专题10 短文选词填空10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．risky B．solution C． adaptation D．genetic E. require F. definitely G. ruined H. inconvenience I. occur J. qualify K. completely
SEATTLE-For the more than 10 million Americans with colorblindness, there’s never been a treatment, let alone a cure, for the condition that leaves them unable to distinguish curtain colors.
Now, for the first time, two University of Washington professors have teamed with a California biotech firm to develop what they say may be a 1 : a single shot in the eye that can reveal the world in full color.
Jay and Maureen Neitz, who have studied the vision disorder for years, have found a new way to deliver genes that can replace missing color-producing proteins in certain cells, called cones, in the eyes.
The trouble will 2 when people are born without one or more of the three types of color-sensing proteins normally present in the cones of the retina (视网膜). The most common type is red-green colorblindness, followed by blue-yellow colorblindness. A very small proportion of the population is 3 colorblind, seeing only shades of gray.
Colorblindness is often a/an 4 disorder. It affects mostly men, who can inherit a mutation (变异) on the X chromosome (染色体) that weakens their perception of red and green. A much smaller part of cases are in women, who have two X chromosomes, which gives them a better chance of avoiding effects of any genetic imperfection.
Most people think of colorblindness as a/an 5 or disability, mainly causing problems with unmatched shirts and socks. But the Neitzes say the condition can have profound impacts-limiting choices for education or careers, making driving dangerous, and forcing continual 6 to a world designed for color vision.
“There are an awful lot of people who feel like their life is 7 because they don’t see color,” said Jay Neitz, 61, a professor, who confirmed in 1989 that dogs are colorblind, too.
People may not 8 as commercial pilots, for instance, if they’re colorblind. Other careers that can be restricted include those of chefs, decorators, electricians and house painters, all of which 9 detailed color vision.
Undoubtedly, the Neitzes’ findings have brought great benefits to those who are born unable to distinguish between red and green. But that technique is 10 , requiring surgery, so the Neitzes are looking for another way to do the job.
【答案】
1．B 2．I 3．K 4．D 5．H 6．C 7．G 8．J 9．E 10．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是现在，华盛顿大学的两位教授第一次与加州的一家生物技术公司合作，开发了他们所说的可能的解决色盲的方案：在眼睛里打一针，就能显示世界的全彩。
1．考查名词。句意：现在，华盛顿大学的两位教授第一次与加州的一家生物技术公司合作，开发了他们所说的可能的解决方案：在眼睛里打一针，就能显示世界的全彩。由“a single shot in the eye that can reveal the world in full color”可知，句子表示“华盛顿大学的两位教授第一次与加州的一家生物技术公司合作，开发了他们所说的可能的解决方案”，空格处意为“解决方案”，是solution，空前有a，空格处用单数，故选B。
2．考查动词。句意：当人们出生时没有视网膜视锥细胞中正常存在的三种颜色感应蛋白中的一种或多种时，就会出现这种问题。由“when people are born without one or more of the three types of color-sensing proteins normally present in the cones of the retina (视网膜).”可知，句子表示“当人们出生时没有视网膜视锥细胞中正常存在的三种颜色感应蛋白中的一种或多种时，就会出现这种问题”，空格处意为“出现”，是occur，will是情态动词，其后跟动词原形，故选I。
3．考查副词。句意：只有很小一部分人是完全色盲，只能看到深浅的灰色。由“seeing only shades of gray”可知，句子表示“只有很小一部分人是完全色盲，只能看到深浅的灰色”，空格处意为“完全”，用副词修饰形容词colorblind，是completely，故选K。
4．考查形容词。句意：色盲通常是一种遗传性疾病。由“who can inherit a mutation (变异) on the X chromosome (染色体) that weakens their perception of red and green”可知，句子表示“色盲通常是一种遗传性疾病”，空格处意为“遗传性的”，用形容词作定语，修饰名词disorder，是genetic，故选D。
5．考查名词。句意：大多数人认为色盲是一种不便或残疾，主要是造成衬衫和袜子不搭配的问题。由“mainly causing problems with unmatched shirts and socks”可知，句子表示“大多数人认为色盲是一种不便或残疾”，空格处意为“不便”，用名词作宾语，是inconvenience，故选H。
6．考查名词。句意：但Neitze夫妇说，这种情况可能会产生深远的影响——限制教育或职业的选择，使驾驶变得危险，并迫使人们不断适应为色觉而设计的世界。由“to a world designed for color vision”可知，句子表示“迫使人们不断适应为色觉而设计的世界”，空格处意为“适应”，continual是形容词，修饰名词，空格处填名词，是adaptation，是不可数名词，故选C。
7．考查时态。句意：有很多人觉得自己的生活被毁了，因为他们看不见颜色。由“because they don’t see color”可知，句子表示“有很多人觉得自己的生活被毁了，因为他们看不见颜色”，空格处意为“毁坏”，是ruin，生活是被毁，句子用被动语态，空前有is，空格处用过去分词，故选G。
8．考查动词。句意：例如，如果一个人是色盲，他可能没有资格成为商业飞行员。由“as commercial pilots”可知，句子表示“如果一个人是色盲，他可能没有资格成为商业飞行员”，空格处意为“取得资格”，是qualify，may是情态动词，其后跟动词原形，故选J。
9．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：其他可能受到限制的职业包括厨师、装饰师、电工和房屋油漆工，所有这些职业都需要详细的色彩视觉。由“chefs, decorators, electricians and house painters”可知，句子表示“其他可能受到限制的职业包括厨师、装饰师、电工和房屋油漆工，所有这些职业都需要详细的色彩视觉”，空格处意为“需要”，是require，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，which指代的先行词“those of chefs, decorators, electricians and house painters”是复数，采用空格处用动词原形，故选E。
10．考查形容词。句意：但这种技术有风险，需要手术，所以尼兹夫妇正在寻找另一种方法来完成这项工作。由“requiring surgery”可知，句子表示“这种技术有风险，需要手术”，空格处意为“有风险的”，用形容词作表语，是risky，故选A。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）选用适当的单词或短语补全短文。
A．untouched B．preparation C． disproportionately D．outlook E. committed F. shake
G. redirect H. target I. reduced J. expose K. typically
Over the past few weeks, many people around the world joined me in celebrating my career firsts — from winning my first Golden Globe to earning my first Oscar. While I am grateful for this unforgettable moment in my professional life, I want to 11 that global spotlight to an issue that is personal to me and that calls for the world’s attention.
My life changed eight years ago when one moment shook my 12 on the world.
It was April 25, 2015, and I was visiting local organizations. Suddenly, a deadly earthquake hit the country. I have never felt the type of fear and panic I felt that day, when the ground beneath shook so powerfully that I was not able to stand on my own feet.
I was fortunate to make through that day uninjured, but not 13 . As we made our way straight to the airport, I saw the ruins and destruction all around me. I couldn’t 14 the thought of how unfair it was that I have a home to go to, unlike the thousands of families whose entire lives were suddenly 15 to rubble (瓦砾).
Crises are not just moments of disaster: They 16 deep existing inequalities. Those living in poverty, especially women and girls, bear the brunt (首当其冲). In the immediately aftermath of a disaster, lack of sanitation (卫生系统), and health facilities 17 affects women. In my time as a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Development Program, I have seen up close how women and girls are often the last to go back to school and to get basic services such as clean water and vaccines. They are also 18 the last to get jobs and loans.
To fully recover from a disaster and be prepared for the next one, the specific needs of women and girls must be factored into the humanitarian response.
This year we are halfway toward the 2030 19 to achieve what the United Nations calls Sustainable Development Goals, a blueprint for a shared global vision of a world without poverty and inequality. What I have learned through my work is that realizing these global goals will only be possible if we achieve true gender equality, everywhere, and in all aspects of life — especially in times of crises — and in 20 for next disaster.
