专题04 阅读理解之议论文10篇
（2023下·北京·高一大峪中学校考期中）One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth. We naturally expect that a doctor’s salary will be higher than a bus conductor’s wages. But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare a miner with an engineer, or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig（钻探平台）with a teacher in a secondary school. What the doctor, the engineer and the teacher have in common is that they have devoted several years to studying in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years should be rewarded. At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous, and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take.
Another aspect we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man’s work is. Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling second-hand cars. Yet it is almost certain that the used-car salesman earns more than the nurse and the schoolteacher.
Indeed, this whole question of just rewards can be burned on its head. You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called “psychic（精神的）wage”, and that it is the man with the boring, repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying repetitiveness of his work. It is significant that the jobs like nursing and teaching continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.
Although the amount of money that people earn is largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what the right pay is for the job. A starting point would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture is made more complicated by two factors: firstly by the welfare benefits which every citizen receives, and secondly by the taxation system which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed. Most countries now regard a ratio of 7:1 as socially acceptable. If it is less, the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities will become disappointed, and might even end up by leaving for another country. If it is more, the difference between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead to social unrest.
1．Why do people naturally expect that doctors should be well-paid
A．Their work requires greater intelligence.
B．They are under constant pressure at work.
C．They work harder than most other people.
D．They have studied for years to get qualified.
2．In Paragraph 2 and 3, the author indicates that ________.
A．the talented should do more important work
B．unskilled jobs have less social responsibility
C．those with more socially useful jobs earn less
D．people want to pay more for important services
3．Which of the following statements would the author agree
A．It’s difficult to define the social value of a job.
B．The market will decide what the right pay is for a job.
C．People should find a proper ratio between high and low pay.
D．Those receiving high salary should carry heavy responsibilities.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了不同行业的工作和价值的关系并提出了寻求合理薪酬的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段第四五句“What the doctor, the engineer and the teacher have in common is that they have devoted several years to studying in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years should be rewarded.”（医生、工程师和教师的共同之处在于，他们都花了几年的时间学习，以获得他们专业所需的资格。我们本能地觉得，这些技能和这些年应该得到回报。）可知，我们认为医生经过了多年的学习才获得了行医的资格，他们付出的努力和所学的技能理应得到回报。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段二三句“Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling second-hand cars. Yet it is almost certain that the used-car salesman earns more than the nurse and the schoolteacher.”（大多数人会同意，照顾病人或教育孩子比卖二手车更重要。然而，几乎可以肯定的是，二手车推销员比护士和教师挣得多。）及第三段最后一句“It is significant that the jobs like nursing and teaching continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.”（值得注意的是，像护士和教师这样的工作收入仍然很低，而其他工作，如体育或娱乐领域的工作，其经济回报与其社会价值完全不成比例。）可知，作者认为与其他社会价值不高的工作相比，像教师，护士这样社会价值高的工作的经济回报很低。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段前两句“Although the amount of money that people earn is largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what the right pay is for the job. A starting point would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. ”（尽管人们的收入在很大程度上是由市场力量决定的，但这不应该阻止我们寻找某种方法来决定一份工作的合理薪酬。一个出发点应该是设法确定最高收入和最低收入之间应该存在的比例。）并结合本段内容可知，作者认为想要实现一份工作的合理薪酬，应首先确定高收入和低收入之间应存在的比例，比例过高或者过低都会导致社会问题，故确定高收入和低收入之间的合适比例非常重要。故选C项。
（2023上·北京·高一北京市第六十六中学校考期中）A new artificial intelligence (AI) tool called ChatGPT has excited the Internet community with its superhuman abilities to solve math problems, produce college articles and write research papers. Some educators are warning that such Al systems will change the world of learning, teaching, and research, for better or worse.
Ethan Mollick, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business, sees its benefits as a learning partner. He has used it as his own teacher’s assistant, for help with preparing a lecture and grading instructions for MBA students. “You can ask it to find a mistake in your writing and correct it and tell you why you got it wrong,” he said. “It’s really amazing.”
But the superhuman assistant has its limitations (局限). ChatGPT was created by humans, after all. OpenAI has trained the tool using a large dataset of real human conversations. It sometimes lies to you, with confidence. There have been situations in which ChatGPT won’t tell you when it doesn’t have the answer.
That’s what Teresa Kubacka, a data scientist based in Zurich, Switzerland, found when she experimented with the language model. “I asked it about something that I thought that I know doesn’t exist (存在) so that I can judge whether it actually also has the idea of what exists and what doesn’t exist.” she said. ChatGPT produced an answer so specific sounding, backed with citations (引文), that Kubacka had to find out whether the made-up thing was actually real. “This is where it becomes kind of dangerous,” she said.
ChatGPT doesn’t produce good science, says Oren Etzioni, the founding CEO of the Allen Institute for AI. But he sees ChatGPT’s appearance as a good thing. He sees this as a moment for review. “ChatGPT is just a few days old, I like to say,” said Etzioni. “It’s giving us a chance to understand what he can and cannot do and to begin the conversation of ‘What are we going to do about it ’”
4．How did Ethan Mollick feel about ChatGPT
A．It could be used in many different fields.
B．It was popular with university students.
C．It would replace teachers’ assistants.
D．It was advantageous to him.
5．What did Teresa Kubacka’s experiment with ChatGPT find
A．The Al tool is not dependable sometimes.
B．The Al tool always gives wrong answers.
C．The Al tool does not always answer questions.
D．The Al tool gives dangerous guidance sometimes.
6．What does Oren Etzioni mean by saying those words in the last paragraph
A．It is too early to discuss ChatGPT’s limitations.
B．ChatGPT is open for review and suggestions.
C．ChatGPT is worth praising for its superhuman abilities.
D．It takes time to see whether ChatGPT works well or not.
