专题07 阅读理解之记叙文和议论文10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.
Spring cleaning.
I’ll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today’s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.
“Honey, how about spending the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow ” I ask.
“Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over ” my husband answers.
But I tell my family, spring cleaning can’t wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation, yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze with all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be clean!”
Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone our bodies produce when it’s dark. When spring’s light comes, the melatonin declines, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus- filled house we’ve been hibernating in for the past four months.
I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring arrival. I speak to them about life’s greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum (浮垢) from the bathtub, which hasn’t been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.
“I’ll do it,” says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home. “You will Wow!” I exclaim.
Maybe after all these years, he’s finally grasped the concept. Maybe he’s expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he’s going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he’s being nice to me, the financial-aid officer.
No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, was found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he was supposed to be cleaning.
“Awake and be clean!” I say.
1．According to the passage, for modern families, spring cleaning ________.
A．calls for more complicated skills
B．is no longer something natural to do
C．is a highly-respected tradition
D．requires more family members to be involved
2．Why does the author say “spring cleaning can’t wait”
A．Because spring is the best time for us to relax ourselves.
B．Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer.
C．Because our garden requires immediate cleaning after winter.
D．Because the weather in spring makes it easier for us to do so.
3．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The reduction of melatonin will give rise to wakefulness in our bodies.
B．A dusty, virus-filled house is largely to blame for our sleepiness in winter.
C．A role model is needed to help other members grasp the concept of spring cleaning.
D．The author’s eldest son agrees to clean the bathtub because she will finance his trip.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．Spring Cleaning Affords No Delay!
B．Modernity Kills Spring Cleaning
C．Spring Cleaning — to Do or Not to Do
D．The Young Need Spring Cleaning
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇记述文。文章主要讲述的是春季家庭大扫除的重要性和进行大扫除的科学原因。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“I’ll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today’s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.(我承认，对于现代家庭来说，春季大扫除是一个难以理解的概念。如今忙碌的家庭几乎没有时间去洗碗，更不用说清洗门垫了。让家人花周末的时间从后院融化的雪中收集冬天的狗堆，就像宣布不再有Wi-Fi一样。它扰乱了自然秩序)”可知，对于现代家庭来说，春季大扫除是一个难以理解的概念，故它不再是一件自然而然去做的事情，故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第六段中“The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend.(气温上升到足以融化积雪，但还不足以让少年棒球联盟开始练习。一些花从解冻的土地上探出头来，但没有草坪可以播种，也没有花园可以照料。)”可知，作者说春季大扫除不容等待，是因为天气转暖以后会有更多地事情，因此春季大扫除刻不容缓。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第七段中“When spring’s light comes, the melatonin declines, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus- filled house we’ve been hibernating in for the past four months.(当春天的阳光来临时，褪黑素下降，突然间，我们被惊醒到过去四个月里一直蛰伏在里面的满是灰尘、病毒的房子里)”可知，褪黑素减少会导致身体清醒。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第六段中“But I tell my family, spring cleaning can’t wait.(但我告诉我的家人，春季大扫除不容等待)”可知，文章主要讲述的是春季家庭大扫除的重要性和进行大扫除的科学原因。A项“春季大扫除不容拖延”适合作为文章标题，故选A。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）It’s tipping towards sunset on a November afternoon and St Michael’s Mount shines on the horizon reflected in the high tide that surrounds this Comish island. As I set out along the coastal path from Penzance to Marazion, it’s a surreal view. The mount, with its collar of gold-dotted water, looks like it’s floating. The podcast I’m listening to is telling me that the mount is also surrounded by a underwater forest. This blue space was once green.
I start from behind Penzance’s railway station and the first installation is revealed just after the signal box-a trident of posts that look like sticks made by Poseidon (三叉戟) himself. Rooted in the landscape but separate from it, like other good sculpture trails, this one offers a deeper link to the landscape, a perspective that a walk alone can’t offer.
The accompanying podcast encourages listeners to follow in the footsteps of local poets, scientists and folklore experts, while a downloadable booklet suggests ways of drawing, cooking, and food hunting inspired by the forest. Until they appear on additional signs along the trail in the spring, both can be found on Newlyn Art Gallery’s website.
As I follow the trail I listen my way around the landscape hearing about its marine biodiversity, rising sea levels (again), Cornish language and pirating history.
The sticks range from driftwood benches to short posts and tall crooks. Some have metal chairs and picnic benches. Newly upgraded, the path is accessible to all. In the dusk, I’m joined on my walk by a tide of pushchairs, e-bikes, wheelchair users, runners, iovers and dog walkers.
I keep going and bob along the path ahead, and the industrial estates on my left give way to the Scots pines and rushes of the Marazion Marsh RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) reserve. Eventually I dip down into Marazion along the beach, breathing the briny air swirling in over sea wrack (海藻).
As the tide is already in, it’s too late to visit St Michael’s Mount today, so I double back for a cuppa at the Hoxton Special, a cafe 10 minutes back along the path. Just beside it is the final cluster of posts. One of them is shaped like a chair, so I sink into it and watch the sun set over the bay.
5．What does the underlined word mean in Paragraph One mean
A．realistic B．false C．dreamlike D．imaginative
6．Which of the following statement is True about the trident post mentioned in paragraph 2
A．It was the first thing the author encountered after he set out on his journey.
B．It once belonged to the mythical character Poseidon, dominator of the sea.
C．It can hardly be spotted by visitors if they choose to walk along the trail.
D．It adds to the local landscape though not necessarily a part of it.
7．What is the author’s journey like
A．His journey progressed under the witness of the posts along the trail.
B．The author listened to podcast all the way on his journey and took the advice it offered.
C．Throughout his journey, the author was joined by various kinds of people and beautiful scenes.
D．The whole journey was naturally picturesque without traces of industry.
8．What can be the best title of this passage
A．Journey of Wilderness B．Magnificent Trails C．Arty Walk D．Coastal Road Trips
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．A 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者沿着一条步道徒步的经历。
5．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“The mount, with its collar of gold-dotted water, looks like it’s floating. (这座山的山顶点缀着金色的水，看起来就像在漂浮。)”可知，这里的景色很梦幻，surreal的意思是“如梦的”，和dreamlike意思相近，故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据“I start from behind Penzance’s railway station and the first installation is revealed just after the signal box-a trident of posts that look like sticks made by Poseidon (三叉戟) himself. (我从彭赞斯火车站后面开始，第一个装置就在信号箱后面——一个三叉戟的柱子，看起来像波塞冬自己做的棍子。)”可知，第2段提到的三叉戟哨所是作者踏上旅途后遇到的第一样东西。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段的“I start from behind Penzance’s railway station and the first installation is revealed just after the signal box-a trident of posts that look like sticks made by Poseidon (三叉戟) himself. (我从彭赞斯火车站后面开始，第一个装置就在信号箱后面——一个三叉戟的柱子，看起来像波塞冬自己做的棍子。)”，倒数第三段的“The sticks range from driftwood benches to short posts and tall crooks. (这些棍子从浮木长凳到短柱子和高曲柄杖都有。)”和最后一段的“Just beside it is the final cluster of posts. (就在它旁边是最后一组柱子。)”可知，他的旅程在沿途柱子的见证下进行着。故选A。
8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“I start from behind Penzance’s railway station and the first installation is revealed just after the signal box-a trident of posts that look like sticks made by Poseidon (三叉戟) himself. Rooted in the landscape but separate from it, like other good sculpture trails, this one offers a deeper link to the landscape, a perspective that a walk alone can’t offer. (我从彭赞斯火车站后面开始，第一个装置就在信号箱后面——一个三叉戟的柱子，看起来像波塞冬自己做的棍子。像其他优秀的雕塑步道一样，这条步道根植于景观中，但又与景观分离，它提供了与景观更深层次的联系，这是步行无法提供的视角。)”可知，主要讲的是作者沿着一条步道徒步的经历，因此最好的题目是B选项“Magnificent Trails (壮丽的小路)”，故选B。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Around this time last winter, at a gymnasium 45 minutes outside Budapest, I was surprised to come across a group of roughly 30 men and women with wooden axes. They had gathered to practice something called Baranta, perhaps the youngest of the world’s so-called traditional martial arts.
