阅读之议论文+定语从句
[方法1] 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例1】
Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy.It can also be full of challenges, setbacks and heartbreaks.Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones.Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem，because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.
This tension between what we feel we can have and what we're seemingly able to have is the niggling(烦人的)suffering，the anxiety we feel.This is where we usually think it's easier to just give up.But we're never meant to let go of part of us that knows we can have more.The intelligence behind that knowing is us—the real us.It's the part that believes in the life and its possibilities.If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead” inside because you're dropping “you”.
So，if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns
Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through today's challenges.
While，deep down，we know we can do it, our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can't.That isn't a reason to stop, it's just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It's all about starting simple and doing it now.
Decide and act before over-thinking.When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and you'll be on your way.
What does the author intend to tell us
A．It's easier than we think to get what we want.
B．It's important to learn to accept sufferings in life.
C．It's impractical to change our way of thinking.
D．It's harder than we expect to follow a new course.
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文可知作者针对追求梦想提供了一些建议，告诉我们不要杞人忧天，放下包袱，实现梦想很容易。由此可知A正确。
[答案] A
[方法2] 互推法：
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例2】
Why You Should Celebrate Your Mistakes
When you make a mistake，big or small，cherish(珍视) it like it's the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.
Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves. And that's only natural: most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and that we should try to avoid mistakes.We've been scolded when we make mistakes at home, school and work.Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.
Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow.If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world: they make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.
By trial and error—trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes—we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.
Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, make works of genius possible.
....................................
So if you value learning, if you value growing and improving, then you should value mistakes.They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.
The underlined word “toddler” in Paragraph 6 probably means ________.
A．a small child learning to walk
B．a kindergarten child learning to draw
C．a primary school pupil learning to read
D．a school teenager learning to write
[解析] 推理判断题。根据“Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, make works of genius possible.”可知犯错可以让最小的toddler步行成为可能，什么样的人需要学习步行？只有孩子，所以该词指学习走路的孩子，故A正确。
[答案] A
[方法3] 深推法：
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例3】
“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more 'time poor' than ever before,” says Patsy Rowe, “Manners have fallen off the radar,” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder that more people don't wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with complaining about the noise.Here are some examples of rudeness.
Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e mail.
However, rudeness is never acceptable.Don't assume it is OK to be rude if the person you're in touch with won't recognize you.If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or e mail and sign it, or forget it.Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.
We shouldn't blame technology for our shortcomings.Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives.An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings.People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we'd publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.
Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________.
A．they are becoming less patient
B．they are growing too independent
C．they have to handle many important messages
D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.”可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。
[答案] A
课堂练习
A
【来源】上海市曹杨第二中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题
So few adults can remember the details of their own preschool or kindergarten years, it can be hard to appreciate just how much the early-education landscape has been transformed over the past two decades. The changes are not restricted to the physical environment of classrooms. Teaching methods and curricula have changed too. Much greater parts of the day are now spent on what’s called “seatwork”(a term that probably doesn’t need any explanation) and direct instruction, formerly used mainly in the older grades, in which a teacher carefully controls the content and pacing of what a child is supposed to learn.
One study, titled “Is Kindergarten the New First Grade ” compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art. Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade, the authors concluded. In turn, children who would once have used the kindergarten year as a gentle transition into school are in some cases being held back before they’ve had a chance to start.
Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage. But now that kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper, not a welcome mat, to elementary school, concerns about school preparedness kick in earlier and earlier. A child who’s supposed to read by the end of kindergarten had better be getting ready in preschool. As a result, expectations that may arguably have been reasonable for 5- and 6-year-olds, such as being able to sit at a desk and complete a task using pencil and paper, are now directed at even younger children, who Jack the motor skills and attention span to be successful.
Preschool classrooms have become increasingly difficult spaces, with teachers asking pre-schoolers to finish their “work” before they can go play. And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations. More children today seem to lack the language skills needed to retell a simple story or to use basic connecting words and prepositions. They can’t make a conceptual analogy between, say, the veins(纹理) on a leaf and the veins in their own hands.
That’s right. The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more.
1．What can be inferred from the sentence “Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade”
A．Kindergarten is going to replace the first grade in the future.
B．Kindergarten kids are asked to learn what first-graders learn.
C．Today’s kindergarten kids are smarter than first graders in the past.
D．Some kids choose to skip kindergarten to go to the first grade directly.
2．By “kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper”, the writer implies that some kindergarten kids________.
A．might not be able to go to the kindergarten
B．are worried about their school-readiness skills
C．are not allowed to move on to elementary school
D．think of the kindergarten year as a gentle transition
3．What idea does the writer intend to convey in Paragraph 4
A．Pre-schoolers need to be academically prepared.
B．Preschool teachers are not as kind as they used to be.
C．Today’s preschool education doesn’t prove successful.
D．Children pick up their first language later than before.