7．Which of the following shows the organization of the text
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】4．D 5．A 6．B 7．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了新的人工智能工具ChatGPT的优点和局限性。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ethan Mollick, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business, sees its benefits as a learning partner. He has used it as his own teacher’s assistant, for help with preparing a lecture and grading instructions for MBA students.(宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院教授伊森 莫里克看到ChatGPT作为学习伙伴的好处。他把它当作自己的教学助手，帮助他准备讲座并给MBA学生批改作业。)”可知，ChatGPT给Ethan Mollick的工作提供了很多帮助，对他来说，ChatGPT是有益的。故选D项。
5．推理判断题。根据第四段中“It sometimes lies to you, with confidence.(它有时会自信地对你撒谎。)”和第四段中“That’s what Teresa Kubacka, a data scientist based in Zurich, Switzerland, found when she experimented with the language model. “I asked it about something that I thought that I know doesn’t exist (存在) so that I can judge whether it actually also has the idea of what exists and what doesn’t exist.” she said. ChatGPT produced an answer so specific sounding, backed with citations (引文), that Kubacka had to find out whether the made-up thing was actually real.(这也是瑞士苏黎世的数据科学家Teresa Kubacka在对语言模型进行实验时发现的。“我问它一些我认为我知道不存在的东西，这样我就可以判断它是否真的知道什么存在，什么不存在。”她说。ChatGPT给出了一个听起来非常具体的答案，并附有引文，Kubacka不得不弄清楚这个编造出来的东西是否真的存在。)”可知，对于一些不存在的东西，ChatGPT会编造答案。由此推知，Teresa Kubacka对ChatGPT的实验发现这个人工智能工具有时不可靠。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“ChatGPT doesn’t produce good science, says Oren Etzioni, the founding CEO of the Allen Institute for AI. But he sees ChatGPT’s appearance as a good thing. He sees this as a moment for review.(艾伦人工智能研究所的创始人兼首席执行官奥伦·埃齐奥尼表示，ChatGPT不会产生好的科学成果。但他认为ChatGPT的出现是一件好事。他认为这是一个审查的时机。)”和““ChatGPT is just a few days old, I like to say,” said Etzioni. “It’s giving us a chance to understand what he can and cannot do and to begin the conversation of ‘What are we going to do about it ’”(Etzioni说：“我想说，ChatGPT只有几天的历史。“这让我们有机会了解他能做什么，不能做什么，并开始讨论‘我们该怎么办 ’”)”可知，Oren Etzioni意识到ChatGPT存在的问题，但他同时觉得ChatGPT的出现是一件好事。因为这给了我们审查ChatGPT的机会，让我们更多地去了解它，并讨论“该怎么办”，进而给出建议。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。文章第一段引入话题，介绍ChatGPT，总领全文；第二段用伊森 莫里克教授的观点来说明ChatGPT的优点；第三、四段通过引用观点和实验说明ChatGPT的局限性，与第二段是并列关系；第五段承接第三、四段，说明虽然ChatGPT存在问题，但这是一件好事，让我们更多地去了解它，是在第三、四段基础上的一个总结。由此推知，B项展示了本文结构。故选B项。
（2023上·北京海淀·高一首都师范大学附属中学校考期中）Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.
Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball ” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail ” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again.
The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations like-hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes responsibility because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or legal responsibility but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down.
There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The “just culture” developed by James Reason, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent(恶意的)will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that go with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely.
8．According to the research published in 2015, companies that __________ had better performance.
A．blamed external factors B．admitted mistakes
C．conducted investigations D．accepted failures
9．According to the passage, the No Blame Culture __________.
A．encourages the early disclosure of errors
B．only exists in high reliability organizations
C．enables people to shift the blame onto others
D．prevents organizations from learning from errors
10．What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage
A．Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees.
B．The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear.
C．Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure.
D．People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures.
11．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations
B．Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes
C．Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work
D．How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture
【答案】8．B 9．A 10．D 11．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端及引进“无过错文化”的好处及担忧。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.(2015年发表的一项研究表明，那些经理人把失败归咎于外部因素的公司，其表现不如那些把失败归咎于自己的公司。)”可知，进行自我责备、承认自己失误的公司有更好的业绩，故选B项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible.(引入“无过错文化”是为了确保员工尽早强调错误和不足。)”可知，引入“无过错文化”的目的是为了确保早发现错误，故选A项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault (人们显然对接受无可指责感到担忧。如果网站一直崩溃，而罪魁祸首是同一个人，该怎么办 )”可知，对无可指责感到担忧是因为人们担心如果不把失败归咎于人们，他们就不会吸取教训，故选D项。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句“But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them.(但是责备也是有害的，这使得人们不太可能承认错误，因此组织也不太可能从中吸取教训)”及第二段第一句“Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball ” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail ” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes.(责备文化问，“谁丢了球？”而不是“我们的系统和流程在哪里失败了？”重点是个人，而不是流程。)”以及第三段“The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible.(引入“无过错文化”是为了确保员工尽早强调错误和不足。)”可知文章前两段主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端，并结合下文对“无过错文化”好处的论述可知，文章主要分析了职场中应该停止“责怪文化”的原因，并引进“无过错文化”，C项“为什么我们应该停止工作中的指责文化”适合做文章标题，故选C项。
（2023上·北京·高一北京交通大学附属中学校考期中）The biggest criticism(批评) of social networking is that our young people are losing their offline friends to online friends. In fact there is a lot of research that shows these criticisms are generally unfounded. Research by Allen et al. found that people are not replacing offline friends with online companions but are using them to support their offline relationships. They also found that our online friendships actually allow us to have discussions with a much more diverse set of people than in the real world and improve our psychological happiness.
However, there is one part of social networking that is deeply worrying. We find ourselves in a hyper-connected world where people access social media day and night, excited to make announcements about the tiniest details of their lives. Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our friendships but our character.
Professor Larry D．Rosen, in his book iDisorder, presents evidence that social networking is turning us into narcissists(自恋者). He says that young people who overuse social networking sites can become vain, aggressive, and show anti-social behavior in their offline lives. But perhaps an even more disturbing effect is that one of our most basic emotions seems to be disappearing—empathy. This is the emotion that bonds us together; it allows us to see the world from our friends’ points of view. Without it, we are far less able to connect and form meaningful adult relationships.
Sherry Turkle, a professor of social sciences at MIT, suggests that people are no longer comfortable being alone. This is something confirmed by a study where 200 university students were asked to go without social media for 24 hours. Many admitted an addiction to their online social network; most complained that they felt cut off from family and friends. But being alone is a time, Turkle argues, when we self-reflect and get in touch with who we really are. It is only when we do this that we can make meaningful friendships with others. She believes, as is the title of her book, that we are simply “Alone Together”.
