专题09 概要写作10篇
1．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How Technology Can Help Schools in Poor Countries
“Books will soon disappear in schools,” Thomas Edison predicted in 1913. Each new wave of information technology — radio, television, computers—has caused similar predictions.
Like teachers, digital-educational technology comes in many forms. But, used properly, it now deserves more prominence (重要性) in schools — especially in poor countries where human teachers are often ignorant, absent or both.
According to a recent World Bank study of seven sub-Saharan African countries, half of nine-year-olds cannot read a simple word and three-quarters cannot read a simple sentence. The reason is terrible teaching. The same study found that only 7% of teachers had the minimum knowledge needed to teach reading and writing effectively. When classrooms were inspected to see whether a teacher was present, half the time the answer was no. Poor governments often lack the means to check on teachers in distant villages.
Several recent studies suggest digital-educational tech can help. Some of the scarce resources could be better spent on digital-educational tech. That does not mean dumping computers on schools in the hope that children will understand how to use them. Instead, it means providing schools with software children can use with minimal help from an adult, that sends teachers instructions about what they are supposed to be teaching and that allows the authorities to check on whether the teacher is in the classroom.
Some may wonder whether the poorest places have the necessary infrastructure. However, where the grid is not available, solar chargers can work. Schools do not need internet access. Devices can be taken to where there is a connection to upload or download the necessary information. Cost does not have to be a huge problem either. To some, one of the most successful schemes, costs around $4 per child per year in Kenya, where it is being rolled out across public primary schools.
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【答案】One possible version:
Digital educational technology can help improve education in poor countries in lack of qualified teachers and effective supervision. Scarce resources could be better exploited by offering schools software friendly to children, teachers, and the authorities. Even if there is no necessary infrastructure, the technology can come into effect by available solar chargers, workable information transmission and low costs.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章认为在贫困国家得当地使用数字教育技术可以改善当地的教育，这些国家的教师往往无法胜任教学工作，相关当局也无法管理教师日常的教学，而利用数字教学技术，学校可以得到软件方面的支持，便于儿童使用、教师教学和当局监管。基础设施的问题可以通过太阳能充电器、可移动的信息传输设备解决，该计划的成本也比较低。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①The reason is terrible teaching.
②Poor governments often lack the means to check on teachers in distant villages.
③Several recent studies suggest digital-educational tech can help.
④Some of the scarce resources could be better spent on digital-educational tech.
⑤Instead, it means providing schools with software children can use with minimal help from an adult, that sends teachers instructions about what they are supposed to be teaching and that allows the authorities to check on whether the teacher is in the classroom.
⑥Some may wonder whether the poorest places have the necessary infrastructure.
⑦However, where the grid is not available, solar chargers can work.
⑧Devices can be taken to where there is a connection to upload or download the necessary information.
⑨Cost does not have to be a huge problem either.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2、3三个要点进行整合，将第4、5两个要点进行整合，将第6、7、8、9四个要点进行重组。
3. 遣词造句
Digital educational technology can help improve education in poor countries in lack of qualified teachers and effective supervision.
Scarce resources could be better exploited by offering schools software friendly to children, teachers, and the authorities.
Even if there is no necessary infrastructure, the technology can come into effect by available solar chargers, workable information transmission and low costs.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Scarce resources could be better exploited by offering schools software friendly to children, teachers, and the authorities.（运用了动名词短语作by的宾语，动名词短语概括了第5个要点，简洁明了）
[高分句型2] Even if there is no necessary infrastructure, the technology can come into effect by available solar chargers, workable information transmission and low costs.（运用了even if引导的让步状语从句，与主句的语义衔接更为自然）
2．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Art has always been a polarizing subject. Some people like realism, others like abstract. But do you know why some people value art in the millions, while others see the same piece as little more than a child's finger painting
Many consider art to be quite random in terms of our likes and dislikes. But according to new research, there may be a scientific reason behind our fondness for certain works. The answer lies in how a person's brain breaks down the visuals of a painting combined with their judgment.