【答案】
11．G 12．D 13．A 14．F 15．I 16．J 17．C 18．K 19．H 20．B
【导语】这是一篇获奖演讲词。文章的主题是呼吁社会关注那些不被重视的、身处危机最前线的女性。
11．考查动词。句意：虽然我很感激我职业生涯中这一难忘的时刻，但我想把全球的聚光灯转向一个对我来说是个人的、需要全世界关注的问题。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“转向”，G. redirect符合句意。故选G项。
12．考查名词。句意：八年前的一个瞬间震撼了我的世界观，改变了我的生活。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“世界观”，D. outlook符合句意。故选D项。
13．考查形容词。句意：幸运的是，我毫发无损地度过了那一天，但绝不是毫无触动。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“感动的，受到触动的”充当表语，A. untouched符合句意。故选A项。
14．考查动词。句意：我无法摆脱这样的想法：我有家可归，而成千上万的家庭，他们整个生活就这样突然变成废墟，这是多么不公平。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“摆脱”，F. shake符合句意。故选F项。
15．考查动词。句意同上题。分析句子可知，空格处和后面的to rubble构成短语reduced to rubble“变成废墟”，I. reduced符合句意。故选I项。
16．考查动词。句意：危机不仅仅存在于灾难发生的时刻：它们暴露了深层次的不平等。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“揭露，暴露”，J. expose符合句意。故选J项。
17．考查副词。句意：在灾难发生后不久，缺乏卫生、保健设施和安全对妇女的影响尤为严重。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“不成比例地，特别地”，C. disproportionately符合句意。故选C项。
18．考查副词。句意：她们通常最后才能获得工作和贷款。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“通常地，一般地，典型地”，K. typically符合句意。故选K项。
19．考查名词。句意：今年，我们距离实现联合国所称的可持续发展目标的2030年目标已经走了一半，这是一个没有贫困和不平等的世界的共同全球愿景的蓝图。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“目标”，H. target符合句意。故选H项。
20．考查名词。句意：我通过工作学到的是，只有我们在生活的各个方面，特别是在危机时期和为下一次灾难做准备时，才能在任何地方实现真正的性别平等，才能实现这些全球目标。分析句子可知，空格处缺少的意思是“准备”，B. preparation符合句意。故选B项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
How to get used to gender-neutral language
A．relate B．addressed C． constant D．filter E. trickier F. switch G. evolving H. inclusive I. apply J. sustaining K. preferred
Gender is a huge part of life. It affects everything. The world is in a(n) 21 state of change, and so is our understanding of gender. Therefore, it’s important to make sure the way we speak and refer to people helps to legitimise and support that change. In accordance with the change, a team at the language learning app Babbel has developed a guide on gender-neutral language, to help us incorporate it into our everyday speech. Unlike gendered language, gender-neutral language will 22 to anyone and everyone.
But moving towards gender-neutral language requires conscious thought and effort. Though some English words are already gender-neutral, which makes it fairly easy to use them, things get 23 when we come to pronouns.
Gender is a huge factor when we talk about people. To save ourselves repeating people’s names, we 24 to pronouns like “he” or “she”. This can make it very difficult to describe people in a neutral manner, particularly if they are non-binary or prefer to be referred to in the neutral. Today, people increasingly opt for the “they” pronoun. This is logical since we tend to use this language anyway if we don’t know the gender of someone we’re talking about. Some people may overlook these concerns as trivial, but we simply must be aware of the discussion. More often than not, we consider language as the primary 25 through which we perceive the world. Therefore, it obviously affects how we 26 to and make judgement about others. Part of any attempt to create a society in which all people have equal opportunities and freedoms is to use language that no longer excludes certain groups or creates unconscious bias. On top of this, people do have a right to dictate how they are 27 -—especially if it is tied to their identity. Understanding gender-neutral pronouns and words is extremely important; in order to recognize, respect and support non-binary people and to be 28 .
Mostly, it’s important to be mindful of new or 29 gender-neutral terms as and when they begin to arise. For example, in more recent years, the word actor has been used in place of actress. Similarly, flight attendant has been 30 to stewardess for quite some time. We now increasingly sec titles that once ended in-man, -ress and-ette falling out of use in favour of gender-ncutral variants. People of all genders do the same jobs, and they do them equally well. It’s wonderful to see that our language is reflecting that. Over time we might see the gender-neutral terms become the norm with the majority of the language we utilise.
【答案】
21．C 22．I 23．E 24．F 25．D 26．A 27．B 28．H 29．G 30．K
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何习惯中性语言以及语言对关系的影响。
21．考查形容词。句意：世界处于不断变化的状态，我们对性别的理解也是如此。作定语修饰state，结合句意表示“不断”应用形容词constant。故填constant。故选C。
22．考查动词。句意：与性别语言不同，中性语言适用于任何人和所有人。作谓语，表示“应用于”应用apply to。故填apply。故选I。
23．考查形容词。句意：虽然一些英语单词已经是中性的，这使得使用它们相当容易，但当我们谈到代词时，事情就变得更棘手了。作表语，表示“更棘手”应用形容词比较级trickier。故填trickier。故选E。
24．考查动词。句意：为了避免重复别人的名字，我们会改用“他”或“她”这样的代词。作谓语，表示“改变”应用动词switch，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为we，谓语用原形。故填switch。故选F。
25．考查名词。句意：通常情况下，我们认为语言是我们感知世界的主要过滤器。作宾语，结合句意表示“过滤器”应用名词filter，此处为特指应用单数。故填filter。故选D。
26．考查动词。句意：因此，它显然会影响我们与他人的关系和对他人的判断。作谓语，结合句意表示“与他人的关系”可知短语为relate to。故填relate。故选A。
27．考查动词。句意：最重要的是，人们确实有权决定如何称呼他们——特别是如果这与他们的身份有关。作谓语，结合句意表示“称呼”应用动词address，与主语构成被动关系，结合are可知为一般现在时的被动语态，故填addressed。故选B。
28．考查形容词。句意：理解中性代词和单词是非常重要的；为了承认，尊重和支持非二元性的人，并具有包容性。作表语，结合句意表示“包容性”应用形容词inclusive。故填inclusive。故选H。
29．考查非谓语动词。句意：大多数情况下，重要的是要注意新的或正在发展的中性术语，当它们开始出现时。结合句意表示“正在发展”应用evolving，作定语，故填evolving。故选G。
30．考查动词。句意：同样，在相当长的一段时间里，flight attendant一直比stewardess更受欢迎。作谓语，表示“受欢迎”应用动词prefer，结合上文has been可知为现在完成时的被动语态。故填preferred。故选K。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．alternative B．capacity C． characteristic D．extinct E. exclude F. identity G. increasingly H. interacting I. measuring J. narrative K. restore
The earliest storytellersA stunning cave painting discovered in Indonesia may be the earliest evidence of storytelling. The artwork is at least 43,900 years old, and shows that humans were depicting scenes tens of thousands of years earlier than previously thought.
The painting is a 4.5-metre-wide hunting scene, discovered by Maxime Aubert of Griffith University, Australia and his colleagues. It depicts at least eight small human-like figures hunting two pigs and four dwarf buffaloes with spears or ropes. “It’s a(n) 31 scene,” says Aubert. He and his colleagues calculated the painting’s age by 32 the levels of uranium (铀) in stone layers that cover the images. At 43,900 years old, it could be the oldest figurative cave painting that has yet been found although we don't know what type of human made them. Until this discovery, the oldest known artworks depicting visual “stories”, with humans and animals 33 in a recognizable scene, dated from around 20,000 years ago and was found in Europe, such as the famous Lascaux paintings in France. “Now we show that at least 44,000 years ago, in South-East Asia, humans were telling stories and they were depicting them in rock art,” says Aubert.
“It’s really an exciting discovery,” says Genevieve von Petzinger at the University of Victoria, Canada, “It shows a (n) 34 timeline of how art developed. When you get a scene like this one, it opens the door a little further." The human-like figures appear to have animal 35 .” They are half human, half animal. The oldest previously known example was the Lion Man statue. Carved around 40,000 years ago, it combines a lion's head and human body. Until now, it was the earliest evidence of the ability of humans to depict things that don’t exist in nature-a(n) 36 linked to imagination and spirituality. “Now it seems the same thing was happening in South-East Asia, but even earlier,” says Aubert.
The cave painting gives us a glimpse into the minds of the people who created the Indonesian art, but we don’t yet know whether they were modern humans or one of our 37 cousins. The team hasn't found human remains in the Sulawesi cave, says Aubert, so it isn't possible to be sure of the 38 of the artists.
One possible group is the Denisovans, who may also have lived in Asia at this time. Earlier this year, while studying a site in China thought to have been home to Denisovans, a team of researchers revealed artistic engravings on a piece of bone.
“We can’t completely 39 Denisovans or another species,” says Aubert of the Indonesian cave art, “There were probably at least two other species that lived in this region at the same time as modern humans.”
The discovery comes as archaeologists 40 turn their attentions towards Asia. “People should stay tuned to Asia,” says von Petzinger, “In the next decade there will be many exciting announcements coming from this part of the world.”
