第一学时 Reading and Comprehension
Air pollution
People and the sources of air pollution are found in the same places. This means that cities with large populations have the biggest problem of dirty air. Air pollution is caused by many different things. A major source of air pollution is the gas fumes from cars. Statistics show that 93 percent of all auto trips are within cities. Another major source of dirty air is the burning of coal and oil for energy. This energy is needed to make electricity. Of course, much more electricity is used in the city than in the country.
On the average, we throw away more trash and garbage than the year before, The burning of garbage contributes to air pollution. Many major industries are also responsible for the dirty air in the around cities. The fumes from iron，steel，chemical，and petroleum production add particles to the air.
?Task 1
仔细阅读课文“The Earth is Becoming Warmer —But does it Matter？”根据肯内容选出最佳选项。
1．Who found out the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997?
A．Dr Janice Foster. B．Charles Keeling.
C．George Hambley. D．Sophie Armstrong.
答案：B
2. What may be the bad effects of global warming according to the passage?
A．There may be a rise of several metres in the sea level.
B．There may be severe storms, floods, droughts, famines or the spread of diseases.
C．There may be the disappearance of species.
D．All of the above.
答案：D
3．The author probably agrees that ________．
A．actually global warming is good for human beings
B．we should do nothing about the global warming
C．catastrophes will happen if the globe keeps on warming
D．a lot remains to be found out about the effects of global warming
答案：D
4．Which of the statements is true?
A．Natural gas is a greenhouse gas.
B．Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of burning fossil fuels.
C．We are sure of the effects of global warming now.
D．Dr Janice Foster believes that global warming will do good rather than harm to the earth.
答案：B
?Task 2
再次阅读课文“The Earth is Becoming Warmer—But does it Matter？”完成下列表格。
Division
Paragraph
Supporting details
Part Ⅰ
Para.1
How has global warming 1.________ and does it matter？
Part Ⅱ
Paras.2～5
There is no doubt that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a 2.________ but natural 3.________.
All scientists 4.________ the view that global warming is 5.________ the burning of fossil fuels to produce energy.
More heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to 6.________．
Part Ⅲ
Para.6
Dr Janice Foster thinks that any trend in which the temperature increases by 5 degrees would lead to a 7.________.
George Hambley8.________ this view and believes that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. He thinks that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental 9.________.
Part Ⅳ
Para.7
Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to 10.________ warming for decades or centuries.
答案：1．come about 2.random 3.phenomenon 4.subscribe to 5.due to 6.go up 7.catastrophe 8.is opposed to
9．consequences 10.keep on
?Task 3
根据课文“The Earth is Becoming Warmer—But does it Matter？”在下面空格中填上恰当的词语，使文章连贯完整。
All scientists subscribe to the view 1.__________ it is human activity that has caused the global warming.This activity is burning fossil fuels to produce energy.As a result，a 2.__________(nature) phenomenon called the “greenhouse effect” has come 3.__________．Without this phenomenon，the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius 4.__________(cool) than it is.So，we need those gases.However，the global temperature 5.________(rise) when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.We know that the level of carbon dioxide have increased greatly 6.__________ the last 100 to 150 years.The attitudes of scientists 7.__________ this rise are completely different.Some think that the trend would be a catastrophe while some are 8.__________ (oppose) to this view，and 9.__________ believe that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental 10.__________．(consequence)
答案：1．that 2.natural 3.about 4.cooler 5.will rise
6．over 7.towards 8.opposed 9.they 10.consequences
课件13张PPT。Unit 4 Global warming
第一学时 Reading and Comprehension课文助手一、请将课文“The Earth Is Becoming Warmer—But Does It Matter？” 翻译成汉语，然后对照译文助读自主勘误
译文助读全球在变暖——这会带来什么影响吗？
在20世纪期间，地球温度大约升了1华氏度。这个数值对你我来说很可能是无所谓的，但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。那么，这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢？会产生什么影响呢？“关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。 毫无疑问，地球是在变暖(见图1)，而地球变暖正是人类活动导致的，并不是一种无规律的自然现象。 所有的科学家都赞同这种观点：人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料(如煤、天然气和石油等)，从而引起了地球温度的升高。这个升温过程的一些副产品就叫做“温室”气体，其中最重要的就是二氧化碳。贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说：“有一种科学家称之为‘温室效应'的自然现象。这种现象的发生是因为在大气层中少量的气体(如二氧化碳、甲烷、水蒸气等)吸收太阳的热量，从而使地球变暖。如果没有这种‘温室效应'，地球的温度将比现在的温度还要低33摄氏度左右。因此，我们需要这些气体。但当我们的大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时，问题就来了。这意味着更多的热量要被困在大气层中，从而引起全球温度上升。” 我们知道，在过去100～150年期间，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加了。有一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把1957－1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。他发现，在这些年里，大气层中的二氧化碳含量从315/1000 000上升到370/1000 000。(见图2) 所有科学家都接受这个数据。他们还赞同下述观点，正是由于越来越多地燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。那么气温会升多高？福斯特博士说，在今后的100年里，全球变暖的量可能低到1～1.5摄氏度，但是也有可能会高达5摄氏度。 然而，科学家们在对待升温的态度上却是大不相同的。一方面，福斯特博士认为气温升高5摄氏度的趋势可能是一场大灾难。她说：“对于未来的气候，我们不可能作出精确的预测，但是那时的天气可能是很糟糕的。”同意她的观点的其他科学家认为，全球变暖会导致海平面上升好几米；也有人预言会出现严重的风暴、洪涝、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的灭绝。另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。他们预言说，变暖的情况不会很严重，对环境的影响也不会太坏。汉布利实际上是这样说的：“二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事。它使植物生长更快，庄稼产量更高，还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活。” 温室气体继续在大气中聚集。即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。没有人知道全球变暖会带来什么样的影响。这是不是意味着我们不必采取任何措施呢？还是说，这样不采取任何措施危险性会很大呢？二、课文精选段落背诵(请注意谓语动词的使用)
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million.第三学时 Using Language
Reading，listening and speaking
阅读“What Can We Do About Global Warming？”然后根据课文内容选出最佳选项。
1．Which is not the reason why Ouyang Guang writes the letter?
