浙江省金华市义乌市第二中学2023-2024学年高三下学期开学考试英语试题
一、第二部分，阅读，第一节，阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。（共15小题，每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
Winners Club
You choose to be a winner!
The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. It has been made to help you better manage your money. The Winners Club is a transaction account (交易账户) where you receive a key-card so you can get to your money 24/7－that's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!
It's a club with impressive features for teenagers：
●No account keeping fees!
You're no millionaire so we don't expect you to pay large fees. In fact, there are no account keeping or transaction fees!
●Excellent interest rates!
You want your money to grow. The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits (储蓄) without taking them out in a month.
●Convenient
Teenagers are busy—we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet ...You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account. This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part-time job!
●Mega magazine included
Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money. There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.
The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers. And it is so easy to join. Simply fill in an application form. You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian (so we can organize that cool key-carD. but it is easy. We can't wait to hear from you. It's the best way to choose to be a winner!
1．The Winners Club is a bank account intended for ____.
A．parents B．teenagers C．winners D．adults
2．Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club
A．Special gifts are ready for parents.
B．The bank opens only on work days.
C．Services are convenient for its members.
D．Fees are necessary for the account keeping.
3．The Winners Club provides magazines which ____.
A．encourage spending
B．are free to all teenagers
C．are full of adventure stories
D．help to make more of your money
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．D
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；应用文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了一种银行卡服务Winners Club。说明了这种账户适宜人群，和它的好处。以及办理的一些注意事项。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
1．考查细节理解。根据You choose to be a winner!部分中的"The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. "Winners Club是一个专门为青少年设计的银行账户，可知，Winners Club是给青少年设计的银行账户，故选B。
2．考查细节理解。根据Convenient部分中的"Teenagers are busy—we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club. you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet, you can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account. "青少年很忙——我们明白。你可能根本不需要来银行。与Winners Club合作。您可以选择使用方便的出纳员，也可以在家使用电话和互联网进行银行存款，你可以将钱直接存入Winners Club账户。可知，这个服务对会员来说是很方便的，故选C。
3．考查细节理解。根据·Mega magazine included部分中的"Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money."除了你的定期报告，你还会收到一本免费杂志，里面全是让你赚更多钱的好主意。可知，Winners Club提供帮助你赚更多钱的杂志。故选D。
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person "the world today" or "life" or "reality" he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed (释放的) emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.
For me, this moment—four years in a moment in history—was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn't very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with "service men". The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world.
When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch (突然倾斜) from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.
4．Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph
A．Reality is what you make of it.
B．Time is like a river.
C．Emotions are powerful.
D．Every person has a special moment.
5．Why does the author still clearly remember the war
A．Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.
B．It was his personal reality and part of his life.
C．There was not much to buy.
D．The war would never end.
6．Which statement best describes the author's feelings about the war
A．It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.
B．It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.
C．It was very unreal to him.
D．The war was very disruptive to the people at home.
7．Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds
A．Adults would like to be young.
B．Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.
C．Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.
D．They will be fighting soon for adults.
【答案】4．D
5．B
6．A
7．D
【知识点】推理判断题；段落大意；故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了属于自己的独特的历史时刻——战争时代及由此引发的思考。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和段落大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查段落大意。根据第一段"Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person ‘the world today' or ‘life' or ‘reality' he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever."每个人都有属于自己的历史时刻。这是他的情绪对他产生最强烈影响的时刻，之后，当你对这个人说"今天的世界"或"生活"或"现实"时，他会认为你指的是这一刻，即使它已经过去了五十年。世界，通过他释放出来的情感，在他身上印上了印记，他永远带着那个逝去的时刻的印记。可知，本段主要讲述了每个人都有属于自己的独特时刻及该时刻对其产生的影响。故选D。
5．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"For me, this moment — four years in a moment in history — was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere."对我来说，这一刻——历史上的四年——就是战争。对我来说，战争过去和现在都是现实。我仍然本能地在它的氛围中生活和思考。可知，作者清晰地记得战争四年，是因为这段历史是他个人生活和现实的一部分。故选B。
6．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere.These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn't very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with ‘service men'. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end."对我来说，战争过去和现在都是现实。我仍然本能地在它的氛围中生活和思考。以下是它的一些特征:富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福是美国总统，而且他一直都是。另外两位永恒的世界领袖是温斯顿·丘吉尔和约瑟夫·斯大林。美国现在不是，过去从来没有，将来也永远不会像歌曲和诗歌中所说的那样，是一片富饶的土地。尼龙、肉、汽油和钢铁都很稀有。工作岗位太多，工人却不够。钱很容易挣，但很难花，因为没有很多东西可以买。火车总是晚点，而且总是挤满了"服务人员"。战争将永远在远离美国的地方进行。可知，本段主要描述了战争期间，社会真实的生活状态及战争一直在远离美国的地方进行着，可推知，作者亲身经历过战时的生活，但并没有加入军队参加战争。故选A。
7．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them."当你16岁的时候，大人对你有点印象深刻，甚至有点害怕。当你意识到他们预示着你的军事未来：为他们而战时，这个困惑最终得以解开。可知，成年人对16岁印象深刻是因为16岁是即将成年的年级，意味着他们很快就能加入军队，为成年人而战。故选D。
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as there presentative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.
The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.
The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.
A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.
8．According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835
A．It mediated conflicts between artists.
B．It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.
C．It determined which subjects were appropriate.
D．It supported their growth and development.
9．The word factions is closest in meaning to
A．sides B．people C．cities D．images
10．Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training
A．In Europe. B．In the Adirondacks.
C．In Vermon. D．In New Hampshire.
11．What is the best title for the text
A．The Nature's Nation
B．Hudson River School
C．Early painters and their drawings
D．North American landscape painting
【答案】8．D
9．A
10．A
11．B
【知识点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；文学艺术类；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了艺术领域"哈德逊河学派"的起源及其创作格。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和标题归纳三个题型的考查，是一篇艺术类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
8．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design."年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。可知，美国国家设计学院培养了出生在1835年之前的画家，支持他们的成长。故选D。
9．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的"The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design."年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养；以及第二段中的"The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York."从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作;他们在自己国家获得赞助的前景是不确定的，他们试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引赞助。可知，"the conflict between the two factions"指的是"美国本土年长画家群体"和"从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家群体"之间的冲突，即"哈德逊河学派"和"纽约学派"的冲突，可推知划线词factions意为"派系，流派"。故选A。
10．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique;"从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作。可知，年轻画家在欧洲接受了艺术训练。故选A。
11．考查标题归纳。根据第一段中的"The term ‘Hudson River school' was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. ""哈德逊河学派"一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表。在19世纪50年代左右开始、一直持续到19世纪60年代末的美国风景画运动的黄金时期，哈德逊河画派显然不为人知，但在19世纪70年代，哈德逊河画派似乎作为新老一代艺术家之间斗争的直接结果出现了，每一代艺术家都主张自己的风格，认为自己是美国艺术的代表；以及最后一段"A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways."把这个词用在这群风景画家身上，可能意味着他们中的许多人，像科尔一样，住在哈德逊河岸边或附近。此外，这条河长期以来一直是通往院士们青睐的其他素描场地的主要路线，尤其是阿迪朗达克山脉和佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州的山脉；并结合全文可知，本文主要介绍了艺术领域"哈德逊河学派"的起源及其创作风格。故选B。
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land. sea, or air. Hardly can anyone positively enjoy sitting in a train for mort than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution. for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night when you really wish to go to sleep you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journey are even less pleasant. for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can. at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater pan of the journey is spent on narrow. bumpy roads which are crowded wich traffic. By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food-always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of traveling on a ship.
Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and expensive. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Traveling at a height of 30,000 feet. far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An airplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from the view. you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch om for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
12．According to the author, how can reading help lessen
A．The boredom of being in the train
B．The tiresome clicking of the wheels
C．The sleeplessness during the journey
D．The poor ventilation of the compartment
13．What can we learn about the long distance journey by car
A．It is safe because the car usually goes at high speeds.
B．It is monotonous because reading is quite impossible.
C．It is exhausting because you seldom manage to sleep.
D．It is dangerous because the traffic is always too dense.
14．When is trips by sea regarded as the worst means of traveling
A．The weather is terrible B．The traveler has little time
C．The traveler feels seasick D．The sea is not calm
15．Why did the author write this passage
A．Introduce diverse ways of traveling.
B．Points out the best mode of traveling.
C．Emphasize the advantages of traveling by air.
D．Compare the means of relaxing when traveling.
【答案】12．A
13．B
14．C
15．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；旅游观光类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火车、汽车，乘船和乘飞机旅行的特点。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇旅游类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
12．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep."火车车厢很快变得拥挤和闷热。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。可知，阅读有助于解决部分问题，而这个问题就是坐长途火车会让人觉得烦闷单调。故选A。
13．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read."长途汽车旅行更不愉快，因为它甚至不可能阅读。可知，长途汽车旅行更不舒服，因为甚至无法读书。故选B。
14．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse."如果海面并不平静 ，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会有的。可知，当游客晕船时，乘船旅行就成了最糟糕的出行方式。故选C。
15．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air."长途旅行的人们常常不得不决定他们是否愿意走陆路，海上，或空中；并结合下文对陆上火车和长途汽车旅行，海上乘船旅行及乘飞机旅行的方式比较可知，作者写这篇文章是为了介绍不同的旅行方式。故选A。
二、第二部分，阅读，第二节 （共5小题，每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 16． .
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 17． .
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 18． .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 19． .
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 20． .
A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.
E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
F. Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.
【答案】16．C；17．E；18．A；19．B；20．G
【知识点】说明文；七选五；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同时期的文化进化理论及其代表人物。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇文化类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
16．根据空前"Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection."斯宾塞认为，所有的世俗现象，包括人类社会，都会随着时间的推移而发生变化，朝着完美的方向发展。说明了斯宾塞的进化观点，C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. "他认为，人类进化的特点是一种他称之为‘适者生存'的斗争，在这种斗争中，较弱的种族和社会最终必须被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代)"进一步阐明斯宾塞的进化观点，其中"He"照应上文"Spencer"，衔接恰当。故选C。
17．根据空前"Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. "摩根和泰勒是现代人类学的奠基人之一。在他的作品中，他试图展示文化的各个方面是如何在社会的演变中一起变化的。说明了摩根的文化进化理论，E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. "因此，在他看来，文化的各个方面，如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术和粮食生产系统，都随着社会的发展而变化"衔接上文，进一步解释文化进化理论，其中"diverse aspects of culture"照应上文"all aspects of culture"，衔接恰当。故选E。
18．根据空前"In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology."20世纪初，在北美，德国出生的美国人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯发展了一种新的文化理论，称为历史特殊主义。历史特殊主义强调一切文化的独特性，为人类学的发展指明了新的方向。说明了人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯提出了新的理论，A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. "其他人类学家认为，文化创新，如发明，有一个单一的起源，并从一个社会传到另一个社会。这个理论被称为扩散论"衔接上文，说明了除了人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯的观点外，其他人类学家的观点，衔接恰当。故选A。
19．根据空前"Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. "鲍亚士认为，任何社会的文化都必须被理解为独特历史的结果，而不是属于更广泛的进化阶段或文化类型的许多文化中的一种)"说明了鲍亚士的文化观，他认为任何文化都具有独特性，B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. "为了尽可能完整地研究特定的文化，鲍亚士精通了语言学(研究语言)和体质人类学(研究人类生物学和解剖学)"衔接上文，说明鲍亚士为了研究文化的独特性做出的努力，衔接恰当。故选B。
20．根据空前"Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures."有些人把几乎每一项重要的文化成就都归功于少数人的发明，特别是有天赋的民族，根据传播论者的说法，这些发明后来传播到其他文化。说明了一些人的观点，认为重要的文化成就都来自少数人的发明，然后传播到世界各地，G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world."例如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith和W. J. Perry在信息不充分的基础上错误地认为，农业、制陶和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后扩散到世界各地"用具体的例子证明了上文一些人的观点，衔接恰当。故选G。
三、第三部分，语言运用，第一节 （共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 21． major changes over the years. In fact, to a modern speaker, the English of 1000 years ago looks like a 22． language!
The history of English dates back around 100 years. At that time, groups of Europeans 23． England, bringing their language with them. It developed into old English. Later in 1066, English was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent 24． shifts, leading to modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed.
25． is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in old English, people say "hus" and "mus". Now, we say house and mouse. These days there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U.S., India and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the 26． of change can be fast.
Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish and 27． , 28． . This often happens with types of 29． -for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and 30． the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning great. These days you rarely hear the word 31． on old TV shows or movies.
Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions 32． in Canada, 33． and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new 34． and writing styles. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as 35． its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.