These potential changes in our characters are rather disturbing. If nothing is done, our young people could well be in trouble. Therefore, suggestions about ways to encourage our young people to avoid the problems of social networking should be made, so they can develop the kinds of friendships that are required to grow into well-adjusted and happy adults.
12．The underlined word “unfounded” in Paragraph I probably means ________.
A．undoubted B．false C．acceptable D．illegal
13．In this passage, the author mainly argues that ________.
A．internet culture causes various problems
B．we are losing some most important emotions
C．online friendships do good to offline friendships
D．social networking affects young people’s personalities
14．According to Sherry Turkle, how can we make make meaningful friendships with others
A．by getting in touch with online friends
B．by avoiding the problems of social networking
C．by reflecting and getting in touch with ourselves
D．by being alone then having discussions with a much more diverse set of people
15．From the passage, we can learn that ________.
A．social media have more advantages
B．young people will develop offline friendships
C．young people can’t go without social media
D．we are becoming unable to understand others well
【答案】12．B 13．D 14．C 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了社交网络有助于让我们与比现实世界中更加多元的人交流，提升我们的幸福感，它不会对我们的友谊产生负面影响，但会对我们的性格产生负面影响，所以需要提出建议避免社交网络的问题。
12．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的前一句“The biggest criticism (批评) of social networking is that our young people are losing their offline friends to online friends.(对社交网络最大的批评是，我们的年轻人正在让他们的线下朋友被线上朋友夺去。)”可知，目前存在对社交网络的批评，批评的观点认为社交网络会让人们失去线下朋友。结合下句中的“Research by Allen et al. found that people are not replacing offline friends with online companions but are using them to support their offline relationships.(Allen等人的研究发现，人们并没有用线上朋友取代线下朋友，而是用他们来支持他们的线下关系。)”可知，研究发现和这些批评的观点并不相符。由此可推测出，这些批评一般来说是没有事实依据的。unfounded意为“不依据事实的”，与B项“错误的，不真实的”意思最接近。故选B。
13．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段最后一句“Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our friendships but our character.(研究开始表明，这种文化不对我们的友谊产生负面影响，而是对我们的性格产生负面影响。)”可知，该句话承上启下，总结了作者的论点，即社交网络不会对友谊造成负面影响，但会对人们的性格产生不良影响。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But being alone is a time, Turkle argues, when we self-reflect and get in touch with who we really are. It is only when we do this that we can make meaningful friendships with others.(但Turkle认为，独处是我们自我反思并接触到真正自我的一段时间。只有这样，我们才能与他人建立有意义的友谊。)”可知，Turkle认为与他人建立有意义的友谊的方式是自我反思并接触自我。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But perhaps an even more disturbing effect is that one of our most basic emotions seems to be disappearing—empathy. This is the emotion that bonds us together; it allows us to see the world from our friends’ points of view. Without it, we are far less able to connect and form meaningful adult relationships.(但也许更令人不安的影响是，我们最基本的情绪之一——同理心似乎正在消失。这是把我们联系在一起的情绪；它使我们能够从朋友的角度看世界。如果没有它，我们就无法建立联系并形成有意义的成人关系。)”可知，我们的同理心似乎正在消失，而这种情绪能够让我们与朋友建立联系，从朋友的角度认识世界，失去它的话，我们就无法建立联系并形成有意义的成人关系。由此可推测出，由于我们的同理心似乎正在消失，所以我们越来越不能很好地理解别人的思想。故选D。
（2023下·北京·高一北京师大附中校考期中）The question of whether it is possible to dissociate the artist from their work has been debated for a long time. Even though positive critical reviews about an artist’s behavior can improve their artistic accomplishments, people should treat artists as individuals who have lived apart from their work.
One of the reasons is that even artists have shortcomings. Like any other human being, an artist can err, and we cannot be severely judgmental of every person that falls into error. Cancel culture with endless criticism is concerned more with how we should disregard the artists when they make mistakes than with how their weaknesses can be used by the artists to create art that is unique.
Perhaps Kevin Hart’s words support this thought. He asks, “When did we get to a point where life was supposed to be perfect Where people were supposed to operate perfectly all the time ” When people start seeing artists as human beings, they’ll see them for who they are and review their behavior not on the basis of their art but on the basis of their humanity.
It should be also noted that there are works of art that are inspired by the artist’s experience. For example, the themes in the Harry Potter books are so connected with J. K. Rowling’s wicked worldview that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the two from each other. Since canceling artists based on their worldview would mean the reception to their art will suffer, artists become tense and unwilling to express themselves, which will kill creativity, eventually leading to the death of edians, singers or painters who should be integrating contemporary issues with their works become boring, and art stops functioning as the social mirror it ought to be.
An artist who makes mistakes still has art with intrinsic (内在的) value, benefiting entire communities or cultures. For instance, when Kendrick Lamar launched his album and frequently used the F-slur in one of his songs, there was much-heated discussion. He was entirely mistaken in using the F-slur, but as an artist, he still had a wide-reaching impact on society. Similarly, one can respect the late Michael Jackson because of how he impacted pop music and the inclusion of black musicians in mainstream media despite his personal weaknesses, opinions, worldviews and associations.
While these artists may engage in their terrible behavior, the art they produce today may serve as an example for others to produce outstanding work in the future. Some would refer to this process as a cycle. Good art should, therefore, be judged due to its value and not the value of the artist.
16．Which would Kevin Hart probably agree with
A．People should perform perfectly all the time.
B．Artists’ shortcomings might be their inspiration.
C．If artists have weaknesses, we’d better cancel them.
D．Artists should be evaluated based on their humanity.
17．Why will “cancel culture” lead to the death of art
A．Artists will be unwilling to create any artwork.
B．Artists will stop concerning with contemporary issues.
C．Artists will lose their desire for expression and creativity.
D．Artworks are unavoidably inspired by artists’ experiences.
18．How can an artist with mistakes benefit others
A．The artist may make some new words popular.
B．The artist’s opinions may provoke heated discussion.
C．The artist will benefit entire communities or cultures.
D．The artist’s art may give others ideas of artistic creation.