While they took turns swinging and blocking, one member of the group, a beefy man with a tight, gray, military-style haircut, walked over to where I was standing and began excitedly talking to me in Hungarian. Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta.
The name Baranta, I later learned, originates from an old Hungarian word meaning, roughly, “to attack.” Today, it refers to a fighting style based on a mixture of Hungarian folk dancing. Mongolian wrestling, and the imagined fighting skills of its practitioners’ ancestors. Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia.
Baranta clubs have formed in most major Hungarian cities and in many smaller villages, Babinszki says. These new “traditionalists” are interested in taking up archery (射箭) and horseback riding and organizing giant “tribal meetings” at which they dress in Mongolian-style felt coats and fur hats.
Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in quibbling over their authenticity. “They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at E tv s Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition.
9．Why did the beefy man show the writer a series of videos
A．He was trying to sell the writer these videos.
B．He found the writer couldn’t understand his words.
C．He had difficulty translating English into Hungarian.
D．He wanted the writer to know how he practiced Baranta.
10．According to the passage, what happened in the early 1990s
A．Baranta made a comeback in Hungary.
B．Baranta clubs moved from villages to major cities.
C．Some Hungarians began exploring the country’s history.
D．Some Hungarians became interested in Mongolian martial arts.
11．What does the phrase “quibbling over” (in the last paragraph) most probably mean
A．complaining about B．handing over C．insisting on D．engaging in
12．Vendel Teszler is quoted in the last paragraph in order to show ________.
A．tradition changes with time no matter how old it is
B．the history of Hungary remains a mystery to many people
C．wishful imagination appeals more to people than historical fact
D．what traditionalists believe in is likely not to be true to the fact
【答案】9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了去年冬天作者偶遇了一群练习一种被叫做Baranta的一群人，从而了解到了一些与Baranta这种世界上最年轻的所谓的传统武术有关的一些历史情况。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta. (即使有翻译的帮助，我也很难跟上他说的话。也许是感觉到了这一点，他拿出手机给我看了一系列视频，其中有几组人在练习Baranta。)”可知，这个健壮的男人给作者看了一系列的视频是因为他发现作者听不懂他的话。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia. (Kata Babinszki是 Pécs大学的一名学生，正在写一篇关于Baranta的文章。她告诉我，这种做法可以追溯到20世纪90年代初。那时，一小群匈牙利人开始深入研究他们国家的过去，回顾它作为奥匈帝国一部分的历史，回顾它作为一个王国的时代，甚至回顾匈牙利人作为骑兵穿越东欧和中亚边缘的时期。)”可知，在20世纪90年代，早期一群匈牙利人开始探索匈牙利这个国家的历史。故选C。
11．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in (尽管许多这些服饰与其说是根植于历史事实，不如说是根植于渴望的想象，但似乎很少有匈牙利人……感兴趣)”和“their authenticity (它们的真实性)”可知，quibbling over所在句子表示“尽管许多这样的装饰与其说根植于历史事实，不如说是根植于渴望的想象，但似乎没有几个匈牙利人有兴趣争论它们的真实性”，quibbling over意为“争论，抱怨”，和complaining about意思相近，故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at E tv s Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition. (布达佩斯E tv s Loránd大学研究匈牙利传统主义者的教授Vendel Teszler说：“他们回到了我们的知识非常不确定的时代。”“没有人能确切地告诉他们，什么样的服装在历史上是准确的。一切都可以被改造和创造。”即使是传统。)”可知，在教授Vendel Teszler看来匈牙利的这些新的“传统主义者”所穿的服装有可能不一定是历史上本来的样子，因为一切都可以被改造和创造。即使是传统。所以作者在最后一段引用了Vendel Teszler的话目的是为了来说明传统主义者所相信的未必是真的。故选D。
（22-23高二上·上海浦东新·期中）When you are little, it’s not hard to believe you can change the world. I remember my enthusiasm when, at the age of 12, I addressed the people at the Rio Earth Summit. “I am only a child” I told them. “Yet I know that if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this world would be. At school you teach us not to fight with others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures, to share, not to be greedy. Then, why do you go out and do the thing you tell us not to do You grown-ups say you love us, but I challenge you, please, to make our actions reflect your words.”
I spoke for six minutes and received a standing ovation. Some of the delegates even cried. I thought that maybe had reached some of them, that my speech might actually spur(激励)action. Now, ten years from Rio, after I’ve sat through many more conferences, I’m not sure what has been accomplished. My confidence in the people in power and in the power of an individual’s voice to reach them has been deeply shaken.
When I was little, the world was simple. But as a young adult, I’m learning that as we have to make choices - education, career, lifestyle - life gets more and more complicated. We are beginning to feel pressure to produce and be successful. We are taught that economic growth is progress, but we aren’t taught how to pursue a happy, healthy on sustainable way of living. And we are leaning that what we wanted for the future when we were 12 was idealistic and innocent.
Today I’m no longer a child, but I’m worried about what kind of environment my children will grow up in. I know change is possible, because I am changing, still figuring out what think. I am still deciding how to live my life. The challenges are great, but if we accept individual responsibility and make sustainable choices, we will rise to the challenges, and we will become part of the positive tide of change.
13．The purpose of what the speaker said at the age of 12 was to ________.
A．end poverty and make school beautiful
B．end poverty and solve the problems about environment
C．find a wonderful place and clean it up
D．find environmental answers and keep the words that they always told themselves
14．What does the underlined word “ovation” in the second paragraph refer to ________.
A．a long period of laughing B．a warm welcome
C．a long period of clapping and applauses D．an expression used for greeting
15．Which of the following is true according to the passage
A．the writer thinks what he thought at the age of 12 is mature.
B．the writer’s children will certainly live in an ideal environment.
C．the writer’s confidence in the people in power has deeply shaken their voice.
D．the writer’s belief does not change when he grows up.
【答案】13．B 14．C 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述作者12岁时在里约地球峰会上发言，希望大人们能做到在学校教育孩子时的要求，解决贫困问题，找出治理环境的方法，建立一个和平、美丽的世界，他的发言受到各国代表热烈赞扬。十年后作者初衷未改变，从我做起一起改变这个世界。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“I remember my enthusiasm when，at the age of 12,I addressed the people at the Rio Earth Summit. ‘I am only a child,’ I told them. ‘Yet I know that if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this world would be.’ (我还记得我12岁时在里约热内卢地球峰会上向人们讲话时的那种热情。‘我只是个孩子。’我告诉他们。‘但我知道，如果花在战争上的钱都花在消除贫困和寻找环境问题的答案上，这个世界将会变得多么美好。’)”可推断，演讲者在12岁时所演讲的目的是结束贫困和解决环境问题。故选B。
14．词义猜测题。根据划线词前半句“I spoke for six minutes (我讲了六分钟)”和后句“Some of the delegates even cried. (一些代表甚至哭了)”可知，作者的演讲受到了与会人员的赞同。由此猜测，他们听完后全场起立鼓掌。所以ovation为“鼓掌”之意。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“I know change is possible, because I am changing, still figuring out what I think. I am still deciding how to live my life. (我知道改变是可能的，因为我正在改变，仍在思考我的想法。我还在决定如何生活)”可知，纵使会有再多改变作者仍坚守自己的信念。故选D。
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）New technology means that we no longer have to wait for anything. Therefore, you would expect waiting rooms to be filled with a lot of people complaining. However, a newspaper survey suggests that people regard these spaces as a place of refuge, a window in their tightly scheduled lives. Here are some of the stories that people told.