4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．What Preschool Kids Should Be Taught
B．How the New Preschool Is Damaging Kids
C．Why We Should Take Preschoolers Seriously
D．Who Is to Blame for Preschoolers’ Lack of Skills
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了过早开始对幼儿园里的孩子教导需要学龄孩子才能掌握的技能并不是好事。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One study, titled ‘Is Kindergarten the New First Grade ’ compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art.(一项题为‘幼儿园是新一年级吗？’的研究比较了1998年和2010年全国幼儿园教师的态度，发现希望孩子在年底前知道如何阅读的教师比例从30%上升到80%。研究人员还报告说，花在练习册和活页练习题上的时间更多，花在音乐和艺术上的时间更少。)”可知，这项研究发现，越来越多的老师希望孩子较早学会阅读，幼儿园的孩子在练习册和活页练习题上花费更多时间，而在音乐和艺术上花费更少的时间。由此可推测出，作者说“幼儿园确实是新的一年级”，是为了表明如今在幼儿园里孩子被要求学习一年级应该学习的东西。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据画线词所在句的前一句“Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage.(直到最近，入学准备技能还没有成为任何人议程上的重点，最年轻的学生可能会被取消进入下一阶段的资格这种想法也并不多。)”可知，在早些时候，孩子们不必非要在幼儿园掌握入学准备技能，也不会被取消进入下一阶段学习的资格。画线词所在句中的But表明前后文之间是转折关系，由此可推测出，该句与上句情况相反，说的是幼儿园成了小学的把关人，而不是欢迎席，这说明没有在幼儿园掌握入学准备技能的孩子可能不被允许进入小学学习。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations.(然而，尽管学龄前儿童在更早的时候就开始学习更多的学前技能，但我听到许多老师说，他们似乎没有前几代的孩子那么好奇，也没有那么投入。)”可知，学龄前的孩子虽然过早学习了更多的技能，但这些孩子没有以前的孩子有好奇心，做事情也没有特别投入。由此可推测出，作者想要表达如今的学前教育并不成功。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more.(同样的教育政策将学业目标降到了更早的水平，这似乎导致了幼儿获得的技能越来越少，而不是越来越多)”可知，本篇文章主要论述了“揠苗助长”式的幼儿教育对学龄前的孩子造成了伤害，过早开始给幼儿灌输学龄孩子才需掌握的技能并没有给孩子带来好处。由此可推测出，B项“新式学前教育是怎样在摧残孩子的”最适合做本文标题。故选B。
B
【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期中英语试卷
If you ask something of ChatGPT, an artificial-intelligence (AI) tool that is going viral, the responses you get back are almost instantaneous, utterly certain and often wrong. It is a bit like talking to an economist. The questions raised by technologies like ChatGPT yield much more indecisive answers. But they are ones that managers ought to start asking.
One issue is how to deal with employees’ concerns about job security. Worries are natural. An AI that makes it easier to process your expenses is one thing; an AI that people would prefer to sit next to at a dinner party quite another. Being clear about how workers would redirect time and energy that is freed up by an AI helps foster acceptance. So does creating a sense of agency: research conducted by a team in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that an ability to override (凌驾于) an AI makes employees more likely to use it.
Employees at Tapestry, a set of luxury brands, were given access to a forecasting model that told them how to assign stock to stores. Some used a model whose logic could be interpreted; others used a model that was more of a black box. Workers turned out to be likelier to overturn models they could understand because they were, mistakenly, sure of their own intuitions (直觉). Workers were willing to accept the decisions of a model they could not explain, however, because of their confidence in the expertise of people who had built it. The qualifications of those behind an AI matter.
The different ways that customers respond to humans and to algorithms (算法) is a booming area of research. In a recent paper Gizem Yalcin of the University of Texas at Austin and her coauthors looked at whether customers responded differently to decisions — to approve someone for a loan, for example, or a country club membership — when they were made by a machine or a person. They found that people reacted the same when they were being rejected. But they felt less positive about an organisation when they were approved by an algorithm rather than a human. The reason People are good at explaining away unfavourable decisions, whoever makes them. However, it is harder for them to attribute a successful application to their own charming, delightful selves when assessed by a machine. People want to feel special, not reduced to a data point.
The picture that emerges from such research is messy. It is also dynamic: just as technologies evolve, so will attitudes. But it is crystal clear on one thing. The impact of ChatGPT and other AIs will depend not just on what they can do, but also on how they make people feel.
5．It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the author thinks economists are likely to ________.
A．be unconfident about their own standpoints
B．provide unreliable suggestions to the public
C．be frequent users of such AIs as ChatGPT
D．serve as qualified consultants for managers
6．According to the second and third paragraphs, which of the following statements is correct
A．AI would be more accepted if it joins in social events like dinner parties.
B．Directors should find ways to remind employees of their false intuitions.
C．The finding of MIT research conflicts with the implication of Tapestry case.
D．Workers tend to accept a model hard to understand due to a sense of agency.
7．According to the passage, Gizem Yalcin’s finding best explains that people ________.
A．tend to forecast negative judgements whoever the maker
B．react the same when receiving favorable assessments
C．refuse to be rated by a machine employed by a company
D．value their distinctive features in a particular situation
8．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．employees’ and customers’ attitudes to AI
B．questions managers should ask AI tools
C．the research and development of AI techs
D．different ways of assessing AI applications
【答案】5．B 6．D 7．D 8．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要以目前正很火的一款人工智能工具ChatGPT为例子，提出像ChatGPT这样的技术的使用，尽管很智能，但管理者们应该从实际考虑思考一些问题：其中一个问题是如何处理员工对工作保障的担忧，而另一个问题则是来自客户对人工智能的态度。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“If you ask something of ChatGPT, an artificial-intelligence (AI) tool that is going viral, the responses you get back are almost instantaneous, utterly certain and often wrong. It is a bit like talking to an economist.(ChatGPT是一款人工智能(AI)工具，目前正火得很，如果你问它一些问题，你得到的回答几乎是即时的、绝对肯定的，而且经常是错误的。这有点像与一位经济学家交谈。)”可知，与ChatGPT谈论问题就像与经济学家交谈一样，得到的是几乎即时、十分有底气但常常是错误的答复。由此可推知，在作者看来，经济学家向公众表达的想法或建议并不值得信赖，不可靠。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“Workers were willing to accept the decisions of a model they could not explain, however, because of their confidence in the expertise of people who had built it. The qualifications of those behind an AI matter.(然而，工人们愿意接受他们无法解释的模型的决定，因为他们对构建模型的人的专业知识充满信心。人工智能背后的人的资格很重要。)”可知，工人们更愿意接受自己无法理解的AI智能模型，而他们在执行这种AI决定是出于对于人工智能背后的构建模型的人的专业度的信任，即，在履行一种代理。因此，选项D“Workers tend to accept a model hard to understand due to a sense of agency.(由于代理意识，员工倾向于接受一种难以理解的模式。)”是正确论述。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容“However, it is harder for them to attribute a successful application to their own charming, delightful selves when assessed by a machine. People want to feel special, not reduced to a data point.(然而，当被机器评估时，他们很难将成功的申请归功于自己迷人、令人愉快的自我。人们想要感觉特别，而不是被简化成一个数据点。)”可知，当人们被机器认定为申请成功时，就会认为自己被简化成了一个数据点，而不是由于自己本身有魅力或讨人喜欢。由此可知，Gizem Yalcin的发现最好地解释了人们在特定情况下看重自己的独特特征。故选D项。
8．主旨大意题。根据文章关键句第二段“One issue is how to deal with employees’ concerns about job security.(其中一个问题是如何处理员工对工作保障的担忧。)”，倒数第二段“The different ways that customers respond to humans and to algorithms is a booming area of research.(顾客对人类和算法的不同反应是一个蓬勃发展的研究领域。)”以及末尾段内容“But it is crystal clear on one thing. The impact of ChatGPT and other AIs will depend not just on what they can do, but also on how they make people feel.(但有一点是非常清楚的。ChatGPT和其他人工智能的影响不仅取决于它们能做什么，还取决于它们给人的感觉。)”可知，文章主要从员工和顾客两个角度探讨了他们对于人工智能的感觉。选项A“employees’ and customers’ attitudes to AI(员工和客户对人工智能的态度)”贴合主旨。故选A项。
定语从句
一）定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。
Example 1:
The boy liked the breakfast.