19．Which would be the best title of the passage
A．Judge Art Due to Its Value
B．Separate the Art From the Artist
C．Regard Artists as Human Beings
D．Stop Criticizing Artists’ Behavior
【答案】16．B 17．C 18．D 19．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论证了我们应该把艺术家视为与作品相分离的个体，评判优秀艺术作品的标准应该是作品本身的价值，而不是艺术家的价值这一观点。
16．推理判断题。根据第二段“One of the reasons is that even artists have shortcomings. Like any other human being, an artist can err, and we cannot be severely judgmental of every person that falls into error. Cancel culture with endless criticism is concerned more with how we should disregard the artists when they make mistakes than with how their weaknesses can be used by the artists to create art that is unique.(其中一个原因是，即使是艺术家，他们也是有缺点的。像任何其他人一样，艺术家也会犯错误，我们不能对每一个犯错误的人都严厉地评判。充斥着无尽批评的封杀文化更关心的是，当艺术家犯错时，我们应该如何忽视他们，而不是艺术家如何利用他们的弱点来创造独特的艺术)”和第三段中“Perhaps Kevin Hart’s words support this thought.(也许凯文·哈特的话支持了这种想法)”可知，上文提出艺术家也会犯错误，我们不能对每一个犯错误的人都严厉地评判，而是应当关注艺术家如何利用他们的弱点来创造独特的艺术。Kevin Hart赞同这种想法，所有他也会赞成“艺术家的缺点可能就是他们的灵感”的说法。故选B项。
17．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since canceling artists based on their worldview would mean the reception to their art will suffer, artists become tense and unwilling to express themselves, which will kill creativity, eventually leading to the death of art.(因为世界观而封杀艺术家，就意味着对其艺术的认可会受到影响，艺术家会变得紧张，不愿意表达自己，这就会扼杀创造力，最终导致艺术的死亡)”可知，“封杀文化”会导致艺术的死亡是因为它会让艺术家将失去表达和创造的欲望。故选C项。
18．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“While these artists may engage in their terrible behavior, the art they produce today may serve as an example for others to produce outstanding work in the future.(虽然这些艺术家可能会从事他们可怕的行为，但他们今天创作的艺术作品可能会成为未来其他人创作杰出作品的榜样)”可知，一个犯了错误的艺术家的艺术可能会给其他人带来艺术创作的灵感，从而给其它人带来益处。故选D项。
19．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“The question of whether it is possible to dissociate the artist from their work has been debated for a long time. Even though positive critical reviews about an artist’s behavior can improve their artistic accomplishments, people should treat artists as individuals who have lived apart from their work.(是否有可能将艺术家与他们的作品分开的问题已经争论了很长时间。尽管对艺术家行为的正面评论可以提高他们的艺术成就，但人们应该把艺术家视为与作品分离的个体)”和最后一段中“Good art should, therefore, be judged due to its value and not the value of the artist.(因此，评判优秀艺术作品的标准应该是它的价值，而不是艺术家的价值)”可知，文章第一段中提出观点：应该把艺术家视为与作品相分离的个体。文章最后总结：评判优秀艺术作品的标准应该是作品的价值，而不是艺术家的价值，再次强调应该把艺术家与作品分开评价。所以B项“将艺术与艺术家分开”是最佳标题。故选B项。
（2023下·北京·高一人大附中校考期中）The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
20．The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .
A．free employers from certain duties
B．improve traditional hiring procedures
C．protect the rights of ordinary workers
D．punish questionable corporate practices
21．It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ___________ .
A．slow down business development
B．weaken managers’ authority
C．affect the firms’ public image
D．worsen labor-management relations
22．Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support
A．Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B．Enforcing employment protection laws.
C．Limiting the powers of business owners.
D．Dismissing poorly performing managers
23．What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures
A．Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B．Employees suffer from salary cuts
C．Society sees a rise in overall well-being
D．Employers need to hire new staff.
24．It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia __________ .
A．has secured managers’ earnings
B．has produced undesired results
C．is beneficial to business owners
D．is difficult to put into practice
【答案】20．C 21．A 22．D 23．B 24．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。 作者针对新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款禁止雇主没有正当理由的情况下解雇员工的条款发表个人观点，他认为这一条款有利于保护普通工人的利益，但是对企业和社会的发展也带来一定的阻碍作用。
20．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. (新西兰《2000年雇佣关系法》(ERA)的个人申诉条款禁止雇主在没有正当理由的情况下解雇雇员。)”可知，个人申诉程序的目的是保护普通工人的权益。故选C。
21．推理判断题。根据第三段“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. (但这些条款在适用于高薪经理和高管时，给企业带来了困难。正如无数董事会和企业主所证实的那样，限制公司解雇表现不佳、收入高的经理会抑制生产率和整体业绩。)”可知，这些条款可能会减缓业务发展，故选A。
22．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record. (就业保护法在一定程度上限制企业主不得解雇表现不佳的管理人员，如果不将工作置于危险之中，这些法律就会约束企业的生产率，从而约束工人的工资。事实上，Productivity Commission在2014年的一篇文章中指出，管理能力质量低下是该国生产率增长记录不佳的一个原因。)”可知，Productivity Commission会支持的措施是解雇表现不佳的经理，故选D。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. (而且，企业给员工的薪水减少了，因为企业承担了就业安排出错的负担。)”可知，ERA不合理的解雇程序可能会使雇员遭受减薪之苦，故选B。
24．推理判断题。 根据最后一段“Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. (澳大利亚通过将收入超过特定“高收入门槛”的员工排除在不公平解雇法的保护之外，来处理不合理解雇悖论。)”以及“However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year. (然而，所提出的机制很笨拙，该法案在当年晚些时候政府更迭后被否决。)”可知，澳大利亚的高收入门槛很难付诸实践。故选D。
（2023下·北京·高一人大附中校考期中）In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen. They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29, 1998, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Bilxi, Mississippi, after damaging Haiti, Dominic Repubic, PueroRico, and several islands of the Caribbean badly with per hour. Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States, although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900, when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston, Texas, killing at east 6,000 people.
Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century-residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching, while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance, allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning, some residents of New Orleans, Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall, forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans. Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is at risk for flooding. Emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes. But evacuation costs money: businesses close, tourists leave, and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million. After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters. Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
25．What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage
A．To identify the cause of disasters.
B．To save people’s lives and property.
C．To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D．To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
26．The city residents of New Orleans were unsatisfied because ________ .