21．A． gone over B． gone through
C． gone into D． gone for
22．A． other B． unfamiliar C． strange D． foreign
23．A． invaded B． seized C． took over D． captured
24．A． few B． some C． further D． more
25．A． Pronunciation B． Grammar
C． Speaking D． Presenting
26．A． speed B． pace C． velocity D． way
27．A． Chinese B． Vietnamese C． Arabic D． Korean
28．A． to name a few B． to name but a few
C． for instance D． after all
29．A． vegetable B． fruit C． meat D． food
30．A． exits B． leaves C． escapes D． quits
31．A． except B． merely C． besides D． already
32．A． used B． written C． spoken D． seen
33．A． Nigeria B． Singapore C． Philippines D． Jamaica
34．A． slang B． jargon C． argot D． vernacular
35．A． are B． is C． do D． has
【答案】21．B；22．D；23．A；24．C；25．A；26．B；27．C；28．A；29．D；30．B；31．A；32．C；33．B；34．A；35．A
【知识点】说明文；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英语的发展和演变。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，介词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：在英语中，从拼写到词汇，这些年来都经历了重大的变化。A. gone over"复习"；B. gone through"经历"；C. gone into"进入"；D. gone for"追求"。根据空后"major changes over the years"可知，英语从拼写到词汇都经历了重大的变化。故选B。
22．句意：事实上，对于一个现代人来说，1000年前的英语看起来就像一门外语!A. other"其他的"；B. unfamiliar"不熟悉的"；C. strange"奇怪的"；D. foreign"外国的"。根据上文"In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 1 major changes over the years."可知，英语经历了重大变化，所以1000年前的英语对现代人来说就像外语一样。故选D。
23．句意：当时，成群的欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。A. invaded"侵略"；B. seized"抓住"；C. took over"接管"；D. captured"俘获"。根据空后"bringing their language with them"及历史事实可知，欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。故选A。
24．句意：在接下来的500年里，这种语言经历了进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。A. few"更少的"；B. some"一些"；C. further"进一步的"；D. more"更多的"。根据前文"It developed into old English."及"Middle English"；以及空后"modern English"可知，英语经过进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。故选C。
25．句意：发音是最明显的一个方面。A. Pronunciation"发音"；B. Grammar"语法"；C. Speaking "口语"；D. Present"现在"。根据下文"in old English, people say ‘hus' and ‘mus'. Now, we say house and mouse. "可知，英语的发音出现了明显的变化。故选A。
26．句意：当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，变化的速度可能很快。A. speed"速度"；B. pace"节奏，速度"；C. velocity"速率"；D. way"方式"。根据空后"can be fast"可知，当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，语言变化的速度会很快。speed一般指人或物移动的速度，pace可以表示工作或事情进展的速度，根据句意可知，此处表示语言变化的速度。故选B。
27．句意：英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和阿拉伯语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. Chinese "汉语"；B. Vietnamese"越南语"；C. Arabic"阿拉伯语"；D. Korean"韩语"。根据空前"English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and"及历史事实可知，英语主要借用了法语，希腊语和阿拉伯语的词汇。故选C。
28．句意：仅举几例，英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和拉丁语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. to name a few"仅举几例"；B. not at all"一点也不"；C. in all"总计"；D. after all"毕竟，终究"。根据空前"English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as"可知，英语借用了许多语言的词汇，此处仅举几例。故选A。
29．句意：这种情况经常发生在不同的食物上，比如"豆腐"。A. vegetable"蔬菜"；B. fruit"水果"；C. meat"肉"；D. food"食物"。根据空后"or example,‘tofu'"可知，词汇借用通常出现在食物方面。故选D。
30．句意：还有俚语，每年都有俚语进入和退出语言系统!A. exits "退出"；B. leaves"离开"；C. escapes"逃离"；D. quits"辞职"。根据空前"which enters and"可知，每年都有新的俚语进入语言系统，也会有过时的俚语退出语言系统。故选B。
31．句意：如今，除了在老电视节目或电影中，你很少听到这个词。A. except"除了"；B. merely"仅仅"；C. besides"此外"；D. already"已经"。根据空前"you rarely hear the word"；以及空后"on old TV shows or movies"可知，除了在老电视节目或电影中，已经很少听到这个词了。故选A。
32．句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. used"被使用的"；B. written"书面的"；C. spoken"口头的"；D. seen"被看见的"。根据空前"English is spoken by so many people worldwide"；以及"American and British versions are always changing"可知，此处指英语口语一直在变化。故选C。
33．句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. Nigeria"尼日利亚"；B. Singapore"新加坡"；C. Philippines "菲律宾"；D. Jamaica "牙买加"。根据常识可知，新加坡也说英语。故选B。
34．句意：与此同时，一个全新版本的英语出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。A. slang"俚语"；B. jargon"行话，术语"；C. argot "隐语"；D. vernacular"方言"。根据前文"an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet"；以及空后"and writing styles"并结合实际情况可知，一种新的英语形式出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。故选A。
35．句意：语言是地球的一部分，就像地球的土壤和湖泊、河流和海洋的水一样。A. are"是"，be动词一般现在时复数形式；B. is"是"，be动词一般现在时单数形式；C. do"做，干"；D. has"有"。根据空前"as much a part of the earth as"可知，as much...as表示"和……一样，正如"，后一个as引导的是一个主谓语倒装的比较从句，根据主句的结构可知，比较从句中的谓语应该是be动词，从句中的主语是"its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans"谓语就用复数形式。故选A。
四、第三部分，语言运用，第二节 （共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 36． (surround) by advancing deserts on three sides, is one of the major sources of sandstorms which threaten northern China. The region lacks water resources 37． faces extreme weather events. If no actions 38． (take), the region will face the threat of being buried by sand as no 39． (defend). can stop the advancing deserts and repetitive strong sandstorms.
More than four decades of efforts against desertification in Ningxia have helped develop crucial experience. Growing different trees based on different habitats is 40． (critic). to maintaining the forests' quality and sustainability. In Shapotou District, Zhongwei City, wild shrubs (灌木) are planted because of the 41． (extreme) low groundwater. Shrubs help lower the wind speed, preventing the transportation 42． sands to neighboring areas. At the same time, the organisms 43． (live) on the shrubs gradually form biological soil coats to hold the sand firmly.
By the end of 2020, Ningxia 44． (grow) 510,000 hectares of forest, increasing forest coverage from 8.4 percent in 2000 to 15.8 percent. During 45． "14th Five-Year Plan" period, Ningxia plans to create 96,000 hectares of forest and restore over 66,000 hectares of grassland.
【答案】36．surrounded；37．and；38．is taken；39．defense；40．critical；41．extremely；42．from；43．living；44．had grown；45．the
【知识点】说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，宁夏回族自治区三面被不断推进的沙漠包围，是威胁中国北方的沙尘暴的主要来源之一。 但是宁夏40多年的防沙治沙工作积累了重要经验。根据不同的栖息地种植不同的树木对保持森林的质量和可持续性至关重要。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及非谓语动词，连词，时态语态，名词，形容词，副词，介词，冠词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
36．句意：宁夏回族自治区三面被不断推进的沙漠包围，是威胁中国北方的沙尘暴的主要来源之一。surround与逻辑主语 The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 构成动宾关系，应用过去分词，此处作状语。故填surrounded。
37．句意：该地区缺乏水资源，并面临极端天气事件。前后文为并列关系，应用连词and。故填and。
38．句意：如果不采取行动，该地区将面临被沙子掩埋的威胁，因为没有任何防御措施可以阻止沙漠的前进和反复的强沙尘暴。此处是谓语动词，与主语构成被动关系，且主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，应用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填is taken。
39．句意：如果不采取行动，该地区将面临被沙子掩埋的威胁，因为没有任何防御措施可以阻止沙漠的前进和反复的强沙尘暴。此处作从句的主语，表示"防御"，应用名词defense，故填defense。
40．句意：根据不同的栖息地种植不同的树木对保持森林的质量和可持续性至关重要。此处作表语，表示"至关重要的"，应用形容词critical。故填critical。
41．句意：中卫沙坡头地区地下水极低，种植野生灌木。修饰后文形容词low应用副词extremely，作状语。故填extremely。
42．句意：灌木有助于降低风速，防止沙子向邻近地区运输。prevent ...from…to…固定短语，"阻止从……到……"。故填from。
43．句意：与此同时，生活在灌木上的生物逐渐形成生物土壤外衣来牢牢地固定沙子。live与逻辑主语organisms构成主动关系，应用现在分词，作定语。故填living。
44．句意：截至2020年底，宁夏森林面积达到51万公顷，森林覆盖率由2000年的8.4%提高到15.8%。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语By the end of 2020可知，应用过去完成时。故填had grown。
45．句意："十四五"期间，宁夏计划新建森林9.6万公顷，恢复草地6.6万多公顷。此处特指"十四五"期间，应用定冠词the。故填the。
五、第四部分，写作（共两节，满分40分）
46．（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 假设你是某国际学校的音乐俱乐部（Music Club）负责人。为了提升同学们的音乐欣赏力并扩大俱乐部的影响力，该俱乐部决定招纳新成员，请你用英语写一则纳新启事，内容包括：1. 对新成员的要求；2. 俱乐部的活动。
注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【答案】Members Wanted
Aimed at promoting students' ability to appreciate music and expand its influence, our Music Club is intended to recruit new members this Friday after school in the music classroom.