His mother prepared the breakfast for him.
The boy liked the breakfast that his mother prepared for him.
Example 2:
I bought a lot of eco-friendly food which/that was grown in natural sunlight.
Example 3:
That’s the healthy girl (who/that/whom) I saw yesterday.
Example 4:
Tom is a health expert who/that advised us to eat three healthy meals a day and do lots of exercise.
Example 5:
Most teenagers whose parents work long hours have to prepare breakfast themselves.
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；
关系副词有when, where, why等
提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1. 连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
2. 替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
3. 成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
例：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
分析：该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，在定语从句中代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
注意：弄清楚关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句、选择好关系词的关键。
二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略。
That is the teacher _______ teaches us physics.
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。
Li Ming is just the boy_______ I want to see.
He is the man _______ I talked with this morning.
3. which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game _______is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
This is the pen _______ he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
4. that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
He is the man____________ lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
Where is the man____________ I saw this morning 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
I don’t like stories____________ have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。
The dress____________ Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。
5. whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。
He has a friend ___________ father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house___________ roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替：
The house whose windows are broken is empty.
The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
6. as 当先行词受so, such, as, the same 修饰时使用。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories_________he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool __________he looks. 他可不像他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary _________ I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
谚语欣赏
He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂，一事无成。
It’ s the first step that costs. 千里之行，始于足下。
A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Conclude some common rules of the defining relative clauses.
Person Thing
Subject who/that which/that
Object who/whom/that which/that
1. Common mistakes used in the relative sentences
He’s a famous Chinese director which directed the film “Fang Hua”.
The correct one: He’s a famous Chinese director who/that directed the film “Fang Hua”.
It’s a kind of typical ingredient that Indians use it when cooking.
The correct one: It’s a kind of typical ingredient that Indians use when cooking.
It is a historical site located in Italy has a history of more than 1900 years, built for slave owners to watch beasts or slaves fighting.
The correct one: It is a historical site located in Italy that/which has a history of more than 1900 years, built for slave owners to watch beasts or slaves fighting.
【同步练习】
定语从句
关系代词：_____________________________________________________________
关系副词：_____________________________________________________________
Is this the book ___________you wanted to borrow last time
After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.
___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.
The reason ___________she didn’t come to Tom’s birthday is that her mother won’t let her.
I will never forget the day ___________we spent together.
Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of ___________wanted to buy it.
I don't like the way_________ _________ you solve such problems.
That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
This is the very film __________ I've long wished to see.
His movie won several awards at the film festival, _________ was beyond his wildest dream.
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ___________beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity __________ sight matters more than hearing.
Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, __________ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
This is the last time __________we have come to take the examination this year.
【Keys】
1.that/which 2.where 3.As 4.why 5.that/which 6.whom 7.in which 8.whose
9.as 10.that 11.which 12.where 13.where 14.which 15.when
填空
Eventually, they realize that university classes can’t be the only preparation for all of the different situations ______ appear in the working world.
The Boston study was first aimed at helping babies _____ skin is too delicate for standard band-aids.
People ______ visit California get a special rush from going to Mount Lee in Santa Monica and seeing the famous Hollywood sign, a lasting symbol of the American film and television industries.
The orchestra began and he played with such passion and such power and such purity ________ they had never heard before.
I went to the place _______________ I talked about ten years ago.
翻译
1. 家乡不再是过去的样子。(as)
______________________________________________________
2. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。(whose)
______________________________________________________
3. 我总是对那些在我失意时安慰我的人心存感激。（grateful）
______________________________________________________
答案：
that/which；whose；who；as；that
1. Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.
2. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
三）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day ______ I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
October 1, 1949 was the day _______ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。注意先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity…
Shanghai is the city_______I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
I visited the farm _______ a lot of cows were raised. 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason _______ you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason_______ he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
I’ll never forget the day when/on which I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。
Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
【同步练习】
填空
There has not been an accident for eight years on the hill ______ he works.
I’ll never forget the days _____________ we worked together.
This is the reason ___________ he didn’t catch the bus.
翻译
1. 你能告诉我你热衷于网络游戏的原因吗？(crazy)
2. 我曾在那里长大的小渔村在现在已变成一个繁忙的港口。 (harbour)
3. 你还记得中国人民英勇地与SARS作斗争的那些日子吗？ (fight)
答案：
where；when；why
Can you tell me the reason why you are so crazy about online games
The small fishing village where/ in which I grew up has become a busy harbour.
Do you still remember the days when the Chinese people fought bravely against SARS
四、关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：
A. I know a place where（作状语） we can have a picnic.
I know a place which/that（作主语） is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
B. I will never forget the days when（作状语） we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that/which（作宾语） we spent together.
C. This is the reason why（作状语） he was dismissed（解雇）.
This is the reason that/which（作宾语） he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
【同步练习】
A.
(1) This is the hotel____________ we will stay at. that/which/省略
(2) This is the hotel____________ we will stay. where
(3) This is the hotel ____________is owned by me. that/which
B.
