《备战2024年高考英语名校真题零失误规范训练》（江苏专用）
专题11 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇题（干货+模拟）
解析版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down. Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt (倾斜) their backs to wherever is brightest. For hundreds of millions of years, this was the sky rather than the ground. The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level. But then came artificial lighting. Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab. The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths. If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving toward the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations. Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats. The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. “What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
1. What do the underlined words “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Popularized widely. B. Discussed openly.
C. Defined accurately. D. Explored academically.
2. Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because ______.
A. they can’t keep their balance.
B. they use improper flight attitude.
C. they lose track of which way is up.
D. they are attracted to lights from far away.
3. What is the significance of the research finding
A. It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B. Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C. Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D. It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B. Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C. How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D. How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫。
1. 词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer(流行的理论认为，飞蛾和其他昆虫是靠月亮导航的，它们把灯误认为是月光，或者是昆虫为了躲避即将到来的危险而飞向光明。现在研究人员相信他们有了一个更有说服力的答案)”可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一问题没有标准答案，故可推知划线短语所在句意为“昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围，这一科学问题从未得到明确解释”，推测划线短语nailed down意为“明确解释”，与Defined accurately意义相近。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.(飞蛾发现自己把背向路灯倾斜。这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转，这些昆虫被它们的进化困住了)”可知，飞蛾把背向路灯倾斜，这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转，故是不正确的飞行姿态导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. ‘What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,’ Fabian said.(Fabian相信，这项研究有一些有益的教训。‘这告诉我们，人造光的方向很重要。我们能不能改变照明环境，让昆虫不被困住？因为我们正面临着全球昆虫数量的大幅下降，而夜间的人造光是可能导致这种下降的因素之一，’ Fabian说)”可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。故选A。
4. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.(现在研究人员相信他们有了一个更有说服力的答案：与目前的理论相反，昆虫不会被远处的光吸引，但如果它们飞得离人造光源很近，就会被困住)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫，所以B项“为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫？”符合题意。故选B。
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）I’m a layperson with a love of science who occasionally reads science magazines. My approach was from an author’s angle, spending months on research before writing a single word for Pig Heart Boy.
So where did I get the idea Whenever I attend a school event, that question is asked. The answer is simple. Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors. It left my mind filled with questions. What are the consequences Do we really have the right to treat animals as me re organ sources for humans So I headed to my nearest bookshop and bought all the books I could on heart transplants in particular.
I’ve found questions are one of the best places to start from when writing a novel. In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.
Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation. I completely disagree. As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.
Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.
5. Where did the author get inspiration from to write Pig Heart Boy
A. A school event. B. A news item.
C. Science magazines. D. Books on heart transplants.
6. What might be a major concern of those who disagree with Pig Heart Boy
A. Animal rights. B. GM technology.
C. Organ transplant risks. D. Organ shortage crisis.
7. What are the last two paragraphs of the text mainly about
A. Ways of tapping children ‘s intelligence.
B. Potential application of fictional stories.
C. Supporting evidence for justifying the book.
D. Influence of fictional stories on STEM subjects.
8. What is Pig Heart Boy
A. An author profile. B. A science fiction novel.
C. A guidebook to xenotransplantation. D. An essay on writing children’s literature.
【答案】5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者从异种器官移植报道中获得灵感创作小说《Pig Heart Boy》的故事。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors.(早在20世纪90年代中期，我在报纸上读到一篇医生写的文章，他猜测我们最终将不得不转向异种移植，作为解决人体器官捐献者缺乏的可能方案)”可知，作者写Pig Heart Boy的灵感来自新闻。故选B。
6. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation.(现在有些人认为这个题材不适合儿童，批评异种移植的残忍和不人道的方式)”可知，有些人认为这个器官移植的题材不适合儿童，是因为他们批评这种器官移植的残忍和不人道的方式。可以推断出这些人认为这些器官移植损害了其他动物的权利，故选A。
7. 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.(作为一名儿童作家，一些成年人低估了什么题材会引起孩子们的兴趣和刺激，这一直让我感到惊讶。我想写一个没有正确或错误答案的故事，一个让读者站在卡梅伦的立场上思考一下，如果他们也面临他的处境，他们会做出什么决定，以及他们会如何反应的故事)”以及最后一段“Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.(在STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)学科中，探索新思想的虚构故事也可以丰富孩子们的阅读和学习。各种研究表明，阅读小说可以提高孩子掌握新概念的能力。《猪心男孩》是我试图将科学融入一个可信、发人深省的故事)”可知，最后两段主要是讲了支持这本书的证据。故选C。
8. 推理判断题。根据第三段“In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.(在我的故事中，需要心脏移植的卡梅伦知道，除非他得到一个，否则他不可能活到下一个生日，但他的等待名单已经排在很长的一段路了。当一位开拓性的医生提供了一颗转基因猪的心脏时，卡梅伦决定接受它——他的新心脏以意想不到的方式彻底改变了他的生活)”可推知，这本书主要讲述了需要心脏移植的主人公使用了猪的心脏，并且改变了他的命运。故Pig Heart Boy是一部科幻小说。故选B。
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like puters function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
9. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The appearance of artificial satellites. B. The components of artificial satellites.
C. The basic function of artificial satellites. D. The specific mission of artificial satellites.
10. What is the role of computers in artificial satellites
A. Providing electrical power. B. Recording changes observed.
C. Monitoring space environment. D. Processing information received.
11. How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits
A. By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.
B. By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.
C. By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.
D. By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.
12. Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly
A. They are more affected by earth’s gravity.
B. They take advantage of rockets more effectively.
C. They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.
D. They are equipped with more advanced instruments.
【答案】9. B 10. D 11. C 12. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人造卫星的组成、运行方式和速度等基本情况。
9. 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work.(在外面，它们可能看起来像一个轮子，配备了太阳能电池板或帆。卫星内部装有特定任务的科学仪器，其中包括卫星执行工作所需的任何工具)”可知，文章第二段主要讲的是人造卫星的组成部分。故选B项。
10. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth.(计算机就像卫星的大脑一样，接收信息，解释信息，并将信息发回地球)”可知，计算机在人造卫星中的作用是处理接收到的信息。故选D项。
11. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.(人造卫星利用重力保持在轨道上。地球的引力把所有东西都拉向地球的中心。为了保持在地球轨道上运行，卫星的速度必须根据引力最微小的变化进行调整)”可知，人造卫星是通过在重力的作用下不断改变速度保持在轨道上的。故选C项。
12. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.(离地球越近，引力就越强。因此，这些卫星必须以每小时17000英里的速度运行，以防止落回地球，而轨道较高的卫星运行速度更慢)”可知，高地球轨道上的卫星运行速度较慢是因为它们在高轨道上的引力较弱。故选C项。
（23-24高三下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study.
The findings are based on a systematic review of 10 previously published studies involving a total of 469 participants. The study is the first to pool data from many studies to specifically examine how skin tones may affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables.
After screening 622 scientific papers, the researchers identified 10 studies that reported the heart rate and rhythm data for consumer wearable technology according to a participant’s skin tone. Of those studies, they found that heart rate measurements were significantly less accurate in darker-skinned individuals compared with either lighter-skinned individuals or measurements from proven devices, such as chest strap monitors or electrocardiograms (心电图). One study reported that although there was no difference in heart rate accuracy, wearable devices recorded significantly fewer data points for people with darker skin.
Most wearables detect the heart rate and rhythm by aiming a beam of light at the wrist and then detecting how much light is absorbed. Greater light absorption indicates a greater volume of blood flowing through the veins (静脉) under the skin. The study results suggest that this signaling process might not work well in darker skin that contains more melanin (黑色素), which absorbs light.