【答案】
31． J 32． I 33． H 34． A 35． C 36． B 37． D 38． F 39． E 40． G
【导语】这是一篇说明文。考古学家在印度尼西亚发现了至少43900年前的洞穴绘画，表明人类使用绘画描绘场景的证据比之前想象的要早数万年。
31．考查形容词。句意：这是一个叙事场景。根据上文“It depicts at least eight small human-like figures hunting two pigs and four dwarf buffaloes with spears or ropes(它描绘了至少八个人形的小人物用长矛或绳索猎杀两头猪和四头矮水牛)”可知空白处应填表示“叙事的”含义的形容词，应用narrative，故选J。
32．考查非谓语动词。句意：他和他的同事通过测量覆盖图像的岩层中的铀含量来计算这幅画的年代。根据下文“the levels of uranium (铀) in stone layers(岩层中的铀含量)”可知，岩层中的铀含量是测量出来的，空白处应填表示“测量”含义的词，应空白处在介词后面，应填动名词measuring，故选I。
33．考查非谓语动词。句意：在这一发现之前，已知最古老的描绘视觉“故事”的艺术品中，有人类和动物在一个可识别的场景中互动的艺术品可以追溯到大约20000年前在欧洲被发现的作品，比如法国著名的拉斯科画作。根据上文“humans and animals(人类和动物)”可知作品中有人和动物，分析待选项，H项“interacting(互动的)”表达的含义符合语境，含义为人和动物互动，此处是with复合结构，humans and animals和动词interact是主动关系，应用现在分词interacting，故选H。
34．考查名词。句意：它展示了艺术发展的另一个时间线。此处应用形容词作定语，根据上文“It’s really an exciting discovery(这真是一个令人兴奋的发现)”以及下文“timeline of how art developed(艺术发展的时间线)”可知这是展示艺术发展的另一条时间线，空白处应填表示“备选的”含义的词，为形容词alternative。故选A。
35．考查名词。句意：这些人形人物似乎具有动物特征。此处应用名词作宾语，根据下文“They are half human, half animal(他们一半是人，一半是动物)”可知，作品中的人形一半是人一半是动物，这些人形有动物的特征，名词characteristic符合语境，故选C。
36．考查名词。句意：到目前为止，这是人类有能力描绘自然界不存在的事物的最早证据，这种能力与想象力和灵性有关。根据上文“it was the earliest evidence of the ability of humans to depict things that don't exist in nature (这是人类有能力描绘自然界不存在的事物的最早证据)”可知，空白处应填表示“能力”含义的名词，应用名词capacity，故选B。
37．考查形容词。句意：洞穴绘画让我们得以一窥创造印尼艺术的人们的思想，但我们还不知道他们是现代人还是我们灭绝的表亲。此处应用形容词作定语，根据上文“modern humans(现代人)”以及表示选择关系的连词or可知，空白处应填表示与“现代的”含义不同的形容词，分析待选项，D项“extinct(灭绝的)”表达的含义符合语境，含义为“灭绝的表亲”，与句子表达的含义一致，故选D。
38．考查名词。句意：奥伯特说，该团队尚未在苏拉威西洞穴中发现人类遗骸，因此无法确定艺术家的身份。此处应用名词作宾语，根据上文“The team hasn't found human remains in the Sulawesi cave(该团队尚未在苏拉威西洞穴中发现人类遗骸)”，可知，该团队因未发现人类遗骸，无法确定艺术家的身份，空白处应填表示“身份”含义的名词，应用identity，故选F。
39．考查动词。句意：我们不能完全排除丹尼索瓦人或其他物种。此处应用动词作谓语，根据下文“There were probably at least two other species that lived in this region at the same time as modern humans(可能至少有另外两个物种与现代人类同时生活在这个地区)”可知，因该地区至少有两个物种与现代人类同时生活在这个地区，科学家无法排除丹尼索瓦人或其他物种的可能性，动词exclude符合语境，由can’t可知，应用动词原形，故选E。
40．考查副词。句意：这一发现正值考古学家越来越多地将注意力转向亚洲之际。根据下文“In the next decade there will be many exciting announcements coming from this part of the world(在接下来的十年里，这一地区将发布许多令人兴奋的公告)”可知，这一地区在接下来的十年里将发布许多令人兴奋的公告，说明科学家们正在越来越多地将注意力转移到亚洲，空白处应填表示“越来越多地”含义的副词，副词increasingly符合语境，故选G。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．form B．engage C． highlighting D．issued E. diversity F. featured G. accessible H. variable I. represented J. initiative K. exposing
Art for allAccording to a 2018 report, people aged between 16 and 24 make up 15 percent of the population but only 10 percent of museum-goers. Similarly, people of color aged over 35 go half as much as you would expect from their population size.
We have reached the point of recognizing a disconnect between art and audiences but haven't yet determined how to bridge the gap. Two answers to tackling this challenge lie in telling a greater 41 of art histories and communicating these stories in more modern ways.
If you have ever tried to power through reading a museum's complex wall text, you know art discussions can be full of special terms. In 2018, I started a podcast called Art Matters for the charity Art UK with the aim of discussing art from a pop-culture perspective with topics that would 42 younger and more diverse audiences. It offers a(n) 43 pathway to art history with conversations on topics such as film, psychology and even Beyonce, with few special terms. The series has been a useful way of connecting art to current events. Art history is about storytelling; art content shines when there is an effort to bring audiences along for the discussion.
More traditional institutions are paying attention. This summer, the Getty Museum in Los Angeles 44 a social-media challenge for people to recreate paintings using items they had at home. Users displayed incredible creativity- toilet rolls 45 frequently-and the museum was flooded with submissions. This reaction proves that there is a desire for audiences to engage with art topics if the 46 is appealing.
Many people are scared by art and feel that there's a base level of understanding required to join the conversation. The Getty 47 embraced the visuality of art and served as a reminder that there are many pathways to engaging with it.
Another interesting byproduct of the Getty challenge was 48 the public to a diversity of artworks. British opera singer Peter Brathwaite, for example, made scores of stunning recreations 49 centuries of black portraiture, including a collaboration with London's National Portrait Gallery. His efforts counter the perception that there are not many historical portraits of black figures. It is imperative that we do a better job of showcasing the many complex and diverse stories that are 50 in art. In doing so, we preserve more histories and welcome a wider diversity of people.