To prove their theory, neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and his team from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)gathered more than 1,300 volunteers and asked them to rate 825 different paintings from four different art genres
After analyzing the data, scientists found that the same groups of people tended to prefer similar aspects of the same paintings. These characteristics were then grouped into “low-level” features like color and blending, and “high-level” features like the emotion behind the painting.
From this experiment, Caltech's system was then able to predict an individual's specific taste in art and organize different works into one group, according to the paintings' features and volunteers' preferences.
Finally, the team repeated the first test on new volunteers. Again, the algorithm was able to accurately predict individuals' art preferences. According to Iigaya, this shows that the factors that contribute to whether a person likes an image are universal, not random.
Lesley Fellows, a neurologist at McGill University who studies value judgments, stated, “We know a lot about ‘how’ the brain carries out actions, but 'why' is far less well understood.”
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【答案】Art is a polarizing subject, and many people believe that an individual's preferences for art are random. According to new research, our love of art may stem from how our brains combine the visual effects of painting with their judgment. This suggests that the factors that influence whether people like a particular photograph are universal, rather than random.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了艺术是一个两极分化的学科，许多人认为个人对艺术的喜好是随机的，根据最新的研究，我们对于作品的喜爱可能是源于大脑是如何将绘画的视觉效果与他们的判断力结合起来的。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Art has always been a polarizing subject. Some people like realism, others like abstract.
②Many consider art to be quite random in terms of our likes and dislikes.
③After analyzing the data, scientists found that the same groups of people tended to prefer similar aspects of the same paintings.
④Finally, the team repeated the first test on new volunteers. Again, the algorithm was able to accurately predict individuals' art preferences.
2.缜密构思：将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句
Art is a polarizing subject, and many people believe that an individual's preferences for art are random.
According to new research, our love of art may stem from how our brains combine the visual effects of painting with their judgment.
This suggests that the factors that influence whether people like a particular photograph are universal, rather than random.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Art is a polarizing subject, and many people believe that an individual's preferences for art are random.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]：This suggests that the factors that influence whether people like a particular photograph are universal, rather than random.（运用了that引导的宾语从句以及关系代词that引导的定语从句）
3．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Small talk
Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion. Nevertheless, research suggests they will benefit.
One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged. “Hello” signals nothing at all. “How are you ” rarely gets a fully honest answer.
However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. “If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain, and begin to establish a connection on that basis. If your bus or train is suddenly stuck, an even better opportunity arises. You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it, and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience.
At work, small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do. But there is a spectrum between empty talk (“Hello”), social talk (“How was your holiday ”), social talk relevant to work (“Is Sarah still on holiday ”) and pure business talk (“Has Sarah finished that report ”). A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes, even in brief conversations. That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps. Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction.
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【答案】Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange. However, linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings. Research also shows that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。研究还表明，闲聊不仅不会分散注意力，而且在工作中很常见，因为它能把人们团结在一起，经理们经常开始闲聊，以使他们的指示更柔和。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion.
②One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged.
③However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words.
④Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction.
2.缜密构思 将第1、2个要点进行总结，将第3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Small talk is often regarded meaningless since it involves no real information exchange.
But linguists find small talk is vital because it is an exchange of common feelings.
Research also indicates that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work for it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.
【点睛】[高分句型1] However, linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.运用because引导原因状语从句对原文第三段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Research also shows that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.用that引导宾语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Meet the Woman Who Gives Rescued Farm Animals a Second Chance at Life
Shortly after doctors diagnosed ten-year-old Jenny Brown with bone cancer, they had to cut off her right leg below the knee to save her life. Facing a year of chemotherapy (化疗) after the surgery, Jenny begged her mother for a kitten. The orange calico Jenny named Boogie rarely left her side, licking tears from her cheeks after hospital visits and curling up in her lap as she adjusted to life with a prosthetic (假肢的) leg.
“My relationship with Boogie showed me that animals think, feel, and suffer as much as we do,” says Jenny, now 44.