Whoever is fond of music and willing to get involved in music creation and performance is preferable in our club. Once admitted，you'll have the opportunities to experience various activities，ranging from lectures on music theory to high-level concerts. To provide a platform for every member to show their talent，a yearly performance will also be held.
What are you waiting for Join us and enjoy music!
Music Club
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇应用文写作，要求考生以 某国际学校的音乐俱乐部负责人的身份，写一则纳新启事 。写作背景： 为了提升同学们的音乐欣赏力并扩大俱乐部的影响力，该俱乐部决定招纳新成员 。写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括：1. 对新成员的要求；2. 俱乐部的活动。提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Aimed at promoting students' ability to appreciate music and expand its influence, our Music Club is intended to recruit new members this Friday after school in the music classroom.运用了过去分词作状语，动名词作宾语，被动语态；Whoever is fond of music and willing to get involved in music creation and performance is preferable in our club. 运用了主语从句；Once admitted，you'll have the opportunities to experience various activities，ranging from lectures on music theory to high-level concerts. 运用了条件状语从句的省略，不定式作定语；To provide a platform for every member to show their talent，a yearly performance will also be held. 运用了被动语态； Join us and enjoy music! 运用了祈使句。
47．（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Chase counted his new year gifts one more lime as he put a robot-shaped eraser into each envelope.
"Twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two."
"Do you have one for everyone in your class " Mom asked.
"Yep!" Chase said. "I'm ready for the party tomorrow!"
When Chase got to school the next day, he saw a new girl in his classroom. She stood near Ms.Robins and looked around shyly.
"This is Eva," said Ms. Robins. "Will someone volunteer to show her around today " Chase raised his hand since he liked showing the new kids around and helping them feel welcome.
"Thanks, Chase," Ms. Robins said. "Now let's get down to our work."
That's when Chase realized he didn't have a new year gift for Eva. No one else would have one either. Chase pictured his classmates' desks covered with gifts while Eva's desk was empty. He felt sad about that.
At a break, he was careful not to mention the party as he showed Eva around the playground. At lunchtime, he walked Eva to the lunchroom, still worried about what would happen at the party. Eva had brought a packed lunch, so Chase showed her where she was supposed to sit and introduced her to some of the kids at her table.
While eating, Chase suddenly remembered that kids often included candy hearts with the new year gifts they exchanged. This won't be a New Year's Day for Eva with no gifts. But as he sat down at his table, an idea flooded into his head. He whispered it to the kids around him. Soon everyone at the table was nodding and whispering.
When they were back in the classroom after lunch, Chase told Ms. Robins about their plan. Ms. Robins smiled. "That's very thoughtful," she said. "Let's go for it."
It was math time, so Chase invited Eva to study with him. He made sure Eva sat with her back to the room so she wouldn't notice.
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Meanwhile, her new classmates were busying working on something.
……
"Here's your new year gift, Eva. It's from everyone," Chase said.
【答案】Meanwhile, her new classmates were busying working on something. They were going to give Eva their "hearts". Quickly but quietly, Ms. Robins, with an exquisite paper bag she fetched from her office, was walking around the classroom to collect the candy hearts. Growing heavy with the paper bag was the students' welcome for their new classmate. Sitting beside Eva, Chase felt his heart racing and palms sweating. In order not to ruin the new year surprise for Eva, he pretended to be discussing math problems with her to occupy her attention. The stone in his heart finally dropped when Ms. Robins tiptoed towards him and placed the paper bag on his hands.
"Here's your new year gift, Eva. It's from everyone." Chase said. Surprise written on Eva's face, she turned around and was greeted by the sunny smiles on her classmates' faces. "Open it," I encouraged. No sooner had she opened the paper bag than everybody cheered, "Happy New Year". The candies which were made in the shape of hearts blurred her eyes. If only she had been able to express how much this precious gift meant to her. Springing from her seat, she stepped forward and bowed to her new but considerate classmates, who not only erased her anxiety but also planted the seed of hope in her heart. What a hearty welcome!
【知识点】文字式记叙文；开放性作文；读后续写
【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是读后续写。通过阅读文章可知，讲述了Chase给同学们每人都准备新年礼物，第二天到班上却发现班上来了一位新同学。Chase答应老师带新同学参观学校却意识到自己和其他同学都没有为新同学准备礼物，感到难过。在吃午饭的时候，Chase突然想起孩子们经常在交换的新年礼物里放上心形糖果，于是和其他同学，老师一起计划为新同学送礼物。段落续写：①由第一段首句内容"与此同时，她的新同学们正忙着做一些事情。"可知，第一段可描写老师悄悄收集心型果糖给Chase并不让Eva发现的过程。②由第二段首句内容"‘这是你的新年礼物，Eva。是大家送的。'蔡斯说。"可知，第二段可描Eva收到礼物后非常感动的过程。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：Quickly but quietly, Ms. Robins, with an exquisite paper bag she fetched from her office, was walking around the classroom to collect the candy hearts. 运用了限制性定语从句；Growing heavy with the paper bag was the students' welcome for their new classmate. 运用了完全倒装； Sitting beside Eva, Chase felt his heart racing and palms sweating.运用了现在分词作宾补； In order not to ruin the new year surprise for Eva, he pretended to be discussing math problems with her to occupy her attention. 运用了不定式作目的状语，with的复合结构；The stone in his heart finally dropped when Ms. Robins tiptoed towards him and placed the paper bag on his hands.运用了时间状语从句； Surprise written on Eva's face, she turned around and was greeted by the sunny smiles on her classmates' faces. 运用了独立主格结构；No sooner had she opened the paper bag than everybody cheered, "Happy New Year". 运用了倒装句，时间状语从句；The candies which were made in the shape of hearts blurred her eyes. 运用了限制性定语从句；If only she had been able to express how much this precious gift meant to her.运用了 If only 固定句式，虚拟语气；Springing from her seat, she stepped forward and bowed to her new but considerate classmates, who not only erased her anxiety but also planted the seed of hope in her heart.运用了非限制性定语从句； What a hearty welcome!运用了感叹句。
1 / 1浙江省金华市义乌市第二中学2023-2024学年高三下学期开学考试英语试题
一、第二部分，阅读，第一节，阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。（共15小题，每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
Winners Club
You choose to be a winner!