【答案】
41．E 42．B 43．G 44．D 45．F 46．A 47．J 48．K 49．C 50．I
【导语】这是一篇说明文。根据2018年的一份报告显示艺术和观众之间存在脱节的现象，但还没有确定如何弥合这一差距。应对这一挑战的办法是讲述更多样化的艺术史，并以更现代的方式传播故事。
41．考查名词。句意：应对这一挑战的两个答案在于讲述更多样的艺术史，并以更现代的方式传播这些故事。根据上文“We have reached the point of recognizing a disconnect between art and audiences but haven't yet determined how to bridge the gap(我们已经认识到艺术和观众之间的脱节，但还没有确定如何弥合这一差距)”可知，我们已经认识到了艺术和观众之间的脱节的问题，应向观众讲述更多样的艺术史，以弥合这一差距，故空白处应填表示“多样性”含义的名词，故选E. diversity。
42．考查动词。句意：2018年，我为慈善机构英国艺术协会创办了一个名为“艺术大事”的播客，目的是从流行文化的角度讨论艺术，主题将吸引更年轻、更多元化的观众。根据上文“pop-culture perspective(流行文化的角度)”以及下文“younger and more diverse audiences(更年轻、更多元化的观众)”可知，创办了 “艺术大事”的播客的目的是吸引更年轻、更多元化的观众，空白处应填表示“吸引”含义的动词，故选B. engage。
43．考查形容词。句意：它提供了一条通往艺术史的途径，可以就电影、心理学甚至碧昂斯等话题进行对话，几乎没有特别的专业术语。根据下文“with few special terms(没有特别的专业术语)”可知，没有特别的专业术语会更容易理解，空白处应填表示“容易理解的”含义的形容词，故选G. accessible。
44．考查动词。句意：今年夏天，洛杉矶盖蒂博物馆在社交媒体上发布了一项挑战，要求人们使用家里的物品重新创作画作。根据下文“a social-media challenge for people to recreate paintings using items they had at home(一项挑战，要求人们使用家里的物品重新创作画作)”可知，洛杉矶盖蒂博物馆发布了这项挑战，空白处应填表示“发布”含义的动词，故选D. issued。
45．考查动词。句意：用户表现出了难以置信的创造力，卷状特色的厕纸频繁出现，博物馆里也收到了大量的投稿。根据上文“Users displayed incredible creativity(用户表现出了难以置信的创造力)”可知，此处说的是大众展示出的令人难以置信的创造力，分析待选项，F项“featured(以……为特色)”表达的含义符合语境，含义为“以卷状为特色”故选F. featured。
46．考查名词。句意：这种反应证明，如果形式有吸引力，观众就有参与艺术主题的愿望。根据上文“there is a desire for audiences to engage with art topics(观众有参与艺术主题的愿望)”可知，观众有参与的愿望是因为有吸引力，分析待选项，A项“form(形式)”表达的含义符合语境，含义为：形式有吸引力，与句子表达的含义一致，故选A. form。
47．考查名词。句意：盖蒂倡议拥抱了艺术的视觉性，并提醒人们有很多途径可以参与其中。根据上文“This summer, the Getty Museum in Los Angeles issued a social-media challenge for people to recreate paintings using items they had at home(今年夏天，洛杉矶盖蒂博物馆在社交媒体上发布了一项挑战，要求人们使用家里的物品重新创作画作).”可知，这是盖蒂的一个倡议，故选J. initiative。
48．考查动词。句意：盖蒂挑战赛的另一个有趣的副产品是让公众接触到各种各样的艺术品。根据下文“the public to a diversity of artworks(公众……各种各样的艺术品)”可知，空白处应填表示“使……接触”含义的词，故选K. exposing。
49．考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，英国歌剧歌手彼得·布拉斯维特制作了数十件令人惊叹的再现作品，突出了几个世纪以来的黑人肖像画，包括与伦敦国家肖像画廊的合作。空白处在句子中作定语应使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语recreations之间为主谓关系，使用现在分词，根据下文“centuries of black portraiture, including a collaboration with London's National Portrait Gallery(几个世纪以来的黑人肖像画，包括与伦敦国家肖像画廊的合作)”可知，这是英国歌剧歌手彼得·布拉斯维特制作了数十件令人惊叹的再现作品的亮点，空白处应填表示“突出了”含义的词，故选C. highlighting。
50．考查动词。句意：我们必须更好地展示艺术中表现出来的许多复杂多样的故事。根据上文“many complex and diverse stories(许多复杂多样的故事)”可知，复杂多样的故事是作品中展示出的，空白处应填表示“展示出”含义的词，故选I. represented。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．polluted B．consideration C． undergoing D．alternatives E. account F. power G. gathered H. locally I. present J. readily K. available
The course of human history has seen several changes in the forms of energy. Human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy 51 for use per person. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats instead of 52 or cut wood. Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it didn’t come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.
In the 1700s, more energy used in the United States and other nations 53 industrialization came from renewable sources such as wood, water streams and wind etc. These were 54 obtainable supplies. By mid-1800, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more 55 accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they burned more cleanly and 56 less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles, a very important 57 in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.
Nowadays, fuels such as oil and natural gas provide over 82 percent of commercial and industrial energy to 58 the world economic growth. Other forms of energy derived from nuclear fission and solar power 59 for 18 percent. However, with the petroleum prices rising and the limitations in fossil fuels, energy 60 will eventually become more attractive to reduce the dependency on oil and natural gas.
【答案】
51．K 52．G 53．C 54．H 55．J 56．A 57．B 58．F 59．E 60．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类历史进程中，使用的能源形式的几次变化。
51．考查形容词。句意：人类的发明大大增加了人均可使用能源的平均数量。分析句子可知，空处和for use搭配，作energy的后置定语，形容词available“可利用的”符合句意。故选K项。
52．考查非谓语动词。句意：当人们发现他们可以使用植物油和动物脂肪来代替采集的或砍伐的木材时，就迈出了开发更高效燃料的第一步。分析句子可知，空处和cut并列作名词wood的定语，cut为过去分词形式，意为“被砍伐的”，空处同样用非谓语动词的形式，过去分词gathered“被采集的”符合句意，gather和wood之间为被动关系。故选G项。
53．考查非谓语动词。句意：在18世纪，美国和其他正在经历工业化的国家使用的更多的能源来自可再生资源，如木材、水流和风能等。分析句子可知，空处和industrialization搭配作nations的后置定语，需用非谓语动词的形式，现在分词undergoing“经历”符合句意，undergo和nations之间为主动关系。故选C项。
54．考查副词。句意：这些都是当地可获得的供应。分析句子可知，空处修饰形容词obtainable，需用副词，locally“当地地”符合句意。故选H项。
55．考查副词。句意：虽然在大多数地区和气候带，木材比煤炭更容易获得，但后者是一种更集中的能源。分析句子可知，空处修饰形容词accessible，需用副词，readily“轻而易举地”符合句意。故选J项。
56．考查动词。句意：1910年，天然气和石油取代煤炭成为主要的燃料来源，因为它们燃烧起来更清洁，污染更少。分析句子可知，空处和burned并列作原因状语从句的谓语，时态为一般过去时，需用动词的过去式，polluted“污染”符合句意。故选A项。
57．考查名词。句意：与煤不同的是，石油可以提炼成汽车用的液体燃料，这在20世纪初汽车问世时是一个非常重要的考虑因素。分析句子可知，空处被形容词important修饰，被不定冠词a限定，需用名词，consideration“考虑因素”符合句意。故选B项。
58．考查非谓语动词。句意：如今，石油和天然气等燃料为驱动世界经济增长提供了82%以上的商业和工业能源。分析句子可知，空处和to搭配，构成不定式结构，作目的状语，动词power“驱动”符合句意。故选F项。
59．考查动词。句意：来自核裂变和太阳能的其他形式的能源占18%。分析句子可知，空处和for搭配，做句子的谓语，动词account符合句意，account for是固定短语，意为“占（一定数量或比例）”。故选E项。
60．考查名词。句意：然而，随着石油价格的上涨和化石燃料的限制，替代能源最终将变得更具吸引力，以减少对石油和天然气的依赖。分析句子可知，空处和energy搭配构成名词短语，作句子的主语，名词alternatives“替代物”符合句意，表示多种替代物，energy alternative意为“替代能源”。故选D项。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．build B．precisely C． reason D．reinvent E. relative F. social G. survive H. theoretically I. traces J. transmission K. works
Three things that make us human
All species on Earth, including humans, are unique. Yet our intelligence and creativity go well beyond those of any other animal. Humans have long communicated through language, and invented ever more complex tools that have enabled our species to 61 and develop.
>Our brains
Without doubt, the human trait (特征) that sets us apart the most from the animal kingdom is our extraordinary brain. Humans don’t have the largest brains in the world—those belong to sperm whales. We don’t even have the largest brains 62 to body size—many birds have brains that make up more than 8% of their body weight, compared to only 2.5% for humans. Yet the human brain, which weighs about three pounds when fully grown, gives us the ability to 63 and think on our feet beyond the capabilities of the rest of the animal kingdom. It gave us the 64 of Einstein, Mozart and many other geniuses.
>Language
Many species communicate with vocal sounds. But language is a special form of communication. Full language, with rules for combining sounds into words, and words into sentences, probably originated at some point about 50,000 years ago. But we will probably never know 65 when and where language originated. Fossils, DNA evidence, comparisons with other animals, and studies of how languages change over time all provide clues, but spoken language itself leaves few 66 . It most likely evolved from a simpler form of communication. Chimpanzees use both gestures and vocal calls to communicate status and other complex 67 information. It is possible that our ancestors also expressed themselves first with gestures or simple words, then developed rules for linking them into sentences.
A Learning from each other
Our unique brains and dexterity (灵巧) of our hands use of tools possible, but we also rely on the cultural 68 of ideas. Culture is at the heart of being human. We put our heads together, we share ideas, and learn from each other, recognizing a past, a present, and a future. We learn from the past, 69 on this in the present, and expect the future. Without culture, each new generation would be forced to 70 the wheel.