In 1994, Jenny graduated from Columbia College Chicago and began a career in television and documentary production. On the side, she volunteered as a videographer for animal rights groups, and in 2002, she shot undercover footage of horrible animal mistreatment at several Texas farm animal stockyards. “After seeing that, I knew I needed to help animals,” says Jenny.
A year later, she gave up her film career and with her fiancé, Doug Abel, a film editor, opened the Woodstock Farm Sanctuary, a nonprofit organization dedicated to rescuing and recovering farm animals, on a 22-acre property they bought in the rolling hills of Woodstock, New York, the next year.
In August 2007, she received a call from Animal Care and Control of NYC about a small goat it had found hopping around Prospect Park. Jenny guessed it had run away from one of the city’s murder-houses. The goat’s legs were severely injured, probably from being bound together with wire, and its mouth was covered in aching.
Jenny and her team brought the goat, which they named Albie, to the preserve, but they soon realized that Albie’s left front leg was injured beyond repair. After a veterinarian(兽医) cut off the leg. Jenny asked Erik Tomkins, the doctor who makes Jenny’s prostheses, to fashion a leg for Albie. To date, seven of the preserve’s animals have received prosthetic limbs or braces. “On most farms, animals with these illnesses would be immediately killed,” says Jenny.
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【答案】Jenny had her right leg cut off due to cancer at 10. Her cat Boogie kept her company as she adjusted to life with a prosthetic leg. Later in her life, Jenny devoted herself to helping animals, at first by filming animal mistreatment and then by running an animal sanctuary, where ill or injured animals received prosthetic limbs or braces.
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了珍妮在10岁时因癌症切除了右腿。她的猫Boogie陪伴着她适应了假肢的生活。之后，珍妮致力于帮助动物，一开始是拍摄动物虐待，然后是经营一个动物保护区，在那里生病或受伤的动物接受假肢或支架。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Shortly after doctors diagnosed ten-year-old Jenny Brown with bone cancer, they had to cut off her right leg below the knee to save her life. The orange calico Jenny named Boogie rarely left her side, licking tears from her cheeks after hospital visits and curling up in her lap as she adjusted to life with a prosthetic (假肢的) leg.
②On the side, she volunteered as a videographer for animal rights groups, and in 2002, she shot undercover footage of horrible animal mistreatment at several Texas farm animal stockyards. A year later, she gave up her film career and with her fiancé, Doug Abel, a film editor, opened the Woodstock Farm Sanctuary, a nonprofit organization dedicated to rescuing and recovering farm animals, on a 22-acre property they bought in the rolling hills of Woodstock, New York, the next year.
③To date, seven of the preserve’s animals have received prosthetic limbs or braces.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Jenny had her right leg removed because of cancer at 10.
Her cat Boogie accompanied her as she adapted herself to life with a prosthetic leg.
Later in her life, Jenny committed herself to helping animals, at first by filming animal mistreatment and then by running an animal sanctuary, where sick or injured animals received prosthetic limbs or braces.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Her cat Boogie kept her company as she adjusted to life with a prosthetic leg.运用as引导时间状语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Later in her life, Jenny devoted herself to helping animals, at first by filming animal mistreatment and then by running an animal sanctuary, where ill or injured animals received prosthetic limbs or braces.用where引导非限制性定语从句对最后三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
English in the Third Millennium
Two thousand years ago English did not exist. A thousand years ago it was a language used by less than two million people. Now it is the most influential language in the world spoken by more than a billion people on the planet, as their first second or third language. English currently dominates science, business, the mass media and popular culture. For example, 80% of emails on the Internet are in English. But where will English be at the end of the third millennium
One view is that English is going to become even more important as a global language dominating the world’s trade and media while most other languages will become localized or just die out. At present over half the world’s 6500 languages are in danger of extinction. Another view is that English is already breaking up, as Latin did into several languages. There are already dictionaries of the 'New Englishes’ such as Australian English full of words that a British English speaker would not recognize.