In addition to the rising use of wearables to monitor physical activity and sleep patterns, interest in the use of consumer wearables for medical research and even early detection of heart problems has increased in recent years.
The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said.
13. How did researchers conduct research
A. They surveyed wearable device users. B. They took advantage of existing data.
C. They communicated with professionals. D. They tested wearable devices on the market.
14. How do most wearables detect users’ heart rates
A. By detecting melanin levels in users’ skin.
B. By observing users’ breathing rates and blood pressure.
C. By measuring the speed of the blood flow in users’ veins.
D. By detecting the amount of light absorbed by users’ wrists.
15. Which of the following statements about wearables may Daniel Koerber agree with
A. They require improvement. B. They face severe competition.
C. They are a double-edged sword. D. They are a kind of marketing trick.
16. What can be the best title for the text
A. How is your heart rate detected properly
B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch
C. What challenge does future wearable technology face
D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables
【答案】13. B 14. D 15. A 16. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。
13. 推理判断题。根据第二段“The findings are based on a systematic review of 10 previously published studies involving a total of 469 participants. The study is the first to pool data from many studies to specifically examine how skin tones may affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables.(这些发现是基于对先前发表的10项研究的系统回顾，共涉及469名参与者。这项研究首次汇集了许多研究的数据，专门研究肤色如何影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性)”可知，研究人员利用了现有的数据进行研究。故选B。
14. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Most wearables detect the heart rate and rhythm by aiming a beam of light at the wrist and then detecting how much light is absorbed. Greater light absorption indicates a greater volume of blood flowing through the veins (静脉) under the skin.(大多数可穿戴设备通过将一束光对准手腕，然后检测吸收了多少光来检测心率和节奏。更多的光吸收表明更多的血液流经皮肤下的静脉)”可知，大多数可穿戴设备通过检测使用者手腕吸收的光量检测用户心率。故选D。
15. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones(迫切需要探索从所有用户那里收集可靠数据的替代方案。“有一些证据表明，某些光，尤其是绿光，对所有肤色的人来说都更准确)”可知，丹尼尔·科伯认为可穿戴设备需要改进。故选A。
16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study.(消费者越来越多地使用智能手表和其他可穿戴设备来测量他们在锻炼过程中的心率和节奏，并进行整体健康监测。然而，一项研究表明，对于肤色较深的人来说，这些测量结果可能不太准确)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。可知，D选项“肤色如何影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性？”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（23-24高三下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Adolescent chimpanzees share some of the same risk-taking behaviors as human teens, but they may be less impulsive (冲动的) than human adolescents, according to research published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General by the American Psychological Association.
“Adolescent chimpanzees are in some sense facing the same psychological tempest that human teens are,” said lead researcher Alexandra Rosati, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Michigan. “Our findings show that several key features of human adolescent psychology are also seen in chimpanzees.”
The researchers conducted two tests involving food rewards with 40 wild-born chimpanzees in the Republics of Congo. The chimpanzees voluntarily participated in the games in order to receive food treats.
In the first test, adolescent and adult chimpanzees could choose between two containers. One container always contained peanuts, a food that chimpanzees somewhat like. The other container hid either a less favorite food — a cucumber slice — or a favorite food — a banana slice. The chimpanzees could play it safe and get the peanuts, or take a chance for some banana at the risk of ending up with unappetizing cucumber. The chimpanzees’ reactions were recorded, and their saliva (唾液) samples were collected for analysis.
During several rounds of the test, adolescent chimpanzees took the risky option more often than adult chimpanzees, but adolescents and adults had similar negative reactions when they received cucumber.
The second test examined delayed satisfaction where chimpanzees could receive one banana slice immediately or wait for one minute to receive three slices. Both adolescent and adult chimpanzees chose the greater delayed reward at a similar rate. Human teens tend to be more impulsive than adults so they would be more likely to take the immediate reward. “Previous research indicates that chimpanzees are quite patient compared with other animals, and our study shows that their ability to delay satisfaction is already mature at a fairly young age, unlike in humans,” Rosati said.
However, adolescent chimpanzees weren’t happy about waiting for the extra banana slices and they showed greater anger during the one-minute delay than adult chimpanzees. “Risk-taking behavior in both adolescent chimpanzees and humans appears to be biologically rooted, but increases in impulsive behavior may be specific to human teens,” Rosati said.
17. Which of the following best explains the underlined word “tempest” in paragraph 2
A. Illness. B. Training. C. Recognition. D. Struggle.
18. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about concerning the test
A. Its potential risks. B. Its research results.
C. Its experiment process. D. Its first-stage preparations,
19. What did the first test find
A. Adult chimpanzees tended to take on more challenging tasks.
B. Adolescent chimpanzees stayed calm when eating less favorite foods.
C. Adolescent chimpanzees were more likely to take risks than adult ones.
D. Adult chimpanzees weren’t willing to participate in games with food treats.
20. What can we learn about chimpanzees’ ability to delay satisfaction
A. It leads to more risk-taking behavior. B. It develops earlier than that of humans.
C. It differs greatly in different age groups. D. It is mainly associated with the waiting time.
【答案】17. D 18. C 19. C 20. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述研究发现，人类青少年心理的几个关键特征也出现在青少年的黑猩猩身上。
17. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Adolescent chimpanzees share some of the same risk-taking behaviors as human teens, but they may be less impulsive (冲动的) than human adolescents, according to research published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General by the American Psychological Association.(根据美国心理学会发表在《实验心理学杂志:综合》上的一项研究，青春期的黑猩猩和人类青少年有一些相同的冒险行为，但它们可能没有人类青少年那么冲动)”以及划线词后文“Our findings show that several key features of human adolescent psychology are also seen in chimpanzees.(我们的研究结果表明，人类青少年心理的几个关键特征也出现在黑猩猩身上)”可知，研究结果表明，人类青少年心理的几个关键特征也出现在黑猩猩身上，结合第一段提到青春期的黑猩猩和人类青少年有一些相同的冒险行为，由此可知青春期的黑猩猩也面临着与人类青少年同样的心理挣扎。故划线词意思是“挣扎”，故选D。
18. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“In the first test, adolescent and adult chimpanzees could choose between two containers. One container always contained peanuts, a food that chimpanzees somewhat like. The other container hid either a less favorite food — a cucumber slice — or a favorite food — a banana slice. The chimpanzees could play it safe and get the peanuts, or take a chance for some banana at the risk of ending up with unappetizing cucumber. The chimpanzees’ reactions were recorded, and their saliva (唾液) samples were collected for analysis.(在第一个测试中，青少年和成年黑猩猩可以在两个容器中进行选择。一个容器总是装着花生，这是一种黑猩猩有点喜欢的食物。另一个容器要么藏着不太喜欢的食物——一片黄瓜片，要么藏着最喜欢的食物——一片香蕉片。黑猩猩可以小心翼翼地吃花生，也可以冒着吃不上口黄瓜的风险冒险吃点香蕉。研究人员记录了黑猩猩的反应，并收集了它们的唾液样本进行分析)”可知，第4段主要讲了实验过程。故选C。
19. 细节理解题。根据第五段“During several rounds of the test, adolescent chimpanzees took the risky option more often than adult chimpanzees, but adolescents and adults had similar negative reactions when they received cucumber. (在几轮测试中，青少年黑猩猩比成年黑猩猩更常做出冒险的选择，但当他们得到黄瓜时，青少年和成年黑猩猩的负面反应相似)”可知，第一次测试发现青少年黑猩猩比成年黑猩猩更愿意冒险。故选C。
20. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““Previous research indicates that chimpanzees are quite patient compared with other animals, and our study shows that their ability to delay satisfaction is already mature at a fairly young age, unlike in humans,” Rosati said.(罗萨蒂说：“以前的研究表明，与其他动物相比，黑猩猩相当有耐心，我们的研究表明，它们推迟满足的能力在相当年轻的时候就已经成熟了，这与人类不同。”)”可知，黑猩猩延迟满足的能力比人类发育得更早。故选B。
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Reunions offer a chance to reflect on how much has changed. One happened in Hollywood when Here premiered (首映), bringing together the actors, director and writer behind Forrest Gump 40 years later for a new film. The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting.