(1) I'll never forget the days ___________we spent in the countryside. that/which/省略
(2) I'll never forget the days ___________we lived in the countryside. when
C.
(1) This is the reason____________ he gave me yesterday. that/which/省略
(2) This is the reason____________ he was late. why
一、填空
1.Many countries are now setting up national parks________ animals and plants can be protected.
2. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
3. Happiness and success often come to those ________are good at recognizing their own strengths.
4.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China________he remember starting as early as his childhood.
5. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________they live.
6. I know the person ______ company produces new machines.
7. The house_______ used to be temple is a school now.
8. A birthday is the date _____ one was born.
9. I should like to use the same TV set____ is used in your classroom.
10. I will never forget the moment____________ the blind students moved us.
where whose who which/that where whose which/that when as when
二、翻译文章
A letter to Tom
我收到了你上周的来信.谢谢你寄的照片.我常常想起我们一起度过的时光.你还记得那个湖吗 我们在那还照过一张相呢.和我们一起玩的那些朋友还好吗 我昨晚做了梦，在梦里我们在上次去的那家电影院呢．另外,我买到了你要的那本英语书.周末有时间我将把书寄给你．
Dear Tom,
I have received the letter you posted last week. Thanks for the photos you sent. I often think of the time we spent together. Do you still remember the lake where we had a picture taken How are the children who played with us I had a dream in which / where we were staying in the cinema which/that we went to last time. Besides, I have bought the book (that/which) you need . On the weekend when I am free, I will post it to you.
三、语法填空
【上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2023-2024学年高一上学期英语9月月考】
I have travelled by myself many times but, on every occasion, there was someone to meet me at the other end of the journey. This time was different.
Last week I had a holiday from work, but____1____of my friends had the same week off. I decided that I still wanted to do something, so I booked a train ride to Toronto.
One week by myself. Would I be lonely Quite the opposite. In fact, there are many benefits coming from traveling alone. Firstly, I was able to do whatever I wanted. ____2____ relying on someone else to suggest activities to do, I discovered my independence and developed map-reading skills that I didn’t know I had. I could get up and go to sleep when I wanted and I didn’t____3____wait for anyone else to shower and get ready every morning. Being in the safe environment of a hostel with like-minded travelers also offers a great opportunity to meet new people from all over the world, ____4____ can help combat loneliness.
In spite of the benefits, I found that there were also some disadvantages of travelling alone. I missed____5____ (have) someone to talk to and to bounce ideas off. Experiences are often more enjoyable if they____6____ (share), and part of the fun of travelling is the memories you have afterwards. Without a travel partner, I won’t be able to laugh about and remember my Toronto adventure with a friend or family member in the years____7____ (come).
In addition, eating in a restaurant or cooking in the hostel was less fun____8____my own.
I am very proud of myself for travelling alone and I had a fantastic time in Toronto. However, in the future, I____9____ (prefer) to travel with another person or in a small group. Who you travel with matters, though. I would rather_____10_____ (do) it by myself than go with someone who is lazy, difficult and argumentative.
【答案】1. none 2. Instead of 3. have to 4. which 5. having 6. are shared
7. to come 8. on 9. will prefer 10. do
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者利用假期独自去了多伦多旅行，并且在旅行中体会到了独自旅行的优缺点。
【1题详解】
考查代词。句意：上周我休假了，但我的朋友们都没有同样的假期。根据下文“One week by myself. ”可知，此处指没有一个朋友有相同的假期，表示“没有一个”短语为none of。故填none。
【2题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：我不再依赖别人的建议去做活动，而是发现了自己的独立性，并培养了我以前不知道自己拥有的阅读地图的技能。后跟动名词作宾语，表示“反而，而不是”短语为instead of，首字母大写。故填Instead of。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：我可以在我想起床睡觉的时候起床，我不必每天早上等别人洗澡和准备。根据“ I could get up and go to sleep when I wanted”可知，此处表达“不必等别人洗澡和准备”，don't have to“不必”，已有助动词did，故填have to。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：与志趣相投的旅行者一起住在安全的旅馆环境中，也提供了一个认识来自世界各地的新朋友的好机会，这有助于对抗孤独。非限制性定语从句修饰上文句子，从句缺少主语，应用关系代词which作引导词，故填which。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我想念有人可以聊天，可以交换想法。短语miss doing sth.表示“想念做某事”。故填having。
【6题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：如果经历被分享，它们往往更加有趣，旅行的一部分乐趣是你事后的回忆。空处为从句谓语动词，主语they（指代experiences）与谓语构成被动关系，根据上文Experiences are often more enjoyable可知为一般现在时的被动语态，主语为they，谓语用复数。故填are shared。
【7题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：如果没有一个旅行伙伴，在未来的岁月里，我将无法和朋友或家人一起开怀大笑，回忆起我在多伦多的冒险。短语in the years to come表示“在未来的几年里”，不定式作后置定语。故填to come。
【8题详解】
考查介词。句意：此外，在餐馆吃饭或在旅馆做饭对我来说也不那么有趣。短语on one’s own表示“独自”。故填on。
【9题详解】
考查时态。句意：然而，在未来，我将更喜欢与另一个人或在一个小组旅行。根据上文in the future可知为一般将来时，故填will prefer。
【10题详解】
考查固定句型。句意：我宁愿自己做这件事，也不愿和一个懒惰、难相处、好争论的人一起去。句型would rather do sth. than do sth.表示“宁愿……也不愿……”。故填do。
四、选词填空
【上海交大附中嘉定分校2023-2024学年 高一上期末英语考试】
A. addressed B. boast C. approach D. sense E. wealthy F. glimpse G. revealed H. pushy I. statistics J. peers K. motivation
College Rankings Are Something, but Not Everything
I am always confused when reading statements like “Princeton University is the number one college in the United States.” Are those who attend Princeton inherently brighter than their ___36___ Is Princeton able to produce more geniuses upon graduation
High-ranking colleges in global education leagues attract greater talent in staff and students, and ___37___ better facilities, therefore generating more profits. In the United States, however, this virtuous cycle can turn vicious when financially-challenged parents end up spending their life savings on their children’s education, while ___38___ individuals can simply buy their way in. Besides, these rankings face criticism for potentially influencing colleges to make minor adjustments in ___39___ to improve their position on the table.