The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. It has been made to help you better manage your money. The Winners Club is a transaction account (交易账户) where you receive a key-card so you can get to your money 24/7－that's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!
It's a club with impressive features for teenagers：
●No account keeping fees!
You're no millionaire so we don't expect you to pay large fees. In fact, there are no account keeping or transaction fees!
●Excellent interest rates!
You want your money to grow. The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits (储蓄) without taking them out in a month.
●Convenient
Teenagers are busy—we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet ...You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account. This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part-time job!
●Mega magazine included
Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money. There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.
The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers. And it is so easy to join. Simply fill in an application form. You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian (so we can organize that cool key-carD. but it is easy. We can't wait to hear from you. It's the best way to choose to be a winner!
1．The Winners Club is a bank account intended for ____.
A．parents B．teenagers C．winners D．adults
2．Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club
A．Special gifts are ready for parents.
B．The bank opens only on work days.
C．Services are convenient for its members.
D．Fees are necessary for the account keeping.
3．The Winners Club provides magazines which ____.
A．encourage spending
B．are free to all teenagers
C．are full of adventure stories
D．help to make more of your money
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person "the world today" or "life" or "reality" he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed (释放的) emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.
For me, this moment—four years in a moment in history—was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn't very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with "service men". The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world.
When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch (突然倾斜) from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.
4．Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph
A．Reality is what you make of it.
B．Time is like a river.
C．Emotions are powerful.
D．Every person has a special moment.
5．Why does the author still clearly remember the war
A．Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.
B．It was his personal reality and part of his life.
C．There was not much to buy.
D．The war would never end.
6．Which statement best describes the author's feelings about the war
A．It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.
B．It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.
C．It was very unreal to him.
D．The war was very disruptive to the people at home.
7．Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds
A．Adults would like to be young.
B．Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.
C．Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.
D．They will be fighting soon for adults.
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as there presentative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.
The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.
The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.
A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.
8．According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835
A．It mediated conflicts between artists.
B．It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.
C．It determined which subjects were appropriate.
D．It supported their growth and development.
9．The word factions is closest in meaning to
A．sides B．people C．cities D．images
10．Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training
A．In Europe. B．In the Adirondacks.
C．In Vermon. D．In New Hampshire.
11．What is the best title for the text
A．The Nature's Nation
B．Hudson River School
C．Early painters and their drawings
D．North American landscape painting
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读理解
People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land. sea, or air. Hardly can anyone positively enjoy sitting in a train for mort than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution. for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night when you really wish to go to sleep you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journey are even less pleasant. for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can. at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater pan of the journey is spent on narrow. bumpy roads which are crowded wich traffic. By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food-always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of traveling on a ship.
Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and expensive. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Traveling at a height of 30,000 feet. far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An airplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from the view. you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch om for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
12．According to the author, how can reading help lessen
A．The boredom of being in the train
B．The tiresome clicking of the wheels
C．The sleeplessness during the journey
D．The poor ventilation of the compartment
13．What can we learn about the long distance journey by car
A．It is safe because the car usually goes at high speeds.
B．It is monotonous because reading is quite impossible.
C．It is exhausting because you seldom manage to sleep.
D．It is dangerous because the traffic is always too dense.
14．When is trips by sea regarded as the worst means of traveling
A．The weather is terrible B．The traveler has little time
C．The traveler feels seasick D．The sea is not calm
15．Why did the author write this passage
A．Introduce diverse ways of traveling.
B．Points out the best mode of traveling.
C．Emphasize the advantages of traveling by air.
D．Compare the means of relaxing when traveling.
二、第二部分，阅读，第二节 （共5小题，每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 16． .
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 17． .
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 18． .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 19． .
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 20． .
A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.
E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
F. Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.
三、第三部分，语言运用，第一节 （共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 21． major changes over the years. In fact, to a modern speaker, the English of 1000 years ago looks like a 22． language!
The history of English dates back around 100 years. At that time, groups of Europeans 23． England, bringing their language with them. It developed into old English. Later in 1066, English was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent 24． shifts, leading to modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed.
25． is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in old English, people say "hus" and "mus". Now, we say house and mouse. These days there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U.S., India and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the 26． of change can be fast.
Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Spanish and 27． , 28． . This often happens with types of 29． -for example, "tofu". Then there is slang which enters and 30． the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying "groovy", meaning great. These days you rarely hear the word 31． on old TV shows or movies.
Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions 32． in Canada, 33． and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new 34． and writing styles. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as 35． its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.
21．A． gone over B． gone through
C． gone into D． gone for
22．A． other B． unfamiliar C． strange D． foreign
23．A． invaded B． seized C． took over D． captured
24．A． few B． some C． further D． more
25．A． Pronunciation B． Grammar
C． Speaking D． Presenting
26．A． speed B． pace C． velocity D． way
27．A． Chinese B． Vietnamese C． Arabic D． Korean
28．A． to name a few B． to name but a few
C． for instance D． after all
29．A． vegetable B． fruit C． meat D． food
30．A． exits B． leaves C． escapes D． quits
31．A． except B． merely C． besides D． already
32．A． used B． written C． spoken D． seen
33．A． Nigeria B． Singapore C． Philippines D． Jamaica
34．A． slang B． jargon C． argot D． vernacular
35．A． are B． is C． do D． has
四、第三部分，语言运用，第二节 （共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 36． (surround) by advancing deserts on three sides, is one of the major sources of sandstorms which threaten northern China. The region lacks water resources 37． faces extreme weather events. If no actions 38． (take), the region will face the threat of being buried by sand as no 39． (defend). can stop the advancing deserts and repetitive strong sandstorms.
More than four decades of efforts against desertification in Ningxia have helped develop crucial experience. Growing different trees based on different habitats is 40． (critic). to maintaining the forests' quality and sustainability. In Shapotou District, Zhongwei City, wild shrubs (灌木) are planted because of the 41． (extreme) low groundwater. Shrubs help lower the wind speed, preventing the transportation 42． sands to neighboring areas. At the same time, the organisms 43． (live) on the shrubs gradually form biological soil coats to hold the sand firmly.
By the end of 2020, Ningxia 44． (grow) 510,000 hectares of forest, increasing forest coverage from 8.4 percent in 2000 to 15.8 percent. During 45． "14th Five-Year Plan" period, Ningxia plans to create 96,000 hectares of forest and restore over 66,000 hectares of grassland.
五、第四部分，写作（共两节，满分40分）
46．（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 假设你是某国际学校的音乐俱乐部（Music Club）负责人。为了提升同学们的音乐欣赏力并扩大俱乐部的影响力，该俱乐部决定招纳新成员，请你用英语写一则纳新启事，内容包括：1. 对新成员的要求；2. 俱乐部的活动。
注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
47．（2024高三下·义乌开学考） 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Chase counted his new year gifts one more lime as he put a robot-shaped eraser into each envelope.
"Twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two."
"Do you have one for everyone in your class " Mom asked.
"Yep!" Chase said. "I'm ready for the party tomorrow!"