A．their preparations were made in vain
B．the hurricane warning arrived rather late
C．the forecast hurricane did not hit the city
D．they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack
27．What does the passage mainly talk about
A．The different ways of disaster prediction.
B．Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C．The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D．The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过多飓风乔治的预警，表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性。文章认为灾害预测是向政府官员和其他决策者提供科学信息的过程，他们必须对这些预测做出反应。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”可知，灾难预警的目的是为了拯救人的生命和财产，故选B项。
26．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”可知，新奥尔良居民的准备工作白费了，故选A项。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.( 在自然灾害中——飓风、洪水、火山爆发或其他灾难——几分钟甚至几秒钟的变暖都会决定生死。正因为如此，科学家们正致力于利用最新的技术进步来预测灾难何时何地发生)”、倒数第二段最后一句“After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.( 乔治错过新奥尔良之后，面对如此高昂的成本，一些居民质疑飓风预报的价值)”以及最后一段“The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters.( 对乔治飓风预警的不同看法表明了与预测灾害有关的一些复杂性)”可知，本文主要讲了灾难预警的重要性和不可预测性，故选D项。
（2023下·北京丰台·高一统考期中）
As college sports continue to be hugely popular and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) brings in large amounts of money, people have restarted the discussion on whether college athletes should get paid.
Supporters of the idea believe that, because college athletes are bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation (补偿). In fact, the NCAA brings in about $1 billion income a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract (合同) saying they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary.
People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. Paying athletes would turn college sports into a bidding (竞拍)war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and most schools would be shut out from developing a talented team. It could also harm the friendship within many college teams if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are.
Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year. They receive free food and textbooks, get travel bonuses and free equipment, and can use their time in college as a way to attract the attention of professional coaches. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools.
While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes have been compensated enough. Adding a salary would result in a college athletic system where only a few athletes are paid by some schools who enter bidding wars to sign them up, while most student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the present benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible.
28．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that college athletes ________.
A．have earned what they are promised
B．tend to serve college longer when well-paid
C．should make an agreed-upon salary by signing contracts
D．prefer to stay at university rather than turn professionals
29．People against paying college athletes believe ________.
A．money should be spent on bonuses
B．schools would be unable to afford it
C．it could be harmful to college sports
D．students would value payments over achievements
30．What is the author’s attitude towards paying college athletes
A．Uncertain. B．Satisfied. C．Positive. D．Unsupportive.
【答案】28．B 29．C 30．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。讨论了是否应该给大学运动员发工资。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, (此外，那些认为应该给大学运动员发工资的人表示，给大学运动员发工资实际上会鼓励他们在大学呆得更久，而不是更快地成为专业人士)”可知，大学运动员被给予报酬后，可能倾向于继续在大学服务。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. (反对向大学运动员付费的人认为这种做法可能会给大学体育带来灾难)”可知，持反对意见的人们认为给大学运动员支付薪酬会对大学体育造成损害。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives.(尽管双方都有各自的道理，但显然，给大学运动员发工资的负面影响远远大于正面影响)”可知，作者认为负面影响大于正面影响，也就是说作者不支持给大学运动员发工资。故选D。
（2022下·北京通州·高一统考期中）Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied,the issue is not a lack (缺乏) of ways to meet your desires (愿望) but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes.
Real riches are made up of well-developed and hearty abilities to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut (简陋的小屋).
Your house of life ought to be a palace. Every new taste, every additional interest adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them. They would make you as happy as to find plenty of bread and eggs when you’re hungry.
Literature is a beautiful room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To get that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s should be present. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical (古典的) music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your excitement and bettered them.
Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days. If you could, and did, play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
31．The writer intends to tell us that________.
A．true happiness lies in making more money
B．big houses are people's most valued wealth
C．big houses can bring us health and happiness
D．true happiness comes from spiritual riches
32．It can be learned from the passage that________.
A．people must learn classical music
B．art can make people live longer
C．literature can enrich your spiritual life
D．sports contribute only to your physical fitness
33．What would be the best title for the passage
A．House of Life B．Secret of Health
C．Rest and Happiness D．Interest and Life
【答案】31．D 32．C 33．A
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。作者把生活比作宫殿，享受生活的秘密就是在宫殿里不断地增添各种房间，而艺术、文学、音乐和运动则是我们要添加的一个个房间，只有不断的丰富自己的精神世界，才能增加自己的幸福感。
31．推理判断题。由第一段“Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem,if you're unsatisfied,the issue is not a lack (缺乏）of ways to meet your desires (愿望）but a lack of desires-not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes. (也许你认为你可以很容易地增加你的幸福与更多的钱。听起来可能很奇怪，如果你不满足，问题不是缺乏满足欲望的手段，而是缺乏欲望——不是你不能满足你的品味，而是你的品味不够。)”和第六段第二句“Real riches are of the spirit. (真正的财富是精神。)”可知，作者想要告诉我们：钱不能满足一个人的欲望，不能满足一个人的欲望通常是因为没有足够的追求。而真正的幸福感是精神的富足。故选D项。
32．细节理解题。根据第五自然段“Literature is a beautiful room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To get that love would go toward making you a rich person. for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.(文学是一个美丽的房间，在这里你可以找到许多个小时的休息和茶点。得到那份爱会让你成为一个富有的人，因为富人不是拥有图书馆，而是喜欢图书馆的人。)”可知，爱文学的人，是精神富有的人，通过阅读丰富了精神生活，故选C项。
33．主旨大意题。由第三段“Your house of life ought to be a palace. Every new taste, every additional interest adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.(你生活的房子应该是一座宫殿。 每一种新口味，每一种新趣味，都能增添一个房间。 这是你的生活之家应该拥有的几个房间。)”，以及第八段“Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding. (无论你为你的生活之家增添什么房间，享受生活的秘密就是不断地增添。)”可知，本文说明了只有不断的丰富自己，才能获得精神的满足，增加自己的幸福感。A项“生活之家”符合文章主旨。故选A项。
（2022下·北京房山·高一统考期中）Cloning: Where Is It Leading Us
When it was announced in 2018 that the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai had created the world’s first cloned monkeys, Zhongzhong and Huahua, heated discussions followed online. In fact, cloning has always been with us. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cutting from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when identical twins are produced from the same egg. These are both examples of natural clones.