A Ella Doroudy, subway station. Friday 5 p.m.
We’ve been at the beach all day, and now we’re on our way home. We don’t have to wait very long, because we checked the schedule so we got here with about 15 minutes to spare. I just hang out and chat with my friends until the train comes. Waiting with other people is easier because it’s easier to kill time when you have someone to talk to.
B Caroline Lacey, dentist’s office. Tuesday 3 p.m.
I don’t really get nervous about a visit to the dentist, but since these two fillings came out I’ve been in great pain. The office is bright and cheerful, so it’s pretty calming. I usually pass the time by browsing through magazines. I’ve been coming to the dentist only when I need to, but I’m going to have to start coming regularly.
C Renata Oliveira, model casting. Tuesday 2 p.m.
I was a little bit late today, which ended up being OK because some of these girls have been waiting for hours. You can’t help but look around at everyone else—you look at the other girls and think: “I wonder if they’ll like her better than they like me.” While I’m waiting, I’m thinking: “Oh, come on. I don’t have all day!”
D Paul Thomas, hospital, waiting room. Wednesday 2 p.m.
I feel pretty all right while I’m waiting here, to be honest. It’s something I’ve been doing since my motorcycle accident seven years ago. I’ve had about 32 operations so far. This time I’m here for one more in my foot. It’s no use coming in thinking you’re going to escape in five minutes, so I just sit back and people watch.
16．What are the four people talking about
A．How they like to wait. B．Why they hate waiting.
C．Unhappy experience of waiting. D．Different reasons for waiting long.
17．Which of the following people kill the waiting time by talking with others
A．Ella Doroudy. B．Caroline Lacey.
C．Renata Oliveira. D．Paul Thomas.
18．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
A．Ella Doroudy waited at the subway station for more than half an hour.
B．Caroline Lacey doesn’t think the dentist’s office is relaxing enough.
C．Renata Oliveria failed in the model competition because she was late.
D．Paul Thomas has got accustomed to waiting in the waiting room.
【答案】16．A 17．A 18．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，你会认为等候室里会挤满很多抱怨的人，但实际上有些人把等候室视为避难所。
16．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Therefore, you would expect waiting rooms to be filled with a lot of people complaining. However, a newspaper survey suggests that people regard these spaces as a place of refuge, a window in their tightly scheduled lives. Here are some of the stories that people told. (因此，你会认为等候室里会挤满很多抱怨的人。然而，一份报纸的调查显示，人们把这些等候室视为避难所，是他们安排严密的生活中的一扇窗户。下面是人们讲的一些故事)”和下面四个关于在等候室等待的故事可知，文章主要谈论，有些人把等候室视为避难所，喜欢等待。故选A项。
17．细节理解题。由A Ella Doroudy中的“I just hang out and chat with my friends until the train comes. Waiting with other people is easier because it’s easier to kill time when you have someone to talk to. (我只是出去和朋友聊天，直到火车来。与其他人一起等待更容易，因为当你有人交谈时，消磨时间更容易)”可知，Ella Doroudy通过与他人交谈来打发等待时间。故选A项。
18．细节理解题。由D Paul Thomas中的“I feel pretty all right while I’m waiting here, to be honest. It’s something I’ve been doing since my motorcycle accident seven years ago. I’ve had about 32 operations so far. (老实说，我在这里等的时候感觉很好。自从七年前发生摩托车事故以来，我一直在做这件事。到目前为止，我已经做了大约32次手术)”可知，Paul Thomas已经做了大约32次手术，换句话说他在等候室呆过32次，而且他觉得等待的感觉很好，“Paul Thomas已经习惯了在候诊室等候”正确。故选D项。
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Aristotle, philosopher and scientist, is considered one of the greatest thinkers in history. He was born in 384 B．C． in northern Greece. He studied under another brilliant and influential man named Plato. Aristotle not only studied philosophy and science, he also mastered many other subjects, such as politics, psychology, and rhetoric. His thirst for knowledge and for some sort of divine truth or logic set him apart from most of his contemporaries. In fact, many of his ideas concerning philosophy were so profound that they have challenged philosophical minds ever since and continue to be influential today.
One of Aristotle’s greatest achievements was in pioncering the study of zoology. This field allowed him to use perhaps his most outstanding skill --- observation. Unlike many other ancient thinkers, Aristotle was a careful observer and recorder of natural phenomena. Over time, Aristotle classified more than 500 animal species in hierarchies based on biological traits. Carolus Linnacus further developed this type of classification system some 2,100 years later.
An interesting aspect of Aristotle’s brilliance was that many of his ideas were very different from those of other thinkers and thus not always popular. For instance, he studied the behavior and features of many marine species; included was a detailed study of dolphins. Aristotle noticed that a pregnant dolphin nourished her fetus through an organ called a placenta and gave birth to live young, as land-dwelling mammals do. Therefore, he grouped dolphins with mammals instead of with fish species as other ancient biologists had. Despite the accuracy of his grouping his successors classified dolphins as fish, and it took 2,000 years for scientists to reclassify them as mammals.
Not all of Aristotle’s theories proved to be accurate, however. In astronomy, for example. Aristotle was heavily influenced by the religious teachings of his day. As Aristotle watched the night skies, he concluded that Earth was the center of the universe and the Sun and the other planets revolved around it. This theory is known as the geocentric model of the universe. Later it was discovered that all the planets in fact revolve around the Sun. This theory is known as the heliocentric model. To Aristotle and others, however, Earth was the perfect creation of a higher order. The ancient Greeks were unwilling to accept that such a perfect creation could move. In their philosophy, anything that moved or changed was seen as unstable and thus flawed.
19．According to the article, Aristotle differed from many biologists of his day because he ________.
A．learned from Plato.
B．excelled in observation.
C．kept records of different species for multiple generations.
D．studied the ecosystem of many different species.
20．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “geocentric” in the last paragraph
A．related to geography.
B．with the earth as the center.
C．related to geology.
D．with the God as the center.
21．You can infer that one of the reasons Aristotle is still highly respected in modern times is ________.
A．he introduced important ideas in so many different areas.
B．he created the civilization known as ancient Greece.
C．his descriptions of the universe contributed to the development of the space program.
D．he established the heliocentric model.
22．What is the passage mainly about
A．Aristotle’s contribution in astronomy.
B．Aristotle’s status in history.
C．Great thinkers in Ancient Greek.
D．The beliefs of Aristotle.
【答案】19．B 20．B 21．A 22．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了亚里士多德的主要贡献和理论。
19．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This field allowed him to use perhaps his most outstanding skill --- observation.”（这一领域使他得以运用他最杰出的技能——观察。）可知，亚里士多德与同时代的许多生物学家不同，因为他擅长观察，故选B。
20．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“This theory is known as the geocentric model of the universe.”（这个理论被称为宇宙的地心模型。）可知，“This theory”指的是上文的地心说，划线词应该是“以地球为中心”的意思，故选B。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“ In fact, many of his ideas concerning philosophy were so profound that they have challenged philosophical minds ever since and continue to be influential today.”（事实上，他的许多关于哲学的思想是如此深刻，从那时起，它们就一直挑战着哲学思想，并继续影响着今天。）可知，亚里士多德之所以在现代仍然很受尊重，因为在许多不同的领域引入了重要的思想，故选A。
22．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“In fact, many of his ideas concerning philosophy were so profound that they have challenged philosophical minds ever since and continue to be influential today.( 事实上，他的许多关于哲学的思想是如此深刻，从那时起，它们就一直挑战着哲学思想，并继续影响着今天。)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍亚里士多德的主要贡献和理论，故选D。
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）After hours sitting inside Deep Worker, it feels good to get back. While you’re stretching on the deck, others on the ship are at work studying the data you have collected.