【答案】
61．G 62．E 63．C 64．K 65．B 66．I 67．F 68．J 69．A 70．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了让我们成为人类的三件事。
61．考查动词。句意：长期以来，人类一直通过语言进行交流，并发明了更复杂的工具，使我们的物种得以生存和发展。结合句意表示“生存”应用动词survive，此处为短语enable sb. to do sth.。故填survive。故选G。
62．考查形容词。句意：我们的大脑与身体的比例甚至不是最大的——许多鸟类的大脑占其体重的8%以上，而人类的这一比例仅为2.5%。结合句意表示“相对于”可知短语为relative to。故填relative。故选E。
63．考查动词。句意：然而，人类的大脑在完全发育时重约3磅，它赋予我们推理和思考的能力，这是动物界其他动物所无法比拟的。结合句意表示“推理”可知应填动词reason，此处为不定式作后置定语修饰名词ability。故填reason。故选C。
64．考查名词。句意：它给了我们爱因斯坦、莫扎特和许多其他天才的作品。作宾语，表示“作品”，结合后文of Einstein, Mozart and many other geniuses可知应用复数名词works。故填works。故选K。
65．考查副词。句意：但我们可能永远无法确切地知道语言起源于何时何地。修饰动词know，结合句意表示“确切地”应用副词precisely，故填precisely。故选B。
66．考查名词。句意：化石、DNA证据、与其他动物的比较以及对语言如何随时间变化的研究都提供了线索，但口语本身几乎没有留下痕迹。作宾语，结合句意表示“痕迹”应用名词trace，few修饰应用复数形式。故填traces。故选I。
67．考查形容词。句意：黑猩猩用手势和声音来交流地位和其他复杂的社会信息。作定语，结合句意表示“社会”应用形容词social。故填social。故选F。
68．考查名词。句意：我们独特的大脑和灵巧的双手使使用工具成为可能，但我们也依赖于文化观念的传播。作宾语，结合句意表示“观念”应用名词transmission，不可数。故填transmission。故选J。
69．考查动词。句意：我们从过去学习，以现在为基础，并期待未来。作谓语，表示“以……为基础”动词短语为build on，故填build。故选A。
70．考查动词。句意：没有文化，每一代人都将被迫重新发明轮子。结合句意表示“重新发明”可知应用动词reinvent，此处为短语be forced to do sth.。故填reinvent。故选D。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．potential B．effectiveness C． temperature D．struggle E. fit F. normally G. constantly H. neutralizer I. store J. smelly K. date
Does baking soda in the refrigerator really work Yes, it does. And it’s also really simple to use. You don’t need to mix up any funny mixtures or combine it with any other eco-friendly cleaning products. You simply 71 an open box of baking soda in the fridge and replace it about every three months or so. If you find it’s losing its 72 more quickly, you may need to replace it more often, perhaps once per month.
A simple trick to remember when to replace the baking soda in your fridge is to 73 the box when you put it in there. If you’re old school, you can just use your nose and swap out the baking soda when your fridge begins to stink (发臭).
Also note that while baking soda is a very effective smell 74 in your fridge, it won’t thoroughly eliminate every single smell in there. If you’ve stored open bowls of raw fish or pickled onions in there all week, even the biggest box of baking soda will 75 to absorb the smells.
Whether you’re flush with fridge-organization ideas or prefer to throw things anywhere they’ll 76 , be sure to make room for baking soda. A box of baking soda in the fridge will have a positive effect regardless of where you put it, but to maximize its smell-absorbing 77 , it’s best to store it closest to fetid (臭的)foods.
If your fridge is large or if you tend to keep a lot of 78 foods in there, you may want to keep a box(or bowl)of baking soda on each shelf in the fridge. If you find yourself 79 replacing the baking soda in your fridge and throwing out spoiled food on a regular basis, you may also want to check what 80 a refrigerator should be. If your foods aren’t staying fresh for long, the fridge may not be keeping them cold enough.
【答案】
71．I 72．B 73．K 74．H 75．D 76．E 77．A 78．J 79．G 80．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了把小苏打放在冰箱里能除去冰箱里难闻的气味。
71．考查动词。句意：你只需要在冰箱里存放一盒打开的小苏打，然后每三个月左右换一次。由下文“an open box of baking soda in the fridge”可知，此处指在冰箱里存放一盒打开的小苏打，应用动词store，表示“存放”，句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，主语是you，动词store应用原形，故选I。
72．考查名词。句意：如果你发现它更快失效，你可能需要更频繁地更换它，也许每月一次。由下文“you may need to replace it more often, perhaps once per month.”可知，此处指发现苏打失效，应用名词effectiveness表示“效力”，为不可数名词，故选B。
73．考查动词。句意：记住什么时候更换冰箱里的小苏打的一个简单的诀窍就是当你把盒子放进去的时候要注明日期。由下文“when you put it in there.”可知，此处指把盒子放进冰箱的时候要注明日期，应用动词date，表示“注明日期”，由不定式可知，应用动词原形，故选K。
74．考查名词。句意：还要注意的是，虽然小苏打在您的冰箱里是一个非常有效的气味中和剂，但它不会彻底消除那里的每一个气味。此处应用名词作表语，表示“中和剂”应用名词neutralizer，由a可知，应用单数，故选H。
75．考查动词。句意：如果你已经在里面放了一整个星期的生鱼片或者腌洋葱，那么即使是最大的一盒小苏打也很难吸收这种气味。由上文“even the biggest box of baking soda”可知，此处表示难以吸收这种气味，应用动词struggle，struggle to do固定搭配，意为“挣扎着做；难以做”，由will可知，应用动词原形，故选D。
76．考查动词。句意：无论你是对整理冰箱的想法很在行，还是喜欢把乱扔东西在它们适合的地方，一定要为小苏打腾出空间。由上文“prefer to throw things anywhere”可知，此处表示“把东西扔到任何合适的地方”，应用动词fit，表示“合适于（某地）”，由will可知，应用动词原形，故选E。
77．考查名词。句意：无论你把小苏打放在冰箱哪里，它都会有积极的效果，但为了最大限度地发挥它的吸味潜力，最好把它放在离恶臭食物最近的地方。由上文“to maximize its smell-absorbing”可知，此处表示最大限度地发挥它的吸味潜力，应用名词potential作宾语，表示“潜能”，为不可数名词，故选A。
78．考查形容词。句意：如果你的冰箱很大，或者你喜欢在里面放很多有难闻气味的食物，你可能想要在冰箱的每个架子上放一盒（或一碗）小苏打。由下文“you may want to keep a box(or bowl)of baking soda on each shelf in the fridge.”可知，如果在冰箱里放很多有难闻气味的食物，你可能会想在冰箱的每个架子上放一盒（或一碗）小苏打，此处应用形容词smelly，表示“有难闻气味的”，作定语，修饰名词foods，故选J。
79．考查副词。句意：如果你发现自己经常更换冰箱里的小苏打，并且经常扔掉变质的食物，你可能还需要检查一下冰箱的温度。由下文“replacing the baking soda in your fridge and throwing out spoiled food on a regular basis,”可知，此处表示经常更换冰箱里的小苏打，并且经常扔掉变质的食物，应用副词constantly作状语，修饰动词replacing，表示“经常地”，故选G。
80．考查名词。句意：如果你发现自己经常更换冰箱里的小苏打，并且经常扔掉变质的食物，你可能还需要检查一下冰箱的温度。由下文“If your foods aren’t staying fresh for long, the fridge may not be keeping them cold enough.(如果你的食物不能长时间保持新鲜，冰箱可能不能保持足够的低温。)”可知，此处指要检查一下冰箱的温度，应用名词temperature，表示“温度”，故选C。
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．struggle B．roughly C． major D．causes AB．charged AC．feature
AD．significantly BC．motives BD．identify CD．potential ABC．ruled
The Science Behind Why People Give Money to CharityThis question has fascinated behavioral scientists for decades: why do we give money to charity
The explanations for charitable giving fall into three broad categories, from the purely altruistic(利他的). The “impurely” altruistic — I donate because I obtain value from knowing I contribute to the social good for the charity. And the the not-at-all altruistic — I donate because I want to show off to 81 mates how rich I am.
But are these 82 strong enough to enable people to donate as much as they would want to Most people support charities in one way or another, but often we 83 to make donations as often as we think we should. Although many people would like to leave a gift to charity in their will, they forget about it when the time comes. Our research shows that if the will-writer just asks someone if they would like to donate, they are more likely to consider it and the rate of donation 84 doubles.
Many people are also aware that they should donate to the 85 that have the highest impact, but facts and figures are less attractive than narratives. In a series of experiments, it was found that people are much more responsive to charitable requests that 86 a single, identifiable beneficiary(受益者), than they are to statistical information about the scale of the problem being faced. When it comes to charitable giving, we are often 87 by our hearts and not our heads.
Another of the 88 findings from the research in this area is that giving is fundamentally a social act. One study shows that people give 89 more to their university if the person calling and asking for their donation is their former roommate. Researchers found that when JustGiving donors see that the donor before them has made a large donation, they make a larger donation themselves.
