic stress by setting realistic goals and dividing their work into reasonable daily targets.
8．The Japanese have a ________ code of etiquette, which may seem artificial to people from other cultures.
9．The “sentimental value” of the stuff in our lives cannot ________ the behaviour of those compulsive hoarders.
10．A ________ number of Aboriginal songlines were lost due to the destruction of their ancient way of life.
[解析]
【小题1】考查动词。句意:当局有责任促进主动行动，引导年轻人的精力朝向更有价值的目标，例如获得一项基本技能。动词channel“引导"符合句意，和前文to构成不定式作目的状语。故选F。
【小题2】考查形容词。句意:教育应该与现实世界和学生面临的挑战相关。形容词relevant“相关的"符合句意，在句中作表语。故选K。
【小题3】考查名词。句意:越来越多的年轻人通过每天练习太极来寻求生活中的平衡。名词tendency“趋势，倾向"符合句意，在there be句型中作主语。故选J。
【小题4】考查名词。句意:与我们的预期相反，这位久负盛名的钢琴家对这首乐曲的诠释太过拘泥于文字。名词interpretation“解释，诠释"符合句意，在句中作主语。故选H。
【小题5】考查副词。句意:尽管尤皮克人保留了他们的独立性和遗产，但全球化的进程最终将导致他们传统生活方式的改变。副词ultimately“最终"符合句意，修饰动词作状语。故选G。
【小题6】考查名词、固定短语。句意:许多国家正在探索缓解其老龄化人口医疗成本上升所带来的财政问题的方法。固定短语as a consequence oft由于……、因为……”符合句意。故选E。
【小题7】考查动词。句意:青少年需要通过设定现实的目标并将他们的工作分成合理的日常目标来激励他们解决学业压力。动词tackle“解决”符合句意，和前文to构成不定式作状语，表目的。故选D。
【小题8】考查形容词。句意:日本人有一套严格的礼仪规范，这在其他文化的人看来可能有些做作。形容词 rigid“严格的(规则，方法等)“符合句意，作定语修饰名词code。故选C。
【小题9】考查动词。句意:我们生活中物品的“情感价值”并不能证明那些强迫性囤积者的行为是合理的。动词 justify“证明..…正确(或正当、合理)“符合句意，动词原形和前文情态动词cannot一起构成复合谓语。故选A。
【小题10】考查形容词。句意:由于土著人古老的生活方式被破坏，大量的土著歌曲消失了。形容词 substantial“大量的”符合句意，作定语修饰名词number,a substantial number of表示数量巨大的。故选I。