A．He is doing a project on global warming.
B．He feels individuals can affect huge environmental problems.
C．He isn't sure where to start with his project.
D．He wants to get some suggestions from Earth Care.
答案：B
2．Which is not true according to the editor's letter?
A．Together, individuals can make a difference to environmental problems.
B．Individuals must put up with pollution.
C．Many activities individuals do can produce carbon dioxide.
D．Individuals can save energy to slow down global warming.
答案：B
3．Which is not Earth Care's suggestion?
A．Turn electrical appliances off if you are not using them.
B．Put on more clothes instead of turning up the heat.
C．Buy things made of raw materials.
D．Walk or ride a bike if you can.
答案：C
4．What's the main idea of the two letters?
A．Some organizations should do something about global warming.
B．Suggestions on what to do about global warming.
C．Individuals needn't do anything about global warming.
D．Governments should take measures about global warming.
答案：B
Part A Reading Aloud
模仿朗读下面一段话，并注意语音语调。
There are many people/who have⌒a commitment like yours, but they do not believe/they have the power to do anything to improve our environment.?That⌒is not true. Together, individuals can make⌒a difference. We do not have to put⌒up with pollution.?The growth⌒of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as⌒a result⌒of many things/we do every day. Here are a few suggestions/on how to reduce⌒it. They should get you started with your project.?
? Part B Role play
情景介绍：欧阳光和“关爱地球”组织的小明在谈论全球变暖的问题。
角色：欧阳光和小明
任务：(1)请根据中文提示提出问题。
(2)请你的同学根据课文内容回答你的提问，然后你们互换角色进行口语练习。
Q1：欧阳光正在做一项什么研究？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Q1：What project is Ouyang Guang doing?
A1：He is doing a project at school on what he can do about global warming.
Q2：他有什么困难？他然后干了什么？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Q2：What is his problem？What does he do then?
A2：He feels individuals cannot have any effect on such huge environmental problems and he is not sure where to start with his project.Then he writes to Earth Care to get some suggestions.
Q3：“关爱地球”组织认为个人起不了作用吗？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Q3：Does Earth Care agree that individuals have no power to do anything about global warming?
A3：No.Earth Care thinks“Together，individuals can make a difference”．
Q4：是什么导致全球变暖？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Q4：What causes global warming according to Earth Care?
A4：The greenhouse gas，carbon dioxide.
Q5：提了什么建议？
________________________________________________________________________
答案： Q5：So what are the suggestions about?
A5：Most of its suggestions are about reducing the carbon dioxide content in the air and saving energy as much as we can.
Part C Retelling
请用自己的话复述课文，你可以参照上述问题及其答案。
关键词：research，global warming
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：Nowadays，Ouyang Guang is doing a project at school on what he can do about global warming，but he feels individuals cannot have any effect on such huge environmental problems and he is not sure where to start with his project.So he writes to Earth Care to get some suggestions.And Earth Care tells him that together，individuals can make a real difference and that it is the greenhouse gas，carbon dioxide that causes the global warming.So most of its suggestions are about reducing the carbon dioxide content in the air and saving energy as much as we can in our daily.
1．However，I still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.(p.30)
然而，我仍然认为我们应该提倡改进使用能源的方式。
?词语链接
advocate v．拥护，支持，提倡
n．拥护者，支持者
advocate doing sth.提倡做某事
advocate that... 提倡……
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)The report ______________________(提倡拓宽所有的道路)．
(2)Professor White ______________(提倡表扬) your child for good behavior.
(3)He was ________(坚定的支持者) for President Black.
答案：(1)advocated that all the roads should be widened
(2)advocated rewarding (3)a firm advocate
2．There are many people who have a commitment like yours.(p.30)
许多人像你一样提出了这个承诺。
?词语链接
commitment 承诺，许诺
have a commitment 作出承诺
?即学即练
选用上述词语完成下列句子。
(1)The consumers are interested in the company's ________ to decrease the prices of its products.
