八年级第二学期英语期末语法考点梳理
一、现在完成时
一、have/has been to 与have/has gone to 的用法比较
结构 意义 例句
have/has been to 表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)” I’ve been to Beijing three times.我去过北京三次。
have/has gone to 表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,说明所提及的对象不在说话地点 Ricky has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.
二、 for与since的用法区别
词汇 具体用法 例句
for 说明动作延续时间的长度,后面接时间,且只能是”一段”时间,即“for+一段时间” He has learned English for two years.他已学了两年英语。
since 说明动作起始时间,后面接时间只能是“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )点”时间,即“since+表示过去一个时间点”,如1980,last month, half past six 等 I have studied here since 2006.自从2006年以来,我一直在这儿学习。
since+ 一段时间+ago Millie has waited there since half an hour ago.米莉半小时前就在那儿等了。
since+从句(从句用一般过去时) I have known her since she was a child.她还是个孩子的时候,我就认识她了。
It is/has been +一段时间+since从句 It is a month since Simon came back.西蒙已经回来一个月了。
三、延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法
1.延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的状 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语连用。常见的延续性动词有be, have, know, live, work, study, learn, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等。
We have already learned English for about five years.我们已经学了大约五年的英语了。
Mr. Wang has taught in this school since 1985.自从1985年以来王先生就在这所学校教书。
2.非延续性动词又称为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )终止性动词或瞬间动词,即动作一旦发生就立即结束,并产生某种结果。 非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时中,但是不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的非延续性动词有come, go, arrive, reach, accept, become, break, catch, see, hear, close, leave, begin, start, stop, end, finish, lose, buy, borrow, receive, fall, get, join, die, put等。
用法 例句
可直接用来表示某一动作的完成 They have reached Shanghai.他们已经到达了上海。Has Daniel gone to London 丹尼尔已经去了伦敦了吗?
不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用 那个老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(误)The old man has been dead for a week.(正)他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago.(误)He has been here since three days ago.(正)
某些非延续性动词可以与since连用,表示重复的动作或状态 They have gone fi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shing five times since last spring.自去年春天以来,他们去钓过五次鱼。
有些非延续性动词在现在完成时否定结构中可与since或for短语连用 I haven’t bought anything for a year.一年来,我没有买过任何东西。
3.非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换
非延续性动词 延续性动词 例句
buy have I bought the dictionary the day before yesterday.=I have had the dictionary since the day before yesterday.=I have had the dictionary for three days.我前天买了这本字典。
borrow keep My brother borrowed the book two weeks ago.=My brother has kept the book since two weeks ago.=My brother has kept the book for two weeks.我弟弟两周前借了这本书。
arrive/come/go be in/at Millie arrived in Hong Kong half a month ago.=Millie has been in Hong Kong since half a month ago.= Millie has been in Hong Kong for half a month.米莉半个月之前到达香港。Li Ping came to the school three months ago.=Li Ping has been in the school since three months ago.=Li Ping has been in the school for three months.李平三个月之前来到这所学校。
leave be away I left my hometown last year.=I have been away from my hometown since last year.=I have been away from my hometown for a year.去年我离开我的家乡。
join be in/a member of She joined the club in 2005.=She has been a member of the club since 2005.=She has been in the club for nine years.她于2005年加入这个俱乐部。
die be dead His grandfather died a year ago.=His grandfather has been dead since a year ago.=His grandfather has been dead for a year.他爷爷一年前去世了。
marry be married They got married /married ten years ago.=They have been married since ten years ago.=They have been married for ten years.他们结婚十年了。
begin/ start be on The class began two minutes ago.=The class has been on since two minutes ago.=The class has been on for two minutes.已经开始上课两分钟了。
stop/finish/end be over The match stopped last Sunday.=The match has been over since last Sunday.=The match has been over for seven days.那场比赛上个星期天就结束了。
二、疑问词 + 动词不定式
动词不定式可以和疑问词what,how,when,where,which等连用(注意:疑问副词why后通常不接动词不定式),构成“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,在句子中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语等。常见和这种不定式短语结构连用的动词有tell,show,know,learn,forget等。例如:
I don’t know what to say. 我不知道说什么。
Can you tell me how to use the camera 你能告诉我怎样使用这部相机吗
三、enough to的用法
1.“be+adj.+enough+to do” 结构常用来描述一个人的品质或能力。该结构可以与so……that……句型互换。例如:
He is strong enough to carry the heavy stone.= He is so strong that he can carry the heavy stone.