In summary, behavioural scientists 90 a range of factors that influence our donations, and can help us to keep giving in the longer term. This is great news not just for charities, but also for donors.
【答案】
81．CD 82．BC 83．A 84．B 85．D 86．AC 87．ABC 88．C 89．AD 90．BD
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了人们把钱捐给慈善机构背后的科学原因。
81．考查形容词。句意：我捐赠是因为我想向潜在的伴侣炫耀我有多有钱。分析句子，设空处使用形容词作定语。表示“潜在的”用potential，符合句意。故填CD。
82．考查名词。句意：但是，这些动机是否足够强大，足以让人们捐出他们想捐的那么多钱呢？分析句子，设空处使用名词作主语。表示“动机”用motive。由these修饰，此处表示名词复数意义，故填motives。故选BC。
83．考查动词。句意：大多数人都会以这样或那样的方式支持慈善事业，但是我们往往很难像我们认为应该的那样频繁地捐款。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，此处表示客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“挣扎做某事”用struggle to do。故用struggle。故选A。
84．考查副词。句意：我们的研究表明，如果写遗嘱的人只是问别人是否愿意捐赠，他们更有可能考虑捐赠，捐赠的比例大约会翻一番。分析句子，设空处使用副词作状语，修饰doubles动词。表示“大约”用roughly。故选B。
85．考查名词。句意：许多人还意识到，他们应该捐赠给影响力最大的机构，但事实和数字不如叙述吸引人。分析句子，设空处使用名词作宾语。表示“事业”用cause，此处表示复数意义，应填写causes。故选D。
86．考查动词。句意：在一系列实验中，人们发现，与对所面临问题规模的统计信息的反应相比，人们对以单一、可识别受益人为特征的慈善请求的反应要大得多。分析句子，设空处使用动词作定语从句的谓语动词，此处表示“以……为特征”用feature，主语为request是复数，同时句子表述客观事实，用一般现在时。故使用feature。故选AC。
87．考查动词。句意：当涉及到慈善捐赠时，我们常常被我们的心而不是我们的头脑所支配。分析句子，设空处使用过去分词与空前的are构成一般现在时的被动语态。表示“支配”用rule。故用ruled。故选ABC。
88．考查形容词。句意：该领域研究的另一个主要发现是，捐赠从根本上说是一种社会行为。分析句子，设空处使用形容词作定语，表示“主要的”用major。故选C。
89．考查副词。句意：一项研究表明，如果打电话要求捐款的人是他们的前室友，人们会给他们的大学捐得多得多。分析句子，设空处使用副词作状语，修饰动词give。表示“大大地，显著地”用significantly。故选AD。
90．考查动词。句意：总之，行为科学家确定了一系列影响我们捐赠的因素，这些因素可以帮助我们在更长的时间内继续捐赠。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语。表示“确定，识别”用identify，符合句意。故选BD。
（2023高二下·上海·期中）Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．competence B．repetitive C． dramatically D．pace E. routinely AB．beating AC． blowing AD．worthy AE. shallowly BC． ease BD．readiness
How to prevent and fight anxiety Lingering anxiety can keep you up at night, make you easily annoyed, weaken your ability to concentrate, and ruin your appetite. And the constant state of 91 generated by anxiety -- adrenaline (肾上腺素) pumping, heart racing, palms sweating-may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.
How to prevent anxiety then
Meditate. Maybe you’re just nervous. If so, meditation is 92 of a try. It cultivates a calmness that will 93 anxious feelings and offer a sense of control. A study at the University of Massachusetts found that volunteers who took an 8-week meditation course, were considerably less anxious afterward. People who are nervous find that they are 94 calmer with 20 minutes of meditation in the morning and another 20 minutes after dinner.
Jog, walk, swim, or cycle. If you can’t make time for meditation, be sure to make time for regular exercise. Exercise can have the same calming effect as meditation, particularly if it’s something 95 like running or swimming laps.
Treatment
Remember to breathe. When you’re anxious, you tend to hold your breath or breathe too 96 . That makes you feel more anxious. Breathing slowly and deeply can have a calming effect.
Let’s say you are anxious about your 97 on the job. Ask yourself “What, in particular, am I afraid that I’ll mess up ” Maybe you’re afraid that you get further behind and miss your deadlines. Or maybe you’re worried that you’re 98 it whenever you present your ideas in meetings. Are your worries reasonable Have you had several near misses with deadlines Are your suggestions 99 rejected If not, the anxiety is needless. If there is a real problem, work on a solution: 100 yourself to better meet deadlines, or join a public speaking class.
【答案】
91．BD 92．AD 93．BC 94．C 95．B 96．AE 97．A 98．AC 99．E 100．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些缓解焦虑的方法。
91．考查名词。句意：由焦虑引起的持续的准备状态——肾上腺素激增、心跳加速、手心出汗——可能导致高血压和心脏病。此处应用名词作宾语，由下文“adrenaline (肾上腺素) pumping, heart racing, palms sweating-may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.”可知，焦虑会引起一些持续的准备状态，此处应用名词readiness作宾语，表示“准备就绪状态”，为不可数名词，故选BD。
92．考查形容词。句意：如果是这样，冥想是值得一试的。be worthy of固定搭配，意为“值得”，符合语境，worthy是形容词作表语，故选AD。
93．考查动词。句意：它能培养出一种平静，这种平静可以缓解焦虑的情绪，并提供一种控制感。由上文“It cultivates a calmness”可知，冥想能培养出一种缓解焦虑的平静，此处应用动词ease表示“缓解”，放在情态动动词will后面应用原形，故选BC。
94．考查副词。句意：紧张的人会发现，早上冥想20分钟，晚饭后再冥想20分钟，他们会显著地平静下来。此处应用副词修饰形容词calmer，由下文“calmer with 20 minutes of meditation in the morning and another 20 minutes after dinner.”可知，此处表示“显著地”，为副词dramatically，故选C。
95．考查形容词。句意：锻炼和冥想有同样的镇静效果，特别是像跑步或游泳这样的重复性运动。此处应用形容词作后置定语，修饰不定代词something，由下文“like running or swimming laps.”可知，此处表示像跑步或游泳这样的重复性运动，应用形容词repetitive，表示“重复性的”，故选B。
96．考查副词。句意：当你感到焦虑时，你往往会屏住呼吸或呼吸过于浅。此处应用副词修饰动词breathe，由上文“When you’re anxious, you tend to hold your breath or breathe too”可知，当你感到焦虑时，你往往会呼吸过于浅，此处应用副词shallowly作状语，表示“浅地”，故选AE。
97．考查名词。句意：假设你对自己的工作能力感到焦虑。此处应用名词作宾语，由下文“Ask yourself “What, in particular, am I afraid that I’ll mess up ””可知，此处表示对自己的工作能力感到焦虑，应用名词competence表示“能力”，为不可数名词，故选A。
98．考查动词。句意：或者你担心当你在会议上提出你的想法时你会搞砸。由上文“What, in particular, am I afraid that I’ll mess up ”可知，此处表示你会担心自己将会议搞砸，动词blow表示“搞砸”，和主语you是主动关系，此处应用现在分词形式和前面的are构成现在进行时，故选AC。
99．考查副词。句意：你的建议照常被拒绝吗？此处应用副词修饰动词rejected，表示“常规地”，应用副词routinely，故选E。
100．考查动词。句意：如果真的有问题，那就想个解决办法：调整自己的节奏以更好地完成最后期限，或者参加一个公共演讲班。由下文“yourself to better meet deadlines,”可知，此处表示调整自己的节奏以更好地完成最后期限，应用动词pace，表示“调整自己的工作节奏”，此处是祈使句，应用动词原形，故选D。专题10 短文选词填空10篇
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．risky B．solution C． adaptation D．genetic E. require F. definitely G. ruined H. inconvenience I. occur J. qualify K. completely
SEATTLE-For the more than 10 million Americans with colorblindness, there’s never been a treatment, let alone a cure, for the condition that leaves them unable to distinguish curtain colors.
Now, for the first time, two University of Washington professors have teamed with a California biotech firm to develop what they say may be a 1 : a single shot in the eye that can reveal the world in full color.
Jay and Maureen Neitz, who have studied the vision disorder for years, have found a new way to deliver genes that can replace missing color-producing proteins in certain cells, called cones, in the eyes.
The trouble will 2 when people are born without one or more of the three types of color-sensing proteins normally present in the cones of the retina (视网膜). The most common type is red-green colorblindness, followed by blue-yellow colorblindness. A very small proportion of the population is 3 colorblind, seeing only shades of gray.