(2)She didn't want to ____________ to Peter at that time.
答案：(1)commitment (2)make a commitment
3．Together, individuals can make a difference.(p.30)
众人拾柴火焰高。
?词语链接
make a/no/some difference (to/in sb./sth.)有(或没有/有些)作用，关系，影响
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)The rain __________________________(对比赛没多大影响)．
(2)The sea air ________________________(改善了她的健康状况)．
(3)It ____________(关系不大) whether you go today or tomorrow.
答案：(1)didn't make much difference to the game
(2)has made a difference to her health
(3)won't make much difference
4．so long as＝as long as 只要……就……，引导状语从句
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)______________(只要你开心), it doesn't matter what you do.
(2)You can go out, ______________(只要你答应) to be back before 11 o'clock.
答案：(1)As long as you're happy
(2)as long as you promise
5．on behalf of 代表某人(也可用on/in sb.'s behalf)，为了……(的利益)
On behalf of everyone here，I'd like to thank our special guest for his inspiring speech.
我代表在座诸位，感谢我们的特邀嘉宾令人鼓舞的讲话。
Mr. Knight cannot be here，so his wife will accept the prize on his behalf.
奈特先生不能来，因此由他的夫人代他领奖。
We do it on behalf of the cause of peace.
我们这样做是为了和平事业(的利益)。
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)1914年英国代表整个帝国向德国宣战。
Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 ______________________．
(2)她们代表女学生向女王献花。
They presented the Queen with a bouquet __________________．
答案：(1)on behalf of the entire empire
(2)on behalf of the women students
6．put up with容忍，忍受
I don't know how she puts up with him.
我不明白她怎么受得了他。
I'm not going to put up with their smoking any longer.
我再也不能容忍他们抽烟了。
?词语链接
put up举起；张贴；建造；投宿；搭起
put away收拾，积蓄，放好
put back放回原位；拖延，延误
put down放下；记下；镇压
put off推迟，使延期，使失去兴趣
put on穿上；发胖；上演
put out将……扔到外面；扑灭
put forward把……提前；提出建议
?即学即练
选用上述短语完成下列句子。
(1)In order to buy his daughter a new car as a birthday present，Smith __________ a sum of money in the bank.
(2)Never ____________ until tomorrow what you can do today.
(3)The fireman soon __________ the fire __________．
(4)Another supermarket has been ____________ near our house.
(5)I can't ____________ a lot of noisy people when I am working.
答案：(1)put away (2)put off (3)put；out
(4)put up (5)put up with
7．circumstance n．情况，环境，境况，条件
His circumstances are poor.他的境况很糟。
The man had to leave his country through force of circumstances.
为环境所逼，这个人不得不离开他的国家。
Under no circumstances should you help him cheat in the exam.
你无论如何都不该帮他考试作弊。
?词语链接
in/under no circumstances无论如何不，决不(位于句首时，句子要使用倒装形式)
in/under the circumstances在这种情况下
?即学即练
选用上述词语完成下列句子。
(1)In normal __________________ I would have resigned immediately.
(2)__________________ should you forget your task.
答案：(1)circumstances
(2)Under/In no circumstances
8．Remember－your contribution counts！(p.30)
记住，你的贡献很有价值！
?词语链接
count v．有价值，有影响力；有重要性；数，点数目；包括
countable adj.能算的，可计算的，可数的
uncountable adj.不可数的
?即学即练
选用上述词语完成下列句子。
(1)________ the votes ____________ yet?
(2)The word “person” is a ________ noun.
(3)Jane ____________ among the greatest dancers of the century.
答案：(1)Have；been counted (2)countable
(3)was counted
一、单词拼写
1．He ____________(提倡) reducing military spending.
2．In no ____________(环境)can you leave your position. That is you must stick to your position.
3．His ____________(漫不经心的) manner annoyed his girlfriend.
4．The ____________(数据) we have collected are not enough to be convincing.
5．There are some ____________(分歧) whether the disease is curable.
答案：1．advocated 2.circumstances 3.casual 4.data
5．disagreements
二、用恰当的介词、副词或连词填空
1．－What do you think of the house?
－________ the whole, it is good except that it is somewhat damp.
2．Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ________they knew it to be valuable.
3．What one thinks and feels results __________ tradition, habit and his education which may result ________his character.
4．He has been here for about fifteen years and has built ________ a good image.
5．What's the use ________a greenhouse? A greenhouse is made ________glass and is used ________growing plants.
6．The rice straw tied ________the trees helps them to grow ________ the cold period.
7．That probably does not seem much to you ________me, ________it is a rapid increase ________compared to other natural changes.
8．All scientists subscribe ________the view that it is human activity ________ has caused this global warming.
9．She made a commitment ________ she would study harder, ________ made her mother really happy.
10．Try your best from now on ________ you may have a chance to catch up with your classmates.