他够(如此)强壮,以至于能搬起这块很重的石头。
2.enough在句中可以作状语、定语和表语。例如:
The house is not big enough for us.这房子对我们来说不够大。(作状语)
四、too……to的用法
1.too……to 意为“太……而不能……”,该结构表示具有否定意义的结果,否定意义是从too(太,过于)开始的。too后接形容词或副词表示否定的原因,后面的“to+动词原形”表示否定的内容。例如:
The girl is too tired to walk.这个女孩太累了,走不动了。
2.too……to结构以肯定的形式表达了否定的意义,以简单句的结构表达了复合句的内容,这个结构可转换为so……that……句型,也可以用反义的形容词转换为enough to结构。例如:
The room is too small to hold so many people.
→The room is so small that it can’t hold so many people.
→The room isn’t big enough to hold so many people.这个房间太小了,容纳不下这么多人。
五、“It is+adj.(+of sb)+to do sth”句型
此句型意为“某人做某事真是/太……了”,其中It是形式主语,没有具体的意义,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。该句型中的形容词描述的是人的特征、品质等。常用于此句型的形容词有good,kind,clever,right,nice,rude,wise,wrong,honest,generous,careful,careless,silly等。例如:
It’s really very kind of you to help me with the housework on Sundays.
你在星期天帮我做家务真的太好了。
注意:
1.在“It is+adj.(+of sb)+to do sth”句型中,of后的宾语与动词不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,一般都可以转换成一个以of后的宾语为主语的句子。例如:
It is foolish of them to do so.
“It is+adj.(+for sb)+to do sth”句型
此句型意为“对某人来说做某事是……的”,其中It是形式主语,没有具体的意义,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语,介词for后面的人作动词不定式短语的逻辑主语。该句型中的形容词说明要做的事情本身的特点,如可能性、必然性或难易程度等。常用于此句型的形容词有important,necessary,possible,impossible,dangerous,safe,easy,hard,difficult,meaningful等。例如:
It’s necessary for him to do so.他有必要这么做。
It’s impossible for the children to finish the homework in such a short time.
孩子们不可能在这么短的时间内完成作业。
六、条件状语从句
含义:主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来,即“主将从现”。
主句①是将来时态
②包含may,can等情态动词
③是祈使句,从句用一般现在时表将来
两个句子(主句和从句)的动作都没有发生,when/if等后面的动词用一般现在时表将来。
If I receive the email,I will call you.如果收到电子邮件,我就给你打电话。
Go to relax yourself if you are tired.你如果累了,就去放松自己。
七、被动语态复习
1.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态
动词make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have改为被动语态时, 不定式要加to
see sb do sth be seen to do
make sb do sth be made to do
2、反被动语态
动词read、write、draw、sell、wash、cook、clean
①动词和形容词well、easily等连用,用主动的语态表达被动的含义
Eg:The book sells well.这本书卖得好。
The food tastes good.
The pen writes smoothly.
②当它表示“卖光了”或“在某个地方卖”等具体的表示卖的动作的时候,用被动语态。
eg:The books are sold out.这本书卖光了。
The books are sold in Xinhua Bookshop.这本书新华书店有售。
3、被动语态通常与时态相结合,考试时遵循“两步走”原则。
第一步,判断该句子是否用被动语态。看谓语的动作是不是主语发出的。
第二步,判断时态。