Colorblindness is often a/an 4 disorder. It affects mostly men, who can inherit a mutation (变异) on the X chromosome (染色体) that weakens their perception of red and green. A much smaller part of cases are in women, who have two X chromosomes, which gives them a better chance of avoiding effects of any genetic imperfection.
Most people think of colorblindness as a/an 5 or disability, mainly causing problems with unmatched shirts and socks. But the Neitzes say the condition can have profound impacts-limiting choices for education or careers, making driving dangerous, and forcing continual 6 to a world designed for color vision.
“There are an awful lot of people who feel like their life is 7 because they don’t see color,” said Jay Neitz, 61, a professor, who confirmed in 1989 that dogs are colorblind, too.
People may not 8 as commercial pilots, for instance, if they’re colorblind. Other careers that can be restricted include those of chefs, decorators, electricians and house painters, all of which 9 detailed color vision.
Undoubtedly, the Neitzes’ findings have brought great benefits to those who are born unable to distinguish between red and green. But that technique is 10 , requiring surgery, so the Neitzes are looking for another way to do the job.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）选用适当的单词或短语补全短文。
A．untouched B．preparation C． disproportionately D．outlook E. committed F. shake
G. redirect H. target I. reduced J. expose K. typically
Over the past few weeks, many people around the world joined me in celebrating my career firsts — from winning my first Golden Globe to earning my first Oscar. While I am grateful for this unforgettable moment in my professional life, I want to 11 that global spotlight to an issue that is personal to me and that calls for the world’s attention.
My life changed eight years ago when one moment shook my 12 on the world.
It was April 25, 2015, and I was visiting local organizations. Suddenly, a deadly earthquake hit the country. I have never felt the type of fear and panic I felt that day, when the ground beneath shook so powerfully that I was not able to stand on my own feet.
I was fortunate to make through that day uninjured, but not 13 . As we made our way straight to the airport, I saw the ruins and destruction all around me. I couldn’t 14 the thought of how unfair it was that I have a home to go to, unlike the thousands of families whose entire lives were suddenly 15 to rubble (瓦砾).
Crises are not just moments of disaster: They 16 deep existing inequalities. Those living in poverty, especially women and girls, bear the brunt (首当其冲). In the immediately aftermath of a disaster, lack of sanitation (卫生系统), and health facilities 17 affects women. In my time as a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Development Program, I have seen up close how women and girls are often the last to go back to school and to get basic services such as clean water and vaccines. They are also 18 the last to get jobs and loans.
To fully recover from a disaster and be prepared for the next one, the specific needs of women and girls must be factored into the humanitarian response.
This year we are halfway toward the 2030 19 to achieve what the United Nations calls Sustainable Development Goals, a blueprint for a shared global vision of a world without poverty and inequality. What I have learned through my work is that realizing these global goals will only be possible if we achieve true gender equality, everywhere, and in all aspects of life — especially in times of crises — and in 20 for next disaster.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
How to get used to gender-neutral language
A．relate B．addressed C． constant D．filter E. trickier F. switch G. evolving H. inclusive I. apply J. sustaining K. preferred
Gender is a huge part of life. It affects everything. The world is in a(n) 21 state of change, and so is our understanding of gender. Therefore, it’s important to make sure the way we speak and refer to people helps to legitimise and support that change. In accordance with the change, a team at the language learning app Babbel has developed a guide on gender-neutral language, to help us incorporate it into our everyday speech. Unlike gendered language, gender-neutral language will 22 to anyone and everyone.
But moving towards gender-neutral language requires conscious thought and effort. Though some English words are already gender-neutral, which makes it fairly easy to use them, things get 23 when we come to pronouns.
Gender is a huge factor when we talk about people. To save ourselves repeating people’s names, we 24 to pronouns like “he” or “she”. This can make it very difficult to describe people in a neutral manner, particularly if they are non-binary or prefer to be referred to in the neutral. Today, people increasingly opt for the “they” pronoun. This is logical since we tend to use this language anyway if we don’t know the gender of someone we’re talking about. Some people may overlook these concerns as trivial, but we simply must be aware of the discussion. More often than not, we consider language as the primary 25 through which we perceive the world. Therefore, it obviously affects how we 26 to and make judgement about others. Part of any attempt to create a society in which all people have equal opportunities and freedoms is to use language that no longer excludes certain groups or creates unconscious bias. On top of this, people do have a right to dictate how they are 27 -—especially if it is tied to their identity. Understanding gender-neutral pronouns and words is extremely important; in order to recognize, respect and support non-binary people and to be 28 .
Mostly, it’s important to be mindful of new or 29 gender-neutral terms as and when they begin to arise. For example, in more recent years, the word actor has been used in place of actress. Similarly, flight attendant has been 30 to stewardess for quite some time. We now increasingly sec titles that once ended in-man, -ress and-ette falling out of use in favour of gender-ncutral variants. People of all genders do the same jobs, and they do them equally well. It’s wonderful to see that our language is reflecting that. Over time we might see the gender-neutral terms become the norm with the majority of the language we utilise.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．alternative B．capacity C． characteristic D．extinct E. exclude F. identity G. increasingly H. interacting I. measuring J. narrative K. restore
The earliest storytellersA stunning cave painting discovered in Indonesia may be the earliest evidence of storytelling. The artwork is at least 43,900 years old, and shows that humans were depicting scenes tens of thousands of years earlier than previously thought.
The painting is a 4.5-metre-wide hunting scene, discovered by Maxime Aubert of Griffith University, Australia and his colleagues. It depicts at least eight small human-like figures hunting two pigs and four dwarf buffaloes with spears or ropes. “It’s a(n) 31 scene,” says Aubert. He and his colleagues calculated the painting’s age by 32 the levels of uranium (铀) in stone layers that cover the images. At 43,900 years old, it could be the oldest figurative cave painting that has yet been found although we don't know what type of human made them. Until this discovery, the oldest known artworks depicting visual “stories”, with humans and animals 33 in a recognizable scene, dated from around 20,000 years ago and was found in Europe, such as the famous Lascaux paintings in France. “Now we show that at least 44,000 years ago, in South-East Asia, humans were telling stories and they were depicting them in rock art,” says Aubert.
“It’s really an exciting discovery,” says Genevieve von Petzinger at the University of Victoria, Canada, “It shows a (n) 34 timeline of how art developed. When you get a scene like this one, it opens the door a little further." The human-like figures appear to have animal 35 .” They are half human, half animal. The oldest previously known example was the Lion Man statue. Carved around 40,000 years ago, it combines a lion's head and human body. Until now, it was the earliest evidence of the ability of humans to depict things that don’t exist in nature-a(n) 36 linked to imagination and spirituality. “Now it seems the same thing was happening in South-East Asia, but even earlier,” says Aubert.
The cave painting gives us a glimpse into the minds of the people who created the Indonesian art, but we don’t yet know whether they were modern humans or one of our 37 cousins. The team hasn't found human remains in the Sulawesi cave, says Aubert, so it isn't possible to be sure of the 38 of the artists.
One possible group is the Denisovans, who may also have lived in Asia at this time. Earlier this year, while studying a site in China thought to have been home to Denisovans, a team of researchers revealed artistic engravings on a piece of bone.
“We can’t completely 39 Denisovans or another species,” says Aubert of the Indonesian cave art, “There were probably at least two other species that lived in this region at the same time as modern humans.”
The discovery comes as archaeologists 40 turn their attentions towards Asia. “People should stay tuned to Asia,” says von Petzinger, “In the next decade there will be many exciting announcements coming from this part of the world.”
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．form B．engage C． highlighting D．issued E. diversity F. featured G. accessible H. variable I. represented J. initiative K. exposing
Art for allAccording to a 2018 report, people aged between 16 and 24 make up 15 percent of the population but only 10 percent of museum-goers. Similarly, people of color aged over 35 go half as much as you would expect from their population size.
We have reached the point of recognizing a disconnect between art and audiences but haven't yet determined how to bridge the gap. Two answers to tackling this challenge lie in telling a greater 41 of art histories and communicating these stories in more modern ways.
If you have ever tried to power through reading a museum's complex wall text, you know art discussions can be full of special terms. In 2018, I started a podcast called Art Matters for the charity Art UK with the aim of discussing art from a pop-culture perspective with topics that would 42 younger and more diverse audiences. It offers a(n) 43 pathway to art history with conversations on topics such as film, psychology and even Beyonce, with few special terms. The series has been a useful way of connecting art to current events. Art history is about storytelling; art content shines when there is an effort to bring audiences along for the discussion.