With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching. The first is how AI will be used to tell new types of stories, as storytelling becomes more personalised and interactive. No one is quite sure how the nature of storytelling will change, but it is sure to. David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters. Cristóbal Valenzuela, who runs a company providing AI-enhanced software, says AI is like a “new kind of camera”, offering a fresh “opportunity to reimagine what stories are like”. Both are right.
Another big development to watch is how AI will be used as a time-saving tool. Generative AI will automate and simplify complex tasks like film-editing and special effects. For a glimpse of the future, watch Everything Everywhere All at Once, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2023. It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.
What is also noticeable is more dramatic conflicts between creators and those running AI platforms. This year is likely to bring floods of lawsuits (诉讼) from authors, musicians and actors about how their works have been used to train AI systems without permission or payment. Perhaps they can agree on some sort of licensing arrangement, in which AI companies start paying copyright-holders.
It will probably be a few years before a full-length film is produced entirely by AI, but it is just a matter of time.
21. What can we learn about the film Here
A. It relates a story about youth. B. The theme of the film is reunion.
C. AI tools are employed in the film. D. It is adapted from Forrest Gump.
22. What does David think of AI’s application in film making
A. Transformative. B. Destructive. C. Representative. D. Irreplaceable.
23. Why does the author mention the film Everything Everywhere All at Once
A. To show the high efficiency of AI tools. B. To demonstrate the influence of the film.
C. To analyse a novel way of video-editing. D. To praise the hard work behind the scenes.
24. What is the article mainly about
A. Conflicts between man and machine. B. AI’s huge effects on film production.
C. Drawbacks of dependence on AI tools. D. Hot debate on the use of technology.
【答案】21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能工具开始应用于电影制作，并列举了两个值得关注的重大发展。
21. 细节理解题。根据第一段“The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting. (这些明星使用新的人工智能工具“减龄”，使他们在某些场景中更年轻，并使制片人能够在拍摄时实时看到他们的变化)”可知，Here影片中使用了人工智能工具。故选C。
22. 推理判断题。根据第二段“David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters.(电影历史学家大卫·汤姆森将生成式人工智能比作声音的出现。当电影不再是无声的时候，它改变了情节点的制作方式，也改变了观众与角色之间的联系)”可知，大卫认为人工智能在电影制作中的应用是变革性的。故选A。
23. 推理判断题。根据第三段“It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.(影片中有一个场景使用了“移动显微镜”工具来编辑绿幕背景，使会说话的石头更可信。它将原本可能需要几天时间的视频剪辑缩短到了几个小时)”可知，作者提到电影《Everything Everywhere All at Once》是为了展示人工智能工具的高效率。故选A。
24. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching.(随着在电影制作中使用生成式人工智能，出现了一些值得观看的东西)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能工具开始应用于电影制作，并列举了两个值得关注的重大发展。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是人工智能对电影制作的巨大影响。故选B。
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Countless stories have portrayed the deep connection between humans and horses, such as classic literary works Black Beauty and The Chronicles of Narnia. However, the extent to which horses comprehend their human companions remains a mystery. Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.
The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.
When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense. “You could imagine that they have a particular box in their mind labeled ‘human sadness’ containing the characteristics of both a sad face and a sad voice, and that when we are sad, they expect what we say to match how we look,” said Doctoral Researcher Océane Liehrmann of the University of Turku, in Finland.
The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.
It is possible that the horses might have associated happy human expressions with positive memories from their past. Another theory is that seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier—a process known as emotional contagion. “We don’t know whether horses themselves understand what it is to be sad. It is possible that they learn it means something for a human,” said Liehrmann.
25. How did the researchers carry out the experiment
A. By comparing different horses’ expressions.
B. By monitoring horses’ odd behavior in the lab.
C. By summarizing the characteristics of the horses.
D. By observing horses’ reaction to human emotions.
26. What can we learn from the result of the research
A. Horses had a preference for happy people. B. Horses were too nervous about the videos.
C. Horses recognized people’s identity quickly. D. Horses looked excited at a voice of sadness.
27. What does the underlined word “contagion” probably mean in the last paragraph
A. Support. B. Influence. C. Outbreak. D. Control.
28. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Humans Impact Horses Hugely B. Horses Dislike Sorrowful People
C. Humans and Horses Interact Closely D. Horses Know When You are Happy
【答案】25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近的研究表明，马可以区分人类通过面部动作或声调表达的快乐和悲伤。文章主要说明了研究开展的经过以及研究发现马更喜欢快乐的人。
25. 推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.(研究人员将28匹马逐一带入一个房间，每匹马都戴着心率监测器，记录下它们的动作。马面对着两个屏幕，屏幕上播放着两个不同的视频：一个是快乐的人，另一个是悲伤的人。同时响起了一个声音，听起来或高兴或悲伤)”和第三段的“ When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense.(当图片和声音不匹配时——例如，如果声音是悲伤的，而图片上是一个快乐的人——马看起来很困惑，并且比匹配的那张看了更长的时间，好像它知道有些事情是不合理的。)”可知，研究人员通过观察马对人类情绪的反应进行实验。故选D。
26. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.(研究人员还发现，马对显示笑脸的屏幕更关注。当他们听到快乐的声音时，他们的心率会增加，而当他们听到悲伤的声音时，他们的心率会降低)”可知，研究结果表明马更喜欢快乐的人。故选A。
27. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier”可知，看到一个快乐的人实际上会让马感到更快乐，说明情绪有传染作用，有一定的影响。故划线词意思是“影响”。故选B。
28. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.(最近的研究表明，马可以区分人类通过面部动作或声调表达的快乐和悲伤)”结合文章主要说明了研究开展的经过以及研究发现马更喜欢快乐的人。可知，D选项“马知道你什么时候高兴”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves absorb these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh.
Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12. While modern sanitation (卫生) allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements (补充).
Obviously, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation(炎症)and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管).
Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer.
Besides harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for workers are also unsafe. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.
While national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight immoral factory farming practices, educators and policy makers should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others. All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist changes in their own lives and communities. Societies change only when enough individuals within them alter their behavior.
29. The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to ______.
A. introduce a false belief in nutrition source
B. compare the differences between two diets
C. highlight the importance of nutrition intake
D. show the concerns of healthy diet advocates
30. Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage
A.
B.
C.
D.
31. What does the underlined word “entail” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. escape. B. involve. C. balance. D. overcome.
32. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. A Meatless Diet Is Better for You
B. Food Problems Call for Joint Efforts
C. Say No to Processed Meat Consumption
D. Eatable Greens or Not That Is a Question
【答案】29. A 30. D 31. B 32. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上，植物性饮食可以提供人们所需的营养。文章主要介绍了无肉饮食对人们更好。
29. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods.(认为我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁是一种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食物中丰富的蛋白质和铁)”和第二段中“Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12. While modern sanitation (卫生) allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements (补充).(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12外的所有必需营养素。虽然现代卫生设施允许人类食用未受污垢污染的清洁农产品，但我们可以轻松廉价地获得口服B12补充剂)”可知，第一段作者指出了营养来源的一个误区——需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，接着第二段作者指出植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素这样一个事实，从而解释了人们所认为的营养来源的误区，由此可推知，作者写前两段主要是为了指出营养来源的一个误区，故选A。
30. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.(过度使用抗生素来加速动物生长，并谨慎地治疗因生活在不干净和过度拥挤的条件下而导致的感染，这可能会增加抗生素耐药性)”可知，过度拥挤的条件促进疾病的传播，这导致过度使用抗生素来治疗，而过度使用抗生素会促进抗生素耐药性。故选D。
31. 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“Besides harming ourselves, eating meat harms others.(除了伤害自己，吃肉还会伤害他人)”以及划线单词所在句子的后半句话“and working conditions for workers are also unsafe(工人的工作条件也不安全)”可知，吃肉除了伤害人类，还伤害到了动物。工厂养殖化方式涉及了对动物造成难以言表的残忍行为，对工人来说，工作条件也是不安全的。所以划线单词的意思为“涉及，牵涉”。故选B。
32. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中“The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods.(认为我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁是一种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食物中丰富的蛋白质和铁)”和第二段中“Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12. While modern sanitation (卫生) allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements (补充).(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12外的所有必需营养素。虽然现代卫生设施允许人类食用未受污垢污染的清洁农产品，但我们可以轻松廉价地获得口服B12补充剂)”可知，文章主要介绍了需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上无肉饮食对人们更好，A项“无肉饮食对你更好”适合作文章标题。故选A。
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.
The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.
America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.
“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”
Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.
Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best.
Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.
33. What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms
A. It is ill reputed. B. It is mostly misapplied.
C. It is totally ignored. D. It is seemingly contradictory.
34. What has America been witnessing
A. A burning passion for improving teaching methods.
B. A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.
C. An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.
D. A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.
35. What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”
A. Tolerant. B. Enthusiastic. C. Unclear. D. Disapproving.
36. According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success
A. Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.
B. Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.
C. Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.
D. Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.
【答案】33. A 34. B 35. D 36. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讨论了美国一直存在的教授孩子阅读方法的长时间争议。文章指出，实际上，研究已经证明了音节发音法的有效性。缺乏适当培训的教师可能会运用自己学会阅读的方式来教学，而不是重视音节发音的教学方法。同时，文章还提到密西西比州通过采用科学上有依据的阅读方法，在全美国范围内取得了显著的进步。
33. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.(但在许多教室里，这可能是一个肮脏的词。以至于一些老师不得不把自然拼读法的教材偷偷带进教室。一项又一项研究发现，大多数美国孩子被教导阅读的方式是错误的。)”可知，一些老师不得不把自然拼读法的教材偷偷带进教室，由此推断自然拼读在美国的大多数教室中被认为是名声不好的。故选A。
34. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades.(美国陷入了一场关于教孩子阅读的争论，这场争论已经持续了几十年。)”可知，关于如何教孩子阅读的争论持续了很久。故选B。
35. 推理判断题。根据第四段中““A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”(“一点自然拼读法是远远不够的。密西西比州教育部小学教育和阅读执行主任Tenette Smith说，“它必须是系统的、明确的教学。”)”可知，Tenette Smith认为一点自然拼读法是远远不够的，它必须是系统的和明确的教学，故其对“balanced literacy”的态度是不赞同的。故选D。
36. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. (密西西比的成功归功于阅读方法的应用，这些方法得到了一系列被称为阅读科学的研究的支持。)”以及本段中“They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best.(他们发现，在音素意识、流畅性和理解方面的明确指导下，自然拼读法效果最好。)”可知，作者认为，采用科学的方法来教授阅读有助于密西西比的成功。故选C。
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell that contains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.
Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.
One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.
However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.
37. Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system
A. Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.
B. Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.
C. The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.
D. It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.
38. What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2
A. The cell protecting your body from viruses.
B. The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.
C. The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.
D. The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.
39. How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses
A. They strengthen the body’s immune system.
B. They battle against weakened or dead viruses.
C. They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.
D. They expose the body to viruses during flu season.
40. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Antibodies Save Our Health. B. Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.
C. Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around. D. Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.
【答案】37. D 38. B 39. C 40. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人体如何对抗流感病毒。
37. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.(即使你的身体成功地对抗了病毒，由于病毒的快速进化能力，你的身体可能对新病毒没有保护或免疫力)”可知，流感对免疫系统构成威胁是因为病毒能快速进化，很难跟上病毒进化的步伐。故选D。
38. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins.(你的身体可以检测到血液中的入侵微生物，因为它们的蛋白质中携带着antigens)”可知，身体可以检测到血液中的入侵微生物，是因为微生物的蛋白质中携带者antigens。由此推知，antigens是作为病毒指示物的物质，故选B。
39. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.(幸运的是，医学科学家已经开发出疫苗，这种疫苗是弱化或死亡的流感病毒，在人生病之前进入人体。这些病毒使身体产生抗体，攻击和摧毁可能在流感季节入侵的强病毒)”可知，疫苗是弱化或死亡的流感病毒，帮助身体产生抗体来消灭病毒，故选C。
40. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses.(人体拥有对抗流感病毒的有效防御系统)”可知，文章主要介绍了人体如何对抗流感病毒。由此可知，D项“人体对抗流感病毒”为最佳标题，故选D。
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）Active noise control technology is used by noise-canceling headphones to minimize or completely block out outside noise. However, despite the many advancements in technology, people still don't have much control over which sounds their headphones block out and which they let pass.
Now, deep learning algorithms (算法) have been developed by a group of academics at the University of Washington that enable users to select which noises to filter (过滤) through their headphones in real-time. The system has been named “semantic hearing” by its creators.
The AI-powered headphones remove all background noise by streaming recorded audio (音频) to a smartphone that is linked to the devices. Through this process, the headphone users can choose to strengthen or cancel out 20 types of sounds, using voice commands or a smartphone app. The headphones will then only let through the sounds that have been chosen by the wearer.
“The challenge is that the sounds headphone wearers hear need to syne (同步) with their visual senses. This means the neural (神经的) algorithms must process sounds in under a hundredth of a second.” said senior author Shyam Gollakota, a UW professor.
Due to this time constraint, the semantic hearing system chooses a process that relies on noises communicated on a device like a linked smartphone. Furthermore, in order for humans to continue to effectively experience sounds in their environment, the system needs to maintain these delays because sounds coming from different directions enter people's ears at different times.
Trials were undertaken by the researchers in a variety of settings. The semantic hearing system was able to isolate target sounds, while at the same time removing background noise. In terms of the system's audio output for the desired sounds. 22 participants gave it an average rating higher than they assigned to the original noise recordings.
There were, however, a few disadvantages: the Al-powered system occasionally had trouble recognizing sounds that were too similar. The researchers said that the system could produce better results if its machine learning models were trained on more real world data.
