定语从句(Ⅰ)——关系代词的用法
在复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有两种:关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词有三个作用:①引导从句;②指代先行词;③在定语从句中作成分。常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,常见的关系副词有where, when, why等。
考点1:关系代词的用法
关系代词who
who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.
想见你的那个女孩过来了。
Danny is a man who we should learn from. Danny是我们应该学习的一个人。
关系代词whom
whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。
Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 罗丝是你应该照顾的人。
关系代词whose
whose一般指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。whose=the+n.+of which/whom。
I know the man whose company produces computers. 我认识那个人,他的公司生产电脑。
关系代词which
which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略,但作介词的宾语,且介词提前时,不可省略。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
关系代词as
as用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same...as, such...as..., as...as...等结构中,as不能省略。
Such teachers as know Tom think him bright. 那些认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。
I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要买和你的一样的词典。
关系代词that
that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,如介词提前时则需用which或whom来代替that。
The number of people that came to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
The chair(that)you broke yesterd
考点2:定语从句中需注意的事项
只用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。
She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
(2)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰,或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)当先行词被all, no, few, any, little, the very, the last, the only等词语修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that were borrowed from others. 我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows. 史密斯先生是她认识的唯一的外国人。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚地记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
(5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the true story that he told us 他给我们讲的哪一个故事是真实的?
(6)当关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。
He isn’t the boy that he was. 他不再是过去那个样子了。
只用which不用that的情况
(1)在定语从句中作介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词前时。
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他住的房间。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时。
Tom came back, which made us very happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
(3)在限制性定语从句中,如果有两个定语从句,其中前一句的关系代词是that,那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from that library which was newly open. 我给你看一本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
只
用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时,如:one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等,或先行词为those或被those修饰,指人时。
The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well. 你应该学习的是那个学习努力且成绩优异的学生。
(2)在there be句型中,先行词为人时。
There is a young lady who asks for you. 有位年轻女士找你。
(3)一个句子中带有两个定语从句,且先行词都为人时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个一般应用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是学习非常努力的组长。
定语从句(Ⅱ)
(when, where, why, prep.+which/whom)
当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中用作时间、地点、原因、方式状语时,应使用关系副词when, where, why或"介词+which"。关系副词的作用如下:①指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词;②在从句中充当句子成分——状语,即在从句中起副词的作用;③起连接作用,它把主句和定语从句连接起来构成主从复合句。
考点1:关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等), 且关系词在从句中作时间状语时,定语从句用when引导。
(2)when可以换成"介词+which"。
I still remember the time when (= in which)I was in college. 我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。
I have forgotten the exact date when (= on which) this country became independent. 我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。
2.where引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等),且关系词在从句中作地点状语时,定语从句用where引导。
(2)where可以换成"介词+which"。
This is the hotel where(= in which) they stayed. 这就是他们住过的旅馆。
(1)如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, point, situation等),且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语,引导词用where。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。
He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong. 他陷入一种难以决定是非的境地。
(2)当先行词为地点名词时,如果代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用that或which引导定语从句。
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。
3.why引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason,且引导词在从句中作原因状语时,定语从句用why引导,且只能引导限制性定语从句。
(2)why可以用for which 来代替。
This is the reason why (= for which)he left in a hurry. 这就是他匆匆离去的原因。
The reason that he told me yesterday is a lie. 昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。