More traditional institutions are paying attention. This summer, the Getty Museum in Los Angeles 44 a social-media challenge for people to recreate paintings using items they had at home. Users displayed incredible creativity- toilet rolls 45 frequently-and the museum was flooded with submissions. This reaction proves that there is a desire for audiences to engage with art topics if the 46 is appealing.
Many people are scared by art and feel that there's a base level of understanding required to join the conversation. The Getty 47 embraced the visuality of art and served as a reminder that there are many pathways to engaging with it.
Another interesting byproduct of the Getty challenge was 48 the public to a diversity of artworks. British opera singer Peter Brathwaite, for example, made scores of stunning recreations 49 centuries of black portraiture, including a collaboration with London's National Portrait Gallery. His efforts counter the perception that there are not many historical portraits of black figures. It is imperative that we do a better job of showcasing the many complex and diverse stories that are 50 in art. In doing so, we preserve more histories and welcome a wider diversity of people.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．polluted B．consideration C． undergoing D．alternatives E. account F. power G. gathered H. locally I. present J. readily K. available
The course of human history has seen several changes in the forms of energy. Human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy 51 for use per person. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats instead of 52 or cut wood. Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it didn’t come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.
In the 1700s, more energy used in the United States and other nations 53 industrialization came from renewable sources such as wood, water streams and wind etc. These were 54 obtainable supplies. By mid-1800, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more 55 accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they burned more cleanly and 56 less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles, a very important 57 in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.
Nowadays, fuels such as oil and natural gas provide over 82 percent of commercial and industrial energy to 58 the world economic growth. Other forms of energy derived from nuclear fission and solar power 59 for 18 percent. However, with the petroleum prices rising and the limitations in fossil fuels, energy 60 will eventually become more attractive to reduce the dependency on oil and natural gas.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．build B．precisely C． reason D．reinvent E. relative F. social G. survive H. theoretically I. traces J. transmission K. works
Three things that make us human
All species on Earth, including humans, are unique. Yet our intelligence and creativity go well beyond those of any other animal. Humans have long communicated through language, and invented ever more complex tools that have enabled our species to 61 and develop.
>Our brains
Without doubt, the human trait (特征) that sets us apart the most from the animal kingdom is our extraordinary brain. Humans don’t have the largest brains in the world—those belong to sperm whales. We don’t even have the largest brains 62 to body size—many birds have brains that make up more than 8% of their body weight, compared to only 2.5% for humans. Yet the human brain, which weighs about three pounds when fully grown, gives us the ability to 63 and think on our feet beyond the capabilities of the rest of the animal kingdom. It gave us the 64 of Einstein, Mozart and many other geniuses.
>Language
Many species communicate with vocal sounds. But language is a special form of communication. Full language, with rules for combining sounds into words, and words into sentences, probably originated at some point about 50,000 years ago. But we will probably never know 65 when and where language originated. Fossils, DNA evidence, comparisons with other animals, and studies of how languages change over time all provide clues, but spoken language itself leaves few 66 . It most likely evolved from a simpler form of communication. Chimpanzees use both gestures and vocal calls to communicate status and other complex 67 information. It is possible that our ancestors also expressed themselves first with gestures or simple words, then developed rules for linking them into sentences.
A Learning from each other
Our unique brains and dexterity (灵巧) of our hands use of tools possible, but we also rely on the cultural 68 of ideas. Culture is at the heart of being human. We put our heads together, we share ideas, and learn from each other, recognizing a past, a present, and a future. We learn from the past, 69 on this in the present, and expect the future. Without culture, each new generation would be forced to 70 the wheel.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．potential B．effectiveness C． temperature D．struggle E. fit F. normally G. constantly H. neutralizer I. store J. smelly K. date
Does baking soda in the refrigerator really work Yes, it does. And it’s also really simple to use. You don’t need to mix up any funny mixtures or combine it with any other eco-friendly cleaning products. You simply 71 an open box of baking soda in the fridge and replace it about every three months or so. If you find it’s losing its 72 more quickly, you may need to replace it more often, perhaps once per month.
A simple trick to remember when to replace the baking soda in your fridge is to 73 the box when you put it in there. If you’re old school, you can just use your nose and swap out the baking soda when your fridge begins to stink (发臭).
Also note that while baking soda is a very effective smell 74 in your fridge, it won’t thoroughly eliminate every single smell in there. If you’ve stored open bowls of raw fish or pickled onions in there all week, even the biggest box of baking soda will 75 to absorb the smells.
Whether you’re flush with fridge-organization ideas or prefer to throw things anywhere they’ll 76 , be sure to make room for baking soda. A box of baking soda in the fridge will have a positive effect regardless of where you put it, but to maximize its smell-absorbing 77 , it’s best to store it closest to fetid (臭的)foods.
If your fridge is large or if you tend to keep a lot of 78 foods in there, you may want to keep a box(or bowl)of baking soda on each shelf in the fridge. If you find yourself 79 replacing the baking soda in your fridge and throwing out spoiled food on a regular basis, you may also want to check what 80 a refrigerator should be. If your foods aren’t staying fresh for long, the fridge may not be keeping them cold enough.
（22-23高二下·上海·期中）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．struggle B．roughly C． major D．causes AB．charged AC．feature
AD．significantly BC．motives BD．identify CD．potential ABC．ruled
The Science Behind Why People Give Money to CharityThis question has fascinated behavioral scientists for decades: why do we give money to charity
The explanations for charitable giving fall into three broad categories, from the purely altruistic(利他的). The “impurely” altruistic — I donate because I obtain value from knowing I contribute to the social good for the charity. And the the not-at-all altruistic — I donate because I want to show off to 81 mates how rich I am.
But are these 82 strong enough to enable people to donate as much as they would want to Most people support charities in one way or another, but often we 83 to make donations as often as we think we should. Although many people would like to leave a gift to charity in their will, they forget about it when the time comes. Our research shows that if the will-writer just asks someone if they would like to donate, they are more likely to consider it and the rate of donation 84 doubles.
Many people are also aware that they should donate to the 85 that have the highest impact, but facts and figures are less attractive than narratives. In a series of experiments, it was found that people are much more responsive to charitable requests that 86 a single, identifiable beneficiary(受益者), than they are to statistical information about the scale of the problem being faced. When it comes to charitable giving, we are often 87 by our hearts and not our heads.
Another of the 88 findings from the research in this area is that giving is fundamentally a social act. One study shows that people give 89 more to their university if the person calling and asking for their donation is their former roommate. Researchers found that when JustGiving donors see that the donor before them has made a large donation, they make a larger donation themselves.
In summary, behavioural scientists 90 a range of factors that influence our donations, and can help us to keep giving in the longer term. This is great news not just for charities, but also for donors.
（2023高二下·上海·期中）Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．competence B．repetitive C． dramatically D．pace E. routinely AB．beating AC． blowing AD．worthy AE. shallowly BC． ease BD．readiness
How to prevent and fight anxiety Lingering anxiety can keep you up at night, make you easily annoyed, weaken your ability to concentrate, and ruin your appetite. And the constant state of 91 generated by anxiety -- adrenaline (肾上腺素) pumping, heart racing, palms sweating-may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.
How to prevent anxiety then
Meditate. Maybe you’re just nervous. If so, meditation is 92 of a try. It cultivates a calmness that will 93 anxious feelings and offer a sense of control. A study at the University of Massachusetts found that volunteers who took an 8-week meditation course, were considerably less anxious afterward. People who are nervous find that they are 94 calmer with 20 minutes of meditation in the morning and another 20 minutes after dinner.
Jog, walk, swim, or cycle. If you can’t make time for meditation, be sure to make time for regular exercise. Exercise can have the same calming effect as meditation, particularly if it’s something 95 like running or swimming laps.
Treatment
Remember to breathe. When you’re anxious, you tend to hold your breath or breathe too 96 . That makes you feel more anxious. Breathing slowly and deeply can have a calming effect.
Let’s say you are anxious about your 97 on the job. Ask yourself “What, in particular, am I afraid that I’ll mess up ” Maybe you’re afraid that you get further behind and miss your deadlines. Or maybe you’re worried that you’re 98 it whenever you present your ideas in meetings. Are your worries reasonable Have you had several near misses with deadlines Are your suggestions 99 rejected If not, the anxiety is needless. If there is a real problem, work on a solution: 100 yourself to better meet deadlines, or join a public speaking class.