Hopefully, neither of these things will happen. Although different varieties of English will continue to develop around the world, standard English will survive for international communication. In addition, the frightening prospect of a culturally uniform world totally dominated by one language is impossible. Already, other languages are fighting back against the iron grip of English on the Net. Governments around the world are also starting to protect smaller languages and recognize the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity. English will probably stay in control for a long time, at least while the USA remains the top superpower, but it definitely won’t become the only language in the world
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【答案】It has taken over 1000 years for English to develop into the most influential language in the world. As for its prospect, some consider it even more important as a global language, dominating the world’s trade and media while others argue English will break into several languages. However, even though English may stay in control, other smaller languages will be protected from extinction.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了英语的过去，展望预测英语的未来。一千多年以来，英语已经发展成为世界上最具影响力的语言。在第三个千年结束时，有人认为英语会成为一种全球语言，主导世界贸易和媒体。也有人认为，英语已经分裂成好几种语言。英语可能会保持主导地位，但世界各国政府也开始保护小型语言。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
① A thousand years ago it was a language used by less than two million people. Now it is the most influential language in the world spoken by more than a billion people on the planet, as their first second or third language.
② But where will English be at the end of the third millennium
③ One view is that English is going to become even more important as a global language dominating the world’s trade and media while most other languages will become localized or just die out. At present over half the world’s 6500 languages are in danger of extinction.
④ Another view is that English is already breaking up, as Latin did into several languages.
⑤ Governments around the world are also starting to protect smaller languages and recognize the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity.
⑥ English will probably stay in control for a long time, at least while the USA remains the top superpower, but it definitely won’t become the only language in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点进行重组，将第2、3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
It has taken over 1000 years for English to develop into the most influential language in the world.
As for its prospect, some consider it even more important as a global language, dominating the world’s trade and media while others argue English will break into several languages.
However, even though English may stay in control, other smaller languages will be protected from extinction.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As for its prospect, some consider it even more important as a global language, dominating the world’s trade and media while others argue English will break into several languages. 运用while连接并列句对原文第一段最后一句和第二段进行了概括整合。其中运用了现在分词作状语、省略that的宾语从句。
[高分句型2]：However, even though English may stay in control, other smaller languages will be protected from extinction. 运用even though引导让步状语从句来概括最后一段。
6．（21-22高二下·上海闵行·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.
Keeping up-to-date, however, doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances (相识的人). What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs (现场演唱会) or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favorite artist.
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organize an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organize their friends by different criteria (标准). These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
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【答案】Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with. It is also a way to find upcoming job opportunities. What’s more, it offers many games to a group of people who share common interests and hobbies. It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍社交网络的3个优点：第一，与朋友取得联系；第二，找工作；第三，提供许多游戏，有助于与志同道合的朋友组织活动。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people.
②These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
③It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities.
④These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live.
⑤Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
2.缜密构思
将1，2两个要点进行重组，将4，5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
These sites help people to stay in touch with others and find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games to people who have common interests and hobbies so that they can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with.（运用了that引导的定语从句）
[高分句型2] It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.（运用了It作形式主语，which引导定语从句）
7．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Retirement - Paradise or Not
Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. That's why a new study of French workers is welcome news.
Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries.
"The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important," Westerlund says. "We don't know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter the reason, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we won't see the improvements we did."
However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
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【答案】One possible version:
Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension. Unfortunately, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述大多数人期待着退休，可以从事他们以前从来没有时间或精力去追求的活动。但最近一些研究表明，退休人员更容易患抑郁症，心脏病和高血压等其他疾病的几率也更高。因为退休后他们还面临着经济压力。欧洲一些国家正在考虑通过调整养老金状况来减少老年退休的经济压力。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before.
②But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure.
③Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
④The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement.
⑤However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5要点进行优化
3.遣词造句Rather than a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement caused depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which may result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.Unluckily, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases.(运用that引导宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.(运用which引导的非限制性定语从句)
8．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Friendship
To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship. According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances. When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage. Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
Friendship based on goodness. Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. The conduct of good men is the same or similar. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy; for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations (患难) together. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love. and so won his trust. The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.