Cloning has two major uses. First, gardeners use it to produce large quantities of plants for sale. Second, it is valuable for research on the new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is fairly straightforward, while cloning animals is much more complicated and difficult. Over the years, many scientists failed in their attempts to clone animals, but their determination and patience paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of a Dolly the sheep.
With the advances of scientific research, cloning will have several major uses in the future. For one thing, it could be used to breed animal species which are endangered, or even bring back species which are now extinct. For another, it could be used to grow human organs or tissue in animals, which could be used for human organ transplants or medical treatments. Finally, cloning could be used to breed animals that will provide us with higher quality meat, milk, or eggs.
While there are technical issues that need to be worked through to make widespread cloning possible, the biggest issue concerns our moral. For example, if scientists brought an extinct animal back into existence, it would be probably end up living in a zoo. That is not very good for the animal. Even worse for the animal is using it as a source of organ transplants - because it will be injured or even die. In addition, many people worry that eating animal products that result from cloning might be harmful to our health over time. The possibility of using cloning to produce human beings is an even bigger concern. What would happen if such knowledge ended up in the wrong hands
When it comes to cloning, we wonder, ultimately, whether cloning will help or harm the world. No doubt, we will be talking about this question for a long time to come.
34．What does the underlined word “straightforward” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Frank. B．Harmful. C．Simple. D．Useful.
35．What’s the writer’s attitude towards cloning
A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Objective.
36．What can we learn from this passage
A．Cloning might result in eating animal products.
B．Cloning could be used for medical treatments.
C．Cloning has been largely used to produce human beings.
D．Cloning may lead to the destruction of the balance of nature.
【答案】34．C 35．D 36．B
【导读】本文是议论文。文章讨论克隆将把我们引向何地，讲述了克隆的主要用途，存在的问题等。
34．词句猜测题。While表示对比，根据下文“cloning animals is much more complicated and difficult(克隆动物要复杂和困难得多)”可知，克隆植物是相当简单的。由此可知，划线词straightforward与simple“简单的”意思相近。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“While there are technical issues that need to be worked through to make widespread cloning possible, the biggest issue concerns our moral.(虽然有许多科技问题需要解决才能使广泛克隆成为可能，但最大的问题涉及我们的道德)”以及最后一段“When it comes to cloning, we wonder, ultimately, whether cloning will help or harm the world. No doubt, we will be talking about this question for a long time to come.(说到克隆，我们最终想知道，克隆是会帮助还是伤害世界。毫无疑问，我们将在未来很长一段时间内讨论这个问题)”可推断，作者对于克隆的态度是客观的。故选D。
36．细节理解题。根据第三段的“For another, it could be used to grow human organs or tissue in animals, which could be used for human organ transplants or medical treatments.(另一方面，它可以用于在动物体内生长人体器官或组织，这可以用于人体器官移植或医学治疗)”可知，克隆可以被用来医学治疗。故选B。专题04 阅读理解之议论文10篇
（2023下·北京·高一大峪中学校考期中）One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth. We naturally expect that a doctor’s salary will be higher than a bus conductor’s wages. But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare a miner with an engineer, or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig（钻探平台）with a teacher in a secondary school. What the doctor, the engineer and the teacher have in common is that they have devoted several years to studying in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years should be rewarded. At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous, and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take.
Another aspect we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man’s work is. Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling second-hand cars. Yet it is almost certain that the used-car salesman earns more than the nurse and the schoolteacher.
Indeed, this whole question of just rewards can be burned on its head. You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called “psychic（精神的）wage”, and that it is the man with the boring, repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying repetitiveness of his work. It is significant that the jobs like nursing and teaching continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.
Although the amount of money that people earn is largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what the right pay is for the job. A starting point would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture is made more complicated by two factors: firstly by the welfare benefits which every citizen receives, and secondly by the taxation system which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed. Most countries now regard a ratio of 7:1 as socially acceptable. If it is less, the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities will become disappointed, and might even end up by leaving for another country. If it is more, the difference between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead to social unrest.
1．Why do people naturally expect that doctors should be well-paid
A．Their work requires greater intelligence.
B．They are under constant pressure at work.
C．They work harder than most other people.
D．They have studied for years to get qualified.
2．In Paragraph 2 and 3, the author indicates that ________.
A．the talented should do more important work
B．unskilled jobs have less social responsibility
C．those with more socially useful jobs earn less
D．people want to pay more for important services
3．Which of the following statements would the author agree
A．It’s difficult to define the social value of a job.
B．The market will decide what the right pay is for a job.
C．People should find a proper ratio between high and low pay.
D．Those receiving high salary should carry heavy responsibilities.
（2023上·北京·高一北京市第六十六中学校考期中）A new artificial intelligence (AI) tool called ChatGPT has excited the Internet community with its superhuman abilities to solve math problems, produce college articles and write research papers. Some educators are warning that such Al systems will change the world of learning, teaching, and research, for better or worse.
Ethan Mollick, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business, sees its benefits as a learning partner. He has used it as his own teacher’s assistant, for help with preparing a lecture and grading instructions for MBA students. “You can ask it to find a mistake in your writing and correct it and tell you why you got it wrong,” he said. “It’s really amazing.”
But the superhuman assistant has its limitations (局限). ChatGPT was created by humans, after all. OpenAI has trained the tool using a large dataset of real human conversations. It sometimes lies to you, with confidence. There have been situations in which ChatGPT won’t tell you when it doesn’t have the answer.
That’s what Teresa Kubacka, a data scientist based in Zurich, Switzerland, found when she experimented with the language model. “I asked it about something that I thought that I know doesn’t exist (存在) so that I can judge whether it actually also has the idea of what exists and what doesn’t exist.” she said. ChatGPT produced an answer so specific sounding, backed with citations (引文), that Kubacka had to find out whether the made-up thing was actually real. “This is where it becomes kind of dangerous,” she said.
ChatGPT doesn’t produce good science, says Oren Etzioni, the founding CEO of the Allen Institute for AI. But he sees ChatGPT’s appearance as a good thing. He sees this as a moment for review. “ChatGPT is just a few days old, I like to say,” said Etzioni. “It’s giving us a chance to understand what he can and cannot do and to begin the conversation of ‘What are we going to do about it ’”
4．How did Ethan Mollick feel about ChatGPT
A．It could be used in many different fields.
B．It was popular with university students.