答案：1．On 2.even if 3.from；in 4.up
5．of；of；for 6.around；throughout 7.or；but；when
8．to；that 9.that；which 10.and
三、运用所学的语言基础知识，完成下列短文
1．____________ (与……相比) the last century, the Earth's surface temperature has 2.____________ (上升了) about 1 degree centigrade today. 3.__________________ (其实；事实上), we may feel that we can hardly 4.____________ (忍受) much too hot summers and we can't 5.____________ (习惯于) warm winters. The rise of the Earth's surface temperature has 6.________________ (有很大影响) to human health, the 7.____________ (生存) of creatures and the balance of the environment. 8.____________ (条件允许的话), all countries in the world should spare no effort to improve our environment. Without all people's 9.__________ (共同努力), what would our future be like?
答案：1．Compared to/with 2.risen by 3.As a matter of fact 4.put up with 5.get used to 6.made much difference 7.existence 8.Conditions permitting 9.join efforts
第二学时 Learning about Language
一、回忆课文，写出下列短语
1．同意，赞成；订购________________________
2．上升，增长；升起________________________
3．发生；造成________________________
4．即使________________________
5．大量的________________________
6．反对…… ________________________
7．继续________________________
8．导致________________________
答案：1．subscribe to 2.go up 3.come about 4.even if
5．quantities of 6.be opposed to 7.keep on 8.result in
二、回忆课文，完成下列句子
1. 这个数值对你我来说很可能无关紧要，但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。
That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when __________other natural changes.
答案：compared to
2. 毫无疑问，地球是在变暖，而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。
______________the earth is becoming warmer and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
答案：There is no doubt that
3．如果没有‘温室效应’，地球温度将比现在低大约33摄氏度。
__________the ‘greenhouse effect’， the earth ________be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.
答案：Without；would
4. 即使我们开始减少二氧化碳及其他温室气体的含量，在未来几十年或几个世纪内，气温仍会持续升高。
__________we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.
答案：Even if
1．It is a rapid increase compared to most natural changes.(p.26)
跟多数自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。
?词语链接
compared to/with 和……比起来(相比), (过去分词短语充当状语)
compare with/to 与……类似， 比得上
compare...to...把……比喻成……
compare...with/to...把……与……作比较
by comparison with 与……相比
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)This school ____________(可与……媲美) the best in the country.
(2)________________(与他所收藏的相比), the new stamps were not very interesting.
(3)It was a small place then ______________(与现在相比)．
(4)He ____________________(把心脏比作水泵)．
(5)Black __________________________(把伦敦的公园比作人体的肺部)．
(6)If you __________________(把这本字典和那本比较一下), you'll find many differences.
答案：(1)compares with (2)Compared to/with what he had (collected) already (3)compared to what is now (4)compared the heart to a pump (5)compared the parks of London to the lungs of the human body (6)compare this dictionary with that one
2．So how has this come about and does it matter? (p.26)
这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢？会产生什么影响呢？
?词语链接
come about 发生，造成
come out出来；出版；开花；发芽；结果(如何)；(消息)传开
come up发生，举行，走过来；被提出
come over (从远处)来到；改变立场/观点
come along 跟着去，赶快；进行，进展
How come ＋ 句子．..?
……是怎么回事/怎么发生的？
How did it come about that...?
……是怎么回事/怎么发生的？
?即学即练
选用上述词语完成下列句子。
(1)Sometimes it is hard to tell __________________(吵架是如何发生的)．
(2)The secret will finally__________(泄露出去)．
(3)I ____________ (获得第一名) in the examination.
(4)A beggar ______________(走上前) to us and asked for money.
(5)The question of drug-taking ________________(一定会被提出来) at the next conference.
(6)____________(跟我来), I'll show you to your room.
(7)It's already 10 o'clock.I wonder how it __________(发生) that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
(8)你怎么不到英国来度假呢？
________________________________________________________________________
(9) 他是怎么知道我们在什么地方的呢？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)how a quarrel comes about (2)come out
(3)came out first (4)came up (5)is bound to come up (6)Come along (7)came about
(8)Why don't you come over to England for a holiday？ (9)How did it come about that he knew where we were？/ How came he knew where we were?
3．All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy.(p.26)
所有科学家都同意燃烧煤、天然气、石油等化石燃料导致了地球气温升高。
?词语链接
subscribe vi.同意；订阅；捐助
vt.签署(文件), 捐助
subscription n．订阅， 订阅费；捐款
subscriber n．订阅人，订购者
subscribe to 同意；订阅；捐助
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)This magazine is available by ________．
(2)We no longer __________the view that women are inferior to men.
(3)He ________ regularly to the Hope Project.
(4)He ________ all the papers before he left.
答案：(1)subscription (2)subscribe to (3)subscribes
(4)subscribed
4．The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.(p.26)
但当我们使大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时，问题就来了。
quantity 数量和质量相对时作不可数名词；指具体数量时作可数名词。
注意：短语a (large) quantity of或(large) quantities of 后既可跟可数名词的复数也可跟不可数名词。“a quantity of ＋名词”构成主语时，谓语动词的数通常根据quantity的数来确定。 “large quantities of ＋ 名词” 作主语，谓语只能用复数形式。词组in quantity表示 “大量地”。
?即学即练
用quantity和quantities填空。
(1)________of apples were in the basket and a large ________of milk was in the bucket.