The rock samples you collected are taken to a laboratory on board the ship. Tests performed on ocean rocks can show the age of the seafloor. Many people will study the videotapes of the swordfish. There is nothing like a video to show others exactly what you saw and experienced in the deep. Videos capture details of how animals move and behave-details that a person sitting inside Deep Worker could easily miss. Those details can help scientists better understand the role each kind of animal plays in its deep-sea community.
While you were below, Deep worker's exact location was being tracked. Thus, detailed maps of the seafloor, showing underwater canyons canyons and mountains far beneath the surface can be made with the help of this information. Dive by dive, Sylvia Earle and her fellow scientists are piecing together remarkable pictures of the deep sea-a world that until recently was as unknown as a distant planet.
Since Sylvia first began exploring the waters around Florid ,she has seen changes- trash on the seafloor, fewer fish, polluted water. These ocean problems in Florida and in many other part of the world make people like Sylvia anxious. They want to know how to protect the ocean, and how to restore it to good health where damage has been done.
Sylvia and other scientists are learning more about the ocean, especially the deep sea, than ever before. The more we know about a place, the better we understand it. As Sylvia says, “With knowing comes caring. If people care about something, they will work to protect it.”
23．What does the bold-typed phrase “this information" in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The location of underwater canyons and mountains.
B．Remarkable pictures of the deep sea.
C．These ocean problems.
D．The track of Deep Water.
24．Sylvie Earle is probably a scientist who________.
A．specializes in making maps
B．cares about the ocean
C．works on a unknown ship
D．performs experiments in a laboratory
25．According to Paragraph 4, which statement about Sylvia is TRUE
A．Sylvia has seen fewer fish and polluted water.
B．Sylvia is concerned about the ocean problems.
C．Sylvia has explored the waters and protected the ocean.
D．Sylvia has restored good health after her injury.
26．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．Working below in Deep Worker
B．Ocean Exploration and Ocean Maps
C．Deep Worker Saving the World
D．Ocean familiarity and Ocean Preservation
【答案】23．D 24．B 25．B 26．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了自从西尔维娅第一次开始探索弗罗里德附近的水域，她看到了一些变化——海底的垃圾，更少的鱼，污染的水。以及通过这样的发现，得知人们如果关心某件事，他们就会努力保护它。
23．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“While you were below, Deep worker's exact location was being tracked. Thus, detailed maps of the seafloor, showing underwater canyons canyons and mountains far beneath the surface can be made with the help of this information. (你在下面的时候，深层工作者的确切位置正在被追踪。因此，在这些信息的帮助下，可以绘制出详细的海底地图，显示水下峡谷、峡谷和远在地表之下的山脉)”可知，this information指的是深海水域的追踪。故选D项。
24．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These ocean problems in Florida and in many other part of the world make people like Sylvia anxious. They want to know how to protect the ocean, and how to restore it to good health where damage has been done. (佛罗里达和世界其他许多地方的这些海洋问题让像西尔维娅这样的人感到焦虑。他们想知道如何保护海洋，以及如何在遭受破坏的地方恢复健康)”可推知，西尔维娅是一个关心海洋的科学家。故选B项。
25．细节理解题。根据第四段“Since Sylvia first began exploring the waters around Florid ,she has seen changes- trash on the seafloor, fewer fish, polluted water. These ocean problems in Florida and in many other part of the world make people like Sylvia anxious. They want to know how to protect the ocean, and how to restore it to good health where damage has been done. (自从西尔维娅第一次开始探索弗罗里德附近的水域，她看到了一些变化——海底的垃圾，更少的鱼，污染的水。佛罗里达和世界其他许多地方的这些海洋问题让像西尔维娅这样的人感到焦虑。他们想知道如何保护海洋，以及如何在遭受破坏的地方恢复健康)”可知，西尔维娅很关心海洋问题。故选B项。
26．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“Sylvia and other scientists are learning more about the ocean, especially the deep sea, than ever before. The more we know about a place, the better we understand it. As Sylvia says, “With knowing comes caring. If people care about something, they will work to protect it.(西尔维亚和其他科学家对海洋，尤其是深海的了解比以往任何时候都要多。我们对一个地方了解得越多，就越了解它。正如西尔维娅所说：随着了解而来的是关心。”如果人们关心某件事，他们就会努力保护它)”可知，文章最好的标题为“熟悉海洋和海洋保护”。故选D项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren’t mathematicians at heart or engineers by trade, may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分). It’s a fact not lost on American educators, who faced with rising math failure rates are debating how math can better meet the real-life needs of students. Should we change the way math is taught in schools, or climinate some courses entirely
Andrew Hacker, Queens College political science professor, thinks that advanced algebra and other higher-level math should be cut from curricula in favor of courses with more routine usefulness, like statistics.
“We hear on all sides that we’re not teaching enough mathematics, and the Chinese are running rings around us,” Hacker says. “I’m suggesting we’re teaching too much mathematics to too many people. . . not everybody has to know calculus. If you’re going to become an aeronautical engineer, fine. But most of us aren’t.”
Instead, Hacker is pushing for more courses like the one he teaches at Queens College: Numeracy 101. There, his students of “citizen statistics” learn to analyze public information like the government budget and corporate reports. Such courses, Hacker argues, are a remedy for the numerical illiteracy of adults who have completed high-level math like algebra but are unable to calculate the price of, say, a carpet by area.
Hacker’s argument has met with opposition from other math educators who say what’s needed is to help students develop a better relationship with math earlier, rather than teaching them less math altogether.
Maria Droujkova is a founder of Natural Math, and has taught basic calculus concepts to 5-year-olds. For Droujkova, high-level math is important, and what it could use in American classrooms is an injection of childlike wonder. “Make mathematics more available,” Droujkova says. “Redesign it so it’s more accessible to more kinds of people: young children, adults who worry about it, adults who may have had bad experiences.”
Pamela Harris, a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, has a similar perspective. Harris says that American education is suffering from a widespread phenomenon called“fake math”-an emphasis on the rote memorization of formulas and steps, rather than an understanding of how math can influence the ways we see the world.
Andrew Hacker, for the record, still has his doubts. “I’m going to leave it to those who are in mathematics to work out the ways to make their subject interesting and exciting so students want to take it,” Hacker says. “All that I ask is that alternatives be offered instead of putting all of us on the road to calculus.”
27．What does the author say about Americans educators
A．They are to blame for Americans’ rising math failure rates.
B．They are making math too complex to be taught to ordinary Americans.
C．They find high-level math fail to meet students’ practical needs.
D．They are struggling to remember how to use calculus.
28．Which of the following approach to math does Andrew Hacker agree with
A．Expose students to high-level math earlier in their school years.
B．Enable students to make use of basic math in real-life situations.
C．Lay a solid foundation for statistics to compensate for numerical illiteracy.
D．Help students to develop their analytical skills by calculating the price of a carpet by area.
29．Maria Droujkova and Pamela Harris will both agree that ________
A．options to learn high-level math should be left open
B．learning math is interesting and accessible to everyone
C．those with trouble learning math should try a new approach
D．the earlier you start to learn math, the better.