I didn’t care about college rankings for years until I recently saw something different. This past October, Shanghai Ranking Consultancy ___40___ the Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023, which assesses universities worldwide across 55 subjects in five disciplines. It is said to employ a more in-depth ___41___ to evaluate the performance of universities. And this makes it easier for prospective students to choose the best college for their specific subject. But how much weight should you give to these rankings
In my opinion, college rankings can serve as a reference, offering a ___42___ into the reputation and strengths of institutions. However, they should not be the only determining factor for you. There are many aspects to a university education that can only be ___43___ when you are clear about your goals.
I once taught a three-month program to prepare university students for overseas exchange programs in England. But some of them displayed low ___44___. It wasn’t merely due to a language barrier. These individuals seemed to lack communication skills, critical thinking and, more importantly, a ___45___ of purpose, which might help determine their future academic quality. After all, what lies in the heart of education is “U” .
【答案】36. J 37. B 38. E 39. I 40. G 41. C 42. F 43. A 44. K 45. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了大学排名很重要，但不是全部。
【36题详解】
考查名词。句意：普林斯顿的学生天生就比同龄人聪明吗？结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“同龄人”，故用名词peer，同龄人不止一个，应用名词复数形式，作than的宾语。故选J。
【37题详解】
考查动词。句意：在全球教育联盟中排名靠前的大学吸引了更多的人才和学生，并且拥有更好的设施，因此产生了更多的好处。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“有”，故用动词boast“有（值得自豪的东西）”，与空前的attract并列，作句子谓语。故选B。
【38题详解】
考查形容词。句意：然而，在美国，当经济困难的父母最终把毕生积蓄花在孩子的教育上时，这种良性循环可能会变成恶性循环，而富人则可以简单地花钱进入。while表示前后对比，结合上文“financially-challenged parents”可知，该空处意思为“富有的”，故用形容词wealthy，作定语，修饰后面的名词individuals。故选E。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：此外，这些排名还面临着批评，因为它们可能会影响大学在统计数据上做出微小的调整，以提高它们在排行榜上的排名。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“统计数据”，故用名词statistics，作介词in的宾语。故选I。
【40题详解】
考查动词。句意：今年十月，上海排名咨询公司展示了《2023年全球学科排名》，该排名对全球5个学科的55个学科进行了评估。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“揭示，显示，展示”，故用动词reveal，结合时间状语This past October可知，事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，用reveal的过去式。故选G。
【41题详解】
考查名词。句意：据说，它采用了一种更深入的方法来评估大学的表现。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“方法”，故用名词approach，结合空前的a可知，用单数形式，作employ的宾语。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查名词。句意：在我看来，大学排名可以作为一个参考，让人们对大学的声誉和实力有一个粗略的了解。结合上下文可知，该空填glimpse，a glimpse into意思为“一瞥，瞥见，看一眼”。故选F。
【43题详解】
考查动词。句意：只有当你明确了自己的目标时，大学教育的许多方面才能得到解决。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“解决”，故用动词address的过去分词，与空前的can be构成含有情态动词的被动语态。故选A。
【44题详解】
考查名词。句意：但他们中的一些人表现出低积极性。结合下文“It wasn’t merely due to a language barrier. These individuals seemed to lack communication skills, critical thinking and, more importantly, a 10 of purpose, which might help determine their future academic quality.”可知，这些人似乎缺乏沟通技巧、批判性思维，更重要的是，缺乏目标感，这可能有助于决定他们未来的学术质量。所以他们中的一些人表现出低积极性，该空处意思为“积极性”，故用名词motivation，作displayed的宾语。故选K。
【45题详解】
考查名词。句意：这些人似乎缺乏沟通技巧、批判性思维，更重要的是，缺乏目标感，这可能有助于决定他们未来的学术质量。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“感觉”，故用名词sense，结合空前的冠词a可知，用单数形式。故选D。
五、Translation: 15%（3+3+4+5）
【上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期末考试】
66. 这项测试的目的就是看看学生们是否能够应用已学的知识。(capable)
【答案】The purpose of this test is to see if students are capable of applying what they have learned.
【解析】
【详解】考查不定式，宾语从句，时态和主谓一致。句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“这项测试”是this test，“……的目的”是the purpose of...，“就是”是be动词，主语purpose是单数，因此be动词用is，“看看”是to see，是不定式作表语，“学生们是否能够应用已学的知识”用if引导的宾语从句，“学生们”是students，“能够做某事”是be capable of doing sth.，主语students是复数，因此be动词用are，“应用”是apply，用动名词作宾语，“已学的知识”也就是他们已经学到的东西，用what引导的宾语从句，时态用现在完成时，表示在现在之前已经学会的东西，“他们”是they，现在完成时中的助动词用have，“学”是learn，故答案为The purpose of this test is to see if students are capable of applying what they have learned.
67. 你怎么能把自己犯的错误怪罪到别人身上？(blame)
【答案】How can you blame someone else for your own mistake ##How can you blame someone else for your own mistakes
【详解】考查特殊疑问句、情态动词、名词。结合句子意思可知，句子用特殊疑问句形式，即“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。表示“怎么”用特殊疑问词How，位于句首，首字母大写；表示“你”用you，作主语；blame sb. for sth.“因某事责备某人”；表示“能”用情态动词can，故动词blame用动词原形。表示“别人”用someone else，作blame的宾语；mistake“错误”为可数名词，结合句意可知，错误可能一个也可能是多个，所以表示“自己犯的错误”用your own mistake或your own mistakes，作for的宾语。故翻译为How can you blame someone else for your own mistake 或How can you blame someone else for your own mistakes
68. 尽管医生劝他卧床休息，他还是去上班了，因为他渴望成功。(despite)
【答案】Despite the doctor’s advice to stay in bed, he still went to work because he longed for success.