41. What can deep learning algorithms do
A. Improve users listening ability.
B. Help users remove unwanted noise.
C. Stop people from entering noisy areas.
D. Create communication between users.
42. What should the neural algorithms do according to Shyam Gollakota
A. Select headphone users.
B. Process data without noticeable delay.
C. Follow the way people speak.
D. Improve the quality of smartphones.
43. What did the researchers find about the system in the trials
A. It has improvement in sound quality.
B. It helps them recognize participants' voices.
C. It has more disadvantages than advantages.
D. It's suitable to strengthen background noise.
44. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. The semantic hearing system still has some drawbacks
B. The semantic hearing system can recognize human speech
C. AI noise-canceling headphones let you choose what you hear
D. AI noise-canceling headphones now have a commercial version
【答案】41. B 42. B 43. A 44. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章介绍了华盛顿大学的一组学者开发的深度学习算法，使用户能够实时选择通过耳机过滤的噪音。
41. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Now, deep learning algorithms (算法) have been developed by a group of academics at the University of Washington that enable users to select which noises to filter (过滤) through their headphones in real-time. The system has been named “semantic hearing” by its creators. (现在，华盛顿大学的一组学者开发了一种深度学习算法，使用户能够实时选择通过耳机过滤哪些噪音。该系统被其创建者命名为“语义听力”。)”可知，深度学习算法可以帮助用户消除不必要的噪音。故选B。
42. 推理判断题。根据第四段中““The challenge is that the sounds headphone wearers hear need to syne (同步) with their visual senses. This means the neural (神经的) algorithms must process sounds in under a hundredth of a second.” said senior author Shyam Gollakota. a UW professor. (“挑战在于，耳机佩戴者听到的声音需要与他们的视觉感官同步。这意味着神经算法必须在百分之一秒内处理声音。资深作者Shyam Gollakota说。华盛顿大学教授。)”可知，根据Shyam Gollakota认为，耳机佩戴者听到的声音需要与他们的视觉感官同步，这意味着神经算法必须在百分之一秒内处理声音，即深度学习算法在处理数据时，没有明显的延迟。故选B。
43. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Trials were undertaken by the researchers in a variety of settings. The semantic hearing system was able to isolate target sounds, while at the same time removing background noise. In terms of the system's audio output for the desired sounds. 22 participants gave it an average rating higher than they assigned to the original noise recordings. (研究人员在各种环境下进行了试验。语义听觉系统能够隔离目标声音，同时去除背景噪音。在系统的音频输出为所需的声音。22名参与者给它的平均评分高于他们给原始噪音录音的评分。)”可知，在试验中发现语义听觉系统能够隔离目标声音，同时去除背景噪音，22名参与者给它的平均评分高于他们给原始噪音录音的评分，即它的音质有所改善。故选A。
44. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Now, deep learning algorithms (算法) have been developed by a group of academics at the University of Washington that enable users to select which noises to filter (过滤) through their headphones in real-time. The system has been named “semantic hearing” by its creators. ( 现在，华盛顿大学的一组学者开发了一种深度学习算法，使用户能够通过耳机实时选择过滤哪些噪音。该系统被其创建者命名为“语义听力”。)”以及通读全文可知，这篇文章介绍了华盛顿大学的一组学者开发的深度学习算法，使用户能够实时选择通过耳机过滤的噪音。通过将录制的音频传送到与设备连接的智能手机上，这种人工智能耳机可以通过语音命令或智能手机应用程序选择加强或消除20种类型的声音，并只允许佩戴者选择的声音通过。C选项“Al noise-canceling headphones let you choose what you hear(人工降噪耳机可以让你选择听什么)”概括文章主要内容，符合文章标题。故选C。
（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas (时尚达人). Tits (山雀) can be fashion-victims, too. A study published, by Sonja Wild and Lucy Aplin of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Biology shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season’s must-have color.
Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were following up work published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn (纱线) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favored varied from season to season. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.
The birds chosen by Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were part of a well-monitored population of blue, great and marsh tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carry transponders (发射机应答器) fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allows the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by logging their arrival at food dispensers (投放器) placed throughout the wood.
One day in March 2021 Dr Wild, Dr Aplin and their collaborators employed five dispensers loaded with wool rather than food. Each contained threads of two colors — either orange and pink or blue and purple — but all were set to dispense only one of these. This remained so until at least one local nest was seen to include wool from a dispenser. At that moment, the other color was made available, too.
Of 68 tits’ nests built that season in the experimental areas, 26 included wool from a dispenser. Of these, 18 were constructed after both colors had become available from all dispensers. Even so, 10 of that 18 included only the color of wool first chosen by a nest builder.
Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend” when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains unknown. Dr Wild and Dr Aplin suspect the trendsetters are older birds, and that evolution favors younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.
45. What can we learn from Williams’ work published in 1934
A. Local birds like to make their nests colorful.
B. Local birds can adapt well to seasonal changes.
C. Bright colors are always favored by local birds.
D. Early birds can lead the way in their color choices.
46. What is special about the birds studied by Dr Wild and Dr Aplin
A. They are well equipped to be tracked. B. Their nests come in a variety of colors.
C. Their population is gradually declining. D. They are good at finding foods in woods.
47. What were the five dispensers used to do in the experiment
A. To provide two colors at different times.
B. To attract more birds by offering different colors.
C. To mix different colors for the birds to choose from.
D. To test the effect of different colors on the feeding of tits.
48. What is Dr Wild and Dr Aplin’s assumption according to the last paragraph
A. Younger birds have a good sense of fashion.
B. Older birds have an appeal in setting the fashion.
C. Older birds force younger ones to follow in their steps.
D. Younger birds can influence older birds’ choice of color.
【答案】45. D 46. A 47. A 48. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍山雀也可能成为时尚的追求者。Sonja Wild和Lucy Aplin在《行为生态学与社会生物学》上发表的一项研究表明，如果有机会，它们会用本季必备的颜色装饰巢穴。
45. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were following up work published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn (纱线) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favored varied from season to season. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. (怀尔德博士和阿普林博士是在跟进美国博物学家亨利·史密斯·威廉姆斯在1934年发表的研究成果。他注意到，当他在花园里摆放各种颜色的纱线球时，那个季节几乎总是只有一种纱线球成为当地鸟巢的流行材料。但人们喜欢哪种颜色会随着季节的变化而变化。这表明，其中一只早起的鸟儿选择的颜色被其他鸟儿发现并模仿。)”可知，威廉姆斯1934年出版的作品告诉我们，早起的鸟儿在颜色的选择上更胜一筹。故选D。
46. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The birds chosen by Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were part of a well-monitored population of blue, great and marsh tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carry transponders (发射机应答器) fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allows the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by logging their arrival at food dispensers (投放器) placed throughout the wood. (怀尔德博士和阿普林博士选择的鸟类是研究《备战2024年高考英语名校真题零失误规范训练》（江苏专用）
专题11 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇题（干货+模拟）
原卷版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down. Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt (倾斜) their backs to wherever is brightest. For hundreds of millions of years, this was the sky rather than the ground. The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level. But then came artificial lighting. Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab. The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths. If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving toward the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations. Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats. The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. “What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
1. What do the underlined words “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Popularized widely. B. Discussed openly.
C. Defined accurately. D. Explored academically.
2. Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because ______.
A. they can’t keep their balance.
B. they use improper flight attitude.
C. they lose track of which way is up.
D. they are attracted to lights from far away.
3. What is the significance of the research finding
A. It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B. Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C. Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D. It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B. Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C. How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D. How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）I’m a layperson with a love of science who occasionally reads science magazines. My approach was from an author’s angle, spending months on research before writing a single word for Pig Heart Boy.
So where did I get the idea Whenever I attend a school event, that question is asked. The answer is simple. Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors. It left my mind filled with questions. What are the consequences Do we really have the right to treat animals as me re organ sources for humans So I headed to my nearest bookshop and bought all the books I could on heart transplants in particular.
I’ve found questions are one of the best places to start from when writing a novel. In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.
Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation. I completely disagree. As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.
Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.