30．The best title for the passage should be ________
A．Numeracy 101: A Cure for Mathematical Illiteracy
B．No More Fake Math: How to Teach Math to Kids
C．Be Practical: Stop Requiring Advanced Math in Schools
D．To Remove or To Keep: A Debate Over High-level Math Education
【答案】27．B 28．B 29．A 30．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要针对高等数学是否应该取消展开，论述了不同专家对此的不同看法。
27．细节理解题。根据第一段“While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren’t mathematicians at heart or engineers by trade, may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分).(虽然人类在数学方面的成就不断达到新的复杂程度，但我们中的许多人，本质上不是数学家，也不是工程师，可能很难记起我们上次使用微积分是什么时候)”可知，作者认为美国教育家把数学弄得太复杂了，以至于普通美国人都教不了。故选B。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Hacker, Queens College political science professor, thinks that advanced algebra and other higher-level math should be cut from curricula in favor of courses with more routine usefulness, like statistics.(皇后学院政治学教授Andrew Hacker认为，高等代数和其他更高水平的数学应该从课程中剔除，转而选择更实用的课程，比如统计学)”以及第四段“Such courses, Hacker argues, are a remedy for the numerical illiteracy of adults who have completed high-level math like algebra but are unable to calculate the price of, say, a carpet by area.(Hacker认为，这类课程是对一些成年人的数字文盲的一种补救措施，这些成年人已经完成了代数等高级数学，但不会计算地毯的面积价格)”可知，Andrew Hacker认同的教学方法是使学生能够在实际生活中运用基本的数学知识。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“For Droujkova, high-level math is important, and what it could use in American classrooms is an injection of childlike wonder. “Make mathematics more available,” Droujkova says. “Redesign it so it’s more accessible to more kinds of people: young children, adults who worry about it, adults who may have had bad experiences.”(对Droujkova来说，高水平数学很重要，它可以在美国的课堂上注入孩子般的好奇心。“让数学更容易获得，” Droujkova说。“重新设计它，让更多类型的人更容易接触到它：小孩子、担心它的成年人、可能有过不好经历的成年人。”)”以及倒数第二段“Pamela Harris, a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, has a similar perspective.(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的讲师Pamela Harris也有类似的观点)”可知，两者都认为学习高级数学的选择应该是开放的。故选A。
30．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren’t mathematicians at heart or engineers by trade, may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分). It’s a fact not lost on American educators, who faced with rising math failure rates are debating how math can better meet the real-life needs of students. Should we change the way math is taught in schools, or climinate some courses entirely (虽然人类在数学方面的成就不断达到新的复杂程度，但我们中的许多人，本质上不是数学家，也不是工程师，可能很难记起我们上次使用微积分是什么时候。面对数学不良率不断上升的问题，美国的教育工作者们正在讨论数学如何才能更好地满足学生的现实需求。我们是否应该改变学校教授数学的方式，或者完全取消一些课程？)”结合文章主要针对高等数学是否应该取消展开，论述了不同专家对此的不同看法。可知，D选项“取消还是保留：关于高等数学教育的争论”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing. and I think I know what it is: accountability.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external control on people’s behavior is far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities-smaller towns, usually — where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated. They simply are not done! ” Yet more and more, especially in our large cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property. He takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
Americans desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
31．Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________
A．more tolerance of difference. B．more respect for privacy.
C．less effective governance. D．less self-discipline.
32．According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime in contemporary society, ________
A．multiple contributing factors are to be held accountable. B．the person’s upbringing is in part to blame.
C．moral guidance and stable homes should be provided. D．the criminal himself should bear the blame.
33．The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________
A．nowadays people lean towards excusing criminals.
B．more people are committing crimes because they have nothing.
C．people no longer empathize with people in difficulty.
D．disadvantaged people are engaged in criminal activities.
34．The key point of the passage is that ________
A．stricter discipline should be maintained in urban communities.
B．more good examples should be set for people to follow.
C．more people should accept the value of accountability.
D．more restrictions should be imposed to curb crime.
【答案】31．D 32．D 33．A 34．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章从一名警察的角度分析了美国犯罪活动猖獗的原因，文章认为问责制很重要，应当加以重视。
31．细节理解题。根据第三段“Yet more and more, especially in our large cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening.(然而，越来越多的人，尤其是在大城市和郊区，这些内在的限制正在松动)”可知，与小城镇的人相比，大城市的人自律能力较差。故选D。
32．细节理解题。根据第三段“My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves.(作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任强加给那些拒绝或从未学会自己承担责任的人)”可知，作者认为，在当代社会，如果一个人被判有罪，罪犯自己应该承担责任。故选D。
33．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.(30年前，如果发生犯罪，社会被认为是受害者。现在，在一个令人震惊的逆转中，罪犯被认为是受害者：他贫穷的成长环境，没有教他阅读的学校，没有给他道德指导的教堂，没有给他提供稳定家庭的父母)”以及倒数第二段“If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.(如果我们免除罪犯的责任，即使是部分免除，我们的社会就会变成一个充满无穷借口的社会，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任)”可知，作者遗憾地注意到，现在人们倾向于为罪犯开脱。故选A。
34．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing. and I think I know what it is: accountability.(日复一日，我和我的手下奋力遏制犯罪浪潮。我们曾经引以为豪的美国生活方式出现了严重的问题。它发生在价值观领域。一个关键因素正在消失。我想我知道那是什么：问责制)”以及最后一段“Americans desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.(美国人迫切需要更多的人相信犯罪的人应该对犯罪负责)”结合文章从一名警察的角度分析了美国犯罪活动猖獗的原因，文章认为问责制很重要，应当加以重视。可知，这篇文章的重点是更多的人应该接受问责制的价值。故选C。
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）The moment I entered the Samcheong Park Library in Seoul, I saw the future. The simple building had a nice selection of books and a cafe where readers could enjoy coffee while gazing at the leaves outside. It was specifically designed without any latest technology.
“What's so innovative about that ” a librarian in Toronto asked when I showed her pictures. Innovation to her meant digital technology, like 3D printers. “Why couldn't they both be innovative ” I asked.
We are constantly told that innovation is the most important force in our economy, without which we would be left behind. But that fear of missing out has led us to fall into the false trappings of innovation over truly innovative ideas that may be simpler and more effective. This mindset implies that if you just buy the new thing, you have innovated! Each year, businesses and individuals run around like broken toy robots, trying to figure out their strategy for the latest buzzword equipment.
At best, this is a waste of resource. Devices are bought, used and abandoned, as the technology's capabilities fall short of its promise. But at its worst, this approach can truly cause damage. Schools cut field trips to purchase tablets with few proven panies that applied A．I. into hiring have strengthened gender and racial prejudices.
True innovation isn't just some magic devices. It is a continuing process of reflection and reassessment, which often means adopting “old" ideas and tools in a new context, or even returning to methods that worked in the past. Adjusted properly, these rearview innovations have proved as transformative as novel technologies.
Look no farther than the streets of New York, which have been redesigned recently to accommodate cyclists with car-free zones. The idea isn't new. It was created half a century ago, with the aim of bringing cities back to their residents. And while e-reader sales have been exploding, Penguin just announced it would publish tiny printed books, an ideal solution for a market demanding both convenience and physicality.
35．Why is a librarian mentioned
A．To set an example. B．To cite an authority.
C．To present an argument. D．To make a prediction.
36．What does the underlined “buzzword” mean in Para. 3
A．Affordable. B．Fashionable. C．Practical. D．Imaginative.
37．What does the writer agree with about innovation
A．Wasted resources lead to innovation. B．Magic devices encourage innovation.
C．The power of technology is undervalued. D．Innovation should be human-centered.