【答案】There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是友谊的三种类型和各自的特征。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship.
②Friendship based on utility. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.
③Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
④Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who finds each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句等表达高级。
[高分句型2] Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Hitting the right button
It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
Many boys seem to have a natural liking for computers, but it can often be hard to leave the screen and concentrate on the work the teacher wants them to do.
As computers are becoming more and more important in the world of education today, it is natural to assume that computers can help greatly with boys who do not do too well at school and need to raise their general educational standards. Many boys appear to be more confident than girls in using it, and they need to use computers more frequently, especially at home.
Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles. The issue of unintelligible handwriting is no longer a problem, either, as the neatness and presentation standards rise when boys use a computer to print out their work.
Many boys welcome the “hands on” approach of computer. However, researchers and teachers need to be careful that boys don’t just “cut and paste” things that they have found on the internet, but haven’t read, and hand it in as a completed assignment. Some boys overestimate how good they are and think they can do things without any effort. They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at. They may not plan or think carefully about their work, or they may try to finish their work quickly. This tendency is not going to be completely cured by using computers. One way to get boys to concentrate properly on the work they have been asked to do may be to encourage them to use their computers at home. However, they also need to be set tasks that are interesting and relevant to them.
As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
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【答案】This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen, despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet, which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了鼓励男生多用电脑是否能缩小与女生的差距这一现象，尽管这种激励可以增强学生探索网络的灵感，但不能帮助他们培养实践能力，就目前情况而言，应该充分发挥教师和电脑的关键作用，采取相关的实际措施，优化学生的学习成绩。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
②Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles.
③They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at.
④As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
This passage concerns the phenomenon whether encouraging boys to using computers more can bridge the gap with girls remains to be seen
despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet
which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities
in terms of the current situation, the crucial role of teachers and computers should be played to the full and relevantly practical measures are supposed to be taken to optimize students’ academic performance.
【点睛】[高分句型1] despite the fact that this motivation can enhance the inspiration of students to explore the internet运用了that引导同位语从句对原文第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] which can’t help them cultivate practical abilities, in terms of the current situation运用了which引导非限制性定语从句对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
10．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday ” Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freeman. I can tell you that what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about the topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel more important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging.
Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
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【答案】One possible version:
Gossip is common and has three negative effects. First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain. Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority. Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了散播流言所带来的影响。先指出现象，散播留言很普遍，引出话题，留言造成的三个影响；然后对这三个方面分别进行详细地介绍；最后提出人们在传播流言前应该先考虑到流言带来的影响。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
②First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.
③Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives.
④Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act.
⑤The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
2.缜密构思
将第1、5两个要点分别进行重新概括整理，将第2、3、4三个要点分别进行梳理。
3.遣词造句
Gossip is common and has three negative effects.
First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.
Second, sharing rumors gives gossipers a strange sense of belonging and superiority.
Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group.
Therefore, people should consider the effects before gossiping.
【点睛】【高分句型1】First, gossipers hurt people by exposing the victims’ shameful secrets or spreading lies that cause pain.(运用了关系代词that引导的定语从句)
【高分句型2】Third, gossip strengthens hidden rules, making people know how to behave in a group. (运用了非谓语中的现在分词做结果状语)专题09 概要写作10篇
1．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How Technology Can Help Schools in Poor Countries
“Books will soon disappear in schools,” Thomas Edison predicted in 1913. Each new wave of information technology — radio, television, computers—has caused similar predictions.
Like teachers, digital-educational technology comes in many forms. But, used properly, it now deserves more prominence (重要性) in schools — especially in poor countries where human teachers are often ignorant, absent or both.
According to a recent World Bank study of seven sub-Saharan African countries, half of nine-year-olds cannot read a simple word and three-quarters cannot read a simple sentence. The reason is terrible teaching. The same study found that only 7% of teachers had the minimum knowledge needed to teach reading and writing effectively. When classrooms were inspected to see whether a teacher was present, half the time the answer was no. Poor governments often lack the means to check on teachers in distant villages.
