高中动词-ing形式的用法
一、-ing形式的结构
动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式,包括现在分词和动名词两种。
现在分词的用法归纳
(一)动词-ing形式作主语
1.置于句首时,常表示事物化、抽象化概念。动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Talking is easier than doing.但表示多于一个的概念时,谓语动词用复数。 Dancing and skating are my hobbies.
2.用形式主语it,把真正的主语-ing形式移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制,作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词。
常用-ing形式作主语的句型有:
It +be +a waste of time doing… 做……是浪费时间的
It is/was no good/use/fun doing… 做……是没益/没用处/没意思的
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing … 做……是值得的
There is/was no point doing… 干……无意义
3.动词-ing做主语时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语构成It’s+adj.for sb. to do sth.
Learning new words is very important for me.=It’s very important for me to learn new words
4.动词. ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。
ing形式和to do都可以作主语。v. ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为,to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Singing is my hobby,and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好,在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
(二)动词-ing形式作宾语
1.只跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词:
avoid,miss,delay/put off 避免错过少延期advise,finish,practise 建议完成多练习enjoy,imagine,can't help 喜欢想象禁不住admit,deny,envy 承认否定与嫉妒escape,risk,excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅stand,keep,mind 忍受保持不介意
2.必须跟动词ing作宾语的短语动词:
be good at擅长;dream of梦想;care about在乎;aim at瞄准;be concerned about关心;be interested in对……感兴趣;feel like想要;insist on坚持;think of认为;set about开始做;be used to习惯于;get down to开始做;lead to导致;stick to 坚持;devote oneself to 献身于……;look forward to 期待;pay attention to注意;give up放弃等。
3.在以下结构中,动词 ing形式作介词的宾语,介词常省略
spend...(in) doing花费……做某事 have difficulty/trouble (in) doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from) doing阻止……做某事 waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in) doing忙于做某事 have a good/hard time (in) doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in) doing做某事毫无意义
4.动词 ing形式作主语、宾语时的几个特殊情况:
(1)有些动词既可以跟动词-ing形式,又可以跟不定式做宾语意义差别大。
在动词need,require,want,deserve后,用动词 ing形式表示被动意义,即
need/require/want/deserve doing=need/require/want/ deserve to be done。
These clothes need washing.=These clothes need to be washed.
(3)在(be) worth后面只能用动词 ing形式来表示被动意义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
而be worthy后面的非谓语动词用被动形式,构成be worthy to be done/of being done
(4)动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为:形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词/名词的所有格+not doing...。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
(5)用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是动词 ing形式。I found it useless arguing about it.
(三)动词-ing形式作表语
1.Doing作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为,用来说明主语的内容。(此时doing的名词意义较强)与主语通常是同一概念,可与主语互换位置。His hobby is reading books.=Reading books is his hobby.
2.doing作表语,表示主语的某种性质和特征。如果和情绪相关的动词-ing形式则形容词意义较强。表示“令人。。。。。。”往往物做主语。例如moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring,surprising,puzzling,amusing,astonishing... The news is very surprising.
3.动词-ed做表语通常表示主语的状态,状况。与情绪相关的动词的过去分词形式,常翻译为“感到。。。”人做主语。例如:moved,interested,encouraged,excited,inspired,bored,surprised...
I felt very surprised when she told me the exciting news.
(四)动词-ing形式作定语
1.动名词(短语)作定语,表示名词的属性、作用或用途,作“供……用”讲,常置于被修饰的名词前。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
被修饰名词与分词之间为主动关系且表示正在进行用doing,被修饰名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时用being done.
The woman sending her children to school is my history teacher.
有些动词-ing形式已经转化成形容词,常做定语修饰物,表示“令人。。。”moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring等。例如That must have been a terrifying experience.
4.单个的动词-ing形式作定语时,放在被修饰词前;动词-ing形式短语作定语,放在被修饰词之后。
Falling leaves正在落下的树叶 the girl wearing a red dress穿红裙子的女孩
(五)动词-ing形式作宾补
动词 ing形式作宾语补足语时,表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。
(六)动词-ing形式作状语
1.现在分词可以作时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果状语,强调与句子主语之间主动关系。动词 ing形式作状语时,相当于与之对应的状语从句,但是当作伴随状语及结果状语时,可转化为并列谓语。
作时间状语。Hearing the news,he couldn't help laughing.
=When he heard the news,he couldn't help laughing.
作伴随状语。The boy sat in front of the farmhouse,cutting the branches.
=The boy sat in front of the farmhouse,and cut the branches.
作结果状语。The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.
=The child slipped and fell,and hit his head against the door.
现在分词作结果状语,是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果,而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果,有时前面可以加only。 I hurried to school,only to find it was Sunday.
2.现在分词作状语时的注意事项
(1)动词-ing形式做状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。
Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone. 到了车站,我们获悉火车已开走了。
现在分词短语arriving at the station的逻辑主语就是句子主语we,即句意为:我们到了车站,我们获悉火车开走了。)
(2)现在分词的时态【现在分词的一般式(doing),现在分词的完成式(having done)。】
①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,用现在分词一般式doing。
Walking in the street,I met an old friend of mine.我正在大街上行走时,遇到了一位老朋友。
②当现在分词的动作先发生,而谓语动词的动作后发生时,用现在分词完成式having done。
Having finished the letter,he went to post it.(having finished是先发生的,went是后发生的)
(3)现在分词的语态(使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式,这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。)
Reading carefully,he found something he hadn’t know before.仔细阅读时,他发现了一些他以前不知道的东西。
Being surrounded by her families,Emily gained her strength.被家人包围着,艾米丽获得了力量。
(4)英语中一些现在分词短语可以视作插入语,其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如:generally speaking“一般来说”, judging by/from...“从……判断”,taking everything into consideration“从全局考虑”。
Judging from his behaviour,he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断,他一定是疯了。