【答案】35．C 36．B 37．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是什么是真正的创新。
35．推理判断题。根据第二段的“‘What’s so innovative about that ’ a librarian in Toronto asked when I showed her pictures. Innovation to her meant digital technology, like 3D printers. “Why couldn’t they both be innovative ” I asked.(“这有什么创新之处？”当我给多伦多的一位图书管理员看照片时，她问道。对她来说，创新意味着数字技术，比如3D打印机。“为什么它们不能都创新呢？”我问。)”可知，作者和这位图书管理员对创新的看法不一致，因此提到图书管理员的目的是为了提出论点，即到底什么是真正的创新，故选C。
36．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“This mindset implies that if you just buy the new thing, you have innovated!(这种心态意味着，如果你只是买了新东西，你就已经创新了！)”可知，很多人认为如果买了新的东西，就意味着创新了，因此每年，企业和个人都试图为最新的时髦设备提出自己的策略，因此划线词buzzword的意思是“时髦的”，A. Affordable.便宜的；B. Fashionable.时髦的；C. Practical.实际的；D. Imaginative.富于想象力的。故选B。
37．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“True innovation isn't just some magic devices. It is a continuing process of reflection and reassessment, which often means adopting “old” ideas and tools in a new context, or even returning to methods that worked in the past.(真正的创新不仅仅是一些神奇的设备。这是一个不断反思和重新评估的过程，这通常意味着在新的环境中采用“旧的”思想和工具，甚至回到过去有效的方法)”可知，创新是要在新环境中使用不断反思，用“旧的”思想和工具，也就是要以人为本，故选D。专题07 阅读理解之记叙文和议论文10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.
Spring cleaning.
I’ll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today’s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.
“Honey, how about spending the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow ” I ask.
“Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over ” my husband answers.
But I tell my family, spring cleaning can’t wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation, yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze with all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be clean!”
Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone our bodies produce when it’s dark. When spring’s light comes, the melatonin declines, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus- filled house we’ve been hibernating in for the past four months.
I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring arrival. I speak to them about life’s greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum (浮垢) from the bathtub, which hasn’t been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.
“I’ll do it,” says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home. “You will Wow!” I exclaim.
Maybe after all these years, he’s finally grasped the concept. Maybe he’s expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he’s going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he’s being nice to me, the financial-aid officer.
No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, was found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he was supposed to be cleaning.
“Awake and be clean!” I say.
1．According to the passage, for modern families, spring cleaning ________.
A．calls for more complicated skills
B．is no longer something natural to do
C．is a highly-respected tradition
D．requires more family members to be involved
2．Why does the author say “spring cleaning can’t wait”
A．Because spring is the best time for us to relax ourselves.
B．Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer.
C．Because our garden requires immediate cleaning after winter.
D．Because the weather in spring makes it easier for us to do so.
3．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The reduction of melatonin will give rise to wakefulness in our bodies.
B．A dusty, virus-filled house is largely to blame for our sleepiness in winter.
C．A role model is needed to help other members grasp the concept of spring cleaning.
D．The author’s eldest son agrees to clean the bathtub because she will finance his trip.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．Spring Cleaning Affords No Delay!
B．Modernity Kills Spring Cleaning
C．Spring Cleaning — to Do or Not to Do
D．The Young Need Spring Cleaning
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）It’s tipping towards sunset on a November afternoon and St Michael’s Mount shines on the horizon reflected in the high tide that surrounds this Comish island. As I set out along the coastal path from Penzance to Marazion, it’s a surreal view. The mount, with its collar of gold-dotted water, looks like it’s floating. The podcast I’m listening to is telling me that the mount is also surrounded by a underwater forest. This blue space was once green.
I start from behind Penzance’s railway station and the first installation is revealed just after the signal box-a trident of posts that look like sticks made by Poseidon (三叉戟) himself. Rooted in the landscape but separate from it, like other good sculpture trails, this one offers a deeper link to the landscape, a perspective that a walk alone can’t offer.
The accompanying podcast encourages listeners to follow in the footsteps of local poets, scientists and folklore experts, while a downloadable booklet suggests ways of drawing, cooking, and food hunting inspired by the forest. Until they appear on additional signs along the trail in the spring, both can be found on Newlyn Art Gallery’s website.
As I follow the trail I listen my way around the landscape hearing about its marine biodiversity, rising sea levels (again), Cornish language and pirating history.
The sticks range from driftwood benches to short posts and tall crooks. Some have metal chairs and picnic benches. Newly upgraded, the path is accessible to all. In the dusk, I’m joined on my walk by a tide of pushchairs, e-bikes, wheelchair users, runners, iovers and dog walkers.
I keep going and bob along the path ahead, and the industrial estates on my left give way to the Scots pines and rushes of the Marazion Marsh RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) reserve. Eventually I dip down into Marazion along the beach, breathing the briny air swirling in over sea wrack (海藻).
As the tide is already in, it’s too late to visit St Michael’s Mount today, so I double back for a cuppa at the Hoxton Special, a cafe 10 minutes back along the path. Just beside it is the final cluster of posts. One of them is shaped like a chair, so I sink into it and watch the sun set over the bay.
5．What does the underlined word mean in Paragraph One mean
A．realistic B．false C．dreamlike D．imaginative
6．Which of the following statement is True about the trident post mentioned in paragraph 2
A．It was the first thing the author encountered after he set out on his journey.
B．It once belonged to the mythical character Poseidon, dominator of the sea.
C．It can hardly be spotted by visitors if they choose to walk along the trail.
D．It adds to the local landscape though not necessarily a part of it.
7．What is the author’s journey like
A．His journey progressed under the witness of the posts along the trail.
B．The author listened to podcast all the way on his journey and took the advice it offered.
C．Throughout his journey, the author was joined by various kinds of people and beautiful scenes.
D．The whole journey was naturally picturesque without traces of industry.
8．What can be the best title of this passage
A．Journey of Wilderness B．Magnificent Trails C．Arty Walk D．Coastal Road Trips
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Around this time last winter, at a gymnasium 45 minutes outside Budapest, I was surprised to come across a group of roughly 30 men and women with wooden axes. They had gathered to practice something called Baranta, perhaps the youngest of the world’s so-called traditional martial arts.
While they took turns swinging and blocking, one member of the group, a beefy man with a tight, gray, military-style haircut, walked over to where I was standing and began excitedly talking to me in Hungarian. Even with the help of a translator, I had difficulty keeping up with what he was saying. Perhaps sensing this, he pulled out his phone to show me a series of videos, in which several groups of them were practicing Baranta.
The name Baranta, I later learned, originates from an old Hungarian word meaning, roughly, “to attack.” Today, it refers to a fighting style based on a mixture of Hungarian folk dancing. Mongolian wrestling, and the imagined fighting skills of its practitioners’ ancestors. Kata Babinszki, a student the University of Pécs who is writing an essay on Baranta, told me that the practice dates to the early 1990s. At that time, small groups of Hungarians began plunging into their country’s past, looking back to its history as part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, to its time as a kingdom, and even to the period when Hungarians were horsemen travelling across the edges of eastern Europe and possibly central Asia.
Baranta clubs have formed in most major Hungarian cities and in many smaller villages, Babinszki says. These new “traditionalists” are interested in taking up archery (射箭) and horseback riding and organizing giant “tribal meetings” at which they dress in Mongolian-style felt coats and fur hats.
Though many of these trappings are rooted less in historical fact than in wistful imagination, few Hungarians seem interested in quibbling over their authenticity. “They’re reaching back to a time when our knowledge is very uncertain,” says Vendel Teszler, a professor at E tv s Loránd University, in Budapest, who has studied Hungarian traditionalists. “Nobody can tell them exactly what clothing is historically accurate. Everything can be transformed and created.” Even tradition.
9．Why did the beefy man show the writer a series of videos
A．He was trying to sell the writer these videos.
B．He found the writer couldn’t understand his words.
C．He had difficulty translating English into Hungarian.
D．He wanted the writer to know how he practiced Baranta.
10．According to the passage, what happened in the early 1990s
A．Baranta made a comeback in Hungary.
B．Baranta clubs moved from villages to major cities.
C．Some Hungarians began exploring the country’s history.
D．Some Hungarians became interested in Mongolian martial arts.
11．What does the phrase “quibbling over” (in the last paragraph) most probably mean
A．complaining about B．handing over C．insisting on D．engaging in
12．Vendel Teszler is quoted in the last paragraph in order to show ________.