Several recent studies suggest digital-educational tech can help. Some of the scarce resources could be better spent on digital-educational tech. That does not mean dumping computers on schools in the hope that children will understand how to use them. Instead, it means providing schools with software children can use with minimal help from an adult, that sends teachers instructions about what they are supposed to be teaching and that allows the authorities to check on whether the teacher is in the classroom.
Some may wonder whether the poorest places have the necessary infrastructure. However, where the grid is not available, solar chargers can work. Schools do not need internet access. Devices can be taken to where there is a connection to upload or download the necessary information. Cost does not have to be a huge problem either. To some, one of the most successful schemes, costs around $4 per child per year in Kenya, where it is being rolled out across public primary schools.
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2．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Art has always been a polarizing subject. Some people like realism, others like abstract. But do you know why some people value art in the millions, while others see the same piece as little more than a child's finger painting
Many consider art to be quite random in terms of our likes and dislikes. But according to new research, there may be a scientific reason behind our fondness for certain works. The answer lies in how a person's brain breaks down the visuals of a painting combined with their judgment.
To prove their theory, neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and his team from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)gathered more than 1,300 volunteers and asked them to rate 825 different paintings from four different art genres
After analyzing the data, scientists found that the same groups of people tended to prefer similar aspects of the same paintings. These characteristics were then grouped into “low-level” features like color and blending, and “high-level” features like the emotion behind the painting.
From this experiment, Caltech's system was then able to predict an individual's specific taste in art and organize different works into one group, according to the paintings' features and volunteers' preferences.
Finally, the team repeated the first test on new volunteers. Again, the algorithm was able to accurately predict individuals' art preferences. According to Iigaya, this shows that the factors that contribute to whether a person likes an image are universal, not random.
Lesley Fellows, a neurologist at McGill University who studies value judgments, stated, “We know a lot about ‘how’ the brain carries out actions, but 'why' is far less well understood.”
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3．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Small talk
Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion. Nevertheless, research suggests they will benefit.
One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged. “Hello” signals nothing at all. “How are you ” rarely gets a fully honest answer.
However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. “If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain, and begin to establish a connection on that basis. If your bus or train is suddenly stuck, an even better opportunity arises. You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it, and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience.
At work, small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do. But there is a spectrum between empty talk (“Hello”), social talk (“How was your holiday ”), social talk relevant to work (“Is Sarah still on holiday ”) and pure business talk (“Has Sarah finished that report ”). A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes, even in brief conversations. That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps. Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction.
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4．（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Meet the Woman Who Gives Rescued Farm Animals a Second Chance at Life
Shortly after doctors diagnosed ten-year-old Jenny Brown with bone cancer, they had to cut off her right leg below the knee to save her life. Facing a year of chemotherapy (化疗) after the surgery, Jenny begged her mother for a kitten. The orange calico Jenny named Boogie rarely left her side, licking tears from her cheeks after hospital visits and curling up in her lap as she adjusted to life with a prosthetic (假肢的) leg.
“My relationship with Boogie showed me that animals think, feel, and suffer as much as we do,” says Jenny, now 44.
In 1994, Jenny graduated from Columbia College Chicago and began a career in television and documentary production. On the side, she volunteered as a videographer for animal rights groups, and in 2002, she shot undercover footage of horrible animal mistreatment at several Texas farm animal stockyards. “After seeing that, I knew I needed to help animals,” says Jenny.
A year later, she gave up her film career and with her fiancé, Doug Abel, a film editor, opened the Woodstock Farm Sanctuary, a nonprofit organization dedicated to rescuing and recovering farm animals, on a 22-acre property they bought in the rolling hills of Woodstock, New York, the next year.
In August 2007, she received a call from Animal Care and Control of NYC about a small goat it had found hopping around Prospect Park. Jenny guessed it had run away from one of the city’s murder-houses. The goat’s legs were severely injured, probably from being bound together with wire, and its mouth was covered in aching.