5. Where did the author get inspiration from to write Pig Heart Boy
A. A school event. B. A news item.
C. Science magazines. D. Books on heart transplants.
6. What might be a major concern of those who disagree with Pig Heart Boy
A. Animal rights. B. GM technology.
C. Organ transplant risks. D. Organ shortage crisis.
7. What are the last two paragraphs of the text mainly about
A. Ways of tapping children ‘s intelligence.
B. Potential application of fictional stories.
C. Supporting evidence for justifying the book.
D. Influence of fictional stories on STEM subjects.
8. What is Pig Heart Boy
A. An author profile. B. A science fiction novel.
C. A guidebook to xenotransplantation. D. An essay on writing children’s literature.
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like puters function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
9. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The appearance of artificial satellites. B. The components of artificial satellites.
C. The basic function of artificial satellites. D. The specific mission of artificial satellites.
10. What is the role of computers in artificial satellites
A. Providing electrical power. B. Recording changes observed.
C. Monitoring space environment. D. Processing information received.
11. How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits
A. By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.
B. By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.
C. By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.
D. By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.
12. Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly
A. They are more affected by earth’s gravity.
B. They take advantage of rockets more effectively.
C. They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.
D. They are equipped with more advanced instruments.
（23-24高三下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study.
The findings are based on a systematic review of 10 previously published studies involving a total of 469 participants. The study is the first to pool data from many studies to specifically examine how skin tones may affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables.
After screening 622 scientific papers, the researchers identified 10 studies that reported the heart rate and rhythm data for consumer wearable technology according to a participant’s skin tone. Of those studies, they found that heart rate measurements were significantly less accurate in darker-skinned individuals compared with either lighter-skinned individuals or measurements from proven devices, such as chest strap monitors or electrocardiograms (心电图). One study reported that although there was no difference in heart rate accuracy, wearable devices recorded significantly fewer data points for people with darker skin.
Most wearables detect the heart rate and rhythm by aiming a beam of light at the wrist and then detecting how much light is absorbed. Greater light absorption indicates a greater volume of blood flowing through the veins (静脉) under the skin. The study results suggest that this signaling process might not work well in darker skin that contains more melanin (黑色素), which absorbs light.
In addition to the rising use of wearables to monitor physical activity and sleep patterns, interest in the use of consumer wearables for medical research and even early detection of heart problems has increased in recent years.
The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said.
13. How did researchers conduct research
A. They surveyed wearable device users. B. They took advantage of existing data.
C. They communicated with professionals. D. They tested wearable devices on the market.
14. How do most wearables detect users’ heart rates
A. By detecting melanin levels in users’ skin.
B. By observing users’ breathing rates and blood pressure.
C. By measuring the speed of the blood flow in users’ veins.
D. By detecting the amount of light absorbed by users’ wrists.
15. Which of the following statements about wearables may Daniel Koerber agree with
A. They require improvement. B. They face severe competition.
C. They are a double-edged sword. D. They are a kind of marketing trick.
16. What can be the best title for the text
A. How is your heart rate detected properly
B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch
C. What challenge does future wearable technology face
D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables
（23-24高三下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Adolescent chimpanzees share some of the same risk-taking behaviors as human teens, but they may be less impulsive (冲动的) than human adolescents, according to research published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General by the American Psychological Association.
“Adolescent chimpanzees are in some sense facing the same psychological tempest that human teens are,” said lead researcher Alexandra Rosati, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Michigan. “Our findings show that several key features of human adolescent psychology are also seen in chimpanzees.”
The researchers conducted two tests involving food rewards with 40 wild-born chimpanzees in the Republics of Congo. The chimpanzees voluntarily participated in the games in order to receive food treats.
In the first test, adolescent and adult chimpanzees could choose between two containers. One container always contained peanuts, a food that chimpanzees somewhat like. The other container hid either a less favorite food — a cucumber slice — or a favorite food — a banana slice. The chimpanzees could play it safe and get the peanuts, or take a chance for some banana at the risk of ending up with unappetizing cucumber. The chimpanzees’ reactions were recorded, and their saliva (唾液) samples were collected for analysis.
During several rounds of the test, adolescent chimpanzees took the risky option more often than adult chimpanzees, but adolescents and adults had similar negative reactions when they received cucumber.
The second test examined delayed satisfaction where chimpanzees could receive one banana slice immediately or wait for one minute to receive three slices. Both adolescent and adult chimpanzees chose the greater delayed reward at a similar rate. Human teens tend to be more impulsive than adults so they would be more likely to take the immediate reward. “Previous research indicates that chimpanzees are quite patient compared with other animals, and our study shows that their ability to delay satisfaction is already mature at a fairly young age, unlike in humans,” Rosati said.
However, adolescent chimpanzees weren’t happy about waiting for the extra banana slices and they showed greater anger during the one-minute delay than adult chimpanzees. “Risk-taking behavior in both adolescent chimpanzees and humans appears to be biologically rooted, but increases in impulsive behavior may be specific to human teens,” Rosati said.
17. Which of the following best explains the underlined word “tempest” in paragraph 2
A. Illness. B. Training. C. Recognition. D. Struggle.
18. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about concerning the test
A. Its potential risks. B. Its research results.
C. Its experiment process. D. Its first-stage preparations,
19. What did the first test find
A. Adult chimpanzees tended to take on more challenging tasks.
B. Adolescent chimpanzees stayed calm when eating less favorite foods.
C. Adolescent chimpanzees were more likely to take risks than adult ones.
D. Adult chimpanzees weren’t willing to participate in games with food treats.
20. What can we learn about chimpanzees’ ability to delay satisfaction
A. It leads to more risk-taking behavior. B. It develops earlier than that of humans.
C. It differs greatly in different age groups. D. It is mainly associated with the waiting time.
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Reunions offer a chance to reflect on how much has changed. One happened in Hollywood when Here premiered (首映), bringing together the actors, director and writer behind Forrest Gump 40 years later for a new film. The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting.
With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching. The first is how AI will be used to tell new types of stories, as storytelling becomes more personalised and interactive. No one is quite sure how the nature of storytelling will change, but it is sure to. David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters. Cristóbal Valenzuela, who runs a company providing AI-enhanced software, says AI is like a “new kind of camera”, offering a fresh “opportunity to reimagine what stories are like”. Both are right.
Another big development to watch is how AI will be used as a time-saving tool. Generative AI will automate and simplify complex tasks like film-editing and special effects. For a glimpse of the future, watch Everything Everywhere All at Once, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2023. It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.
What is also noticeable is more dramatic conflicts between creators and those running AI platforms. This year is likely to bring floods of lawsuits (诉讼) from authors, musicians and actors about how their works have been used to train AI systems without permission or payment. Perhaps they can agree on some sort of licensing arrangement, in which AI companies start paying copyright-holders.
It will probably be a few years before a full-length film is produced entirely by AI, but it is just a matter of time.
21. What can we learn about the film Here
A. It relates a story about youth. B. The theme of the film is reunion.
C. AI tools are employed in the film. D. It is adapted from Forrest Gump.
22. What does David think of AI’s application in film making
A. Transformative. B. Destructive. C. Representative. D. Irreplaceable.
23. Why does the author mention the film Everything Everywhere All at Once
A. To show the high efficiency of AI tools. B. To demonstrate the influence of the film.
C. To analyse a novel way of video-editing. D. To praise the hard work behind the scenes.
24. What is the article mainly about
A. Conflicts between man and machine. B. AI’s huge effects on film production.
C. Drawbacks of dependence on AI tools. D. Hot debate on the use of technology.
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Countless stories have portrayed the deep connection between humans and horses, such as classic literary works Black Beauty and The Chronicles of Narnia. However, the extent to which horses comprehend their human companions remains a mystery. Recent research has shown that horses can distinguish between human expressions of happiness and sadness conveyed through facial movements or vocal tones.