(2)It's a lot cheaper if you buy it in ________．
(3)This company is more concerned with quality than ________．
答案：(1)Quantities；quantity (2)quantity (3)quantity
5．They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide.(p.26)
他们还认为，正是由于燃烧的化石燃料越来越多而导致了二氧化碳的增加。
?词语链接
result in引起， 导致(某种结果)
(＝lead to; bring about; contribute to)
result from 由……造成，因……而产生(带某种原因)
?即学即练
用result in 和result from 填空。
(1)The accident ________ three deaths.
(2)He was ashamed that his hesitation ________ failure.
(3)Sickness often ________ eating too much.
(4)His failure ____________ not working hard enough.
答案：(1)resulted in (2)resulted in (3)results from
(4)resulted from
6．In fact, Hambley states，“More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing.It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals－all of which will make life for human beings better.”(p.27)
汉布利实际上是这样说的：“二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事。它使植物生长更快，庄稼产量更高，还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活。”
?词语链接
state v．陈述，说明，宣布，声明
n．状况，情况；国家
statement n．陈述
stated adj.约定的， 已经说明的
the head of state 国家首脑
?即学即练
A．完成下列句子。
(1)You'd better ______________(说清楚自己的见解)．
(2)He________________(已声明) his intention to run for election.
(3)__________(据说) that all the people in the accident were killed.
(4)He arrived ______________(按照既定的时间)．
(5)He is ______________(健康状况不太好)．
答案：(1)state your views clearly (2)has already stated
(3)It is stated (4)at the stated time
(5)in a poor state of health
?词语链接
range n．范围
v．从……到……各种种类
beyond the range of 超越……的范围
out of one's range 某人达不到的地方或范畴
range from...to... 从……到……不等
range between...and... 从……到……不等
?即学即练
B．将下列句子译成汉语。
(1)The company puts out a large range of products.
________________________________________________________________________
(2)The two countries are separated by a range of mountains.
________________________________________________________________________
(3)His interests range from chess to boating.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)这家公司生产的产品名目繁多。
(2)这两个国家被一系列山脉隔开。
(3)他的爱好从下国际象棋到划船，什么都喜欢。
7．Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere.(p.27)
温室气体继续在大气层中聚集。
build up 逐步建立，增加，增进
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)The clouds ____________(正在聚集)．
(2)He ____________(逐步恢复体力) again after an illness.
(3)Taking exercise will ________(增强体质)．
答案：(1)are building up (2)built up his strength
(3)build up your body
8．Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.(p.27)
即使我们开始减少二氧化碳及其他温室气体的含量，在未来几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续升温。
keep on doing sth. 老是(不断)做某事
注意：在很多情况下keep on doing和keep doing 意思差不多， 但是当强调决心和毅力时，通常用keep on doing。
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)If you ________________(老是犯同样的错误), you'll be dismissed.
(2)Prices ____________(不断地上涨) and they began to feel stressed.
(3)I noticed Peter ________________(老是盯着我看)．
(4)They ____________(继续工作) although they were tired.
答案：(1)kept making the same mistake (2)keep increasing
(3)kept looking at me all the time
(4)kept on working
9．glance v. & n．匆匆一看，扫视
at first glance 乍一看，乍看之下
glance at 浏览， 简略提及
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)He ____________(瞥了一眼那个信封) and recognized his uncle's handwriting.
(2)__________(乍一看) the problem seemed easy.
答案：(1)glanced at the envelope (2)At first glance
10．on the whole 从整体看，大体上
as a whole作为一个整体；总的来说
?即学即练
用on the whole, as a whole填空。
(1)I think our trip was very successful __________．
(2)You have made a few mistakes but __________ you have done well.
(3)The festival is of great importance for our city and for the country __________．
答案：(1)on the whole (2)on the whole (3)as a whole
11．average n．平均，平均数
adj.平均的，普通的
on (the) average 平均地
above/below (the) average 在平均水准以上/以下
?即学即练
完成下列句子。
(1)________ of 6 and 12 is 9.
(2)1，000 people a year die of this disease __________．
(3)Temperatures this year are ____________， so we feel a little cooler than before.
答案：(1)The average (2)on (the) average
(3)below the average
12．On the other hand，there are those，like George Humbley，who are opposed to this view...(p.27)
另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点。
oppose v．反对，抵制，后面带动词的v?ing形式
They opposed the new tax.他们反对新税。
I oppose your going there alone.
我反对你单独去那里。
I would oppose changing the law.
我将反对改变这个法规。
?词语链接
opposite adj.完全不同的，相对的；
prep.在……的对面；
adv.在对面；
n．相反的人/物，对立面
be opposed to反对(to是介词)
?即学即练
选用上述词语填空。
(1)He ________ strongly ________ the plan.
(2)Father does not ________ the idea at all.
(3)The new tax program may meet with fierce ______．
(4)There was a garden on the ________ side of the street.