Jenny and her team brought the goat, which they named Albie, to the preserve, but they soon realized that Albie’s left front leg was injured beyond repair. After a veterinarian(兽医) cut off the leg. Jenny asked Erik Tomkins, the doctor who makes Jenny’s prostheses, to fashion a leg for Albie. To date, seven of the preserve’s animals have received prosthetic limbs or braces. “On most farms, animals with these illnesses would be immediately killed,” says Jenny.
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5．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
English in the Third Millennium
Two thousand years ago English did not exist. A thousand years ago it was a language used by less than two million people. Now it is the most influential language in the world spoken by more than a billion people on the planet, as their first second or third language. English currently dominates science, business, the mass media and popular culture. For example, 80% of emails on the Internet are in English. But where will English be at the end of the third millennium
One view is that English is going to become even more important as a global language dominating the world’s trade and media while most other languages will become localized or just die out. At present over half the world’s 6500 languages are in danger of extinction. Another view is that English is already breaking up, as Latin did into several languages. There are already dictionaries of the 'New Englishes’ such as Australian English full of words that a British English speaker would not recognize.
Hopefully, neither of these things will happen. Although different varieties of English will continue to develop around the world, standard English will survive for international communication. In addition, the frightening prospect of a culturally uniform world totally dominated by one language is impossible. Already, other languages are fighting back against the iron grip of English on the Net. Governments around the world are also starting to protect smaller languages and recognize the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity. English will probably stay in control for a long time, at least while the USA remains the top superpower, but it definitely won’t become the only language in the world
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6．（21-22高二下·上海闵行·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.
Keeping up-to-date, however, doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances (相识的人). What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs (现场演唱会) or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favorite artist.
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organize an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organize their friends by different criteria (标准). These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
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7．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Retirement - Paradise or Not
Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. That's why a new study of French workers is welcome news.
Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries.
"The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important," Westerlund says. "We don't know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter the reason, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we won't see the improvements we did."
However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
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8．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Friendship
To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship. According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances. When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage. Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
Friendship based on goodness. Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. The conduct of good men is the same or similar. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy; for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations (患难) together. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love. and so won his trust. The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.
9．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Hitting the right button
It has been found that in some countries, achievement in some subjects at school is not always good for boys as it is girls. It is possible that using computers may be a way to solve this problem.
Many boys seem to have a natural liking for computers, but it can often be hard to leave the screen and concentrate on the work the teacher wants them to do.
As computers are becoming more and more important in the world of education today, it is natural to assume that computers can help greatly with boys who do not do too well at school and need to raise their general educational standards. Many boys appear to be more confident than girls in using it, and they need to use computers more frequently, especially at home.
Researchers at universities now think that it could be a really good way of re-engaging under-achieving boys in the learning process, and teachers have indicated that it does work. They have found that, although lots of boys do not seem to like writing in the classroom, when they use a computer, they are more willing to compose longer pieces of writing and use different styles. The issue of unintelligible handwriting is no longer a problem, either, as the neatness and presentation standards rise when boys use a computer to print out their work.
Many boys welcome the “hands on” approach of computer. However, researchers and teachers need to be careful that boys don’t just “cut and paste” things that they have found on the internet, but haven’t read, and hand it in as a completed assignment. Some boys overestimate how good they are and think they can do things without any effort. They need to develop proper research skills and make their written work more structured. Other boys take short cuts, or look at internet sites they haven’t been asked to look at. They may not plan or think carefully about their work, or they may try to finish their work quickly. This tendency is not going to be completely cured by using computers. One way to get boys to concentrate properly on the work they have been asked to do may be to encourage them to use their computers at home. However, they also need to be set tasks that are interesting and relevant to them.
As in all things, the interaction between the pupil, the teacher and the computer is crucial.
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10．（21-22高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday ” Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freeman. I can tell you that what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. Observing people’s gossip, I have noticed its three negative effects.
First, an important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about the topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
Next, if we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel more important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging.
Then gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
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