When Chase got to school the next day, he saw a new girl in his classroom. She stood near Ms.Robins and looked around shyly.
"This is Eva," said Ms. Robins. "Will someone volunteer to show her around today " Chase raised his hand since he liked showing the new kids around and helping them feel welcome.
"Thanks, Chase," Ms. Robins said. "Now let's get down to our work."
That's when Chase realized he didn't have a new year gift for Eva. No one else would have one either. Chase pictured his classmates' desks covered with gifts while Eva's desk was empty. He felt sad about that.
At a break, he was careful not to mention the party as he showed Eva around the playground. At lunchtime, he walked Eva to the lunchroom, still worried about what would happen at the party. Eva had brought a packed lunch, so Chase showed her where she was supposed to sit and introduced her to some of the kids at her table.
While eating, Chase suddenly remembered that kids often included candy hearts with the new year gifts they exchanged. This won't be a New Year's Day for Eva with no gifts. But as he sat down at his table, an idea flooded into his head. He whispered it to the kids around him. Soon everyone at the table was nodding and whispering.
When they were back in the classroom after lunch, Chase told Ms. Robins about their plan. Ms. Robins smiled. "That's very thoughtful," she said. "Let's go for it."
It was math time, so Chase invited Eva to study with him. He made sure Eva sat with her back to the room so she wouldn't notice.
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Meanwhile, her new classmates were busying working on something.
……
"Here's your new year gift, Eva. It's from everyone," Chase said.
答案解析部分
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．D
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类；应用文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了一种银行卡服务Winners Club。说明了这种账户适宜人群，和它的好处。以及办理的一些注意事项。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
1．考查细节理解。根据You choose to be a winner!部分中的"The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. "Winners Club是一个专门为青少年设计的银行账户，可知，Winners Club是给青少年设计的银行账户，故选B。
2．考查细节理解。根据Convenient部分中的"Teenagers are busy—we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club. you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet, you can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account. "青少年很忙——我们明白。你可能根本不需要来银行。与Winners Club合作。您可以选择使用方便的出纳员，也可以在家使用电话和互联网进行银行存款，你可以将钱直接存入Winners Club账户。可知，这个服务对会员来说是很方便的，故选C。
3．考查细节理解。根据·Mega magazine included部分中的"Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money."除了你的定期报告，你还会收到一本免费杂志，里面全是让你赚更多钱的好主意。可知，Winners Club提供帮助你赚更多钱的杂志。故选D。
【答案】4．D
5．B
6．A
7．D
【知识点】推理判断题；段落大意；故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了属于自己的独特的历史时刻——战争时代及由此引发的思考。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和段落大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查段落大意。根据第一段"Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person ‘the world today' or ‘life' or ‘reality' he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever."每个人都有属于自己的历史时刻。这是他的情绪对他产生最强烈影响的时刻，之后，当你对这个人说"今天的世界"或"生活"或"现实"时，他会认为你指的是这一刻，即使它已经过去了五十年。世界，通过他释放出来的情感，在他身上印上了印记，他永远带着那个逝去的时刻的印记。可知，本段主要讲述了每个人都有属于自己的独特时刻及该时刻对其产生的影响。故选D。
5．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"For me, this moment — four years in a moment in history — was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere."对我来说，这一刻——历史上的四年——就是战争。对我来说，战争过去和现在都是现实。我仍然本能地在它的氛围中生活和思考。可知，作者清晰地记得战争四年，是因为这段历史是他个人生活和现实的一部分。故选B。
6．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere.These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn't very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with ‘service men'. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end."对我来说，战争过去和现在都是现实。我仍然本能地在它的氛围中生活和思考。以下是它的一些特征:富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福是美国总统，而且他一直都是。另外两位永恒的世界领袖是温斯顿·丘吉尔和约瑟夫·斯大林。美国现在不是，过去从来没有，将来也永远不会像歌曲和诗歌中所说的那样，是一片富饶的土地。尼龙、肉、汽油和钢铁都很稀有。工作岗位太多，工人却不够。钱很容易挣，但很难花，因为没有很多东西可以买。火车总是晚点，而且总是挤满了"服务人员"。战争将永远在远离美国的地方进行。可知，本段主要描述了战争期间，社会真实的生活状态及战争一直在远离美国的地方进行着，可推知，作者亲身经历过战时的生活，但并没有加入军队参加战争。故选A。
7．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them."当你16岁的时候，大人对你有点印象深刻，甚至有点害怕。当你意识到他们预示着你的军事未来：为他们而战时，这个困惑最终得以解开。可知，成年人对16岁印象深刻是因为16岁是即将成年的年级，意味着他们很快就能加入军队，为成年人而战。故选D。
【答案】8．D
9．A
10．A
11．B
【知识点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；文学艺术类；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了艺术领域"哈德逊河学派"的起源及其创作格。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和标题归纳三个题型的考查，是一篇艺术类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
8．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design."年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。可知，美国国家设计学院培养了出生在1835年之前的画家，支持他们的成长。故选D。
9．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的"The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design."年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养；以及第二段中的"The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York."从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作;他们在自己国家获得赞助的前景是不确定的，他们试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引赞助。可知，"the conflict between the two factions"指的是"美国本土年长画家群体"和"从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家群体"之间的冲突，即"哈德逊河学派"和"纽约学派"的冲突，可推知划线词factions意为"派系，流派"。故选A。
10．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique;"从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作。可知，年轻画家在欧洲接受了艺术训练。故选A。
11．考查标题归纳。根据第一段中的"The term ‘Hudson River school' was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. ""哈德逊河学派"一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表。在19世纪50年代左右开始、一直持续到19世纪60年代末的美国风景画运动的黄金时期，哈德逊河画派显然不为人知，但在19世纪70年代，哈德逊河画派似乎作为新老一代艺术家之间斗争的直接结果出现了，每一代艺术家都主张自己的风格，认为自己是美国艺术的代表；以及最后一段"A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways."把这个词用在这群风景画家身上，可能意味着他们中的许多人，像科尔一样，住在哈德逊河岸边或附近。此外，这条河长期以来一直是通往院士们青睐的其他素描场地的主要路线，尤其是阿迪朗达克山脉和佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州的山脉；并结合全文可知，本文主要介绍了艺术领域"哈德逊河学派"的起源及其创作风格。故选B。
【答案】12．A
13．B
14．C
15．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；旅游观光类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火车、汽车，乘船和乘飞机旅行的特点。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇旅游类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