A．tradition changes with time no matter how old it is
B．the history of Hungary remains a mystery to many people
C．wishful imagination appeals more to people than historical fact
D．what traditionalists believe in is likely not to be true to the fact
（22-23高二上·上海浦东新·期中）When you are little, it’s not hard to believe you can change the world. I remember my enthusiasm when, at the age of 12, I addressed the people at the Rio Earth Summit. “I am only a child” I told them. “Yet I know that if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this world would be. At school you teach us not to fight with others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures, to share, not to be greedy. Then, why do you go out and do the thing you tell us not to do You grown-ups say you love us, but I challenge you, please, to make our actions reflect your words.”
I spoke for six minutes and received a standing ovation. Some of the delegates even cried. I thought that maybe had reached some of them, that my speech might actually spur(激励)action. Now, ten years from Rio, after I’ve sat through many more conferences, I’m not sure what has been accomplished. My confidence in the people in power and in the power of an individual’s voice to reach them has been deeply shaken.
When I was little, the world was simple. But as a young adult, I’m learning that as we have to make choices - education, career, lifestyle - life gets more and more complicated. We are beginning to feel pressure to produce and be successful. We are taught that economic growth is progress, but we aren’t taught how to pursue a happy, healthy on sustainable way of living. And we are leaning that what we wanted for the future when we were 12 was idealistic and innocent.
Today I’m no longer a child, but I’m worried about what kind of environment my children will grow up in. I know change is possible, because I am changing, still figuring out what think. I am still deciding how to live my life. The challenges are great, but if we accept individual responsibility and make sustainable choices, we will rise to the challenges, and we will become part of the positive tide of change.
13．The purpose of what the speaker said at the age of 12 was to ________.
A．end poverty and make school beautiful
B．end poverty and solve the problems about environment
C．find a wonderful place and clean it up
D．find environmental answers and keep the words that they always told themselves
14．What does the underlined word “ovation” in the second paragraph refer to ________.
A．a long period of laughing B．a warm welcome
C．a long period of clapping and applauses D．an expression used for greeting
15．Which of the following is true according to the passage
A．the writer thinks what he thought at the age of 12 is mature.
B．the writer’s children will certainly live in an ideal environment.
C．the writer’s confidence in the people in power has deeply shaken their voice.
D．the writer’s belief does not change when he grows up.
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）New technology means that we no longer have to wait for anything. Therefore, you would expect waiting rooms to be filled with a lot of people complaining. However, a newspaper survey suggests that people regard these spaces as a place of refuge, a window in their tightly scheduled lives. Here are some of the stories that people told.
A Ella Doroudy, subway station. Friday 5 p.m.
We’ve been at the beach all day, and now we’re on our way home. We don’t have to wait very long, because we checked the schedule so we got here with about 15 minutes to spare. I just hang out and chat with my friends until the train comes. Waiting with other people is easier because it’s easier to kill time when you have someone to talk to.
B Caroline Lacey, dentist’s office. Tuesday 3 p.m.
I don’t really get nervous about a visit to the dentist, but since these two fillings came out I’ve been in great pain. The office is bright and cheerful, so it’s pretty calming. I usually pass the time by browsing through magazines. I’ve been coming to the dentist only when I need to, but I’m going to have to start coming regularly.
C Renata Oliveira, model casting. Tuesday 2 p.m.
I was a little bit late today, which ended up being OK because some of these girls have been waiting for hours. You can’t help but look around at everyone else—you look at the other girls and think: “I wonder if they’ll like her better than they like me.” While I’m waiting, I’m thinking: “Oh, come on. I don’t have all day!”
D Paul Thomas, hospital, waiting room. Wednesday 2 p.m.
I feel pretty all right while I’m waiting here, to be honest. It’s something I’ve been doing since my motorcycle accident seven years ago. I’ve had about 32 operations so far. This time I’m here for one more in my foot. It’s no use coming in thinking you’re going to escape in five minutes, so I just sit back and people watch.
16．What are the four people talking about
A．How they like to wait. B．Why they hate waiting.
C．Unhappy experience of waiting. D．Different reasons for waiting long.
17．Which of the following people kill the waiting time by talking with others
A．Ella Doroudy. B．Caroline Lacey.
C．Renata Oliveira. D．Paul Thomas.
18．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
A．Ella Doroudy waited at the subway station for more than half an hour.
B．Caroline Lacey doesn’t think the dentist’s office is relaxing enough.
C．Renata Oliveria failed in the model competition because she was late.
D．Paul Thomas has got accustomed to waiting in the waiting room.
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Aristotle, philosopher and scientist, is considered one of the greatest thinkers in history. He was born in 384 B．C． in northern Greece. He studied under another brilliant and influential man named Plato. Aristotle not only studied philosophy and science, he also mastered many other subjects, such as politics, psychology, and rhetoric. His thirst for knowledge and for some sort of divine truth or logic set him apart from most of his contemporaries. In fact, many of his ideas concerning philosophy were so profound that they have challenged philosophical minds ever since and continue to be influential today.
One of Aristotle’s greatest achievements was in pioncering the study of zoology. This field allowed him to use perhaps his most outstanding skill --- observation. Unlike many other ancient thinkers, Aristotle was a careful observer and recorder of natural phenomena. Over time, Aristotle classified more than 500 animal species in hierarchies based on biological traits. Carolus Linnacus further developed this type of classification system some 2,100 years later.
An interesting aspect of Aristotle’s brilliance was that many of his ideas were very different from those of other thinkers and thus not always popular. For instance, he studied the behavior and features of many marine species; included was a detailed study of dolphins. Aristotle noticed that a pregnant dolphin nourished her fetus through an organ called a placenta and gave birth to live young, as land-dwelling mammals do. Therefore, he grouped dolphins with mammals instead of with fish species as other ancient biologists had. Despite the accuracy of his grouping his successors classified dolphins as fish, and it took 2,000 years for scientists to reclassify them as mammals.
Not all of Aristotle’s theories proved to be accurate, however. In astronomy, for example. Aristotle was heavily influenced by the religious teachings of his day. As Aristotle watched the night skies, he concluded that Earth was the center of the universe and the Sun and the other planets revolved around it. This theory is known as the geocentric model of the universe. Later it was discovered that all the planets in fact revolve around the Sun. This theory is known as the heliocentric model. To Aristotle and others, however, Earth was the perfect creation of a higher order. The ancient Greeks were unwilling to accept that such a perfect creation could move. In their philosophy, anything that moved or changed was seen as unstable and thus flawed.
19．According to the article, Aristotle differed from many biologists of his day because he ________.
A．learned from Plato.
B．excelled in observation.
C．kept records of different species for multiple generations.
D．studied the ecosystem of many different species.
20．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “geocentric” in the last paragraph
A．related to geography.
B．with the earth as the center.
C．related to geology.
D．with the God as the center.
21．You can infer that one of the reasons Aristotle is still highly respected in modern times is ________.
A．he introduced important ideas in so many different areas.
B．he created the civilization known as ancient Greece.
C．his descriptions of the universe contributed to the development of the space program.
D．he established the heliocentric model.
22．What is the passage mainly about
A．Aristotle’s contribution in astronomy.
B．Aristotle’s status in history.
C．Great thinkers in Ancient Greek.
D．The beliefs of Aristotle.
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）After hours sitting inside Deep Worker, it feels good to get back. While you’re stretching on the deck, others on the ship are at work studying the data you have collected.
The rock samples you collected are taken to a laboratory on board the ship. Tests performed on ocean rocks can show the age of the seafloor. Many people will study the videotapes of the swordfish. There is nothing like a video to show others exactly what you saw and experienced in the deep. Videos capture details of how animals move and behave-details that a person sitting inside Deep Worker could easily miss. Those details can help scientists better understand the role each kind of animal plays in its deep-sea community.