答案：(1)is；opposed to (2)oppose (3)opposition
(4)opposite
13．长难句结构分析
(1)
，,) .,)
这是一个复合句，even if 引导让步状语从句，the climate...or centuries 是主句。
(2) ，,)
.,)
这是一个复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，说明先行词oil and gas。
(3)However，still .,)
注意：people should...today为宾语从句。
?即学即练
模仿造句，并分析句子成分。
(1)即使我跟他们说的是实话，他们也不会相信。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)这条街道有好几周没有清扫了，很脏。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)，,)
.,)
(2) ，,)
.,)
一、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．The spokesman of government made a ________(state) to the public to explain the accident.
2．What the ________ (consume) need most is what the businessmen care most.
3．They are totally ________(oppose) to the new plan.
4．These years，our company has been developing ________(steady)．
5．Most of the villages around have been obviously ______(pollution)．
6．________(live) in Paris for 35 years，he experienced many social and cultural ________(phenomenon) of France.
答案：1．statement 2.consumers 3.opposed 4.steadily
5．polluted 6.Having lived；phenomena
二、词语活用
1．用range的相关词语完成下列小段落。
The supermarket (1)________________(有种类繁多的) goods.Their prices (2)________________ (从几元到几百元不等)．According to their varieties，the shop assistants (3)____________ (把他们整齐地排列)on the shelves.
答案：(1)keeps a wide range of (2)range from just only a few yuan to several hundred yuan (3)range them neatly
2．用compare...to/with, compare with, compared to, by comparison with, compare...to等词语自编一个小段落。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：Liu Sha sat on the seat，feeling rather depressed.Compared to Li Ling，a top student，one of her roommates, she was much weaker in English although she had been studying harder.She compared herself with Li Ling and thought she could be well compared with Li Ling both in attitude and ability.Maybe her study plan was unsuitable compared to Li Ling's.As a result，she had to adjust her solution.Just as she was sighing，Xiao Xu，a smart girl，compared to a red rose，telephoned her and told her she failed in the English exam again.When hearing it，she was better off by comparison with Xiao Xu，after all her effort was paid off.
三、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．When ________(compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
2．In the atmosphere ________(surround) the earth there are gases ________(call) “greenhouse gases”．
3．As I'm not sure where ________(start) with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions you may have.
4．It takes a lot of energy ____________(make) things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things ________(make) from ________(recycle) materials.
5．With his money ________(run) out, he couldn't go back home.
6．With more forests__________(destroy), huge quantities of good earth ____________(wash) each year.
7．Environmentalists have tried to stop the earth's temperature ________(rise)．
8．What are the names of the scientists ________(mention) in the text?
答案：1．comparing 2.surrounding；called 3.to start
4．to make；made；recycled 5.running
6．being destroyed；is being washed away
7．rising 8.mentioned
四、运用括号内的词组， 将下列句子译成英语
1．如果司机没有喝醉，这起交通事故就不会发生了。(come about)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：If the driver had not got drunk, the car accident wouldn't have come about.
2．室内温度在上升。(go up)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The temperature in the room is going up.
3．这一事故导致三人死亡。(result in)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The accident resulted in three people being killed.
4．我叫他停下来，但他还是哭个不停。(keep on)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：I have told him to stop but he keeps on crying.
5．即使要失败十次， 我也绝不灰心。(even if)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：I wouldn't lose courage even if I should fail ten times.
第五学时 Writing
【写作素材】
提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达。
1．随着工业的发展，产生了越来越多的温室气体，地球正在变暖。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：With the development of industry more and more greenhouse gases are produced and the earth is becoming warmer.
2．结果，海平面在上升，致使许多沿海城市和动物的栖息地(habitat)处于危险中。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：As a consequence, the sea level is rising, which makes many coastal cities and animal habitats in danger.
3．全球变暖已经对人类和动物构成严峻的挑战，因此，到了我们采取措施应对这一挑战的时候了。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Global warming has become a serious challenge to mankind and animals, so it is high time that we took measures to deal with it.
4．只有通过改变我们粗暴对待环境的方式，我们才能和环境和谐相处。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Only by changing the way we treat the environment roughly can we get along well with it.
【连句成篇】
可选用as a consequence，定语从句，so，only＋状语等将以上句子连成一篇短文。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：With the development of industry，more and more greenhouse gases are produced and the earth is becoming warmer.As a consequence，the sea level is rising，which makes many coastal cities and animal habitats in danger.Global warming has become a serious challenge to mankind and animals，so it is high time that we took measures to deal with it.Only by changing the way we treat the environment roughly can we get along well with it.
【短文改错】
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
We use a lot energy on our houses. It is OK to leave a electrical appliance on so long as you are using － if not, turn it off! Does not be casually about this. So if you are using the lights, the TV, the computer, and so on, turn they off. If you are cold, put down more clothes instead of turn up the heat.
答案：We use a lot∧,of) energy our houses.It is OK to leave electrical appliance on so long as you are using∧,it) － if not, turn it off! not be about this.So if you are∧,not) using the lights, the TV, the computer, and so on, turn off.If you are cold, put more clothes instead of up the heat.