12．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep."火车车厢很快变得拥挤和闷热。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。可知，阅读有助于解决部分问题，而这个问题就是坐长途火车会让人觉得烦闷单调。故选A。
13．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read."长途汽车旅行更不愉快，因为它甚至不可能阅读。可知，长途汽车旅行更不舒服，因为甚至无法读书。故选B。
14．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse."如果海面并不平静 ，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会有的。可知，当游客晕船时，乘船旅行就成了最糟糕的出行方式。故选C。
15．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air."长途旅行的人们常常不得不决定他们是否愿意走陆路，海上，或空中；并结合下文对陆上火车和长途汽车旅行，海上乘船旅行及乘飞机旅行的方式比较可知，作者写这篇文章是为了介绍不同的旅行方式。故选A。
【答案】16．C；17．E；18．A；19．B；20．G
【知识点】说明文；七选五；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同时期的文化进化理论及其代表人物。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇文化类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
16．根据空前"Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection."斯宾塞认为，所有的世俗现象，包括人类社会，都会随着时间的推移而发生变化，朝着完美的方向发展。说明了斯宾塞的进化观点，C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. "他认为，人类进化的特点是一种他称之为‘适者生存'的斗争，在这种斗争中，较弱的种族和社会最终必须被更强大、更先进的种族和社会所取代)"进一步阐明斯宾塞的进化观点，其中"He"照应上文"Spencer"，衔接恰当。故选C。
17．根据空前"Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. "摩根和泰勒是现代人类学的奠基人之一。在他的作品中，他试图展示文化的各个方面是如何在社会的演变中一起变化的。说明了摩根的文化进化理论，E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. "因此，在他看来，文化的各个方面，如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府形式、技术和粮食生产系统，都随着社会的发展而变化"衔接上文，进一步解释文化进化理论，其中"diverse aspects of culture"照应上文"all aspects of culture"，衔接恰当。故选E。
18．根据空前"In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology."20世纪初，在北美，德国出生的美国人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯发展了一种新的文化理论，称为历史特殊主义。历史特殊主义强调一切文化的独特性，为人类学的发展指明了新的方向。说明了人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯提出了新的理论，A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. "其他人类学家认为，文化创新，如发明，有一个单一的起源，并从一个社会传到另一个社会。这个理论被称为扩散论"衔接上文，说明了除了人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯的观点外，其他人类学家的观点，衔接恰当。故选A。
19．根据空前"Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. "鲍亚士认为，任何社会的文化都必须被理解为独特历史的结果，而不是属于更广泛的进化阶段或文化类型的许多文化中的一种)"说明了鲍亚士的文化观，他认为任何文化都具有独特性，B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. "为了尽可能完整地研究特定的文化，鲍亚士精通了语言学(研究语言)和体质人类学(研究人类生物学和解剖学)"衔接上文，说明鲍亚士为了研究文化的独特性做出的努力，衔接恰当。故选B。
20．根据空前"Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures."有些人把几乎每一项重要的文化成就都归功于少数人的发明，特别是有天赋的民族，根据传播论者的说法，这些发明后来传播到其他文化。说明了一些人的观点，认为重要的文化成就都来自少数人的发明，然后传播到世界各地，G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world."例如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith和W. J. Perry在信息不充分的基础上错误地认为，农业、制陶和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后扩散到世界各地"用具体的例子证明了上文一些人的观点，衔接恰当。故选G。
【答案】21．B；22．D；23．A；24．C；25．A；26．B；27．C；28．A；29．D；30．B；31．A；32．C；33．B；34．A；35．A
【知识点】说明文；社会文化类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英语的发展和演变。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，介词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：在英语中，从拼写到词汇，这些年来都经历了重大的变化。A. gone over"复习"；B. gone through"经历"；C. gone into"进入"；D. gone for"追求"。根据空后"major changes over the years"可知，英语从拼写到词汇都经历了重大的变化。故选B。
22．句意：事实上，对于一个现代人来说，1000年前的英语看起来就像一门外语!A. other"其他的"；B. unfamiliar"不熟悉的"；C. strange"奇怪的"；D. foreign"外国的"。根据上文"In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 1 major changes over the years."可知，英语经历了重大变化，所以1000年前的英语对现代人来说就像外语一样。故选D。
23．句意：当时，成群的欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。A. invaded"侵略"；B. seized"抓住"；C. took over"接管"；D. captured"俘获"。根据空后"bringing their language with them"及历史事实可知，欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。故选A。
24．句意：在接下来的500年里，这种语言经历了进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。A. few"更少的"；B. some"一些"；C. further"进一步的"；D. more"更多的"。根据前文"It developed into old English."及"Middle English"；以及空后"modern English"可知，英语经过进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。故选C。
25．句意：发音是最明显的一个方面。A. Pronunciation"发音"；B. Grammar"语法"；C. Speaking "口语"；D. Present"现在"。根据下文"in old English, people say ‘hus' and ‘mus'. Now, we say house and mouse. "可知，英语的发音出现了明显的变化。故选A。
26．句意：当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，变化的速度可能很快。A. speed"速度"；B. pace"节奏，速度"；C. velocity"速率"；D. way"方式"。根据空后"can be fast"可知，当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，语言变化的速度会很快。speed一般指人或物移动的速度，pace可以表示工作或事情进展的速度，根据句意可知，此处表示语言变化的速度。故选B。
27．句意：英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和阿拉伯语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. Chinese "汉语"；B. Vietnamese"越南语"；C. Arabic"阿拉伯语"；D. Korean"韩语"。根据空前"English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and"及历史事实可知，英语主要借用了法语，希腊语和阿拉伯语的词汇。故选C。
28．句意：仅举几例，英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和拉丁语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. to name a few"仅举几例"；B. not at all"一点也不"；C. in all"总计"；D. after all"毕竟，终究"。根据空前"English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as"可知，英语借用了许多语言的词汇，此处仅举几例。故选A。
29．句意：这种情况经常发生在不同的食物上，比如"豆腐"。A. vegetable"蔬菜"；B. fruit"水果"；C. meat"肉"；D. food"食物"。根据空后"or example,‘tofu'"可知，词汇借用通常出现在食物方面。故选D。
30．句意：还有俚语，每年都有俚语进入和退出语言系统!A. exits "退出"；B. leaves"离开"；C. escapes"逃离"；D. quits"辞职"。根据空前"which enters and"可知，每年都有新的俚语进入语言系统，也会有过时的俚语退出语言系统。故选B。
31．句意：如今，除了在老电视节目或电影中，你很少听到这个词。A. except"除了"；B. merely"仅仅"；C. besides"此外"；D. already"已经"。根据空前"you rarely hear the word"；以及空后"on old TV shows or movies"可知，除了在老电视节目或电影中，已经很少听到这个词了。故选A。
32．句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. used"被使用的"；B. written"书面的"；C. spoken"口头的"；D. seen"被看见的"。根据空前"English is spoken by so many people worldwide"；以及"American and British versions are always changing"可知，此处指英语口语一直在变化。故选C。
33．句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. Nigeria"尼日利亚"；B. Singapore"新加坡"；C. Philippines "菲律宾"；D. Jamaica "牙买加"。根据常识可知，新加坡也说英语。故选B。
34．句意：与此同时，一个全新版本的英语出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。A. slang"俚语"；B. jargon"行话，术语"；C. argot "隐语"；D. vernacular"方言"。根据前文"an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet"；以及空后"and writing styles"并结合实际情况可知，一种新的英语形式出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。故选A。