【详解】考查介词、动词时态、原因状语从句、非谓语动词、固定短语。表示“尽管”用介词despite，位于句首，首字母大写。表示“医生劝他卧床休息”用the doctor’s advice to stay in bed，其中to stay为不定式作定语，修饰名词advice。表示“他”用he，作主语。表示“还是去上班了”用still go to work，根据语境可知事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用过去式went。表示“因为他渴望成功”用because he longed for success，其中because“因为”为原因状语从句的引导词，long for“渴望”为固定短语。故翻译为Despite the doctor’s advice to stay in bed, he still went to work because he longed for success.
69. 他一进入高中就决定努力学习，不再玩游戏了。(determine)
【答案】As soon as he entered high school, he determined to study hard and stop playing games.
【详解】考查名词，动词和从句。“一……就”用as soon as引导时间状语从句，“他”用人称代词he作主语，“进入高中”表示为enter high school，描述过去的事情用一般过去时，“决定做某事”表示为determine to do sth，“努力学习”表示为study hard，“不再做某事”即“停止做某事”，表示为stop doing sth，“努力学习”和“不再玩游戏”是并列关系，用and连接，“玩游戏”表示为play games，用动名词形式作stop的宾语。故译为As soon as he entered high school, he determined to study hard and stop playing games。阅读之议论文+定语从句
[方法1] 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例1】
Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy.It can also be full of challenges, setbacks and heartbreaks.Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones.Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem，because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.
This tension between what we feel we can have and what we're seemingly able to have is the niggling(烦人的)suffering，the anxiety we feel.This is where we usually think it's easier to just give up.But we're never meant to let go of part of us that knows we can have more.The intelligence behind that knowing is us—the real us.It's the part that believes in the life and its possibilities.If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead” inside because you're dropping “you”.
So，if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns
Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through today's challenges.
While，deep down，we know we can do it, our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can't.That isn't a reason to stop, it's just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It's all about starting simple and doing it now.
Decide and act before over-thinking.When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and you'll be on your way.
What does the author intend to tell us
A．It's easier than we think to get what we want.
B．It's important to learn to accept sufferings in life.
C．It's impractical to change our way of thinking.
D．It's harder than we expect to follow a new course.
[答案]
[方法2] 互推法：
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例2】
Why You Should Celebrate Your Mistakes
When you make a mistake，big or small，cherish(珍视) it like it's the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.
Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves. And that's only natural: most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and that we should try to avoid mistakes.We've been scolded when we make mistakes at home, school and work.Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.
Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow.If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world: they make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.
By trial and error—trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes—we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.
Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, make works of genius possible.
....................................
So if you value learning, if you value growing and improving, then you should value mistakes.They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.
The underlined word “toddler” in Paragraph 6 probably means ________.
A．a small child learning to walk
B．a kindergarten child learning to draw
C．a primary school pupil learning to read
D．a school teenager learning to write
[答案]
[方法3] 深推法：
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例3】
“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more 'time poor' than ever before,” says Patsy Rowe, “Manners have fallen off the radar,” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder that more people don't wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with complaining about the noise.Here are some examples of rudeness.
Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e mail.
However, rudeness is never acceptable.Don't assume it is OK to be rude if the person you're in touch with won't recognize you.If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or e mail and sign it, or forget it.Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.
We shouldn't blame technology for our shortcomings.Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives.An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings.People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we'd publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.
Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________.
A．they are becoming less patient
B．they are growing too independent
C．they have to handle many important messages
D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward
[答案]
课堂练习
A
【来源】上海市曹杨第二中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题
So few adults can remember the details of their own preschool or kindergarten years, it can be hard to appreciate just how much the early-education landscape has been transformed over the past two decades. The changes are not restricted to the physical environment of classrooms. Teaching methods and curricula have changed too. Much greater parts of the day are now spent on what’s called “seatwork”(a term that probably doesn’t need any explanation) and direct instruction, formerly used mainly in the older grades, in which a teacher carefully controls the content and pacing of what a child is supposed to learn.
One study, titled “Is Kindergarten the New First Grade ” compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art. Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade, the authors concluded. In turn, children who would once have used the kindergarten year as a gentle transition into school are in some cases being held back before they’ve had a chance to start.
Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage. But now that kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper, not a welcome mat, to elementary school, concerns about school preparedness kick in earlier and earlier. A child who’s supposed to read by the end of kindergarten had better be getting ready in preschool. As a result, expectations that may arguably have been reasonable for 5- and 6-year-olds, such as being able to sit at a desk and complete a task using pencil and paper, are now directed at even younger children, who Jack the motor skills and attention span to be successful.
Preschool classrooms have become increasingly difficult spaces, with teachers asking pre-schoolers to finish their “work” before they can go play. And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations. More children today seem to lack the language skills needed to retell a simple story or to use basic connecting words and prepositions. They can’t make a conceptual analogy between, say, the veins(纹理) on a leaf and the veins in their own hands.
That’s right. The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more.
1．What can be inferred from the sentence “Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade”
A．Kindergarten is going to replace the first grade in the future.
B．Kindergarten kids are asked to learn what first-graders learn.
C．Today’s kindergarten kids are smarter than first graders in the past.
D．Some kids choose to skip kindergarten to go to the first grade directly.
2．By “kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper”, the writer implies that some kindergarten kids________.
A．might not be able to go to the kindergarten
B．are worried about their school-readiness skills
C．are not allowed to move on to elementary school
D．think of the kindergarten year as a gentle transition
3．What idea does the writer intend to convey in Paragraph 4
A．Pre-schoolers need to be academically prepared.
B．Preschool teachers are not as kind as they used to be.
C．Today’s preschool education doesn’t prove successful.
D．Children pick up their first language later than before.
4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．What Preschool Kids Should Be Taught
B．How the New Preschool Is Damaging Kids
C．Why We Should Take Preschoolers Seriously
D．Who Is to Blame for Preschoolers’ Lack of Skills
【答案】
B
【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一下学期期中英语试卷
If you ask something of ChatGPT, an artificial-intelligence (AI) tool that is going viral, the responses you get back are almost instantaneous, utterly certain and often wrong. It is a bit like talking to an economist. The questions raised by technologies like ChatGPT yield much more indecisive answers. But they are ones that managers ought to start asking.