怎样用英语写海报、告示
?技巧点拨
海报是向大众发布某种消息的布告。海报的形式多为招聘广告，活动宣传和人物介绍。英文海报的内容常为球
讯、影讯、商业报道、展览会、报告会、专题讲座等。一般的英文海报由标题、正文和落款组成。
1．海报的格式。
(1)在第一行的正中间写“POSTER”。
(2)在第二行“POSTER”下面写上活动的具体名称或者活动的内容。例如：An Exciting Basketball Match。
(3)在第三行空3个空格写上“Good news for you.”也可不写。
(4)第四行空3个格写正文，为一段。
(5)在正文的右下角写发布单位，下一行写日期。
2．写作要求。
主题要鲜明，语言要简明扼要，有感染力，能够唤起公众的关注。句子要短小精悍，通俗易懂。时态通常用一般现在时和将来时。
?常用表达
We'll have a show/football match on July 16th.
There is a piece of news that we'll hold a．.. ＋地点＋时间．
We hope to raise money to help the poor children ...
It will be held ... The match will be wonderful.
You can buy tickets in ... and the price is 2 yuan for each.
By then, some new clothes are even 50% off. If you spend more than 100 yuan at one time, you can get at present.
请根据下面的提示，写一张有关举行英语演讲比赛的海报。
1. 比赛目的：提高学生讲英语的能力。
2. 报名手续：凡愿意参加者可到各班班长处报名。
3. 比赛时间：2016年5月4日下午2点。
4. 比赛地点：第一会议室。
5. 评比办法：有五位教师作评判员，前十名将获鼓励奖。
6. 举办单位：五中学生会。
7. 海报发布时间：2016年4月24日。
注意：1.词数100左右。
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：A Poster for an English-Speaking Contest
In order to improve the students' ability to speak English, a school-wide English-speaking contest will be held in No.1 meeting room at 2 pm on May 4, 2016.Anyone who is willing to take part please go to your monitor and enter your name for it.Five teachers have been invited to work as judges.The first ten winners will be given awards as an encouragement.All are welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students' union，
No.5 Middle School
April 24, 2016
第四学时 Grammar
[观察领悟]
观察领悟下列句子，注意“it”的用法。
1._It_was John who_/_that bought an old bike yesterday in a marketplace.
2._It_was an old bike_that John bought yesterday in a marketplace.
3. It_was yesterday that John bought an old bike in a marketplace.
4. It_was in a marketplace that_John bought an old bike yesterday.
5._It_was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.
6._Was_it_during the Second World War_that he died?
7. Was_it last year that you got the degree?
8. Where was_it that you met Tom yesterday?
[自我总结]
在英语中，我们常用“It is/was ... who/ that ...”句型来强调句子的某一成分(一般是句子的________、________或________， 但不能是句子的谓语)。在这个句型中，it没有词汇意义，只是引出________的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，用________或________来连接都可以。如果是其他成分，则一律用________来连接。
答案：主语；宾语；状语；被强调；who; that；that
一、it用于构成强调句式
要强调一个句子中除谓语以外的句子成分(如主语、宾语、状语等)。可以使用“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分”这一句式。如：
Leo began to teach us English two years ago.
?It was Leo who/that began to teach us English two years ago.(强调主语)
?It was English that Leo began to teach us two years ago.(强调宾语)
?It was two years ago that Leo began to teach us English.(强调时间状语)
注意：(1)强调句子的主语。
句子的主语结构设置复杂，有接不定式作定语的，有接定语从句作定语的，还有使用主语从句、并列结构或同位语结构的，这些会干扰学生的解题思路，但只要抓住了句子的主干，问题也就迎刃而解了。如：
It was what he did that made his parents upset.
It is the ability to do the job not where you come from or what you are that matters.
It is not where someone comes from and what a person looks like that is important but what he grows up to be.
说明：强调某人时，可以用who代替that，that(who)后面的谓语动词要和被强调部分的主语部分在语法上保持一致。如：
It is I who am responsible for this case.
(2)强调句子中的时间、地点、方式等状语。
这些状语可以是状语从句，介词短语或介词短语中的名词后再接定语从句等。如：
It was because it was raining hard that I was late for school.
It was not until I arrived there that I began to know something about the matter.
It was in the very house that was built with stones that he spent his childhood.
(3)强调句的一般疑问句式和特殊疑问句式。
一般疑问句式：Is/was＋it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？如：
Was it Leo that/who began to teach you English two years ago?
Is it in your school that the famous professor will make a speech?
特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他成分？
Who was it that began to teach you English two years ago?
What subject was it that Leo began to teach you two years ago?
When was it that Leo began to teach you English?
Where is it that the famous professor will make a speech?
说明：上述疑问句式可以用作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。如：
I just wonder whether it was Leo that/who began to teach you English two years ago.
The question is who it was that began to teach you English two years ago.
I don't know what subject it was that Leo began to teach you two years ago.
I haven't the slightest idea when it was that Leo began to teach you English.