The researchers brought 28 horses into a room one by one, each wearing heart rate monitors as their actions were recorded. The horse faced two screens playing two different videos: one showed a happy person and the other a sad person. A voice was played at the same time, sounding happy or sad.
When the picture and voice didn’t match—for example, if the voice was sad but the picture showed a happy person—the horse seemed puzzled and looked for a longer time, compared to the one that did match, as if it knew something didn’t make sense. “You could imagine that they have a particular box in their mind labeled ‘human sadness’ containing the characteristics of both a sad face and a sad voice, and that when we are sad, they expect what we say to match how we look,” said Doctoral Researcher Océane Liehrmann of the University of Turku, in Finland.
The researchers also saw that horses were more attentive to the screen displaying the happy face. They looked at it more often and for a longer time and their heart rates increased when they heard a happy voice and decreased when they heard a sad voice as well.
It is possible that the horses might have associated happy human expressions with positive memories from their past. Another theory is that seeing a happy person could actually make a horse feel happier—a process known as emotional contagion. “We don’t know whether horses themselves understand what it is to be sad. It is possible that they learn it means something for a human,” said Liehrmann.
25. How did the researchers carry out the experiment
A. By comparing different horses’ expressions.
B. By monitoring horses’ odd behavior in the lab.
C. By summarizing the characteristics of the horses.
D. By observing horses’ reaction to human emotions.
26. What can we learn from the result of the research
A. Horses had a preference for happy people. B. Horses were too nervous about the videos.
C. Horses recognized people’s identity quickly. D. Horses looked excited at a voice of sadness.
27. What does the underlined word “contagion” probably mean in the last paragraph
A. Support. B. Influence. C. Outbreak. D. Control.
28. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Humans Impact Horses Hugely B. Horses Dislike Sorrowful People
C. Humans and Horses Interact Closely D. Horses Know When You are Happy
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves absorb these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh.
Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12. While modern sanitation (卫生) allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements (补充).
Obviously, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation(炎症)and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管).
Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer.
Besides harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for workers are also unsafe. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.
While national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight immoral factory farming practices, educators and policy makers should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others. All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist changes in their own lives and communities. Societies change only when enough individuals within them alter their behavior.
29. The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to ______.
A. introduce a false belief in nutrition source
B. compare the differences between two diets
C. highlight the importance of nutrition intake
D. show the concerns of healthy diet advocates
30. Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage
A.
B.
C.
D.
31. What does the underlined word “entail” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. escape. B. involve. C. balance. D. overcome.
32. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. A Meatless Diet Is Better for You
B. Food Problems Call for Joint Efforts
C. Say No to Processed Meat Consumption
D. Eatable Greens or Not That Is a Question
（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.
The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.
America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.
“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”
Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.
Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best.
Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.
33. What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms
A. It is ill reputed. B. It is mostly misapplied.
C. It is totally ignored. D. It is seemingly contradictory.
34. What has America been witnessing
A. A burning passion for improving teaching methods.
B. A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.
C. An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.
D. A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.
35. What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”
A. Tolerant. B. Enthusiastic. C. Unclear. D. Disapproving.
36. According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success
A. Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.
B. Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.
C. Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.
D. Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell that contains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.
Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.
One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.
However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.
37. Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system
A. Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.
B. Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.
C. The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.
D. It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.
38. What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2
A. The cell protecting your body from viruses.
B. The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.
C. The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.
D. The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.
39. How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses
A. They strengthen the body’s immune system.
B. They battle against weakened or dead viruses.
C. They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.
D. They expose the body to viruses during flu season.
40. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Antibodies Save Our Health. B. Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.
C. Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around. D. Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）Active noise control technology is used by noise-canceling headphones to minimize or completely block out outside noise. However, despite the many advancements in technology, people still don't have much control over which sounds their headphones block out and which they let pass.
Now, deep learning algorithms (算法) have been developed by a group of academics at the University of Washington that enable users to select which noises to filter (过滤) through their headphones in real-time. The system has been named “semantic hearing” by its creators.
The AI-powered headphones remove all background noise by streaming recorded audio (音频) to a smartphone that is linked to the devices. Through this process, the headphone users can choose to strengthen or cancel out 20 types of sounds, using voice commands or a smartphone app. The headphones will then only let through the sounds that have been chosen by the wearer.
“The challenge is that the sounds headphone wearers hear need to syne (同步) with their visual senses. This means the neural (神经的) algorithms must process sounds in under a hundredth of a second.” said senior author Shyam Gollakota, a UW professor.
Due to this time constraint, the semantic hearing system chooses a process that relies on noises communicated on a device like a linked smartphone. Furthermore, in order for humans to continue to effectively experience sounds in their environment, the system needs to maintain these delays because sounds coming from different directions enter people's ears at different times.
Trials were undertaken by the researchers in a variety of settings. The semantic hearing system was able to isolate target sounds, while at the same time removing background noise. In terms of the system's audio output for the desired sounds. 22 participants gave it an average rating higher than they assigned to the original noise recordings.
There were, however, a few disadvantages: the Al-powered system occasionally had trouble recognizing sounds that were too similar. The researchers said that the system could produce better results if its machine learning models were trained on more real world data.
41. What can deep learning algorithms do
A. Improve users listening ability.
B. Help users remove unwanted noise.
C. Stop people from entering noisy areas.
D. Create communication between users.
42. What should the neural algorithms do according to Shyam Gollakota
A. Select headphone users.
B. Process data without noticeable delay.
C. Follow the way people speak.
D. Improve the quality of smartphones.
43. What did the researchers find about the system in the trials
A. It has improvement in sound quality.
B. It helps them recognize participants' voices.
C. It has more disadvantages than advantages.
D. It's suitable to strengthen background noise.
44. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. The semantic hearing system still has some drawbacks
B. The semantic hearing system can recognize human speech
C. AI noise-canceling headphones let you choose what you hear
D. AI noise-canceling headphones now have a commercial version
（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·阶段练习）Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas (时尚达人). Tits (山雀) can be fashion-victims, too. A study published, by Sonja Wild and Lucy Aplin of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Biology shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season’s must-have color.
Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were following up work published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn (纱线) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favored varied from season to season. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.
The birds chosen by Dr Wild and Dr Aplin were part of a well-monitored population of blue, great and marsh tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carry transponders (发射机应答器) fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allows the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by logging their arrival at food dispensers (投放器) placed throughout the wood.
One day in March 2021 Dr Wild, Dr Aplin and their collaborators employed five dispensers loaded with wool rather than food. Each contained threads of two colors — either orange and pink or blue and purple — but all were set to dispense only one of these. This remained so until at least one local nest was seen to include wool from a dispenser. At that moment, the other color was made available, too.
Of 68 tits’ nests built that season in the experimental areas, 26 included wool from a dispenser. Of these, 18 were constructed after both colors had become available from all dispensers. Even so, 10 of that 18 included only the color of wool first chosen by a nest builder.
Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend” when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains unknown. Dr Wild and Dr Aplin suspect the trendsetters are older birds, and that evolution favors younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.
