高考英语 二轮专题 非谓语动词 课件
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非谓语动词
Step 1
Speech
Step 2
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
1. To know the usage of Non-predicate verb.
2. To improve the ability to solve the problem about them.
Step 3
Lead-in
[高考感悟]
1.（2023新课标卷I）To eat one, you have to decide whether ________ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
2.（2023新课标卷I）Shanghai may be the _________ (recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
3.（2023新课标卷I）Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ____________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents.
to bite
recognized
to be lifted
their
[高考感悟]
4.（2023新课标卷I）No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left ____________ (want) more next time.
5.（2023新课标卷II）They talk to the flood of international tourists and to ______ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
6.（2023全国乙卷）From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully ________ (build) system of ring roads.
7.（2023全国乙卷）As a photographer, I have spent the last two years ________ (record) everything I discovered.
wanting
to visit
built
recoding
Step 4
Explanation
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其它成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
[明晰课标]
[考点一] 非谓语的形式与句法功能
[考点二] 非谓语作主语、表语和宾语
1. 非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.
It is important to work hard.
【注意】
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
(2) 动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
【注意】
下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
It is no good coming before that.
2. 非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
My job is to clean the rooms every day.
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
(3) 现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，
现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；
过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。
It’s well known that a lion looks very frightening.
We were moved at the news that he had died for the motherland.
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
②动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
③在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。6123
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
(2)动名词作宾语
①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
After eating in her restaurant, people would become tired very quickly.
They had no choice but to wait here.
③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
With many reference materials in hand，he got down to writing his graduation thesis.
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
4. 在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.
＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要修理。
[考点三] 非谓语作定语
1. 不定式作定语
(1) 不定式作定语常表将来的动作；
不定式的被动式to be done作定语表将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
(2) 不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
During a fire, the first thing to do is get out of the house as fast as you can.
(4) 被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
2. 分词作定语
(1) 及物动词的分词形式作定语
形式：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。
The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
I received a letter written in English.
(2) 不及物动词的分词形式作定语
形式: 现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词表示动作正在进行；
过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick 拐杖
a reading room 阅览室
a sleeping car 卧铺车
[考点四] 非谓语作状语
1. 不定式作状语
(1) 作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但 so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
She raised her voice in order to/so as to make herself heard.
(2) 作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：
He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problem.
Tom hurried back only to find that his mother had left.
so/such...as to do sth. 如此……以至于做某事
enough to do sth. 足够……能做某事
too...to do sth. 太……而不能做某事
only to do 不料,竟然
(3) 作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
Her new friends were happy to explain things to her after class.
【注意】
还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is difficult to understand.
(2) 作原因状语相当于because，since，as 引导的原因状语从句。
Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
(3) 作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
＝If I’m given another hour，I can also work out the problem.
(4) 作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
(5) 作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me，and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
(6) 作让步状语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
【注意】 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lost、seated、hidden、lost/absorbed、dressed、tired、excited等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
3. 独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
4. 独立主格结构
(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
(2)特点：
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much work to do tonight)，we can’t go to see the film.
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head).
[考点五] 非谓语作宾语补足语
1. 后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语
(1) 即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”
常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, enable, encourage, force, forbid, get, order, persuade, permit, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait for, expect
call on, depend on, urge
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
He depends on you to help him with his English.
(2) 下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
The accident is reported to have killed two people.
2. 非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1) 感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
[注意]
“感官动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.
He tried to make himself understood.
Don’t let your child play with matches.
Let the work be done immediately.
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
【注意】 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加to。
He was made to work day and night，so he was very tired of the job.
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
She got her bike running very fast.
I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
3. 动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
(4) catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
The hall was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
I caught him smoking in the bathroom.
4.“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(1) with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生
With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.
Step 5
Exercise
1.That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans __________(continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2.A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an，as a first step ___________(journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.(2022·全国甲)
to continue
to journey
高考真题练
3.Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ______(hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全国甲)
4.He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5._____________(strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022·全国乙)
held
planning
To strengthen
inviting
6._________(cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7.Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up _______(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8.There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，________(cause) largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.
(2021·北京)
Covering
to see
caused
9.This may be due to some disadvantages for people _______(live) in the countryside，including lower levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10.China’s National Highway 318，__________(extend) over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenly road” for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
living
extending
Thank you!