While you were below, Deep worker's exact location was being tracked. Thus, detailed maps of the seafloor, showing underwater canyons canyons and mountains far beneath the surface can be made with the help of this information. Dive by dive, Sylvia Earle and her fellow scientists are piecing together remarkable pictures of the deep sea-a world that until recently was as unknown as a distant planet.
Since Sylvia first began exploring the waters around Florid ,she has seen changes- trash on the seafloor, fewer fish, polluted water. These ocean problems in Florida and in many other part of the world make people like Sylvia anxious. They want to know how to protect the ocean, and how to restore it to good health where damage has been done.
Sylvia and other scientists are learning more about the ocean, especially the deep sea, than ever before. The more we know about a place, the better we understand it. As Sylvia says, “With knowing comes caring. If people care about something, they will work to protect it.”
23．What does the bold-typed phrase “this information" in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The location of underwater canyons and mountains.
B．Remarkable pictures of the deep sea.
C．These ocean problems.
D．The track of Deep Water.
24．Sylvie Earle is probably a scientist who________.
A．specializes in making maps
B．cares about the ocean
C．works on a unknown ship
D．performs experiments in a laboratory
25．According to Paragraph 4, which statement about Sylvia is TRUE
A．Sylvia has seen fewer fish and polluted water.
B．Sylvia is concerned about the ocean problems.
C．Sylvia has explored the waters and protected the ocean.
D．Sylvia has restored good health after her injury.
26．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．Working below in Deep Worker
B．Ocean Exploration and Ocean Maps
C．Deep Worker Saving the World
D．Ocean familiarity and Ocean Preservation
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）While human achievements in mathematics continue to reach new levels of complexity, many of us who aren’t mathematicians at heart or engineers by trade, may struggle to remember the last time we used calculus (微积分). It’s a fact not lost on American educators, who faced with rising math failure rates are debating how math can better meet the real-life needs of students. Should we change the way math is taught in schools, or climinate some courses entirely
Andrew Hacker, Queens College political science professor, thinks that advanced algebra and other higher-level math should be cut from curricula in favor of courses with more routine usefulness, like statistics.
“We hear on all sides that we’re not teaching enough mathematics, and the Chinese are running rings around us,” Hacker says. “I’m suggesting we’re teaching too much mathematics to too many people. . . not everybody has to know calculus. If you’re going to become an aeronautical engineer, fine. But most of us aren’t.”
Instead, Hacker is pushing for more courses like the one he teaches at Queens College: Numeracy 101. There, his students of “citizen statistics” learn to analyze public information like the government budget and corporate reports. Such courses, Hacker argues, are a remedy for the numerical illiteracy of adults who have completed high-level math like algebra but are unable to calculate the price of, say, a carpet by area.
Hacker’s argument has met with opposition from other math educators who say what’s needed is to help students develop a better relationship with math earlier, rather than teaching them less math altogether.
Maria Droujkova is a founder of Natural Math, and has taught basic calculus concepts to 5-year-olds. For Droujkova, high-level math is important, and what it could use in American classrooms is an injection of childlike wonder. “Make mathematics more available,” Droujkova says. “Redesign it so it’s more accessible to more kinds of people: young children, adults who worry about it, adults who may have had bad experiences.”
Pamela Harris, a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, has a similar perspective. Harris says that American education is suffering from a widespread phenomenon called“fake math”-an emphasis on the rote memorization of formulas and steps, rather than an understanding of how math can influence the ways we see the world.
Andrew Hacker, for the record, still has his doubts. “I’m going to leave it to those who are in mathematics to work out the ways to make their subject interesting and exciting so students want to take it,” Hacker says. “All that I ask is that alternatives be offered instead of putting all of us on the road to calculus.”
27．What does the author say about Americans educators
A．They are to blame for Americans’ rising math failure rates.
B．They are making math too complex to be taught to ordinary Americans.
C．They find high-level math fail to meet students’ practical needs.
D．They are struggling to remember how to use calculus.
28．Which of the following approach to math does Andrew Hacker agree with
A．Expose students to high-level math earlier in their school years.
B．Enable students to make use of basic math in real-life situations.
C．Lay a solid foundation for statistics to compensate for numerical illiteracy.
D．Help students to develop their analytical skills by calculating the price of a carpet by area.
29．Maria Droujkova and Pamela Harris will both agree that ________
A．options to learn high-level math should be left open
B．learning math is interesting and accessible to everyone
C．those with trouble learning math should try a new approach
D．the earlier you start to learn math, the better.
30．The best title for the passage should be ________
A．Numeracy 101: A Cure for Mathematical Illiteracy
B．No More Fake Math: How to Teach Math to Kids
C．Be Practical: Stop Requiring Advanced Math in Schools
D．To Remove or To Keep: A Debate Over High-level Math Education
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing. and I think I know what it is: accountability.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external control on people’s behavior is far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities-smaller towns, usually — where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated. They simply are not done! ” Yet more and more, especially in our large cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property. He takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
Americans desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
31．Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________
A．more tolerance of difference. B．more respect for privacy.
C．less effective governance. D．less self-discipline.
32．According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime in contemporary society, ________
A．multiple contributing factors are to be held accountable. B．the person’s upbringing is in part to blame.
C．moral guidance and stable homes should be provided. D．the criminal himself should bear the blame.
33．The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________
A．nowadays people lean towards excusing criminals.
B．more people are committing crimes because they have nothing.
C．people no longer empathize with people in difficulty.
D．disadvantaged people are engaged in criminal activities.
34．The key point of the passage is that ________
A．stricter discipline should be maintained in urban communities.
B．more good examples should be set for people to follow.
C．more people should accept the value of accountability.
D．more restrictions should be imposed to curb crime.
（21-22高二下·上海·期中）The moment I entered the Samcheong Park Library in Seoul, I saw the future. The simple building had a nice selection of books and a cafe where readers could enjoy coffee while gazing at the leaves outside. It was specifically designed without any latest technology.
“What's so innovative about that ” a librarian in Toronto asked when I showed her pictures. Innovation to her meant digital technology, like 3D printers. “Why couldn't they both be innovative ” I asked.
We are constantly told that innovation is the most important force in our economy, without which we would be left behind. But that fear of missing out has led us to fall into the false trappings of innovation over truly innovative ideas that may be simpler and more effective. This mindset implies that if you just buy the new thing, you have innovated! Each year, businesses and individuals run around like broken toy robots, trying to figure out their strategy for the latest buzzword equipment.
At best, this is a waste of resource. Devices are bought, used and abandoned, as the technology's capabilities fall short of its promise. But at its worst, this approach can truly cause damage. Schools cut field trips to purchase tablets with few proven panies that applied A．I. into hiring have strengthened gender and racial prejudices.
True innovation isn't just some magic devices. It is a continuing process of reflection and reassessment, which often means adopting “old" ideas and tools in a new context, or even returning to methods that worked in the past. Adjusted properly, these rearview innovations have proved as transformative as novel technologies.
Look no farther than the streets of New York, which have been redesigned recently to accommodate cyclists with car-free zones. The idea isn't new. It was created half a century ago, with the aim of bringing cities back to their residents. And while e-reader sales have been exploding, Penguin just announced it would publish tiny printed books, an ideal solution for a market demanding both convenience and physicality.
35．Why is a librarian mentioned
A．To set an example. B．To cite an authority.
C．To present an argument. D．To make a prediction.
36．What does the underlined “buzzword” mean in Para. 3
A．Affordable. B．Fashionable. C．Practical. D．Imaginative.
37．What does the writer agree with about innovation
A．Wasted resources lead to innovation. B．Magic devices encourage innovation.
C．The power of technology is undervalued. D．Innovation should be human-centered.