One issue is how to deal with employees’ concerns about job security. Worries are natural. An AI that makes it easier to process your expenses is one thing; an AI that people would prefer to sit next to at a dinner party quite another. Being clear about how workers would redirect time and energy that is freed up by an AI helps foster acceptance. So does creating a sense of agency: research conducted by a team in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that an ability to override (凌驾于) an AI makes employees more likely to use it.
Employees at Tapestry, a set of luxury brands, were given access to a forecasting model that told them how to assign stock to stores. Some used a model whose logic could be interpreted; others used a model that was more of a black box. Workers turned out to be likelier to overturn models they could understand because they were, mistakenly, sure of their own intuitions (直觉). Workers were willing to accept the decisions of a model they could not explain, however, because of their confidence in the expertise of people who had built it. The qualifications of those behind an AI matter.
The different ways that customers respond to humans and to algorithms (算法) is a booming area of research. In a recent paper Gizem Yalcin of the University of Texas at Austin and her coauthors looked at whether customers responded differently to decisions — to approve someone for a loan, for example, or a country club membership — when they were made by a machine or a person. They found that people reacted the same when they were being rejected. But they felt less positive about an organisation when they were approved by an algorithm rather than a human. The reason People are good at explaining away unfavourable decisions, whoever makes them. However, it is harder for them to attribute a successful application to their own charming, delightful selves when assessed by a machine. People want to feel special, not reduced to a data point.
The picture that emerges from such research is messy. It is also dynamic: just as technologies evolve, so will attitudes. But it is crystal clear on one thing. The impact of ChatGPT and other AIs will depend not just on what they can do, but also on how they make people feel.
5．It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the author thinks economists are likely to ________.
A．be unconfident about their own standpoints
B．provide unreliable suggestions to the public
C．be frequent users of such AIs as ChatGPT
D．serve as qualified consultants for managers
6．According to the second and third paragraphs, which of the following statements is correct
A．AI would be more accepted if it joins in social events like dinner parties.
B．Directors should find ways to remind employees of their false intuitions.
C．The finding of MIT research conflicts with the implication of Tapestry case.
D．Workers tend to accept a model hard to understand due to a sense of agency.
7．According to the passage, Gizem Yalcin’s finding best explains that people ________.
A．tend to forecast negative judgements whoever the maker
B．react the same when receiving favorable assessments
C．refuse to be rated by a machine employed by a company
D．value their distinctive features in a particular situation
8．The passage is mainly about ________.
A．employees’ and customers’ attitudes to AI
B．questions managers should ask AI tools
C．the research and development of AI techs
D．different ways of assessing AI applications
【答案】
定语从句
一）定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。
Example 1:
The boy liked the breakfast.
His mother prepared the breakfast for him.
The boy liked the breakfast that his mother prepared for him.
Example 2:
I bought a lot of eco-friendly food which/that was grown in natural sunlight.
Example 3:
That’s the healthy girl (who/that/whom) I saw yesterday.
Example 4:
Tom is a health expert who/that advised us to eat three healthy meals a day and do lots of exercise.
Example 5:
Most teenagers whose parents work long hours have to prepare breakfast themselves.
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；
关系副词有when, where, why等
提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1. 连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
2. 替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
3. 成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
例：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
分析：该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，在定语从句中代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
注意：弄清楚关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句、选择好关系词的关键。
二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，常可省略。
That is the teacher _______ teaches us physics.
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。
Li Ming is just the boy_______ I want to see.
He is the man _______ I talked with this morning.
3. which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game _______is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
This is the pen _______ he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
4. that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
He is the man____________ lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
Where is the man____________ I saw this morning 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
I don’t like stories____________ have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。
The dress____________ Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。
5. whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。
He has a friend ___________ father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house___________ roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替：
The house whose windows are broken is empty.
The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
6. as 当先行词受so, such, as, the same 修饰时使用。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories_________he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool __________he looks. 他可不像他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary _________ I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
谚语欣赏
He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂，一事无成。
It’ s the first step that costs. 千里之行，始于足下。
A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Conclude some common rules of the defining relative clauses.
Person Thing
Subject who/that which/that
Object who/whom/that which/that
1. Common mistakes used in the relative sentences
He’s a famous Chinese director which directed the film “Fang Hua”.
The correct one: He’s a famous Chinese director who/that directed the film “Fang Hua”.
It’s a kind of typical ingredient that Indians use it when cooking.
The correct one: It’s a kind of typical ingredient that Indians use when cooking.
It is a historical site located in Italy has a history of more than 1900 years, built for slave owners to watch beasts or slaves fighting.
The correct one: It is a historical site located in Italy that/which has a history of more than 1900 years, built for slave owners to watch beasts or slaves fighting.
【同步练习】
定语从句
关系代词：_____________________________________________________________
关系副词：_____________________________________________________________
Is this the book ___________you wanted to borrow last time
After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.
___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.
The reason ___________she didn’t come to Tom’s birthday is that her mother won’t let her.
I will never forget the day ___________we spent together.
Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of ___________wanted to buy it.
I don't like the way_________ _________ you solve such problems.
That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
This is the very film __________ I've long wished to see.
His movie won several awards at the film festival, _________ was beyond his wildest dream.
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ___________beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity __________ sight matters more than hearing.
Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, __________ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
This is the last time __________we have come to take the examination this year.
填空
Eventually, they realize that university classes can’t be the only preparation for all of the different situations ______ appear in the working world.
The Boston study was first aimed at helping babies _____ skin is too delicate for standard band-aids.
People ______ visit California get a special rush from going to Mount Lee in Santa Monica and seeing the famous Hollywood sign, a lasting symbol of the American film and television industries.
The orchestra began and he played with such passion and such power and such purity ________ they had never heard before.
I went to the place _______________ I talked about ten years ago.