C．It would replace teachers’ assistants.
D．It was advantageous to him.
5．What did Teresa Kubacka’s experiment with ChatGPT find
A．The Al tool is not dependable sometimes.
B．The Al tool always gives wrong answers.
C．The Al tool does not always answer questions.
D．The Al tool gives dangerous guidance sometimes.
6．What does Oren Etzioni mean by saying those words in the last paragraph
A．It is too early to discuss ChatGPT’s limitations.
B．ChatGPT is open for review and suggestions.
C．ChatGPT is worth praising for its superhuman abilities.
D．It takes time to see whether ChatGPT works well or not.
7．Which of the following shows the organization of the text
A． B．
C． D．
（2023上·北京海淀·高一首都师范大学附属中学校考期中）Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.
Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball ” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail ” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again.
The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations like-hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes responsibility because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or legal responsibility but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down.
There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The “just culture” developed by James Reason, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent(恶意的)will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that go with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely.
8．According to the research published in 2015, companies that __________ had better performance.
A．blamed external factors B．admitted mistakes
C．conducted investigations D．accepted failures
9．According to the passage, the No Blame Culture __________.
A．encourages the early disclosure of errors
B．only exists in high reliability organizations
C．enables people to shift the blame onto others
D．prevents organizations from learning from errors
10．What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage
A．Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees.
B．The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear.
C．Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure.
D．People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures.
11．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations
B．Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes
C．Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work
D．How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture
（2023上·北京·高一北京交通大学附属中学校考期中）The biggest criticism(批评) of social networking is that our young people are losing their offline friends to online friends. In fact there is a lot of research that shows these criticisms are generally unfounded. Research by Allen et al. found that people are not replacing offline friends with online companions but are using them to support their offline relationships. They also found that our online friendships actually allow us to have discussions with a much more diverse set of people than in the real world and improve our psychological happiness.
However, there is one part of social networking that is deeply worrying. We find ourselves in a hyper-connected world where people access social media day and night, excited to make announcements about the tiniest details of their lives. Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our friendships but our character.
Professor Larry D．Rosen, in his book iDisorder, presents evidence that social networking is turning us into narcissists(自恋者). He says that young people who overuse social networking sites can become vain, aggressive, and show anti-social behavior in their offline lives. But perhaps an even more disturbing effect is that one of our most basic emotions seems to be disappearing—empathy. This is the emotion that bonds us together; it allows us to see the world from our friends’ points of view. Without it, we are far less able to connect and form meaningful adult relationships.
Sherry Turkle, a professor of social sciences at MIT, suggests that people are no longer comfortable being alone. This is something confirmed by a study where 200 university students were asked to go without social media for 24 hours. Many admitted an addiction to their online social network; most complained that they felt cut off from family and friends. But being alone is a time, Turkle argues, when we self-reflect and get in touch with who we really are. It is only when we do this that we can make meaningful friendships with others. She believes, as is the title of her book, that we are simply “Alone Together”.
These potential changes in our characters are rather disturbing. If nothing is done, our young people could well be in trouble. Therefore, suggestions about ways to encourage our young people to avoid the problems of social networking should be made, so they can develop the kinds of friendships that are required to grow into well-adjusted and happy adults.
12．The underlined word “unfounded” in Paragraph I probably means ________.
A．undoubted B．false C．acceptable D．illegal
13．In this passage, the author mainly argues that ________.
A．internet culture causes various problems
B．we are losing some most important emotions
C．online friendships do good to offline friendships
D．social networking affects young people’s personalities
14．According to Sherry Turkle, how can we make make meaningful friendships with others
A．by getting in touch with online friends
B．by avoiding the problems of social networking
C．by reflecting and getting in touch with ourselves
D．by being alone then having discussions with a much more diverse set of people
15．From the passage, we can learn that ________.
A．social media have more advantages
B．young people will develop offline friendships
C．young people can’t go without social media
D．we are becoming unable to understand others well
（2023下·北京·高一北京师大附中校考期中）The question of whether it is possible to dissociate the artist from their work has been debated for a long time. Even though positive critical reviews about an artist’s behavior can improve their artistic accomplishments, people should treat artists as individuals who have lived apart from their work.
One of the reasons is that even artists have shortcomings. Like any other human being, an artist can err, and we cannot be severely judgmental of every person that falls into error. Cancel culture with endless criticism is concerned more with how we should disregard the artists when they make mistakes than with how their weaknesses can be used by the artists to create art that is unique.
Perhaps Kevin Hart’s words support this thought. He asks, “When did we get to a point where life was supposed to be perfect Where people were supposed to operate perfectly all the time ” When people start seeing artists as human beings, they’ll see them for who they are and review their behavior not on the basis of their art but on the basis of their humanity.
It should be also noted that there are works of art that are inspired by the artist’s experience. For example, the themes in the Harry Potter books are so connected with J. K. Rowling’s wicked worldview that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the two from each other. Since canceling artists based on their worldview would mean the reception to their art will suffer, artists become tense and unwilling to express themselves, which will kill creativity, eventually leading to the death of edians, singers or painters who should be integrating contemporary issues with their works become boring, and art stops functioning as the social mirror it ought to be.
An artist who makes mistakes still has art with intrinsic (内在的) value, benefiting entire communities or cultures. For instance, when Kendrick Lamar launched his album and frequently used the F-slur in one of his songs, there was much-heated discussion. He was entirely mistaken in using the F-slur, but as an artist, he still had a wide-reaching impact on society. Similarly, one can respect the late Michael Jackson because of how he impacted pop music and the inclusion of black musicians in mainstream media despite his personal weaknesses, opinions, worldviews and associations.
While these artists may engage in their terrible behavior, the art they produce today may serve as an example for others to produce outstanding work in the future. Some would refer to this process as a cycle. Good art should, therefore, be judged due to its value and not the value of the artist.
16．Which would Kevin Hart probably agree with
A．People should perform perfectly all the time.
B．Artists’ shortcomings might be their inspiration.
C．If artists have weaknesses, we’d better cancel them.
D．Artists should be evaluated based on their humanity.
17．Why will “cancel culture” lead to the death of art
A．Artists will be unwilling to create any artwork.
B．Artists will stop concerning with contemporary issues.
C．Artists will lose their desire for expression and creativity.