二、not...until...句型的强调句式
句型为：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分
普通句式：The little boy didn't go to bed until/till his mother came back.
强调句式：It was not until his mother came back that the little boy went to bed.
说明：此句型只能使用until，不能用till。如果不使用强调句式，till与until一般可通用；因为“It is/was not...”已经是否定句了，that后面的部分要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。
三、it引起的关于时间的容易混淆的句型
1．It＋is/has been/was＋一段时间＋since从句。
该句型常译为“自从……以来已经一段时间了”。若since引导的从句使用一般过去式，主句中的时态要使用一般现在时或现在完成时；如果从句使用过去完成时态，主句中则使用一般过去时(was)；此时，从句中的谓语动词要使用非延续性动词。如：
It is many years since he left his hometown.
他离开家乡许多年了。
It has been three years since I began to stay in Beijing.
我在北京已经待了三年了。
比较：It has been three years since I stayed in Beijing.
我离开北京已经三年了。
2．It＋was/will be＋一段时间＋before从句。
该句型中的时间常为long，a long time，years，months，weeks，days，hours，minutes等时间段。如果主句中的谓语动词使用肯定式，常译为“过了一段时间才……/要过一段时间才能……”；若使用否定式，常译为“没过一段时间就……/用不了一段时间就会……”或“不久就……/不久就会……”。主句的时态可以使用过去时was或将来时will be，用is时，before从句常使用一般现在时表示将来。如：
It was long before the police arrived.
过了很久警察才来。
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart.
没过多久她就记住了那些诗歌。
It will be three days before he makes a decision.
要过三天他才能作出决定。
It will not be hours before we meet again.
要不了几个小时我们就会再见面的。
3．It＋is/was＋time＋that从句。
该句型常译为“(正)是……的时候了”，可与It's time for sb. to do sth.进行转换，属于虚拟语气结构。不管主句中使用is还是was(多用is)，that从句都必须使用动词的过去式或“should＋动词原形”，time前可用about或high修饰，以加强语气。如：
It is time (that) we handed in our exercises.
是我们上交作业的时候了。
It is high time that we should get started.
是我们开始的时候了。
4．It＋is/was＋the first/second/...time＋that从句。
该句型常译为“这是第一次/第二次/……做……”。主句中的it可以替换为this或that。如果主句使用一般现在时is，从句要使用现在完成时；如果主句使用一般过去时was，从句则使用过去完成时。如：
This is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall.
这是欧洲人第一次参观长城。
一、按要求对画线部分进行强调
held .,)
1．(强调主语)_____________ ___________________________________________
答案：It was all the members that held a meeting in the company last night.
2．(强调宾语)________________________________________________________________________
答案：It was a meeting that all the members held in the company last night.
3．(强调地点状语)________________________________________________________________________
答案：It was in the company that all the members held a meeting last night.
4．(强调时间状语)________________________________________________________________________
答案：It was last night that all the members held a meeting in the company.
5．(对地点状语提问然后变成特殊疑问句的强调句式)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Where did all the members hold a meeting last night?
Where was it that all the members held a meeting last night?
6．(对时间状语提问然后变成特殊疑问句的强调句式)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：When did all the members hold a meeting in the company?
When was it that all the members held a meeting in the company?
二、用适当的关联词或代词填空
1．________is not________is right but________is right ________ is of importance.
2．It is in the school________I came across my old classmates.
3.The school________I visited yesterday looks splendid.
4．The school________he studied in middle school attracts many excellent students every year.
5．The fact________he has passed in the English exam cheers everyone up.
6．He wanted to know________ ________was ________made his parents so excited.
答案：1．It；who；what；that
2．that
3．that；which；不填
4．where；in/at which
5．that
6．what；it；that
三、判断下列句子是否是强调句型，并用适当词填空
1．(1)It was ten o'clock ________ he came back.
(2)It was at ten o'clock ________ he came back.
(3)It has been ten days ________ I saw him last time.
2．(1)It is on the farm ________ we practise flying kites.
(2)It is the farm ________ we practise flying kites.
3．(1)It was three years ____________ he came back from abroad.
(2)It was three years ago ____________ he went abroad for further study.
答案：1．(1)when (2)that (3) since
2．(1)that (2)where
3．(1)before (2)that
四、翻译下列句子
1．如果你爸爸发现你做那件事，你会受责备的。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：You will catch it if your father finds you are doing that.
2．成败与否，我们都要坚持到底。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Win or lose，we' ll stick it out.
3．要是她迟到，我也没办法，不是吗？
________________________________________________________________________
答案：I can't help it if she is late，can I?
4．我老对他发火，就是控制不了自己。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：I always get angry with him，I just can't help it.
5．在演艺界中达到顶峰很难。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
五、单句改错
1．Why! I have nothing to confess. What it is that you want me to say?
________________________________________________________________________
答案：it is→is it
2．It was a white man that the black men were speaking.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：speaking→speaking to
3．It was on the coast where lots of people disappeared.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：where→that
4．It was not until you told me just now did I know the answer.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：did→that
5．As a matter of fact，that is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：that→it