翻译
1. 家乡不再是过去的样子。(as)
______________________________________________________
2. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。(whose)
______________________________________________________
3. 我总是对那些在我失意时安慰我的人心存感激。（grateful）
______________________________________________________
三）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day ______ I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
October 1, 1949 was the day _______ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。注意先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity…
Shanghai is the city_______I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
I visited the farm _______ a lot of cows were raised. 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason _______ you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason_______ he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
I’ll never forget the day when/on which I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。
Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
【同步练习】
填空
There has not been an accident for eight years on the hill ______ he works.
I’ll never forget the days _____________ we worked together.
This is the reason ___________ he didn’t catch the bus.
翻译
1. 你能告诉我你热衷于网络游戏的原因吗？(crazy)
2. 我曾在那里长大的小渔村在现在已变成一个繁忙的港口。 (harbour)
3. 你还记得中国人民英勇地与SARS作斗争的那些日子吗？ (fight)
四、关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：
A. I know a place where（作状语） we can have a picnic.
I know a place which/that（作主语） is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
B. I will never forget the days when（作状语） we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that/which（作宾语） we spent together.
C. This is the reason why（作状语） he was dismissed（解雇）.
This is the reason that/which（作宾语） he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
【同步练习】
A.
(1) This is the hotel____________ we will stay at.
(2) This is the hotel____________ we will stay.
(3) This is the hotel ____________is owned by me.
B.
(1) I'll never forget the days ___________we spent in the countryside.
(2) I'll never forget the days ___________we lived in the countryside.
C.
(1) This is the reason____________ he gave me yesterday.
(2) This is the reason____________ he was late.
一、填空
1.Many countries are now setting up national parks________ animals and plants can be protected.
2. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
3. Happiness and success often come to those ________are good at recognizing their own strengths.
4.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China________he remember starting as early as his childhood.
5. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________they live.
6. I know the person ______ company produces new machines.
7. The house_______ used to be temple is a school now.
8. A birthday is the date _____ one was born.
9. I should like to use the same TV set____ is used in your classroom.
10. I will never forget the moment____________ the blind students moved us.
二、翻译文章
A letter to Tom
我收到了你上周的来信.谢谢你寄的照片.我常常想起我们一起度过的时光.你还记得那个湖吗 我们在那还照过一张相呢.和我们一起玩的那些朋友还好吗 我昨晚做了梦，在梦里我们在上次去的那家电影院呢．另外,我买到了你要的那本英语书.周末有时间我将把书寄给你．
三、语法填空
【上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2023-2024学年高一上学期英语9月月考】
I have travelled by myself many times but, on every occasion, there was someone to meet me at the other end of the journey. This time was different.
Last week I had a holiday from work, but____1____of my friends had the same week off. I decided that I still wanted to do something, so I booked a train ride to Toronto.
One week by myself. Would I be lonely Quite the opposite. In fact, there are many benefits coming from traveling alone. Firstly, I was able to do whatever I wanted. ____2____ relying on someone else to suggest activities to do, I discovered my independence and developed map-reading skills that I didn’t know I had. I could get up and go to sleep when I wanted and I didn’t____3____wait for anyone else to shower and get ready every morning. Being in the safe environment of a hostel with like-minded travelers also offers a great opportunity to meet new people from all over the world, ____4____ can help combat loneliness.
In spite of the benefits, I found that there were also some disadvantages of travelling alone. I missed____5____ (have) someone to talk to and to bounce ideas off. Experiences are often more enjoyable if they____6____ (share), and part of the fun of travelling is the memories you have afterwards. Without a travel partner, I won’t be able to laugh about and remember my Toronto adventure with a friend or family member in the years____7____ (come).
In addition, eating in a restaurant or cooking in the hostel was less fun____8____my own.
I am very proud of myself for travelling alone and I had a fantastic time in Toronto. However, in the future, I____9____ (prefer) to travel with another person or in a small group. Who you travel with matters, though. I would rather_____10_____ (do) it by myself than go with someone who is lazy, difficult and argumentative.
四、选词填空
【上海交大附中嘉定分校2023-2024学年 高一上期末英语考试】
A. addressed B. boast C. approach D. sense E. wealthy F. glimpse G. revealed H. pushy I. statistics J. peers K. motivation
College Rankings Are Something, but Not Everything
I am always confused when reading statements like “Princeton University is the number one college in the United States.” Are those who attend Princeton inherently brighter than their ___36___ Is Princeton able to produce more geniuses upon graduation
High-ranking colleges in global education leagues attract greater talent in staff and students, and ___37___ better facilities, therefore generating more profits. In the United States, however, this virtuous cycle can turn vicious when financially-challenged parents end up spending their life savings on their children’s education, while ___38___ individuals can simply buy their way in. Besides, these rankings face criticism for potentially influencing colleges to make minor adjustments in ___39___ to improve their position on the table.
I didn’t care about college rankings for years until I recently saw something different. This past October, Shanghai Ranking Consultancy ___40___ the Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023, which assesses universities worldwide across 55 subjects in five disciplines. It is said to employ a more in-depth ___41___ to evaluate the performance of universities. And this makes it easier for prospective students to choose the best college for their specific subject. But how much weight should you give to these rankings
In my opinion, college rankings can serve as a reference, offering a ___42___ into the reputation and strengths of institutions. However, they should not be the only determining factor for you. There are many aspects to a university education that can only be ___43___ when you are clear about your goals.
I once taught a three-month program to prepare university students for overseas exchange programs in England. But some of them displayed low ___44___. It wasn’t merely due to a language barrier. These individuals seemed to lack communication skills, critical thinking and, more importantly, a ___45___ of purpose, which might help determine their future academic quality. After all, what lies in the heart of education is “U” .
五、Translation: 15%（3+3+4+5）
【上海市育才中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期末考试】
67. 你怎么能把自己犯的错误怪罪到别人身上？(blame)
68. 他一进入高中就决定努力学习，不再玩游戏了。(determine)
69. 这项测试的目的就是看看学生们是否能够应用已学的知识。(capable)
70. 尽管医生劝他卧床休息，他还是去上班了，因为他渴望成功。(despite)