D．Artworks are unavoidably inspired by artists’ experiences.
18．How can an artist with mistakes benefit others
A．The artist may make some new words popular.
B．The artist’s opinions may provoke heated discussion.
C．The artist will benefit entire communities or cultures.
D．The artist’s art may give others ideas of artistic creation.
19．Which would be the best title of the passage
A．Judge Art Due to Its Value
B．Separate the Art From the Artist
C．Regard Artists as Human Beings
D．Stop Criticizing Artists’ Behavior
（2023下·北京·高一人大附中校考期中）The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
20．The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .
A．free employers from certain duties
B．improve traditional hiring procedures
C．protect the rights of ordinary workers
D．punish questionable corporate practices
21．It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ___________ .
A．slow down business development
B．weaken managers’ authority
C．affect the firms’ public image
D．worsen labor-management relations
22．Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support
A．Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B．Enforcing employment protection laws.
C．Limiting the powers of business owners.
D．Dismissing poorly performing managers
23．What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures
A．Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B．Employees suffer from salary cuts
C．Society sees a rise in overall well-being
D．Employers need to hire new staff.
24．It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia __________ .
A．has secured managers’ earnings
B．has produced undesired results
C．is beneficial to business owners
D．is difficult to put into practice
（2023下·北京·高一人大附中校考期中）In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen. They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29, 1998, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Bilxi, Mississippi, after damaging Haiti, Dominic Repubic, PueroRico, and several islands of the Caribbean badly with per hour. Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States, although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900, when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston, Texas, killing at east 6,000 people.
Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century-residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching, while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance, allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning, some residents of New Orleans, Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall, forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans. Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is at risk for flooding. Emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes. But evacuation costs money: businesses close, tourists leave, and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million. After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters. Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
25．What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage
A．To identify the cause of disasters.
B．To save people’s lives and property.
C．To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D．To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
26．The city residents of New Orleans were unsatisfied because ________ .
A．their preparations were made in vain
B．the hurricane warning arrived rather late
C．the forecast hurricane did not hit the city
D．they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack
27．What does the passage mainly talk about
A．The different ways of disaster prediction.
B．Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C．The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D．The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
（2023下·北京丰台·高一统考期中）
As college sports continue to be hugely popular and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) brings in large amounts of money, people have restarted the discussion on whether college athletes should get paid.
Supporters of the idea believe that, because college athletes are bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation (补偿). In fact, the NCAA brings in about $1 billion income a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract (合同) saying they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary.
People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. Paying athletes would turn college sports into a bidding (竞拍)war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and most schools would be shut out from developing a talented team. It could also harm the friendship within many college teams if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are.
Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year. They receive free food and textbooks, get travel bonuses and free equipment, and can use their time in college as a way to attract the attention of professional coaches. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools.
While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes have been compensated enough. Adding a salary would result in a college athletic system where only a few athletes are paid by some schools who enter bidding wars to sign them up, while most student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the present benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible.
28．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that college athletes ________.
A．have earned what they are promised
B．tend to serve college longer when well-paid
C．should make an agreed-upon salary by signing contracts
D．prefer to stay at university rather than turn professionals
29．People against paying college athletes believe ________.
A．money should be spent on bonuses
B．schools would be unable to afford it
C．it could be harmful to college sports
D．students would value payments over achievements
30．What is the author’s attitude towards paying college athletes
A．Uncertain. B．Satisfied. C．Positive. D．Unsupportive.
（2022下·北京通州·高一统考期中）Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied,the issue is not a lack (缺乏) of ways to meet your desires (愿望) but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes.
Real riches are made up of well-developed and hearty abilities to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut (简陋的小屋).
Your house of life ought to be a palace. Every new taste, every additional interest adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them. They would make you as happy as to find plenty of bread and eggs when you’re hungry.
Literature is a beautiful room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To get that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s should be present. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical (古典的) music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your excitement and bettered them.
Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days. If you could, and did, play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
31．The writer intends to tell us that________.
A．true happiness lies in making more money
B．big houses are people's most valued wealth
C．big houses can bring us health and happiness
D．true happiness comes from spiritual riches
32．It can be learned from the passage that________.
A．people must learn classical music
B．art can make people live longer
C．literature can enrich your spiritual life
D．sports contribute only to your physical fitness
33．What would be the best title for the passage
A．House of Life B．Secret of Health
C．Rest and Happiness D．Interest and Life
（2022下·北京房山·高一统考期中）Cloning: Where Is It Leading Us
When it was announced in 2018 that the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai had created the world’s first cloned monkeys, Zhongzhong and Huahua, heated discussions followed online. In fact, cloning has always been with us. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cutting from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when identical twins are produced from the same egg. These are both examples of natural clones.
Cloning has two major uses. First, gardeners use it to produce large quantities of plants for sale. Second, it is valuable for research on the new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is fairly straightforward, while cloning animals is much more complicated and difficult. Over the years, many scientists failed in their attempts to clone animals, but their determination and patience paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of a Dolly the sheep.
With the advances of scientific research, cloning will have several major uses in the future. For one thing, it could be used to breed animal species which are endangered, or even bring back species which are now extinct. For another, it could be used to grow human organs or tissue in animals, which could be used for human organ transplants or medical treatments. Finally, cloning could be used to breed animals that will provide us with higher quality meat, milk, or eggs.
While there are technical issues that need to be worked through to make widespread cloning possible, the biggest issue concerns our moral. For example, if scientists brought an extinct animal back into existence, it would be probably end up living in a zoo. That is not very good for the animal. Even worse for the animal is using it as a source of organ transplants - because it will be injured or even die. In addition, many people worry that eating animal products that result from cloning might be harmful to our health over time. The possibility of using cloning to produce human beings is an even bigger concern. What would happen if such knowledge ended up in the wrong hands
When it comes to cloning, we wonder, ultimately, whether cloning will help or harm the world. No doubt, we will be talking about this question for a long time to come.
34．What does the underlined word “straightforward” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Frank. B．Harmful. C．Simple. D．Useful.
35．What’s the writer’s attitude towards cloning
A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Objective.
36．What can we learn from this passage
A．Cloning might result in eating animal products.
B．Cloning could be used for medical treatments.
C．Cloning has been largely used to produce human beings.
D．Cloning may lead to the destruction of the balance of nature.