45. What can we learn from Williams’ work published in 1934
A. Local birds like to make their nests colorful.
B. Local birds can adapt well to seasonal changes.
C. Bright colors are always favored by local birds.
D. Early birds can lead the way in their color choices.
46. What is special about the birds studied by Dr Wild and Dr Aplin
A. They are well equipped to be tracked. B. Their nests come in a variety of colors.
C. Their population is gradually declining. D. They are good at finding foods in woods.
47. What were the five dispensers used to do in the experiment
A. To provide two colors at different times.
B. To attract more birds by offering different colors.
C. To mix different colors for the birds to choose from.
D. To test the effect of different colors on the feeding of tits.
48. What is Dr Wild and Dr Aplin’s assumption according to the last paragraph
A. Younger birds have a good sense of fashion.
B. Older birds have an appeal in setting the fashion.
C. Older birds force younger ones to follow in their steps.
D. Younger birds can influence older birds’ choice of color.
（2024·江苏连云港·一模）Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems.
Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules.
Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona (角色), which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called “persona modulation (调节)”.
Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently.
There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. “If you’re forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is,” says Tagade.
Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says.
49. What does the AI jailbreak refer to
A. The technique to break restrictions of AI models.
B. The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models.
C. The capability of AI models improving themselves.
D. The process of AI models learning new information.
50. What can we know about the persona modulation
A. It can help AI models understand emotions.
B. It prevents AI learning via online conversations.
C. It can make AI models adopt a particular persona.
D. It forces AI models to follow only good personas.
51. What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude towards LLMs
A. Unclear. B. Cautious. C. Approving. D. Negative.
52. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B. LLMs: The Latest Advancement
C. AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D. AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach
（2024·江苏南通·一模）Ramirez Casta eda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn’t always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published.
“It’s not that I’m a bad scientist,” she says. “It’s just because of the language.”
Casta eda is not alone. There is plenty of research in non-English-language papers that gets lost in translation, or is never translated. A research looked through more than 400, 000 peer-reviewed papers in 16 different languages and found 1, 234 studies providing evidence on biodiversity conservation which, because they weren’t in English, may have been overlooked. These included Japanese-language findings on the effectiveness of relocating the endangered Blakiston’s fish owl, the largest owl species.
Some experts argue that for the sake of the bigger picture, scientific knowledge should converge (转换) into one common language. Science is very globalised and becoming more so, so the use of a global language is enormous for that.
Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon.
“So we’re losing observations for science, too, ” says Casta eda. “For me, it’s not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual (多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century.”
53. What prevented Casta eda’s discoveries from being more widely known
A. Poor management. B. Opposition from her colleagues.
C. Her bad reputation. D. The language barrier.
54. What’s the consequence of the dominant focus on English in scientific research
A. Inefficient wildlife conservation.
B. A knowledge gap in the scientific world.
C. A growing interest in non-English papers.
D. Inadequate job opportunities for translators.
55. What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning forest snakes and frogs
A. The urgency to protect rare species.
B. The need to adopt one global language.
C. The challenges in translating scientific texts.
D. The biodiversity on the South American continent.
56. What is presented in the last paragraph of the text
A. A potential solution. B. A theoretical model.
C. A popular belief. D. A global trend.
（2024·江苏南通·一模）Saving Us: A Climate Scientist’s Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World is one of the more important books about climate change to have been written. Hayhoe is a gifted public speaker and Saving Us is a follow-up to her awesome TED talk in 2018, “The most important thing you can do to fight climate change: talk about it”.
One of the many refreshing aspects of this book is that Hayhoe recounts both her successes and her failures to communicate, through which she has gathered evidence about what works and what does not. Much of the book’s advice is common sense, all backed up not just by Hayhoe’s experience but also with convincing research by psychologists and social scientists.
Hayhoe advises against trying to engage with a small minority, the “Dismissives”, who “angrily reject the idea that human-caused climate change is a threat; they are most receptive to misinformation and conspiracy theories (阴谋论)”. There is a warning that offering up more facts about climate change can actually increase polarisation among them.
The book includes amusing examples of her encounters with the “Dismissives”, almost entirely older men-including an engineer who was unconvinced about the evidence but with whom she was able to establish mutual (相互的) respect through a shared passion for knitting (打毛线衣)—and is packed with inspiring accounts of how she has won over even the most suspicious of crowds. Her motto is “bond, connect and inspire”, which represents her approach of always looking for points of commonality.
She also tells of a man who approached her after an event in London in 2019. He had been so inspired by her TED talk that he had started to speak to everybody he could in his neighborhood of Wandsworth. He showed her details of 12, 000 conversations that had taken place as a result, claiming that they had helped to convince the council to declare a climate emergency and to switch investments from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
And so, while it may feel difficult to influence the outcome of the COP26, Hayhoe’s uplifting book makes a persuasive case that we can all do our bit to bring about success just by talking about the issue.
57. What does the book mainly focus on
A. Sharing climate communication tips.
B. Teaching presentation skills with TED talks.
C. Exploring critical thinking through literature.
D. Promoting people’s insight into climate change.
58. Which of the following best describes the advice in the book
A. Humorous but one-sided. B. Novel but contradictory.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Well-based and workable.
59. How did Hayhoe win over the “Dismissives”
A. By changing their political identity.
B. By challenging their fundamental beliefs.
C. By offering more facts about climate change.
D. By seeking common ground built on a shared love.
60. What does the author want to say by telling the story in paragraph 5
A. World shift to clean energy is unstoppable.
B. We should help people prepare for the climate crisis.
C. Policymakers are less responsive to market changes.
D. Conversations can influence climate decision-making.
（2024·江苏南通·一模）The motivation for his invention came to Aarrav Anil last year when he saw his uncle Arjun, who has Parkinson’s disease, struggle to eat. Some food spilled (溢出) out of his mouth, the rest splattered (溅) on his clothes. Arjun attempted to keep his dignity but the frustration forced him to give up and call his helper to feed him.
The sight of his uncle’s shaking the spoon so violently inspired Aarrav, 17, from Bengaluru, south India, to turn to robotics. He locked himself in his room with microcontrollers, sensors, motors, and a 3D printer. What emerged was a prototype (原型) of a smart spoon that is now undergoing trials at the RV College of Physiotherapy in Bengaluru.
The sensors in the battery-operated spoon detect shaking on one side and activate movement on the other, effectively cancelling out shaking to keep the spoon stable.
“I’ve been fine tuning the design based on the college’s feedback-that it needs to be waterproof so that it can be washed without damaging all the electronics inside; that it must be removable so it can be cleaned and replaced by a fork, ” Aarrav says.
For Aarrav it is the peak of a 10-year interest in mechanics that began when his mother bought him a Lego set. He has now represented India at more than 20 robotics competitions across the world.
When the blueprint for the smart spoon won first prize in the future innovators category at last year’s World Robot Olympiad in Germany, Aarrav felt encouraged to make the prototype.
More than 7 million people in India are estimated to have Parkinson’s disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged and which mainly affects people over the age of 50. Symptoms (症状) include involuntary shaking and stiff muscles. As the disease progresses, eating can become more difficult, forcing people to rely on help from others.
Aarrav’s ambition is that every family that has someone with Parkinson’s will have the smart spoon. He says his uncle Arjun’s words keep echoing (回响) in his mind: “Who would have thought such a small thing could mean the difference between dignity and indignity ”
61. What can Aarrav’s invention help people with Parkinson’s do
A. Control their physical balance. B. Boost their mood and relieve stress.
C. Maintain a good range of movement. D. Feed themselves more independently.
62. What does the underlined part “fine tuning” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Overturning. B. Reconsidering.
C. Conducting a study of. D. Making minor changes to.
63. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Parkinson’s in India
A. To show prospects of Aarrav’s invention.
B. To reveal the nation’s poor health situation.
C. To popularize general knowledge of the disease.
D. To convince people to volunteer for social causes.
64. What can be learned about Aarrav from the text
A. He enjoys being alone. B. He has an innovative mind.
C. He used to be a health worker. D. He longed to be a businessman.