35．句意：语言是地球的一部分，就像地球的土壤和湖泊、河流和海洋的水一样。A. are"是"，be动词一般现在时复数形式；B. is"是"，be动词一般现在时单数形式；C. do"做，干"；D. has"有"。根据空前"as much a part of the earth as"可知，as much...as表示"和……一样，正如"，后一个as引导的是一个主谓语倒装的比较从句，根据主句的结构可知，比较从句中的谓语应该是be动词，从句中的主语是"its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans"谓语就用复数形式。故选A。
【答案】36．surrounded；37．and；38．is taken；39．defense；40．critical；41．extremely；42．from；43．living；44．had grown；45．the
【知识点】说明文；环境保护类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，宁夏回族自治区三面被不断推进的沙漠包围，是威胁中国北方的沙尘暴的主要来源之一。 但是宁夏40多年的防沙治沙工作积累了重要经验。根据不同的栖息地种植不同的树木对保持森林的质量和可持续性至关重要。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及非谓语动词，连词，时态语态，名词，形容词，副词，介词，冠词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
36．句意：宁夏回族自治区三面被不断推进的沙漠包围，是威胁中国北方的沙尘暴的主要来源之一。surround与逻辑主语 The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 构成动宾关系，应用过去分词，此处作状语。故填surrounded。
37．句意：该地区缺乏水资源，并面临极端天气事件。前后文为并列关系，应用连词and。故填and。
38．句意：如果不采取行动，该地区将面临被沙子掩埋的威胁，因为没有任何防御措施可以阻止沙漠的前进和反复的强沙尘暴。此处是谓语动词，与主语构成被动关系，且主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，应用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填is taken。
39．句意：如果不采取行动，该地区将面临被沙子掩埋的威胁，因为没有任何防御措施可以阻止沙漠的前进和反复的强沙尘暴。此处作从句的主语，表示"防御"，应用名词defense，故填defense。
40．句意：根据不同的栖息地种植不同的树木对保持森林的质量和可持续性至关重要。此处作表语，表示"至关重要的"，应用形容词critical。故填critical。
41．句意：中卫沙坡头地区地下水极低，种植野生灌木。修饰后文形容词low应用副词extremely，作状语。故填extremely。
42．句意：灌木有助于降低风速，防止沙子向邻近地区运输。prevent ...from…to…固定短语，"阻止从……到……"。故填from。
43．句意：与此同时，生活在灌木上的生物逐渐形成生物土壤外衣来牢牢地固定沙子。live与逻辑主语organisms构成主动关系，应用现在分词，作定语。故填living。
44．句意：截至2020年底，宁夏森林面积达到51万公顷，森林覆盖率由2000年的8.4%提高到15.8%。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语By the end of 2020可知，应用过去完成时。故填had grown。
45．句意："十四五"期间，宁夏计划新建森林9.6万公顷，恢复草地6.6万多公顷。此处特指"十四五"期间，应用定冠词the。故填the。
46．【答案】Members Wanted
Aimed at promoting students' ability to appreciate music and expand its influence, our Music Club is intended to recruit new members this Friday after school in the music classroom.
Whoever is fond of music and willing to get involved in music creation and performance is preferable in our club. Once admitted，you'll have the opportunities to experience various activities，ranging from lectures on music theory to high-level concerts. To provide a platform for every member to show their talent，a yearly performance will also be held.
What are you waiting for Join us and enjoy music!
Music Club
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇应用文写作，要求考生以 某国际学校的音乐俱乐部负责人的身份，写一则纳新启事 。写作背景： 为了提升同学们的音乐欣赏力并扩大俱乐部的影响力，该俱乐部决定招纳新成员 。写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括：1. 对新成员的要求；2. 俱乐部的活动。提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Aimed at promoting students' ability to appreciate music and expand its influence, our Music Club is intended to recruit new members this Friday after school in the music classroom.运用了过去分词作状语，动名词作宾语，被动语态；Whoever is fond of music and willing to get involved in music creation and performance is preferable in our club. 运用了主语从句；Once admitted，you'll have the opportunities to experience various activities，ranging from lectures on music theory to high-level concerts. 运用了条件状语从句的省略，不定式作定语；To provide a platform for every member to show their talent，a yearly performance will also be held. 运用了被动语态； Join us and enjoy music! 运用了祈使句。
47．【答案】Meanwhile, her new classmates were busying working on something. They were going to give Eva their "hearts". Quickly but quietly, Ms. Robins, with an exquisite paper bag she fetched from her office, was walking around the classroom to collect the candy hearts. Growing heavy with the paper bag was the students' welcome for their new classmate. Sitting beside Eva, Chase felt his heart racing and palms sweating. In order not to ruin the new year surprise for Eva, he pretended to be discussing math problems with her to occupy her attention. The stone in his heart finally dropped when Ms. Robins tiptoed towards him and placed the paper bag on his hands.
"Here's your new year gift, Eva. It's from everyone." Chase said. Surprise written on Eva's face, she turned around and was greeted by the sunny smiles on her classmates' faces. "Open it," I encouraged. No sooner had she opened the paper bag than everybody cheered, "Happy New Year". The candies which were made in the shape of hearts blurred her eyes. If only she had been able to express how much this precious gift meant to her. Springing from her seat, she stepped forward and bowed to her new but considerate classmates, who not only erased her anxiety but also planted the seed of hope in her heart. What a hearty welcome!
【知识点】文字式记叙文；开放性作文；读后续写
【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是读后续写。通过阅读文章可知，讲述了Chase给同学们每人都准备新年礼物，第二天到班上却发现班上来了一位新同学。Chase答应老师带新同学参观学校却意识到自己和其他同学都没有为新同学准备礼物，感到难过。在吃午饭的时候，Chase突然想起孩子们经常在交换的新年礼物里放上心形糖果，于是和其他同学，老师一起计划为新同学送礼物。段落续写：①由第一段首句内容"与此同时，她的新同学们正忙着做一些事情。"可知，第一段可描写老师悄悄收集心型果糖给Chase并不让Eva发现的过程。②由第二段首句内容"‘这是你的新年礼物，Eva。是大家送的。'蔡斯说。"可知，第二段可描Eva收到礼物后非常感动的过程。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：Quickly but quietly, Ms. Robins, with an exquisite paper bag she fetched from her office, was walking around the classroom to collect the candy hearts. 运用了限制性定语从句；Growing heavy with the paper bag was the students' welcome for their new classmate. 运用了完全倒装； Sitting beside Eva, Chase felt his heart racing and palms sweating.运用了现在分词作宾补； In order not to ruin the new year surprise for Eva, he pretended to be discussing math problems with her to occupy her attention. 运用了不定式作目的状语，with的复合结构；The stone in his heart finally dropped when Ms. Robins tiptoed towards him and placed the paper bag on his hands.运用了时间状语从句； Surprise written on Eva's face, she turned around and was greeted by the sunny smiles on her classmates' faces. 运用了独立主格结构；No sooner had she opened the paper bag than everybody cheered, "Happy New Year". 运用了倒装句，时间状语从句；The candies which were made in the shape of hearts blurred her eyes. 运用了限制性定语从句；If only she had been able to express how much this precious gift meant to her.运用了 If only 固定句式，虚拟语气；Springing from her seat, she stepped forward and bowed to her new but considerate classmates, who not only erased her anxiety but also planted the seed of hope in her heart.运用了非限制性定语从句； What a hearty welcome!运用了感叹句。
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