非谓语动词
Step 1
Speech
Step 2
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
1. To know the usage of Non-predicate verb.
2. To improve the ability to solve the problem about them.
Step 3
Lead-in
[高考感悟]
1.（2023新课标卷I）To eat one, you have to decide whether ________ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
2.（2023新课标卷I）Shanghai may be the _________ (recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
3.（2023新课标卷I）Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ____________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents.
to bite
recognized
to be lifted
their
[高考感悟]
4.（2023新课标卷I）No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left ____________ (want) more next time.
5.（2023新课标卷II）They talk to the flood of international tourists and to ______ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
6.（2023全国乙卷）From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully ________ (build) system of ring roads.
7.（2023全国乙卷）As a photographer, I have spent the last two years ________ (record) everything I discovered.
wanting
to visit
built
recoding
Step 4
Explanation
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其它成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
[明晰课标]
[考点一] 非谓语的形式与句法功能
[考点二] 非谓语作主语、表语和宾语
1. 非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.
It is important to work hard.
【注意】
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
(2) 动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
【注意】
下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
It is no good coming before that.
2. 非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
My job is to clean the rooms every day.
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
(3) 现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，
现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；
过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。
It’s well known that a lion looks very frightening.
We were moved at the news that he had died for the motherland.
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
②动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
③在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。6123
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
(2)动名词作宾语
①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
After eating in her restaurant, people would become tired very quickly.
They had no choice but to wait here.
③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
With many reference materials in hand，he got down to writing his graduation thesis.
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
4. 在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.
＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要修理。
[考点三] 非谓语作定语
1. 不定式作定语
(1) 不定式作定语常表将来的动作；
不定式的被动式to be done作定语表将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
(2) 不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
During a fire, the first thing to do is get out of the house as fast as you can.
(4) 被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
2. 分词作定语
(1) 及物动词的分词形式作定语
形式：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。
The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
I received a letter written in English.
(2) 不及物动词的分词形式作定语
形式: 现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词表示动作正在进行；
过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick 拐杖
a reading room 阅览室
a sleeping car 卧铺车
[考点四] 非谓语作状语
1. 不定式作状语
(1) 作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但 so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
She raised her voice in order to/so as to make herself heard.
(2) 作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：
He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problem.
Tom hurried back only to find that his mother had left.
so/such...as to do sth. 如此……以至于做某事
enough to do sth. 足够……能做某事
too...to do sth. 太……而不能做某事
only to do 不料,竟然
(3) 作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
Her new friends were happy to explain things to her after class.
【注意】
还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is difficult to understand.
(2) 作原因状语相当于because，since，as 引导的原因状语从句。
Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
(3) 作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
＝If I’m given another hour，I can also work out the problem.
(4) 作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
(5) 作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me，and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
(6) 作让步状语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
【注意】 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lost、seated、hidden、lost/absorbed、dressed、tired、excited等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
3. 独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
4. 独立主格结构
(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
(2)特点：
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much work to do tonight)，we can’t go to see the film.
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head).
[考点五] 非谓语作宾语补足语
1. 后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语
(1) 即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”
常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, enable, encourage, force, forbid, get, order, persuade, permit, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait for, expect
call on, depend on, urge
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
He depends on you to help him with his English.
(2) 下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
The accident is reported to have killed two people.
2. 非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1) 感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
[注意]
“感官动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.
He tried to make himself understood.
Don’t let your child play with matches.
Let the work be done immediately.
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
【注意】 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加to。
He was made to work day and night，so he was very tired of the job.
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
She got her bike running very fast.
I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
3. 动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
(4) catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
The hall was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
I caught him smoking in the bathroom.
4.“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(1) with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生
With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.
Step 5
Exercise
1.That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans __________(continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2.A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an，as a first step ___________(journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.(2022·全国甲)
to continue
to journey
高考真题练
3.Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ______(hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全国甲)
4.He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5._____________(strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022·全国乙)
held
planning
To strengthen
inviting
6._________(cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7.Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up _______(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8.There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，________(cause) largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.
(2021·北京)
Covering
to see
caused
9.This may be due to some disadvantages for people _______(live) in the countryside，including lower levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10.China’s National Highway 318，__________(extend) over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenly road” for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
living
extending
Thank you!